Self Disclosure

The present study is quasi experimental in nature. Main purpose of the study is to see the effect of Administrator's online feedback on Job satisfaction and Teaching competency of Secondary school teachers during the Lockdown. The non-equivalent control group design was used for the present study suggested by Stanley and Campbell (1963). A total of 163 (61 Male, 102 Female) secondary level schoolteachers and principals of four schools are selected in this study. Two schools were randomly taken as treatment group and rest two schools were treated as control group. There were 78 teachers in experimental group and 85 teachers in control group. Standardized Job satisfaction questionnaire developed by Kumar & Mutha and Standardized General Teaching competency scale developed by Passi & Lalitha were used to collect the data. 2X2X2 two-way Analysis of covariance and Pearson's Product moment correlation were used to test the null hypotheses of the study. Treatment was found significant and positive on Job satisfaction and Teaching competency. Female teachers were found to have significantly higher Job satisfaction as compared to Male teachers. Job satisfaction and Teaching competency were found independent of Gender and Salary of teachers. No significant interactional effect of Gender and Salary with each other and with the treatment on Job satisfaction or Teaching competency was seen. Suggestions for the administrators, teachers and educational planners are given in the study.

Data on height and weight from personal interviews, telephone interviews or mail questionnaires are commonly used in epidemiological studies. Such selfreported data with different levels of external control are quite accurate. [9] Although several previous studies have shown that for the individual the difference between self-reported and measured height and weight may be small, such differences affect body mass index distributions (BMI, kg/m 2 ) in various populations. That members of the upper social classes are taller than members of the lower social classes is a wellestablished finding of social-anthropological research. An association between social class and weight has also been shown for women. Previous studies have demonstrated that tall and heavy people underestimate their height and weight, whereas the opposite is true for small and thin people. When using self-reported data on height and weight in relation to social class it is possible that this would have an impact on social class differences.

Objective:  A functional polymorphism in the catechol‐o‐methyltransferase gene (COMT Val158Met) may moderate the psychosis‐inducing effects of cannabis. In order to extend this finding to dynamic effects in the flow of daily life, a momentary assessment study of psychotic symptoms in response to cannabis use was conducted.Method:  The experience sampling technique was used to collect data on cannabis use and occurrence of symptoms in daily life in patients with a psychotic disorder (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 25).Results:  Carriers of the COMT Val158Met Val allele, but not subjects with the Met/Met genotype, showed an increase in hallucinations after cannabis exposure, conditional on prior evidence of psychometric psychosis liability.Conclusion:  The findings confirm that in people with psychometric evidence of psychosis liability, COMT Val158Met genotype moderates the association between cannabis and psychotic phenomena in the flow of daily life.

ObjectiveTo compare 3 commonly used psychiatric symptom checklists (the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [CES‐D], the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales [EMAS]) to determine their sensitivity, specificity, and ability to discriminate between a disorder (Major Depression [MD], Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD]), and no disorder. To compare the checklists for their ability to discriminate between type of disorder (MD and GAD). To evaluate the discriminant ability of the subscales, particularly positive affect; whether the somatic items in the CES‐D artificially inflate affective scores; and the optimal cut off score for the CES‐D.MethodsWe compared the 3 scales to diagnostic criterion of MD, GAD, and comorbid disorder using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) and logistic regression analyses. The sample consisted of a national panel of 415 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).ResultsEach of the scales had ...

ABSTRACTRecent research has identified adolescent disclosure to parents as a powerful predictor of adolescent adjustment. We propose, however, that the common operationalization of adolescent disclosure incorporates the two separate constructs of disclosure and secrecy, and predicted that the disclosure–adjustment link can largely be explained by the unique contribution of secrecy from parents. A four‐wave survey study among 309 adolescents tested these predictions. Factor analyses confirmed that disclosure and secrecy should be distinguished as two separate constructs. Moreover, in cross‐lagged path analyses, only secrecy was a longitudinal predictor of adolescent internalizing (i.e., depression) and externalizing (i.e., delinquency) problems, disclosure was not. Secrecy consistently contributed to the longitudinal prediction of delinquency from early to middle adolescence, whereas it contributed to the prediction of depression only in early adolescence. Findings thus attest the im...

