Semantics/Pragmatics

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن آليات التوظيف التداوليِّ لمفاهيم الثقافة العربية الإسلامية في نصوص القراءة بكتب تعليم اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها؛ لذلك اتبَعَت منهجية متكاملة ومتسلسلة عبر خمسة فصول: تدرَّجَت من التأطير النظريِّ للمفاهيم في، وبيان تميّزها عن الدراسات السابقة في الفصل الأول، حتى انتقلَت إلى بناء إطارها المنهجيِّ والإجرائيِّ في الفصل الثاني الذي فصَّل الكلام حول طريقة معالجة المدوَّنة اللغوية باستخدام أداة تقنية متخصِّصة (برنامج غواص)، وطريقةِ التحليل التكوينيِّ للمفاهيم، ومن ثم دخلت الدراسة إلى جوهر التحليل التداوليِّ بتحليل السلوك التركيبيِّ لمفاهيم المدوَّنة في الفصل الثالث (التركيب الإسنادي، وتركيب الإضافة، والتركيب الوصفي)، وتحليل السلوك البلاغيِّ في الفصل الرابع (الخبر والإنشاء، التشبيه، الاستعارة)، مع التطرُّق إلى استراتيجيات الخطاب التي وظَّفها منتج النصِّ للتأثير في المتعلِّم وزيادة معدَّل تقبُّله للمفاهيم (التضامنية، التوجيهية، التلميحية، الحجاجية)، ومن هنا كانت خلاصة هذا الفصل هو تحديد المعاني المباشرة والضمنية للمفاهيم الثقافية بعد هذا التحليل التداوليِّ، وذلك تمهيدًا لعرض نموذج تطبيقيٍّ مقترَح لوَحدة تعليمية قائمة على مفاهيم الثقافة لتنمية مستويات (عمق المعرفة) لدى المتعلِّمين في المستوى المتوسط، وتلك كانت مهمة الفصل الخامس من الدراسة، وقد توصَّلَت الدراسة إلى نتائج جوهرية، أبرَزُها: إثبات أنَّ التحليل التكوينيَّ يُمثِّل رِكازًا منهجيًّا أساسيًّا يربط بين المفاهيم بأبعادها الدلالية وسلوكها اللغويِّ بأبعاده التداولية، وبناءُ نموذج تطبيقيٍّ متكامل يجمع بين التأطير النظريِّ والخُطَّة التنفيذية، والمرجعية المعيارية، والأهداف التعليمية، وقد أوصَت الدراسة في الختام بالعديد من التوصيات لمصمِّمي الكتب والمقرَّرات، والمعلِّمين، وغيرهم.
This study aimed to reveal the mechanisms of the Pragmatic Employment of Arab-Islamic cultural concepts in reading texts in the books of Arabic language teaching for non-native speakers. The study followed an integrated and sequential methodology across six chapters: The study progressed from providing a theoretical framework for the concepts and highlighting its distinction from previous studies in Chapter (1), before moving on to establish its methodological and procedural framework in Chapter )2(, which detailed the method for processing the linguistic corpus using a specialized technical tool (Ghawwas), as well as the method for the (Componential Analysis) of the concepts. The study then delved into the core of (Pragmatic Analysis) by analyzing the (Syntactic Behavior) of the corpus concepts in Chapter (3) (Predicative, Genitive, and Adjectival Structures), and the (Rhetorical Behavior) in Chapter (4) (Declarative vs. Imperative Style, Simile, and Metaphor). This section also addressed the (Discourse Strategies) employed by the text producer to influence the learner and increase their acceptance of the concepts (Solidarity, Directive, Allusive, and Argumentative Strategies). The conclusion of these chapters was to identify the direct and implied meanings of the cultural concepts following this Pragmatic Analysis, as a prelude to presenting a proposed applied model for a (Teaching Unit) based on cultural concepts to develop learners' Depth of Knowledge (DOK) at the (Intermediate Levels), which was the task of Chapter (5). The study reached several key findings, most notably: establishing that componential analysis represents a fundamental methodological anchor linking concepts to their linguistic behavior and building an integrated applied model that combines a theoretical framework, an implementation plan, a normative reference, and educational objectives. In conclusion, the study provided several recommendations for curriculum designers, teachers, and others.

Three main approaches exist for finessing the cognitive demands of Grice's model of communication (a notorious problem): namely, deflationism, modularity, and interpretivism. Here, I consider each in light of human metacommunication, a phenomenon which has been neglected in foundational discussions of Gricean communication. This neglect is surprising, as metacommunication is central to human communication, and is also something quite young children appear to engage in. I argue that metacommunication bears upon the plausibility of these three approaches very differently. More specifically, both deflationism, and an intuitive version of the modularity approach, are significantly challenged. Interpretivism, in contrast, is left unaffected.

This study explores the language used in emails sent by university students at an Omani university to their professors. While numerous studies have examined this genre in various Arab universities, little research has analyzed both Arabic and English emails through the lens of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The study examines a sample of 170 authentic emails, written in Arabic and English, sent to a course instructor over the span of an academic year. The analysis is grounded in the premise that adult language is inherently multifunctional, with every utterance simultaneously fulfilling ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions in an integrated manner. The findings indicate that although students generally succeed in conveying their intentions, their emails often lack the expected level of formality and structural coherence in academic communication. These results highlight the need for increased awareness and instruction in email pragmatics within academic discourse.

