Serial rapists

Humanyun Azad's "The Rape" is translated by SADMAN ISHRAQ. In this prose, there is a history of rape adapted from the Feminist, Biology, as well as both Psychological and Anthropological theories. At the receiving end, what are the solutions for this issue are also quoted here.

The adverse impact of crime undermines not only a nation's peace and stability, but also the safety and security of its communities. Furthermore, crime affects a nation's economy, its citizens' standard of living, and its standing with prospective foreign investors and tourists. Forensic investigative leads (FILs) are crucial in the investigation and resolution of crime. The South African Police Service (SAPS) allocates significant resources to analyse exhibit materials and forensic databases containing vital forensic biometric information. By conducting comparative searches in these databases, FILs are generated and communicated to detectives to facilitate investigation, detection and conviction. This article does an in-depth analysis of local and international literature, examines data from the CAS/ICDMS system and reports on qualitative interviews conducted with SAPS detectives, forensic examiners, and international forensic experts. It delineates the consequences of the underutilisation and an inadequate understanding of FILs on detection rates within the criminal justice system. The research not only identifies barriers to reporting and utilising FILs, but also recommends ways to enhance the regulatory framework, information technology systems, and detective training programmes within the SAPS. Emphasising adherence to ISO standards to maintain FIL reliability during forensic examinations, the study underscores the resource constraints faced by detectives, which affect FIL utilisation and impede the desired outcomes in detection and conviction rates. The article proposes that the SAPS can overcome these challenges by prioritising resource allocation to detective forensic investigative units to enable them to follow up and investigate FILs.

I, Mandla Agrippa Tuesday Ngcobo, Student number 44830971, declare that the dissertation submitted is my work and that the sources quoted in the text have been acknowledged in the list of references at the end of the discussion. The dissertation was submitted for checking through the institution-approved Turnitin software to determine whether it meets the institution's accepted requirements. I declare that the dissertation is my work, and no person has previously submitted it, or part of it, for examination at Unisa for another qualification or at any other higher institution.

The research identified instances were the English version of sworn statements was an inaccurate translation of the indigenous statement provided by a witness or complainant. The inaccurate translation of indigenous witness statements is a global phenomenon that manifests against the backdrop of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). This study was conducted to explore police experiences of taking indigenous witness statements, and to establish their perceptions of the digitisation of witness statements. Purposive sampling was used for sampling. Interview schedules were administered to eighteen (18) South African Police Service (SAPS) members from nine Community Service Centres (CSC) in Soweto, a township in the Gauteng province. Ethical consideration, measures of trustworthiness and the Theory of Performance (ToP) were applied. The ToP provides that a person’s level of performance is dependent on the interaction of various contextual factors. Thematic content analysis was conducte...

In 2011, the Office for Civil Rights issued a “Dear Colleague Letter” instructing universities to take action regarding sexual assault on college campuses. Specifically, universities must better educate students on the prevention of sexual assault, in the hope of reducing violence against women. Previous research is mixed on the involvement of intercollegiate student-athletes in incidences of sexual assault; however, recent high-profile cases of sexual misconduct at universities indicate that student-athletes are not immune to this issue. The purpose of this study was to explore how sexual assault is viewed within the culture of intercollegiate athletics, including education, occurrence, and prevention. Through interviews with former intercollegiate athletes, three main findings emerged: (1) Participant Knowledge, (2) Sexual Assault Within the Context of College Athletics; and (3) Creating Change in Athletic Department Culture. Using grounded theory, these themes were combined to cr...

Insertion of an object into the vagina of a murder victim is a rare phenomenon. While this type of crime-scene behaviour is often mentioned as part of a range of crime-scene behaviours exhibited by offenders of sexual murders, to date no research has focused exclusively on this type of behaviour and its possible use in predicting offender characteristics. This study analysed seventeen such cases that were committed in South Africa between 1990 and 2004. Only six of the cases were solved, and therefore had offender details available for analysis. For these six incidents there were eight offenders. While small in number, there were certain common traits exhibited by these offenders, allowing a starting point for creating an offender profile of such offenders for the benefit of those investigating such cases.