As much as possible, all servants are chosen from the category of mental patients. They are at any rate better suited to this demanding work because they are usually more gentle, honest, and humane" -Jean Baptiste Pussin, in a 1793 letter to Philippe Pinel (1). Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses has been largely considered a recent phenomenon, with the first published account of this presumably "new" form of service delivery dating to 1991 (2) and attributed to the mental health service user movement that began in the 1970s (3). As the passage quoted above suggests, however, the idea that persons in recovery may be especially well-suited to helping others suffering from a severe mental illness has a longer, if unacknowledged, history. At the time of his writing the letter from which the above passage was taken, Pussin was serving as the governor (i.e., superintendent) of the Bicêtre Hospital in Paris, where he had himself been a patient. Pinel had been assigned to become the chief physician there, and had asked Pussin to describe how the hospital was functioning prior to his arrival. As noted above, one of Pussin's key management strategies was to hire as many staff for the hospital as possible from among recovered patients. In addition to being "gentle, honest, and humane", Pinel found these former patients recruited by Pussin to be "averse from active cruelty" (which was a common management strategy in the asylums of the day) and "disposed to kindness" (4) toward the patients in their care. It was then to a significant degree through the hiring and deployment of such staff that Pinel, and Pussin, were able to do away with shackles and abuse, and institute what has since come to be called the "moral treatment" era (5). Recognition of the value of peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses thus goes back centuries, with

Establishing a positive relationship between a user and a system is considered important or even necessary in applications of social robots or other computational artifacts which require long-term engagement. We discuss several experiments investigating the effects of specific relational verbal behaviors within the broader context of developing a social robot for long-term support of self-management improvement in children with Type 1 diabetes. Our results show that displaying familiarity with a user as well as eliciting the user's selfdisclosure in off-activity talk contribute to the user's perception of the social robot as a friend. We also observed increased commitment to interaction success related to familiarity display and increased interest in further interactions related to off-activity talk.

Objectives. The reliability of abortion self-reports has raised questions about the general usefulness of surveys in research about abortion behavior; however, the extent of underreporting remains a subject of some debate. This study sought to examine abortion reporting in a sample of welfare mothers and to determine factors in underreporting. Methods. In New Jersey, which covers abortions requested by welfare recipients under its Medicaid program, the responses of a randomly drawn sample of 1236 welfare mothers about abortion events were compared with the Medicaid claims records of these women. Results. Only 29% of actual abortions were self-reported by the women in the sample. This finding varied dramatically by race, with substantially higher rates of underreporting by Blacks than by Whites or Hispanics. Conclusions. Although race is the most consistent predictor of underreporting behavior, attitudinal factors and survey technology also help in explaining abortion reporting behav...

This research investigated the self-disclosure patterns of newly married adults in Oyo metropolis using descriptive survey method. Three hundred (300) newly married adults were drawn through purposive sampling technique and a questionnaire tagged Self-disclosure Patterns of Newly Married Adults (QSDPNMA) was used to obtain the data. Two null hypotheses were   generated for the purpose of this research and tested using t-test and Analysis of variance statistical tools. The result revealed that there was a significant difference in the self-disclosure patterns of newly married adults in Oyo metropolis based on gender. It was also revealed that there was a significant difference in the self-disclosure patterns of newly married adults based on length of years in marriage and spouse age. However, the hypothesis which states that   there was no significant difference in the self-disclosure patterns of newly married adults based on religion was accepted which indicates that religion  does ...

The impact of therapist self-disclosure on clients who are themselves therapists: The practice of therapist self-disclosure (TSD) has been of interest to the counselling community for over 100 years. The available literature on the topic is vast. A review of the research literature indicated a need for further research employing three factors: i) the use of a concise definition of TSD; ii) research that includes the client's perspective; and iii) a methodology that used a qualitative approach, with the underlying assumption that the lived experience of hearing TSD may be more nuanced and complex than has previously been outlined in academic literature. For this study, the definition of TSD was outlined as a statement made by the therapist that reveals something about their life outside of the therapy room. Using semi-structured interviews with eight participants who had experienced TSD, and who were also therapists themselves. The transcripts were analysed twice using a novel approach that employed a combination of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and discourse analysis (DA). While in IPA the emphasis is on understanding and gaining a sense of how participants describe their internal life world, by contrast in DA, the analytic emphasis is on the discursive resources used to create or construct those descriptions, and how these are mobilised by participants in terms of subject position and associated rights, duties and responsibilities of these positions. The findings were then synthesised at the post-analytical stage. Six superordinate themes emerged: i) the therapeutic relationship prior to the disclosure; ii) the disclosure content; iii) the disclosure process; iv) the short-term impact; v) the longterm impact, and vi) meaning making. Within these superordinate categories, 17 subordinate themes were identified. The DA analysis explored how, after their experiences as clients, the participants construct their own use of self-disclosure as therapists. The findings illustrated a variety of rhetorical devices that were needed to carefully manage the ethical ii dilemmas that can potentially accompany a therapist's decision to disclose (or not) to their clients. These findings support extant research, but also provide fresh interpretations and many opportunities for future research.