Departing from the concept of lexicon as a system and based on the Government and Binding Theory , the idiosyncratic pieces of information of nominal lexical structures aimed to be projected syntactically are identified. It is assumed the existence of a determining sintagma in which operations of quantification, of number attribution and, eventually, of genre take place. This is shaped in the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to be exploited in systems of automatic treatment.

This study addresses the notion of cyclicity in language change and proposes a typology of cycles based on the distinction between different kinds of trajectories and items involved. As for trajectories, waves and spirals are contrasted; that is, recurrence of a cline and back-and-forth trajectory on a cline. To expand this first distinction, new evidence is provided for spiral-like cyclicity. Sicilian bì shows a back-and-forth trajectory along the cline of scope increase: evolving from a perception verb to a discourse marker, its scope is first expanded but is eventually reduced back. This cycle involves one feature, scope, and this suggests the second distinction regarding the kind of items involved. Cyclicity can affect either constructionalization or constructional shifts; that is, the rise of new constructions or changes in single features. By intersecting these two distinctions, four types of cycles are discussed: recurrence of constructionalization, recurrence of constructional shift, back-and-forth constructionalization, and back-and-forth constructional shift.

(PowerPoint Presentation to accompany conference paper of the same title)

Emancipatory Pragmatics has been a movement that has now spanned more than two decades in an attempt to refocus and expand the view of pragmatic human language usage. This is accomplished by starting from a conceptual base inspired by non-Western languages rather than the Indo-European Western languages whose structure gave rise to the discipline of linguistics. This paper explores the contrasts between non-Western and Western linguistic frameworks of language conceptualization in four categories of pragmatic analysis: context, categories, interpersonal relationships, and modality. Examples from four different non-Western language families are used in this analysis: Japanese/Altaic, Sinetic, Malayo-Polynesian, and Semitic. Languages in each of these linguistic families present a broad spectrum of pragmatic structures and practices that are considered to be normal, and when used as the filter through which languages from other families are viewed provide new insights into the general pragmatics of all human languages. Pragmatic understanding of sentence and discourse level context is crucial to the non-Western languages addressed here as a means of disambiguating homophonic structures. Pragmatic treatment of the functions of words and phrases are crucial to understanding the application of these structures to substantivization, action, modification, and sequential order, avoiding the rigid categorization of these elements as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and tense common in Western-language based pragmatics. Pragmatic treatment of interpersonal relationships including those based on hierarchy and affinity are extensively coded in these non-Western languages, and are only weakly seen in most Western-language based languages. Finally, the richness of pragmatic exercise of modality in the non-Western languages treated here adds additional dimensions to our understanding of the range of human capacity for communicational nuance. This discussion concludes with suggestions for applying these emancipatory pragmatic insights to the study of the pragmatics of the Western languages that serve as a contrast to these non-Western languages.

Emancipatory Pragmatics has been a movement that has now spanned more than two decades in an attempt to refocus and expand the view of pragmatic human language usage. This is accomplished by starting from a conceptual base inspired by non-Western languages rather than the Indo-European Western languages whose structure gave rise to the discipline of linguistics. This paper explores the contrasts between non-Western and Western linguistic frameworks of language conceptualization in four categories of pragmatic analysis: context, categories, interpersonal relationships, and modality. Examples from four different non-Western language families are used in this analysis: Japanese/Altaic, Sinetic, Malayo-Polynesian, and Semitic. Languages in each of these linguistic families present a broad spectrum of pragmatic structures and practices that are considered to be normal, and when used as the filter through which languages from other families are viewed provide new insights into the general pragmatics of all human languages. Pragmatic understanding of sentence and discourse level context is crucial to the non-Western languages addressed here as a means of disambiguating homophonic structures. Pragmatic treatment of the functions of words and phrases are crucial to understanding the application of these structures to substantivization, action, modification, and sequential order, avoiding the rigid categorization of these elements as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and tense common in Western-language based pragmatics. Pragmatic treatment of interpersonal relationships including those based on hierarchy and affinity are extensively coded in these non-Western languages, and are only weakly seen in most Western-language based languages. Finally, the richness of pragmatic exercise of modality in the non-Western languages treated here adds

What role does literal meaning play in people’s understanding of indirect and figurative language? Scholars from many disciplines have debated this issue forseveral decades. This chapter describes these debates, especially focusing on the arguments between the author and Marcelo Dascal. I suggest that Dascal’s defense of “moderate literalism” may have some validity, contrary to some of my earlier arguments against this point of view. The chapter acknowledges the strong contribution that Marcelo Dascal has made to interdisciplinary discussions on language and thought.

This chapter deals with the topic of intersubjectification as a tendency of semantic-pragmatic change, taking into consideration the evolution of two discourse markers in Sicilian, arà and bì. In order to define the concept of intersubjectification, some underlying notions are presented: intersubjectivity as the overcoming of the subject in humanities today, subjectivity in the tradition of linguistics, and finally the very framework of intersubjectification in semantic-pragmatic change. Then, this paper reconstructs the evolution of the two discourse markers in Sicilian. The analysis of these two diachronic paths offers empirical data that allow for a theoretical redefinition of intersubjectification as the tendency whereby meanings develop as centered on two constitutive components of linguistic interaction, namely the subjects interacting and the discourse itself.