This study analyses how DNA evidence can be distorted by the behaviour of criminal investigators and role-players within the Criminal Justice System (CJS). This has a negative impact on justice resulting in further criminality. The study has resulted in revelatory weaknesses owing to constitutional violations which cause sound evidence to become futile as it will not be admissible in court. Justice is aborted. The researcher has further explained the properties of the pertinent terms, such as: mental illness, psychosocial functioning, DNA, forensic investigator, forensic psychology, and courts. Concepts are building blocks, hermeneutical distortion leads to the frustrating of what justice intends and this, in turn, leads to poor criminal investigation performance. It is submitted that not only ineptness, but also deception possibly evolves from genotypic to phenotypic type which causes unwelcome behaviour within the criminal justice system to surface. The frequency of monitoring psychological behaviour amongst criminal investigations is low, and it, therefore, also contributes to delict and the miscarriage of justice occurs.

Investigating a crime of rape relies heavily upon physical evidence, which provides the court with tangible objects that are not subject to memory loss. The recognition of physical evidence plays a critical role in the investigation process. The first step of crime scene investigation is to conduct observation to locate valuable physical evidence; a task that depends on the skills of the investigating officer. The more common types of physical evidence that could link a suspect to the crime were identified in this study. This dissertation endeavours to provide crime scene investigators with answers on how to conduct observation at a rape crime scene. This research is based on interviews and a literature study, and will furnish insight and information about the observation process at rape crime scenes. The findings of the research may generate guidelines for crime scene observation. Recommendations and conclusions are indicated in the final chapter.

The research identified instances were the English version of sworn statements was an inaccurate translation of the indigenous statement provided by a witness or complainant. The inaccurate translation of indigenous witness statements is a global phenomenon that manifests against the backdrop of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). This study was conducted to explore police experiences of taking indigenous witness statements, and to establish their perceptions of the digitisation of witness statements. Purposive sampling was used for sampling. Interview schedules were administered to eighteen (18) South African Police Service (SAPS) members from nine Community Service Centres (CSC) in Soweto, a township in the Gauteng province. Ethical consideration, measures of trustworthiness and the Theory of Performance (ToP) were applied. The ToP provides that a person's level of performance is dependent on the interaction of various contextual factors. Thematic content analysis was conducted using Atlas ti resulting in five dominant themes or impact factors namely "skills", "collaboration", "resources", "duration" and "language". Results showed that a majority of the SAPS members perceived that witness statements should be digitised to address language challenges experienced and improve their level of performance. Furthermore, they perceived the usefulness of technology in modernising outdated resources in the SAPS.

The research identified instances were the English version of sworn statements was an inaccurate translation of the indigenous statement provided by a witness or complainant. The inaccurate translation of indigenous witness statements is a global phenomenon that manifests against the backdrop of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). This study was conducted to explore police experiences of taking indigenous witness statements, and to establish their perceptions of the digitisation of witness statements. Purposive sampling was used for sampling. Interview schedules were administered to eighteen (18) South African Police Service (SAPS) members from nine Community Service Centres (CSC) in Soweto, a township in the Gauteng province. Ethical consideration, measures of trustworthiness and the Theory of Performance (ToP) were applied. The ToP provides that a person’s level of performance is dependent on the interaction of various contextual factors. Thematic content analysis was conducte...

Sometimes, when serial criminals are caught, they admit to their crimes and are willing to point out crime scenes to the police. The South African Police Service (SAPS) then sends independent police officers with the suspect to document those locations he indicates. The CSIR has been assisting detectives and prosecutors prepare selected cases for court, by compiling maps of the relevant details, which enhance the ability of the court to follow the proceedings of a complex case. For serial criminals, they show the crime scenes attributed to the suspect, those indicated by the suspect, and the routes taken by the suspect with the independent officers. When compiling such maps, great care needs to be taken over the accuracy of the data, which includes revisiting the scenes with a GPS receiver to record their coordinates. This quality assurance highlights discrepancies between the crime scenes described in case dockets and those the suspect pointed out, allowing the investigators to link additional dockets to the suspect. It also highlights any errors there might be in the compilation of the original dockets, allowing the prosecutor to present a better case to the court.

All rights reserved jointly by the University of South Africa (UNISA) and Ms. S. Pardhoothman. In terms of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978, no part of this material may be reproduced, be stored in any retrieval system, be transmitted in any form or be published, redistributed or screened by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from UNISA and S. Pardhoothman. However, permission to use in these ways any material in this work that is derived from other sources must be obtained from the original source. For academic and research purposes, original information may be used and referred to on condition that it is properly references and the source acknowledged as such. © UNISA 2015 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people contributed to the completion of this dissertation. I take this opportunity to convey my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to the following: I thank God, the Almighty, for his grace and for giving me strength during the course of my studies to enable me to complete this research.