A postal survey of 3,512 doctors in Birmingham was carried out to assess attitudes to becoming mentally ill. The response rate for the questionnaire was 70% (2,462 questionnaires). In total, 1,807 (73.4%) doctors would choose to disclose a mental illness to family and friends rather than to a professional. Career implications were cited by 800 (32.5%) respondents as the most frequent reason for failure to disclose. For outpatient treatment, 51.1% would seek formal professional advice. For inpatient treatment, 41.0% would choose a local private facility, with only 21.1% choosing a local NHS facility. Of respondents 12.4% indicated that they had experienced a mental illness. Stigma to mental health is prevalent among doctors. At present there are no clear guidelines for doctors to follow for mental healthcare. Confidential referral pathways to specialist psychiatric care for doctors and continuous education on the vulnerability of doctors to mental illness early on in medical training is crucial.

A survey instrument mirroring the National Violence Against Women Survey was administered in person to measure the incidence and prevalence of intimate partner violence against Athabaskan women residing in the interior of Alaska. Roughly two thirds of respondents (63.7%) reported an intimate partner assault victimization at some point in their adult lifetime, and 18% of the respondents reported that they had been physically assaulted by an intimate partner in the year preceding the survey. Findings revealed that intimate partner assault victimization is more prevalent and is considerably more frequent when compared to that reported for American women in general.

Accommodation (D). Some professionals have suggested that the pathological environs of the abusive family force the child to develop unusual coping strategies that are both creative and destructive Summit, 1983). Victims of CSA learn to distort their oppressive reality and to deny the perversion they are subjected to by regarding it as acceptable and normal. Guilt and self-blame (D). Several studies of the long-term effects of CSA have reported guilt as a common reaction of survivors (

Background: There are costs and benefits for people with psychiatric disorders to decide to disclose publicly these disorders. Aims: The gay and lesbian community has struggled with the same tension and their discoveries about coming out may prove useful for the disclosure concerns of persons with mental illness. Methods: Lessons learned about coming out by the gay and lesbian community include a variety of models that map the stages for successfully coming out; e.g., identity confusion, comparison, identify acceptance, immersion, and identity synthesis. Navigating these stages requires consideration of the costs and benefits of disclosure; we review some of these including social avoidance and disapproval as key costs and improved psychological wellbeing and interpersonal relations as benefits. Conclusions: The paper ends with a review of levels of disclosure for people who opt to come out.

The contributors to trends in increasing prevalence of obesity in the US population are poorly understood. Objective: We examined secular trends in food consumption behaviors to understand their possible contribution to increasing energy intakes and adiposity in the American population. Design: We used dietary data from 4 consecutive National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to examine trends in frequency of eating episodes, meal and snack consumption, quantity of food consumed, and the energy density of foods reported by adult Americans (n ҃ 39 094). Logistic and linear regression methods were used to adjust for multiple covariates and survey design. The reported number of all eating episodes increased slightly in women from 4.90 in 1971-1975 to 5.04 in 1999 -2002 (P for trend ҃ 0.002). The amount (in g) of foods and beverages consumed, the energy density of foods, and energy intake per eating episode increased, but the mention of breakfast declined in both sexes (P for trend 0.0001). The observed trends in mention of a snack (in men) and percentage of energy from evening food intake (in women) were downward. The amount (in g) of foods and their energy density were independent positive correlates of obesity in combined data from all surveys (P for trend 0.0001). Conclusions: Our results do not support large increases in eating frequency, snacking, or evening eating by the American population from 1971 to 2002. The quantity of foods and their energy density increased beginning in NHANES III (1988 -1994) with trajectories roughly parallel to the rates of prevalence of obesity in the US population. However, we urge cautious interpretation of these results because of concurrent changes in dietary methods during this period.

L’analyse interactionnelle ouvre des perspectives pour la formation des infirmiers. Seize étudiants et trois enseignants ont mené une analyse interactionnelle d’activités soignantes filmées visant à comprendre la pratique du dévoilement de soi en psychiatrie. En quoi l’usage en formation des outils de l’analyse interactionnelle constitue-t-il une ressource pour l’acquisition de compétences professionnelles en psychiatrie ? Nous montrons comment ce dispositif de formation constitue une ressource dans la professionnalisation des infirmiers pour : a) l’acquisition de savoirs théoriques cliniques, b) l’articulation de ces savoirs avec des activités professionnelles projetées, c) une posture descriptive non-jugeante utile à l’observation clinique.