This study provides a semantic and pragmatic analysis of the Turkish verb "hüzünlen-" which conveys the meaning of sadness. Following a corpus-driven approach, query sequences from the Turkish National Corpus (TNC) were analysed according to the Extended Lexical Units model. In this context, 284 query sequences found in real spoken and written language samples were examined to determine the lexical profile of the verb "hüzünlen-." The aim of the study is to reveal the semantic and pragmatic usage differences of the verb "hüzünlen-" comparedae to other verbs expressing sadness. In this regard, the syntactic features, collocational tendencies, and context-dependent semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the verb "hüzünlen-" were thoroughly investigated. As a corpus-driven study, this research is the result of an inductive examination. The study demonstrated that the lexical framework of the verb "hüzünlen-" implies a sudden, intense sadness often related to past events and circumstances. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the cultural and linguistic features of expressing sadness in Turkish, as well as to comprehending the cognitive aspects of the emotion of sadness. Furthermore, the results of the study offer significant insights into how expressions of sadness are shaped in linguistic and cultural contexts in Turkish, allowing for a broader perspective on the linguistic representation of sadness. This research suggests that the verb "hüzünlen-" should be examined not only in Turkish but also in comparison with similar emotional expressions in other languages. Thus, it can contribute to understanding the universal and culture-specific features of language and emotion.

Two off-line and on-line reading tasks investigated the real-time comprehension of doubly quantified sentences with sentential negation interaction. The results showed that perceivers experienced processing difficulty in assigning inverse-scope interpretations to the sentences with double operators, not only when such sentences appeared in isolation, but also when the preceding context supported the inverse-scope interpretation and when the quantified sentences with negative operators was unambiguously inverse scope. We conclude that the cost of assigning inverse scope arises from the greater syntactic complexity of the inverse-scope representation, as a structure-driven model of the human sentence processing mechanism and referential context hypothesis would predict.

Varie e numerose sono state le ricerche in questi ultimi anni e più aumentava l’adeguatezza descrittiva del parlato naturale connesso più si evidenziavano fenomeni non registrati anche nelle grammatiche scientifiche. L'allargamento dei dati empirici non obbliga necessariamente a cambiare la teoria, e infatti nonostante gli studi sul parlato siano ben sviluppati da diversi decenni, l’incidenza che essi hanno avuto sui modelli grammaticali è piuttosto marginale. Esiste una sostanziale separatezza tra chi si occupa di parlato spontaneo, qualunque sia la prospettiva, e chi fa grammatica. Dunque, la sfida teorica è quella di costruire un modello unitario che spieghi come uno stesso sistema linguistico permetta forme di grammaticalità diverse, ovvero testi ugualmente grammaticali, ma che sono costruiti seguendo strategie anche molto diverse tra loro a seconda della modalità di comunicazione usata.

There has been a great deal of research in recent years and the more the descriptive adequacy of connected natural speech increased, the more phenomena not recorded even in scientific grammars became apparent. The enlargement of empirical data does not necessarily force a change in theory, and in fact although speech studies have been well developed for several decades, their impact on grammatical models is rather marginal. There is a substantial separateness between those who deal with spontaneous speech, whatever the perspective, and those who do grammar. Therefore, the theoretical challenge is to construct a unitary model that explains how the same linguistic system allows for different forms of grammaticality, i.e. texts that are equally grammatical, but which are constructed following strategies that are also very different from each other depending on the mode of communication in use.

Nel febbraio del 2003 si costituiva il Gruppo della Comunicazione parlata (GSCP) all'interno della Società di linguistica italiana (SLI). Rileggendo a vent'anni di distanza il documento costitutivo, redatto da Federico Albano Leoni, (/www.societadilinguisticaitaliana.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/GSCP-DOCUMENTO-COSTITUTIVO.pdf) (1) , colpiscono la solidità e attualità concettuale dei presupposti da cui si partiva: La proposta di costituzione di un gruppo di studio sulla comunicazione parlata in seno alla SLI nasce dalla constatazione del crescente interesse per il parlato e del suo configurarsi come punto di intersezione di aree di studio e di applicazione diverse in ingegneria linguistica, linguisti computazionali e l'espandersi, nell'accademia e nella società, di professioni classiche, come foniatri e logopedisti. In questo quadro si osserva la convergenza di due punti di vista diversi e parimenti importanti: a) quello degli studi sul parlato inteso come modalità d'uso della lingua (per i quali in Italia e in particolare nella SLI c'è una grande tradizione); b) quello degli studi sulla comunicazione parlata intesa come modalità semiotica generale e complessa. (c.vo mio) La parte in corsivo riassume bene il fatto che gli studi sul parlato non riguardano tanto e solo l'uso della lingua in una specifica modalità, ma che (1) Cfr. anche Appendice in questo volume [N.d.C.].

REFERENCIA:
Alvarado, A., Amorós-Poveda, L. y Fernández, L. C. (2025). EduExploradores. Gamificando el Marco de Competencia Digital Docente. En VI Congreso Internacional Liderazgo y Mejora de la Educación: Políticas, gobernanza e inclusión, Actas. Mayo, 26-28. Murcia, España. http://hdl.handle.net/10201/156640

This article explores the subject of gender roles and analyses how those gender roles are depicted in the society with special reference to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun. Chimamanda Ngozie Adichie is an acclaimed Nigerian author. Based on the gender roles and behaviour the characters in this novel encounter such situations in their life. This paper also shows the stereotypes that are presented in the society. Gender issues are relevant to variety of fields and that explore the effects of gender in one field which contributes to the understanding of gender in another field.