The purpose of this article is to contribute to the knowledge on the police detective's work practices, and account on how police general detectives view their performance and understanding regarding what skills needed to handle variety of general cases in their line of duty. The research question that directed this study is what constitutes an effective general police detective? To address this question, this study followed a qualitative ethnographic methodology with fifteen (15) general detectives. Social constructivism, utilising a purposive sampling was deemed appropriate for the nature of this study. The results produced four (4) themes that indicate that detectives' sensemaking of casework take place through two (2) principal practices: a concluding practice and supporting practice. Furthermore, the findings show that detectives' work is highly social and procedural. This suggests that detectives' work practice is of a social nature and that contacts between po...

Los sucesos de la vida de una persona intervienen directa e indirectamente en la motivación del comportamiento delictivo. El agresor sexual en serie con víctima desconocida es un tipo de delincuente muy llamativo, debido a la poca justificación que comprende este comportamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo será establecer una correlación entre la motivación y el factor de riesgo familiar de un agresor sexual en serie con víctima desconocida, mediante el estudio de un caso único recurriendo a la realización de una entrevista semiestructurada. Con esta información, se ha logrado crear un perfil criminal inductivo, siendo el agresor motivado por la necesidad de poder y control sobre sus víctimas, con la venganza como objetivo. Esta motivación se ve relacionada directamente con una fantasía producto de la muerte de un miembro de su familia, e indirectamente con su ambiente familiar.

This article reflects research of which the aim is to increase our collective knowledge of the modus operandi of serial rapists in South Africa in an attempt to contribute to the prevention and prosecution of perpetrators. The sample consists of 22 convicted cases of serial rapists and reflects 204 victims. The authors note that a mere understanding of the modus operandi of serial rapists is not sufficient to fully understand the behaviour of these perpetrators. However, they draw attention to the argument that understanding the perpetrator's modus operandi has been recognised by both criminal investigators and academics as making a valuable contribution to understanding crimes, including that of serial rapists. A behavioural checklist was developed to provide assistance with accounting for the chronological pattern of the crime from the time of victim acquisition to the actual attack. The rational choice perspective and routine activity theory were then used as an organising framework within which to analyse the strategies of the perpetrator. The results indicated that the modus operandi exhibited by a group of serial rapists in South Africa differs from offenders in other countries. Aspects of the routine activity theory is contextualised and utilised to interpret the current findings. The authors highlight shortcomings of the current research and suggest how the current findings should form the basis of further research.

This study analyses how DNA evidence can be distorted by the behaviour of criminal investigators and role-players within the Criminal Justice System (CJS). This has a negative impact on justice resulting in further criminality. The study has resulted in revelatory weaknesses owing to constitutional violations which cause sound evidence to become futile as it will not be admissible in court. Justice is aborted. The researcher has further explained the properties of the pertinent terms, such as: mental illness, psychosocial functioning, DNA, forensic investigator, forensic psychology, and courts. Concepts are building blocks, hermeneutical distortion leads to the frustrating of what justice intends and this, in turn, leads to poor criminal investigation performance. It is submitted that not only ineptness, but also deception possibly evolves from genotypic to phenotypic type which causes unwelcome behaviour within the criminal justice system to surface. The frequency of monitoring psychological behaviour amongst criminal investigations is low, and it, therefore, also contributes to delict and the miscarriage of justice occurs.

We examined the prevalence and repeat offenses of college men, including fraternity men and student athletes, taking advantage of someone sexually while under the influence of alcohol. Preexisting data from the Core Alcohol and Other Drug Survey included a sample of 12,624 college men at 49 community and 4-year colleges. Results provide further evidence that the problem of campus rape is largely one of serial perpetration. More than 87% of alcohol-involved sexual assault was committed by serial perpetrators. Fraternity men and student athletes were significantly more likely to commit alcohol-involved sexual assault than other men on campus.