Drawing from the tension between a company’s desire for customer information to tailor experiences and a consumer’s need for privacy, this study aims to test the effect of two information disclosure nudges on users’ information disclosure behaviors. Whereas previous literature on user-chatbot interaction focused on encouraging and increasing users’ disclosures, this study introduces measures that make users conscious of their disclosure behaviors to low and high-sensitivity questions asked by chatbots. A within-subjects laboratory experiment entailed 19 participants interacting with chatbots, responding to pre-tested questions of varying sensitivity while being presented with different information disclosure nudges. The results suggest that question sensitivity negatively impacts users’ information disclosures to chatbots. Moreover, this study suggests that adding a sensitivity signal—presenting the level of sensitivity of the question asked by the chatbot—influences users’ informat...

The scourge of rape in our contemporary society seems to have a smooth sail on the opportunity of nondisclosure of rape cases by the victims due to stigma threat. Rape is an act of forcefully having sex with someone against the will of such a person. This cannot be encouraged in any civil society. The social stigma associated with rape across the globe forces the victims to conceal rape assaults in order to save themselves from shame and public embarrassment.. Counseling as a helping profession is capable of helping rape victims who suffer in silence due to stigma threat to manage and overcome such difficulties through behaviour modification techniques. This paper advocates the use of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), to eliminate stigma threat nondisclosure. It recommends that Counselors should help rape victims to embrace life more positively through REBT and other behaviour modification therapies. Counsellors through individual and group counselling should employ the use of REBT to discard the irrational thoughts that promotes stigma threats that motivate nondisclosure in the victims.

In the present study, the authors examine the extent to which effects of individual religious involvement on self-assessed health are influenced by the religious context (i.e., religious involvement at the country level). The authors test their expectations using individual level data ( N = 127,257) on 28 countries from the European Social Surveys (2002–2008). Results of multilevel analyses show that individual religious attendance is positively related to self-assessed health in Europe. Protestants appear to feel healthier than Catholics. Moreover, modeling cross-level interactions demonstrates that religious denominations at the national level are influential: The health advantage of Protestants as compared to Catholics is greater as the percentage of Protestants in a country is higher, yet smaller as countries have a higher percentage of Catholics. The association between religious attendance and self-assessed health does not depend on the national level of religious attendance.

While awareness of institutional child sexual abuse has grown in recent years, there remains limited understanding of its occurrence and outcomes as a distinct form of abuse. Drawing on research commissioned by the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, this article presents a rapid review of available evidence on the impacts of institutional abuse on victim/survivors. Literature searches identified 75 sources spanning international peer reviewed work and reports to Government that document or quantify the impacts of mostly historical child sexual abuse occurring in religious, educational, sporting and residential or out-of-home care settings. Consistent with child sexual abuse in other contexts, institutional child sexual abuse is found to be associated with numerous, pervasive and connected impacts upon the psychological, physical, social, educative and economic wellbeing of victims/ survivors. Further, institutional child sexual abuse is associated with vicarious trauma at the individual, family and community level, and with impacts to the spiritual wellbeing of victims/ survivors of abuse that occurs in religious settings. The identified literature suggests the trauma of institutional child sexual abuse may be exacerbated by the interplay of abuse dynamics in institutional settings, which may reduce or impede circumstances supporting disclosure, belief, support and protection from future harm. Acknowledging the limitations of the present study and the available evidence, this narrative synthesis provides insights into the complex impacts of institutional child sexual abuse.

Research over the past 15 years has examined how the Internet is being used to support communication and social interaction across a variety of groups and communities. However, much of this research has been exploratory, rather than explanatory. It is argued here that approaches from the social sciences offer established methods and frameworks within which the psychological and social impacts of computing can be addressed. In discussing various theories, the chapter highlights one problem—that individual theories have tended to be used to explain a single aspect of human behaviour. There is a need to think more holistically and search for a theoretical approach that can explain intrapersonal processes (e.g. cognition and emotion) as well as interpersonal behaviour within social computing. A number of theoretical frameworks from the social sciences (e.g. social identity theory and social capital theory) will be discussed as potentially being able to explain psychological processes at...

Intimate partner violence (IPV) constitutes a pervasive global public health issue that impacts victims across all gender identities and sexual orientations. Nevertheless, victims of IPV within the queer community may face specific challenges related to their gender and sexual identity when seeking assistance, and they may have limited pathways for obtaining help. We therefore explore how queer individuals in Norway experience and make sense of the barriers to seeking help for IPV. We conducted 26 semi structured interviews with queer individuals in Norway, aged 19 to 70, who had experienced IPV. A reflexive thematic analysis was employed to identify key themes that reflected how participants perceived and related to their experiences of IPV.  We developed four themes from the participants' interviews: (1) Struggling with heteronormative IPV discourses: experiences of invisibility; (2) Inadequate queer IPV services: encountering heterosexist bias and exclusion; (3) Fear, insecurity, and community trauma: barriers to informal help-seeking; and (4) Between struggle and healing: navigating mental health support. These findings underscore the distinct barriers faced by queer individuals in Norway when seeking support for IPV. It is critical to account for the unique ways in which these barriers manifest and are experienced by queer populations in order to inform and enhance existing policies and services within the Norwegian context.