This research was aimed to find out the kinds of apology strategies used by English Education Students at IPTS Padangsidimpuan and the reasons for using them. The research was a single case study in the form of descriptive qualitative research. The daata were taken from DCT (Discourse Completion Test) and interview. The test covered situations about violations in daily life. The research participants were sixth semester English Education Students at IPTS (Institut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan) who had taken up Pragmatics course consisting of 2 classes, Class A and Class B. The research participants were 9 students selected using purposive sampling technique. From the results of data analysis, 4 situations were given to the participants, and it was known that 4 strategies were used by students; namely, indirect apologies/acknowledgments of responsibilities, explanations or accounts, direct expressions of apologies and promises of forbearance with various sub categories. The finding of the study showed that the most often strategy used by the students was indirect apologies/ acknowledgments of responsibility.

In this paper, we take stock of our linguistic tools to investigate potential markers of the perfect and 'already' , and challenge the necessity of assuming the existence of the category of iamitives (Olsson 2013). Iamitives are said to have a core meaning of change-of-state, similar to 'already' , with an additional resultative meaning making it also similar to perfect aspect. We investigate several perfect/iamitive/'already' markers in Nafsan, Toqabaqita, Unua, Javanese, and Mandarin Chinese. We argue that characteristics that have been taken as evidence of iamitives can be explained by the interaction between the perfect/'already' and the following language-internal mechanisms: (a) aspectual coercion in languages with underspecified verbal aspect can explain the presence of the change-of-state meaning with perfect aspect; (b) paradigmatic blocking can explain the lack of some perfect functions of a given marker in a language; and (c) compatibility in meaning can explain certain overlaps between perfect and 'already' .

The article is based on the assumption of anthropological linguistics, in particular the biocultural theory of meaning (J. Zlatev), that the semantic system of language is determined by a combination of external factors, including environmental determinism. The need to adapt the cognitive system to the environment and geophysical conditions of existence of human groups leads to the fact that cultural pictures of the world and the corresponding semantic systems of languages differ. The authors consider the relative and culturally variable nature of colour terms using the example of the adjective ⱪonyr in the Kazakh language and its lexical equivalent in the Polish language. The article shows that the presence of a large number of precedent phenomena of the brown colour among the Kazakhs is manifested in a more intense functionality of this colour name in the Kazakh language. This concerns several aspects: high frequency, intensive polysemy, phraseology and connotations. As illustrations, the authors provide language material from various sources, including national corpora of the Kazakh and Polish languages.

We explore Derrida's theory of writing in connection with issues in the philosophy of logic and mathematics. In the first part of this essay, we show how Derrida's notion of "context", understood as a differential system of marks that enable the inscription, identification and differentiation of meaning, accounts for the construction and verification of truth-valued propositions. Propositional truth-valued meaning always refers to some normative given context specifying its appearing, construction, functioning, and verification rules. Intentional consciousness does not produce these contextual rules; quite the opposite, consciousness must first follow them to constitute propositional truth-valued meaning as an intentional object. In the second part of this essay, we apply the notion of context to an analysis of the intuitionist theory of evident judgements and the intuitionist attempt to rehabilitate the "knowing subject" as verifying power. Our analysis of the intuitionist theory of propositional meaning will confirm the central tenet of Derrida's theory of writing. The "originary act" of the "knowing subject" is secondary to the contextual construction and verification of propositional truth-valued meaning.

This research aims to examine the ontological foundation in the thought of Charles Sanders Peirce as the originator of pragmatism. The method used is qualitative with a library research approach, analyzing various written works such as journals and books on Peirce's thought. The main findings of the study show that Peirce's pragmatic ontology is built on three fundamental concepts-belief, inquiry, and meaning-that form the framework for understanding reality as something that has practical consequences. Peirce proposed a dynamic ontological view through the categories of trichotomy (Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness) that bridged the gap between idealism and materialism. Peirce's ontological dimension is also seen in his role in reformulating metaphysics and his emphasis on the communal aspect of the determination of reality. In conclusion, Peirce's pragmatism is not just a method of thinking, but rather a comprehensive ontological system that transforms the understanding of reality, truth, and meaning through pragmatic verification that emphasizes the relationship between belief, inquiry, and practical consequences.

La relación íntima entre semántica y pragmática las puede posicionar como disciplinas complementarias o antagónicas, según lo miremos desde un enfoque minimalista o contextualista.  Este ensayo es un intento por desmenuzar los argumentos de cada postura, y establecer diferencias entre ellas.