The continual support of the individuals mentioned below and SAPS as an organisation made it possible for the successful completion of this study.  My heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr Horne for the patience, guidance and support she gave me throughout the journey of writing this dissertation.  I would like to thank the support I got from my family and friends, especially my mother for her support and love and instilling the importance of education in me.  A special "thank you" to my husband Raboya and our sons-Mulanga, Adivhaho and Uhone-for their unconditional love, support and sacrifice of so many hours of our family time. Their love and support is immeasurable and I am deeply indebted to them.  I would also like to thank the SAPS for granting me approval and the opportunity to conduct my research within the SAPS.  All participants who willingly assisted me with the interviews. Thank you for sacrificing your valuable time, sharing your expertise and knowledge.  I would also like to thank God almighty for giving me the ability and strength to persevere and complete this study.

CHAPTER 2: A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW-AND APPLICATION OF CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN POLICING 2.1. INTRODUCTION 15-16 2.2. CRIME ANALYSIS 16-17 2.3. THE PURPOSE AND STANDARDS OF CRIME ANALYSIS 17-18 2.4. PREREQUISITE REQUIREMENTS AND KEY PERFORMANCE AREAS OF CRIME ANALYSTS 18-19 2.5. THE CRIME ANALYSIS (INTELLIGENCE) PROCESS 19-21 2.6. SOURCES OF INFORMATION 22-24 2.7. TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS IN POLICING 24-25 2.7.1. Operational crime analysis 26 2.7.2. Tactical crime analysis 27 2.7.2.1. Crime intelligence analysis 27-28 2.7.2.2. Crime investigative analysis 28 2.7.3. Strategic crime analysis 29-30 2.8. THE INTERPRETATION OF DATA 30-31 2.9. THE CRIME THREAT ANALYSIS PROCESS 31-32 2.9.1. Defining concept of a crime threat 32-33 2.9.2. The application of the crime threat analysis process 34-35 2.9.2.1. Crime statistical analysis-Step 1 35-38 2.9.2.1.1. Crime threshold analysis 38-40 2.9.2.1.2. Crime trend analysis 40-43 2.9.2.1.3. Ratio per 100 000 of the population analysis 44-46 2.9.2.2. Geographic crime analysis or crime mapping-Step 2 46-48 2.9.2.3. Crime pattern analysis-Step 3 48-54 2.9.2.4. Linkage analysis based on the matrix-Step 4 54-57 2.9.2.5. Case docket analysis-Step 5 57-59 2.9.2.6. Fieldwork activities-Step 6 59-61 2.9.2.7. Profiling or criminal investigative analysis-Step 7 61-63-vii-2.9.2.7.1. Psychological profile 63 2.9.2.7.2. Crime intelligence profile 63-65 2.9.3. The outcomes of the crime threat analysis process 65-66 2.9.4.

The article explores the idea of 'offender centric' policing in cases of rape, with its focus on suspect and offender admissions and behaviours. It features discussion of eleven cases, illustrating offender centric pathways to charge or conviction and the challenges facing complainants, suspects and police officers, along with missed opportunities to focus on a suspect's behaviour. The importance of victim care and support is discussed, and it is argued that victim care should accompany an offender centric approach to rape investigation. It is also argued that there are potential dangers with offender centric tactics, specifically, that without due care it may become a self-confirming investigative tool influenced by confirmation bias which may lead to flawed decision making. The article concludes by arguing that offender centric policing has benefits in those cases with suspects who engage in predatory behaviour, have a history of previously undisclosed sexual offending and domestic violence and other problematic behaviours. It also has value in focusing the attention of investigators on what steps were taken by a suspect to ascertain the complainant's consent. While the offender centric approach cannot address all investigative challenges in rape cases, it is a useful addition to existing strategies.

The real superbugs are those who pollute and grab rivers, lakes and wetlands and shake the foundation of a healthy and wealthy nation. The venomous touch of the polluters and encroachers has already taken huge toll on the country. They have made a city least livable and thrown a country on the brink of ecological extinction. Once famous for its natural courses, the Dhaka city is consistently securing its place on top of the list of the worst city in the world. The superbugs have turned the waterways uninhabitable for aquatic animals and unusable for its habitats. Since independence, we have gobbled up more than three-fourths of the navigable waterways.