Sir: We read with great interest the letter by Paquet et al. 1 on sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) induced by olanzapine. The authors presented a case of SRED induced by the addition of olanzapine for the treatment of bipolar I disorder. It is the first case report describing an association between SRED and olanzapine use. Here, we present another case of atypical antipsychotic-induced SRED that was induced by the addition of risperidone for the treatment of psychotic disorder due to vascular dementia. SRED was related to the patient's risperidone dose. Case report. Mr. A, a 68-year-old man, had DSM-IVdefined psychotic disorder due to vascular dementia. He had no previous history of psychiatric disorder or major systemic disease. Due to profound psychotic symptoms (auditory hallucinations, delusions of persecution, and disorganized behaviors), he visited the psychiatric clinic for evaluation. Results of extensive laboratory tests, including hematologic, serum biochemistry, and urine analyses, were all within normal range. Brain tomography revealed multiple lacunar infarctions over the bilateral frontal area. After 1 month of treatment with risperidone, 1 mg/day, Mr. A's psychotic symptoms persisted and greatly influenced his daily life. His score on the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale (UKU) 2 was 1. After his risperidone dosage was increased to 2 mg/day, his psychotic symptoms gradually resolved. Mr. A also, however, reported sleep disturbances that began after the increase in risperidone dose and occurred most nights. While asleep, he went to the kitchen, opened the refrigerator, and ate large amounts of food. These episodes were witnessed by his wife, who, when trying to awaken him, was met with an unresponsive reaction. In the morning, the patient had no memory of these episodes. Mr. A's sleep disturbance persisted for 2 months while his risperidone dose remained at 2 mg/day. His score on the UKU increased to 3, with addition of the sleepiness/sedation and weight gain items. After Mr. A's risperidone dose was reduced to 1 mg/day, these nocturnal eating episodes disappeared rapidly and completely. Brain tomography demonstrated no significant changes compared with previous results. During this period, the patient's concurrent medication included acetylsalicylic acid, 100 mg once daily.

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and recovering from negative emotions induction, using a performance test to measure EI. Sixty seven undergraduates participated in the procedure, which lasted 75 min and was divided into three stages. At Time 1, subjects answered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-S, Profile of Mood States (POMS)-A, and EI was assessed by Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). At Time 2, negative emotions were induced by nine pictures taken from the International Affective Picture System and participants were asked to complete a second STAI-S and POMS-B questionnaires. At Time 3 participants were allowed to rest doing a distracting task and participants were asked to complete a third STAI-S and POMS-A questionnaires. Results showed that the branches of the MSCEIT emotional facilitation and emotional understanding are related to previous mood states and mood recovery, but not to mood reactivity. This finding contrasts nicely with studies on which emotional recovery was assessed in relation to EI self-reported measures, highlighting the perception and emotional regulation.

Background: Child care settings play an important role in shaping children's eating behaviors; yet few studies have included family child care homes (FCCHs). We examined provider-reported nutrition-related practices in FCCHs and observed adherence to nutrition guidelines from the Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC), exploring differences by provider ethnicity. Methods: We assessed baseline data from a cluster-randomized trial, including surveys with FCCH providers and observational data collected at the FCCH. We examined provider-reported nutrition-related practices and if providers met NAP SACC guidelines using observational data. Differences by ethnicity were assessed using chi-square and multivariate log-linear analysis adjusting for education. Results: Providers completed a telephone survey (n = 166, 100% female and 72% Hispanic) and participated in 2 full-day observations (n = 119). Many providers reported engaging in positive nutrition-related practices. Significant differences by ethnicity included the following: Hispanic providers less likely to report feeding practices that were responsive to children's self-regulation, but also less likely to report eating and drinking unhealthy foods/beverages in front of children and having screens on during meals and more likely to report seeking nutrition trainings. Using observational data, only 10 of 26 NAP SACC practices were met by >60% of providers. Few ethnic differences in meeting guidelines were found (7 of 26 practices). Conclusions: While providers engage in some positive nutrition practices, improvement is needed to ensure that all providers actually meet evidence-based guidelines. Ethnic differences in certain practices underscore the need for culturally relevant trainings. Trial registration number: NCT02452645.