This scientific article explores the significance of pragmatic analysis in the field of linguistics. Pragmatics, as a subfield, plays a crucial role in understanding language beyond its structural components, focusing on context, intention, and communicative effectiveness. This article delves into the theoretical foundations of pragmatic analysis, its key concepts, and its applications in linguistic research. Through an extensive literature review, we examine seminal works and recent developments in pragmatic analysis. The main body of the article presents case studies and examples that illustrate the practical implementation of pragmatic analysis in various linguistic contexts. The discussion section critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of pragmatic analysis, considering its interdisciplinary nature and potential areas for future research. The conclusion summarizes the key findings and emphasizes the ongoing relevance and importance of pragmatic analysis in advancing our understanding of language and communication. Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies the use of language in context and how context influences the interpretation of meaning. Unlike syntax, which deals with the structure of sentences, and semantics, which focuses on word meaning, pragmatics examines the way language is used in reallife situations. It investigates how speakers use language to convey meaning beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account the social, cultural, and situational context in which communication occurs. Key aspects of pragmatics include: Speech Acts: Pragmatics examines how utterances perform actions beyond conveying information. Utterances can function as requests, promises, commands, and more, and understanding these speech acts is essential for interpreting meaning. Implicature: This involves understanding implied meaning in communication. Speakers often convey additional meaning beyond the literal interpretation of their words, and implicature helps uncover these implicit meanings. Deixis: it involves understanding and interpreting expressions that depend on the context, such as pronouns (e.g., "he," "she") and demonstratives (e.g., "this," "that"). The interpretation of such expressions relies on the context in which they are used. Politeness: Pragmatics explores how politeness strategies are employed in language to manage social interactions. This includes using different levels of formality, politeness markers, and other linguistic devices to convey respect and maintain positive social relationships. Conversational Maxims: Derived from Grice's Cooperative Principle, these maxims (maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner) guide effective and cooperative communication. Violations of these maxims can lead to implicatures and impact the interpretation of meaning. Pragmatics is crucial for understanding how language functions in real-world situations and how speakers interpret and produce meaning in context. It plays a significant role in various fields, including linguistics, communication studies, philosophy of language, and cognitive science. The study of pragmatics helps to uncover the intricacies of language use and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of communication.

Indexical contextualism has trouble explaining disagreements between utterances of "X is tasty" and "X is not tasty" because it treats them as semantically expressing propositions containing perspectives (e.g., judges) as their constituents. They are thus not incompatible. To overcome the problem, some philosophers suggested extending indexical contextualism with a pragmatic explanation of disagreements according to which the speakers of "X is tasty" and "X is not tasty" disagree because they pragmatically convey incompatible propositions by their respective utterances. The main aim of the present paper is to show that at least some pragmatically extended indexical contextualist theories face a serious problem. This is because the pragmatically conveyed propositions turn out to be inherently perspective-dependent, which means that the alleged incompatibility between them does not arise. Moreover, it is by no means easy to overcome the problem of the inherent perspective-dependence of pragmatically conveyed propositions. Although the discussion primarily focuses on Julia Zakkou's superiority theory, which is rather novel and has not yet been subjected to thoroughgoing critical examination, its outcomes apply to some other theories too. Keywords Disagreement about matters of personal taste • Lost disagreement • Pragmatically extended indexical contextualism • The problem of inherent perspective-dependence • The superiority theory * Marián Zouhar

Статтю присвячено перекладознавчому аналізу слів-реалій (на матеріалі роману Марії Матіос «Солодка Даруся»). Розглядаються та аналізуються перекладацькі рішення, прийняті при відтворенні реалій німецькою та англійською мовами, визначаються найпоширеніші способи відтворення реалій, котрі забезпечують адекватність перекладу. З’ясовано, що слова-реалії слугують для номінації понять і явищ, які не мають точних лексичних відповідників у соціокультурних парадигмах інших мов; відображають національний колорит та територіальну належність героїв і є індикаторами їхнього етнокультурного рівня; становлять труднощі при перекладі (через відмінності в емоційних ефектах, які вони справляють на реципієнта, та внаслідок відсутності відповідників цих реалій у цільовій мові), тому зумовлюють застосування трансформаційних прийомів перекладу. Труднощі перекладу слів-реалій зумовлені: 1) відсутністю в мові перекладу відповідника (еквівалента, аналога) через брак у носіїв мови об'єкта, який ця реалія ...

Розглядаються та аналізуються перекладацькі рішення, прийняті при відтворенні реалій, визначаються найпоширеніші способи відтворення реалій, котрі забезпечують адекватність перекладу. З’ясовано, що слова-реалії слугують для номінації понять і явищ, що не мають точних лексичних відповідників у соціокультурних парадигмах інших мов. На прикладі української реалії «ґазда» та похідних від неї у творі української письменниці Марії Матіос «Солодка Даруся» проаналізовано способи та засоби їх відтворення німецькою мовою, що були використані німецькою перекладачкою Клаудією Дат

WhatsApp group interactions have attracted academic attention from different disciplines and research fields. However, the literature suggests that most studies so far have only examined how WhatsApp platforms could be blended to support the traditional face-to-face teaching, or how they could be utilized as sole avenues for teaching. Agreeably, how social factors affect linguistic variabilities in WhatsApp groups has been under-researched. Therefore, in an endeavor to further the current knowledge, this study drew on sociolinguistic framework and investigated the relationship between Nigerians' political WhatsApp groups and language variability. Specifically, the study explored President Muhammadu Buhari supporters' WhatsApp groups. The objectives of the study were (1) to identify the distinguishing linguistic features of President Muhammadu Buhari supporters' WhatsApp groups, and (2) to examine how the shared values and identities among the members of President Muhammadu Buhari supporters' WhatsApp groups are reflected in their linguistic choices. To pursue these objectives, the study adopted qualitative approach and analyzed lexical and discursive variables in a database comprising 502 texts of 11, 470 words collected live online from three Buhari supporters' WhatsApp groups: Buhari Vendors Malaysia, Unity is Necessary, and I'm a Buharist, for a period of 18 months, where the researchers served as observers and participants. The findings revealed that Muhammadu Buhari supporters' WhatsApp groups have gradually developed distinguishing linguistic features as coinages, slangs, borrowings, abbreviations, and the style of comparison and contrast. In addition, the shared values and identities of the members of these WhatsApp groups that are reflected in their linguistic choices include ardent political support, firm solidarity to President Muhammadu Buhari, and fierce attack or mockery on the opposition PDP. In conclusion, the researchers have suggested that this study has also furthered the current knowledge on the relationship between computer-mediated contexts and sociolinguistic variability.