This paper draws on ethnographic data collected in a police station, renamed Blue Hillspolicestation,locatedontheCapeFlatsintheWesternCapeofSouthAfrica. Thedataispresentedasthreevignettes,eachfocusingontheproductionofapolice docket and its movement across branches of the criminal justice system of South Africa. Particular attention is paid to the move of each docket from the Uniform Branch to the Detective Branch (both being part of the same institutional network, but represented by different actors pursuing specific goals). My analysis draws on actor network theory used to conceptualize the creation of networks as a translation process. In this paper, I concentrate on problematization – representing the first stage in the translation process and a core element of defining network relations (Callon 1986). As my analysis will show, “problematization” is at the core of creating stable network relations in my case, and a salient feature observable in trans-contextual meaning making around dockets as a moving object. I also draw on the notions of “enactive work” and “recognition work” (Gee 2000). to explore how the police docket, understood as a boundary object, is created and re-interpreted across contexts, being the nexus point through which various and often contradictory ontologies flow, intersect and mingle. I argue that tensions which arise when police dockets travel transcontextually – in this case from the Uniform Branch to the Detective Branch – are tamed (Mol 2002). This taming is the outcome of an interplay between enactive work performed by officers in the Uniform Branch and recognition work performed by officers in the Detective Branch. I argue that this interplay is necessary in order to create network stability across sites of practice, especially given the fact that police dockets are boundary objects which possess a “high degree of interpretive flexibility” (Dugdale 1999). Keywords: Actor network theory; boundary objects; enactive work; recognition work; configurations of material–semiotic relations

We examined the prevalence and repeat offenses of college men, including fraternity men and student athletes, taking advantage of someone sexually while under the influence of alcohol. Preexisting data from the Core Alcohol and Other Drug Survey included a sample of 12,624 college men at 49 community and 4-year colleges. Results provide further evidence that the problem of campus rape is largely one of serial perpetration. More than 87% of alcohol-involved sexual assault was committed by serial perpetrators. Fraternity men and student athletes were significantly more likely to commit alcohol-involved sexual assault than other men on campus.

The use of case docket analysis as a crime information product is often documented as significant to many criminal fact-finding activities. Despite the often theoretical reference to case docket analysis in literature, such as research papers and crime reports, the understanding and real-life experiences of criminal investigators, crime analysts and crime researchers regarding the practicability of this product remains silent. Insight into the dynamics of case docket analysis could inform these role-players of the value of case docket analysis as an effective crime information product. This article explores and describes criminal investigators’, crime analysts’ and crime researchers’ first-hand understanding and operational experiences about the ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ of case docket analysis to assist in uncovering the hidden transcripts in crime data and translating such data into usable empirical evidence. The data was generated from a sample of Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) Unit detectives, experts from the Investigative Psychology Unit (IPU) of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and crime analysts and information managers attached to the SAPS’s Crime Information Management Centre (CIMC) and Organised Crime Unit. The experiences of the selected sample were probed by means of semi-structured interviews. From the results of this research it was confirmed that docket analysis serves to understand holistically the different dynamics and contributing factors of crime, fuel policing and investigative decision making, analyse specific crime incidents in terms of, amongst others, modus operandi, possibilities for linkages and narrowing down the scope of an investigation. This study concluded that case docket analysis is information-driven and a viable and effective crime information product that has the potential to narrow the focus of criminal investigation. Finally, this article recommends the implementation of a more specific and analytical approach to case docket analysis as opposed to a generalised and haphazard approach. It is the view of the authors that the aforementioned approach would contribute significantly to a more pragmatic methodology which gives due credence to criminal investigation as a systematic and organised search for the truth.

This article explores the phenomenon of gang rape incidents committed by strangers and makes recommendations for more effective preventive and investigative decision-making. The recommendations are based on empirical results obtained from an analysis of 90 closed and unsolved gang rape cases committed by strangers in Port Elizabeth between January 2007 and January 2008. An established docket analysis tool, referred to as a rape matrix, was used with the specific aims of exploring the value of docket analysis as an investigative tool in gang rape investigations and of gaining an improved understanding of the dynamics of gang rape incidents. Shortcomings were furthermore identified in the investigative decision-making and management of gang rape cases. Finally, the authors attempted to identify patterns and similarities amongst these closed and unsolved gang rape cases which could be indicative of repeat gang rape offenders. The results obtained from the docket analysis make a significant contribution to current knowledge on the dynamics of gang rape incidents and furthermore highlight two distinct patterns which were identified through the content analysis of these cases. This article demystifies some investigative complexities linked with gang rape incidents committed by strangers and highlights high-risk themes within a community-based setting which could prove useful in crime prevention initiatives.