Objective Intimate partner violence (IPV) constitutes a pervasive global public health issue that impacts victims across all gender identities and sexual orientations. Nevertheless, victims of IPV within the queer community may face specific challenges related to their gender and sexual identity when seeking assistance, and they may have limited pathways for obtaining help. We therefore explore how queer individuals in Norway experience and make sense of the barriers to seeking help for IPV. Method We conducted 26 semi structured interviews with queer individuals in Norway, aged 19 to 70, who had experienced IPV. A reflexive thematic analysis was employed to identify key themes that reflected how participants perceived and related to their experiences of IPV. We developed four themes from the participants' interviews: (1) Struggling with heteronormative IPV discourses: experiences of invisibility; (2) Inadequate queer IPV services: encountering heterosexist bias and exclusion; (3) Fear, insecurity, and community trauma: barriers to informal help-seeking; and (4) Between struggle and healing: navigating mental health support. Conclusions These findings underscore the distinct barriers faced by queer individuals in Norway when seeking support for IPV. It is critical to account for the unique ways in which these barriers manifest and are experienced by queer populations in order to inform and enhance existing policies and services within the Norwegian context.

Background Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in Iran. Understanding the coping strategies employed by cancer survivors can provide valuable information for designing interventions to help them adapt to the problems produced by cancer and its treatment. This study aimed to explore the coping strategies of BC survivors in Iran. Methods This qualitative study was conducted in Mashhad, Northeast Iran, between April and December 2021. Fourteen BC survivors were selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis adopted by Graneheim and Lundman. MAXQDA 12 software was used for data organization. Components of trustworthiness, including credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability, were considered. Results The main categories that emerged from the participants' data analysis were “behavioral coping strategies” and “emotional coping strategies.” Behavioral coping...

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in Iran. Understanding the coping strategies employed by cancer survivors can provide valuable information for designing interventions to help them adapt to their problems produced by cancer and its treatment. This study aimed to explore the coping strategies of BC survivors in Iran.Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran, between April to December 2021. 14 breast cancer survivors were selected through purposive sampling method. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis adopted by Graneheim & Lundman. MAXQDA 12 software, was used for data organization. Components of trustworthiness including credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability were considered.Results: The main themes which emerged from participants' data analysis were "behavioral coping strategies" and "emotional coping strategie...

Participants were recruited from a range of sources (students, LGBTQ organization, and social media targeting GSRMs) o Mean age: 19.24 years (SD = 1.49) o Primarily White (82%), Hispanic (5%), Asian-American (4%), African-American (2%), Native American (1%), Pacific Islander (1%), Other (5%)

Participants were recruited from a range of sources (students, LGBTQ organization, and social media targeting GSRMs) o Mean age: 19.24 years (SD = 1.49) o Primarily White (82%), Hispanic (5%), Asian-American (4%), African-American (2%), Native American (1%), Pacific Islander (1%), Other (5%)

CR was significantly associated with self-disclosure (SDI: r=.31; ESDS: r=.24), friendship quality (r=.40), and rumination (r=.28). The pattern of relationships among SDI scores and emotional adjustment suggests that while general self-disclosure was not associated with either anxiety or depression for Asians it was negatively associated with depressive symptoms for Americans (see Table 1). Introduction & Aims Method

This study is an investigation into undergraduate students’ (N = 256) use of TikTok and perceptions surrounding self-disclosure on the social media platform. Online survey responses regarding mood management theory, uses and gratifications theory, and self-perception were used to identify some of the reasons that users may self-disclose on the platform. Further, the impacts of self-disclosure on self-esteem, belonging, and self-validation were assessed. Implications point to a need for a more comprehensive look at platform use as it affects the self, the self as seen by others, and how self-disclosure impacts important perceptions of worth and wellbeing.

Discrepancies between biological assays and self-report of illicit drug use could undermine epidemiological research findings. Two objectives of the present study are to examine the degree of agreement between self-reported illicit drug use and hair analysis in a community sample of middleaged men, and to identify factors that may predict discrepancies between self-report and hair testing. Male participants followed since 1972 were interviewed about substance use, and hair samples were analyzed for marijuana, cocaine, opiates, phencyclidine (PCP) and methamphetamine using radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Self-report and hair testing generally met good, but not excellent, agreement. Apparent underreporting of recent cocaine use was associated with inpatient hospitalization for the participant's most recent quit attempt, younger age, identifying as African American or other, and not having a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. The overestimate of marijuana use relative to hair test was associated with frequent use since 1972 and providing an inadequate hair sample. Additional research is needed to identify factors that differentially affect the validity of both hair drug testing and self-report.