Autor je u prvom dijelu rada dao prikaz dijalekatskih i demografskih promjena u Klisu i okolici prouzročenih ratovima. U drugom dijelu analizirao je 35 isprava nastalih u južnoj Hrvatskoj u doba osmanlijske vladavine (1537.-1643.) po dijalekatskom i leksičkom apsektu. Na temelju toga postavljena je teza o diajlektu, odnosno potvrđen je indicij o zavičajnom podrijetlu osmanlijskih dužnosnika, tvoraca isprava.In the first part of his work, the author reviews dialectal and demographic changes in Klis and the surrounding area which caused by wars. In the second part, he analyses 35 documents made in southern Croatia during the rule of the Turkish Empire (1537.-1643.) in the dialectal and lexical aspects. Based on this, he established a thesis on the dialect, i.e. he confirmed the indication of the native origin of Turkish officers, the makers of the documents.L’autore nella prima parte dello studio dà un compendio dei cambiamenti dialettali e demografici a Klis e dintorni, provocati dal...

У статті робиться спроба обґрунтування теоретичних засад етнолінгвістичного аналізу тексту як одного з прийомів вивчення національно-культурного мовного компонента. За глибоким переконанням автора, елементи етнолінгвоаналізу повинні носити систематичний характер на уроках української мови, оскільки забезпечують високий рівень етномовної та етнокультурної компетенції школярів

In this psycholinguistic case study, Miss Fatima, a young woman with Down syndrome, is examined for her conversational adherence to Grice's Maxim of Relevance. This study examines if Miss Fatima violates this maxim, how frequently it occurs, whether she is aware of irrelevant responses, and whether there is any discomfort involved. It does this by focusing on a transcribed interview. Miss Fatima, who was born in 1999, has previously received educational support and speech treatment. In order to comprehend how language, cognitive function, and emotional state interact in people with Down syndrome, this study looks into her conversational habits. The study questions investigate Miss Fatima's emotional response, her awareness of her irrelevant reactions, and the prevalence and proportion of maxim flouting. Miss Fatima's knowledge and comfort levels will be examined, as well as incidents of flouting and their regularity. This study is important because it sheds light on the communication styles and cognitive processes of people with Down syndrome, which could help guide family communication and speech treatment techniques. The study's limitations include its reliance on translated data, single-case design, and possible observational impact on Miss Fatima's behavior. The findings show that Miss Fatima disregarded the relevance principle in nine of the sixteen interview questions, frequently while answering more difficult ones. Her answers point to a combination of cognitive processing issues, conciseness, and possible reluctance during the interview, even if she showed some knowledge of importance.

The Problem-Based Learning methodology (PBL) contributes to the teachinglearning process by developing the student's capacity to "learn to learn" as a necessary channel for their own learning. PBL helps students manage time and information efficiently. Two methods are deployed when teaching the Advanced Financial Accounting subject. The first method is the PBL approach wherein students are encouraged to deal with the areas of self-learning and acquisition of knowledge in an autonomous way. The second method deployed at the University is the more traditional, teacher-fronted, lecture approach.

Cet article est consacré au développement et à la diversifi cation des emplois interjectifs des impératifs tiens et tenez en français préclassique et classique. Située dans le cadre théorique de la pragmaticalisation (ou grammaticalisation au sens large), l'étude considère les interjections tiens et tenez comme des marqueurs discursifs et vise à mettre en évidence les critères qui témoignent du passage d'emplois strictement injonctifs à des emplois interjectifs de ces formes. Les différentes étapes du processus de pragmaticalisation verbale affectant les deux impératifs dans la diachronie considérée sont ainsi repérables à l'aide de deux oppositions : le maintien ou la perte du sémantisme premier de « tenir » et, dans ce deuxième cas, le renvoi du marqueur discursif à un référent extralinguistique situé dans le lieu de l'énonciation ou au discours luimême. Parallèlement, ce travail s'intéresse aux différences qu'il est possible de relever, à l'intérieur des bases de données interrogées (Dictionnaire du Moyen Français et Frantext), entre les emplois de tiens et ceux de tenez, tout en précisant également en quoi la période du français préclassique et classique se révèle importante pour l'évolution de ces deux marqueurs discursifs.

The Medieval Life of Language The Knowledge Communities series focuses on innovative scholarship in the areas of intellectual history and the history of ideas, particularly as they relate to the communication of knowledge within and among diverse scholarly, literary, religious and social communities across Western Europe. Interdisciplinary in nature, the series especially encourages new methodological outlooks that draw on the disciplines of philosophy, theology, musicology, anthropology, paleography and codicology. Knowledge Communities addresses the myriad ways in which knowledge was expressed and inculcated, not only focusing upon scholarly texts from the period, but also emphasizing the importance of emotions, ritual, performance, images and gestures as modalities that communicate and acculturate ideas. Knowledge Communities publishes cutting-edge work that explores the nexus between ideas, communities and individuals in medieval and early modern Europe.

A new dialogue translation method called the illocutionary act translation method is designed for translating speakers ' intentions conveyed by rich expressions in dialogues between humans. One of the most significant characteristics of this method is that it is pragmaticsbased. That is, translation of utterances representing illocutionary acts, which consist of illocutionary forces and propositional contents, is possible while most conventional MT methods are based on syntactic or semantic information and concerned with propositional contents only. The new method extracts illocutionary act relationships from input utterances by using semantic-pragmatic representations called illocutionary act types. These types consist of language-independent illocutionary act concepts and language-dependent propositional content concepts. The method then transfers these into target language illocutionary act types, and finally generates target language utterances. This method combines the fea...

Abstract:- In the study presented, the researchers attempt to systematically review the works performed on the “Ostensible Invitation speech act”. First, they will briefly talk about the background of communicative acts, their uses, and why we need to know about them as language researchers or teachers. The paper, then, will continue to provide some studies considering a number of languages and cultures, and the overview that each researcher had while doing the work accordingly. As we know, every language is closely tied to its related culture and traditions which would result in some considerations during expressing their utterances. In some cases, not following those considerations can cause misunderstandings and even can be considered as being rude. Thus, the need for such studies will be highlighted. On the other hand, there is not a sufficient number of works dealing with this matter of concern. By performing the presented paper, the researchers could gather some of the important ones and study them all together to conclude the points offered and illustrate the strengths and weaknesses, if any. In this way, it will give insight to future researchers on how they can deal with such a valuable field of study so that they can help teachers and learners.

Recent work in Relevance Theory (henceforth RT) illustrates the coming of age of modern pragmatic scholarship in creating an environment in which a particular theory of pragmatics can be taken for granted, without explanation or justification, and an analysis of a phenomenon previously unaccounted for within that theory can be advanced. One is reminded of much of the recent syntactic work within GB\Principles & Parameters\Minimalist Theory : the dominance of the Chomskyan approach -particularly in certain geographic regions -allows researchers, for better or worse, to simply assume the correctness of the theory in their work and proceed to illustrate how that theory might (or must) be extended or modified to accommodate a new class of data. In this volume, Z ) egarac & Clark () provide the latest illustration of a similar strategy in pragmatics : the correctness of RT is assumed and an analysis of ' phatic communication ' proposed within that framework. On the one hand, this constitutes an advance for pragmatic theory, since until recently there was no comprehensive all-inclusive framework within which certain pragmatic generalizations could be stated. If nothing else, RT has served to raise a number of important issues surrounding the semanticspragmatics interface, helping to crystallize the debate and make explicit many assumptions that had been either implicit or non-existent in other frameworks. In particular, RT work on scalar implicature\explicature and on echoic mention and metalinguistic negation (e.g. Carston ,  ; Re! canati ) has represented major advances in our understanding of these phenomena and their theoretical implications. Thus, whatever one may think of RT, it is a theory that must be taken seriously by anyone working in this area. On the other hand, we find that RT suffers from one of the principal afflictions of the aforementioned work in the GB\P&P\Minimalism mainstream : a remarkable failure to address, come to terms with, and

This article explores negation in Chinese on the basis of written and spoken corpora of Mandarin Chinese. The use of corpus data not only reveals central tendencies in language based on quantitative data, it also provides typical examples attested in authentic contexts. In this study we will first discuss negation variants in general terms, on the basis of which the focus will be shifted to the semantic and genre distinctions between two major negators, bu and mei (including meiyou). Following this is an exploration of the interaction between negation and aspect marking. We will then move on to discuss scope and focus of negation, transferred negation, and finally double negation and redundant negation.

Presuming two major interrelated and at the same time distinct perspectives on pragmatics, the current paper seeks to delineate the similarities and differences of dialectic versus dialogic pragmatics. It begins with a brief and informative overview of rhetoric and claims that rhetoric is essentially a kind of pragmatics where a rhetor carries dialectic into oration to challenge, sway, persuade, or defeat an adversary through elocution. It then moves on to a brief overview of dialogic pragmatics and argues that it builds on a cooperative dyad where the interlocutors work in tandem to co-create a dialogue. Assuming an inclusional distribution between the two, the paper concludes that dialectic pragmatics is essentially concerned with one form of intentionality and can therefore be called micro-pragmatics whereas dialogic pragmatics encompasses all forms of intentionality including that of rhetoric, and that it can therefore be called macro-pragmatics.

Проблематика відтворення україномовної інноваційної лексики англійською мовою зростає разом з розвитком комп’ютерних систем та галузі інноваційних технологій. Дана проблема також ускладнюється появою нових слів, які на момент перекладу можуть бути відсутніми в словниках чи використанням оказіоналімзів. Комп’ютерна лексика є надзвичайно неоднорідною, що може додатково ускладнити завдання перекладу текстів сфери інноваційних технологій. Подальша оптимізація методів перекладу інноваційної лексики забезпечить вищу якість перекладів, в тому числі машинного. Зазначене вище і зумовлює актуальність нашої праці.