The aim of the study was to explore adolescents' perceptions of their parents' behaviors that inhibited or facilitated adolescents' self-disclosures to them. Four focus groups with 16 girls and 16 boys from Croatia (13-14 year-olds) were conducted. Results indicate that adolescents perceive their self-disclosures to be influenced by a variety of specific parental actions and reactions in disclosure-related situations. According to adolescents' views, not only can parents hinder adolescent's disclosure by unfavorable reactions, but they can also prompt adolescent to disclose by behaving in certain manner. Identified parental behaviors and emotional states (labeled as "inviters", "inhibitors", "negative reactions" and "positive reactions"), are discussed in terms of contemporary perspectives on optimal parenting based on children's psychological needs and children's rights.

The aim of the study was to develop an instrument for measuring the Parental Behaviors in the Context of Adolescent Disclosure (PBAD) and to examine its dimensionality, internal consistency, predictive and construct validity. The scale has been developed on the basis of a qualitative study of adolescents' views and consists of 2 subscales: the PBAD-A (antecedents of disclosure) and PBAD-R (reactions to previous disclosures). It was implemented with 1074 adolescents (13-year-olds) from 50 schools in Croatia (probabilistic cluster sample). Adolescents also reported on disclosure about daily activities, feelings and concerns. Youth gave estimations for mothers and fathers separately. Latent structures of the PBAD-A and PBAD-R were interpretable and reasonably congruent for mothers and fathers. Factor analyses of the PBAD-A revealed three factors: Initiating conversation, Intrusiveness and Unavailability. Factor analyses of the PBAD-R yielded three factors: Support and respectful guidance, A let--down and Punishment. Internal consistency for all factors was acceptable (0.75 -0.92). All except one of the extracted factors of the PBAD correlated with actual disclosure to mothers and fathers about daily activities, feelings and concerns significantly and in the predicted direction, which supports the predictive and construct validity of the instrument.

In order to conceal their same-sex behavior, men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) who do not disclose their same-sex behavior to female partners must be cautious in their attempts to find potential male partners. This study interviewed 46 non-gay identified, non-disclosing MSMW to identify the venues where they meet male sexual partners and the strategies they use to reduce the likelihood of discovery when at such venues. Most (74%) reported meeting a male partner in a sexual venue (e.g., bar/club, park) in the past year. Strategies to reduce the risk of discovery while seeking male partners included: 1) avoiding certain venues; 2) attending venues away from home; 3) meeting partners on the Internet, 4) preferring venues that have potential nonsexual uses, 5) having sex at the partner's place, and 6) limiting their on-site sexual activities. These findings provide insight into the coping strategies these men use to manage the conflicting needs to conceal their behavior and meet sexual partners.

Objective-Although bisexual men report lower levels of mental health relative to gay men, few studies have examined the factors that contribute to bisexual men's mental health. Bisexual men are less likely to disclose, and more likely to conceal (i.e., a desire to hide), their sexual orientation than gay men. Theory suggests that this may adversely impact their mental health. This report examined the factors associated with disclosure and with concealment of sexual orientation, the association of disclosure and concealment with mental health, and the potential mediators (i.e., internalized homophobia, social support) of this association with mental health. Method-An ethnically-diverse sample of 203 non-gay-identified, behaviorally-bisexual men who do not disclose their same-sex behavior to their female partners were recruited in New York City to complete a single set of self-report measures. Results-Concealment was associated with higher income, a heterosexual identification, living with a wife or girlfriend, more frequent sex with women, and less frequent sex with men. Greater concealment, but not disclosure to friends and family, was significantly associated with lower levels of mental health. Multiple mediation analyses revealed that both internalized homophobia and general emotional support significantly mediated the association between concealment and mental health. The findings demonstrate that concealment and disclosure are independent constructs among bisexual men. Further, they suggest that interventions addressing concerns about concealment, emotional support, and internalized homophobia may be more beneficial for increasing the mental health of bisexual men than those focused on promoting disclosure.

Little attention has been paid to why some behaviourally-bisexual men (i.e., men who have sex with both men and women) choose not to disclose their same-sex behaviour. Using Communication Privacy Management theory (Petronio 2002), we report on the ways these men conceptualise their same-sex behaviour as private and thus feel justified in not disclosing it to family, friends, and female partners. In-depth interviews were conducted with an ethnically diverse sample of 203 non-disclosing behaviourally-bisexual men in New York City. The men offered a number of privacy rules to justify their non-disclosure, including: 1) their same-sex behaviours were their own business and nobody else's; 2) others had no reason to know; 3) the topic of sexual behaviour was too personal; 4) they were private people in general; and 5) it was inappropriate to discuss same-sex behaviour in many contexts. Some privacy rules were used more often to justify non-disclosure to friends and family than to female partners. These findings provide insights into the reasons for non-disclosure among behaviourally-bisexual men, offer support for and extend CPM theory for the management of sexual information, and offer insights into the importance of privacy for the design and delivery of health promotion services for this population.