Entre Ce que je pense Ce que je veux dire Ce que je crois dire Ce que je dis Ce que vous avez envie d'entendre Ce que vous croyez entendre Ce que vous entendez Ce que vous avez envie de comprendre Ce que vous croyez comprendre Ce que vous comprenez Il y a dix possibilités qu'on ait des difficultés à communiquer. Mais essayons quand même... Encyclopédie du Savoir relatif et absolu, B. Werber. Je tiens à exprimer mon entière gratitude au Professeur Lambert Félix PRUDENT, pour avoir assumé durant toutes ces années la direction de cette thèse, avec patience, dévouement et bienveillance. Il m'a accompagnée sur ce chemin de recherche de ses aiguillages judicieux. Mille mercis. Que le Professeur Robert CHAUDENSON trouve également ici toute ma reconnaissance pour être demeuré aussi disponible depuis mes premiers pas avec lui dans la recherche et m'avoir dispensé de judicieux conseils. Je lui sais gré d'avoir été l'instigateur du sujet de ce travail et suis très honorée de le compter comme rapporteur de ma thèse et membre de mon jury. Je remercie le Professeur Bruno MAURER et le Professeur Carpanin MARIMOUTOU pour avoir accepté d'être respectivement mon rapporteur et membre de mon Jury. Bien entendu, il ne saurait être question d'oublier le CONSEIL REGIONAL DE LA REU-NION qui, en m'octroyant une bourse doctorale de trois ans, m'a permis de poursuivre matériellement ma recherche. Un grand merci aux ENSEIGNANTES et ENSEIGNANTS des écoles qui m'ont accueillie avec une remarquable gentillesse et beaucoup d'ouverture d'esprit dans leurs classes. Un remerciement spécial à Anny-Claude SITAL-DAHONE et Florence LEBON. Une tendre pensée à tous les ENFANTS avec lesquels j'ai vécu tant de journées instructives. Ils ont su se montrer de merveilleux collaborateurs durant tous les moments que j'ai passés à leurs côtés. De chaleureux remerciements à Mylène LEBON-EYQUEM et Séverine RAPANOËL pour leur disponibilité, leur bonne humeur communicative et leur infaillible soutien, mais aussi pour leurs vaillantes relectures. Je ne saurai ici remercier tous ceux qui ont contribué d'une manière ou d'une autre à l'aboutissement de ce travail, mais je pense tout particulièrement aux membres de ma famille, Danielle ADELIN, Marie-Pierre ADELIN, Michel ADELIN, Brigitte ARZAL et Marilys TAO-CHY, pour leurs encouragements et pour m'avoir conduite tant de fois EN DSANDAN ou EN MONTAN, de Saint-Benoît à Saint-Denis, mais également à Mayalen ALLALAOUI, Frédérique HELIAS, Gudrun LEDEGEN et Daïna MAILLET. Je n'oublie pas tous ceux qui ont su être compréhensifs et attendre que "la sauvage" que je suis devenue revienne à la civilisation. Un immense merci pour leur patience. C'est promis, je vais me rattraper ! Un incommensurable merci à mes PARENTS, pour m'avoir insufflée cette envie d'apprendre encore et encore et d'avoir toujours su respecter et encourager les voies que j'ai choisies pour mon épanouissement. Je sais, enfin, infiniment gré à KAMAL qui a décidé de demeurer présent, malgré les longues séparations géographiques, dans les moments de découragement pour me soutenir et de joie pour les partager. Je ne sais trouver suffisamment de mots pour le remercier.

Introduction to Topoi's Special Issue "Philosophical discussions with Pragma-Dialectics". The issue includes 10 articles whereby some of the philosophical tenets of the pragma-dialectical theory are challenged, revised, complemented or reinforced in light of the latest thinking in the philosophy of argument, with a special focus on the theoretical proposals developed in Speech Acts in Argumentative Discussions (1984) and A Systematic Theory of Argumentation (2004).

Міністерство освіти і науки України Сумський державний університет (СумДУ) 40007, м. Суми, вул. Римського-Корсакова, 2 тел. (0542) 33 53 83; факс 33 40 58 ЗАТВЕРДЖУЮ Проректор з наукової роботи, д.ф.-м.н., професор ________________А.М. Чорноус _____.___.___ ЗВIТ ПРО НАУКОВО-ДОСЛIДНУ РОБОТУ ВЕРБАЛІЗАЦІЯ КОНЦЕПТІВ: ВНУТРІШНЬОМОВНІ ТА МІЖМОВНІ АСПЕКТИ (заключний) Начальник НДЧ к.ф.-м. н., с.н.с Д.І. Курбатов Керівник НДР д.філол.н., проф. С.О. Швачко 2017 Рукопис закінчено _________________ Результати цієї роботи розглянуто науковою радою СумДУ, протокол № ___ від ________________

Дослідження являє собою глибинний аналіз соціальних та культурних аспектів серіалів для виявлення шляхів передачі цих особливостей при адаптації перекладу з англійської мови на українську для певного кола реципієнтів. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26165Дослідження являє собою глибинний аналіз соціальних та культурних аспектів серіалів для виявлення шляхів передачі цих особливостей при адаптації перекладу з англійської мови на українську для певного кола реципієнтів. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2616

The present paper presents experimental evidence confirming that contextually mismatching scalar implicatures can be generated even when quantifiers range over empty domains. In the literature, this possibility has been interpreted as providing further evidence for a grammatical approach to scalar implicatures. The main result presented here is that scalar sentences with empty domains are judged as more infelicitous when associated with a mismatching implicature than variants with the same empty domains but associated with a non-mismatching implicature. We interpret this result as suggesting that the infelicity judgment associated with the first kind of sentence stems from the cumulative effect of the mismatching implicature and the contextual domain emptiness. Compared to previous literature on blind implicatures, our results indicate that the body of knowledge involved in relevance assignments is restricted to ignoring existential determination while still considering the properties attributed to nonexistent entities. They also show that, while not blocking implicature generation, contextual domain emptiness plays a role in speakers’ evaluation of scalar sentences, reflecting the unconscious nature of scalar implicature generation.