One of the core functions of public health law is to minimise the transmission of infectious diseases. This necessitates clearly defined legal powers to outline the extent of state powers in striking a balance between maintaining individual liberty on the one hand and safety of the whole community to curb transmission of infectious diseases at national level on the other hand. This article using a doctrinal approach examines liability for deliberate transmission of infectious diseases in Nigeria under the existing framework of tort law in and appraises the adequacy or otherwise of tort in advancing public health in this regard. The paper distinguishes between cases of intentional spread where the criminal components of actus reus and mens rea can be established and non-intentional spread, where negligence may be established. The paper gleans direction from the effects of criminalization of deliberate transmission of HIV/AIDS infection to highlight possible effects of criminalizing deliberate spread of infectious disease in Nigeria.The paper concludes that establishing a case of liability under tort law is not sufficient to curb deliberate transmission but rather, that such should be criminalized in order to protect the health and well-being of the Nigerian populace.

Early life stress is said to play a critical role in the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), but the underlying mediating factors remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate self-reported childhood trauma, emotion regulation difficulties, and their associations in a sample of BPD ( n = 49) and MDD ( n = 48) patients and healthy control participants ( n = 63). Multiple regressions were used to evaluate the impact of the quality and severity of self-reported childhood trauma on self-reported emotion regulation. The results supported an association between self-reported maltreatment experiences, especially emotional abuse and neglect, and emotion regulation difficulties. Additional analyses showed that emotion regulation difficulties influence the association between self-reported emotional abuse and acute symptomatology in the BPD subgroup. Emotion regulation difficulties may be 1 pathway through which early life stress, particularly emotional abuse, increases the risk for developing BPD symptomatology.

Purpose: This paper examines the extent to which job satisfaction, requests for accommodations, and the likelihood of a request being granted vary by disability status. We further analyze whether being granted workplace accommodations moderates the relationship between work satisfaction and disability.
Methods: We use a novel survey of healthcare workers centered on disability status, perceptions of work experiences, and the provision of accommodations. The data are used in a descriptive analysis and multiple regressions to examine the moderating effect of accommodations on the relationship between disability and indicators related to job satisfaction.
Results: Results show that people with disabilities have more negative perceptions of their work experiences than people without disabilities. Although people with disabilities are more likely to request accommodations than people without disabilities, they are equally likely to have their requests wholly or partly granted. Regression results indicate that the negative relationships between disability status and most measures of work experience are largely eliminated when accounting for the disposition of accommodation requests. The main exception is turnover intentions, in which the adverse relationship with having a disability does not change even when an accommodation is granted. Partly granting accommodations is helpful only for some metrics of job experience.
Conclusion: Our paper shows that fully granting accommodations can go a long way to closing the disability gap in job satisfaction between people with and without disabilities.

Previous studies suggest that childhood physical abuse is a strong predictor of mental disorders during adulthood. An association between childhood abuse and increased use of medical services has also been documented, 6 suggesting that childhood physical abuse is associated with poor health. In contrast, relatively little information is available on the link between childhood physical abuse and physical illness in adulthood. We examined the association between childhood physical abuse and the odds of gastrointestinal disorders and migraine headache among adults in the community. We hypothesized that childhood physical abuse would be associated with increased odds of gastrointestinal disorders and migraine headache during adulthood, and that this association would be independent of comorbid mental disorders. The Midlife Development in the United States Survey (MIDUS) is a nationally representative survey of 3032 persons aged 25 through 74 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the 48 coterminous United States. It was carried out between January 1995 and January 1996, with an overall response rate of 60.8%. The data were weighted to adjust for differential probabilities of selection and nonresponse. Details on the design, field procedures, and sampling weights are available elsewhere.

Background: The aims were to evaluate the accuracy of self-report of past-month cannabis use in a representative sample of French military staff members and to evaluate the scale of the prevarication bias. Method: Data from three cross-sectional surveys conducted between 2005 and 2008 (n = 3493) were used. The characteristics of self-report (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) were computed using tetrahydrocannabinol detection in urine as the reference. Results: The prevalence for past-month cannabis use was 16.1% and for positive testing was 13.4%. The discriminant power of self-report was good, with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve 0.90. Specificity (94.5%) and negative predictive values (97.8%) were good, but sensitivity (85.7%) and positive predictive values (70.4%) were lower. The lowest sensitivity values were observed in the higher categories of personnel and in the Navy, which could reflect some prevarication in these sub-populations who might believe they were more exposed to sanctions if detected. Conclusions: Despite certain limitations of urine analysis as a reference, because of its poor detection of occasional users, our study is in favour of good accuracy of self-reported data on cannabis use, even among the military. However, our results, derived from a population study, do not enable any assumptions on the validity of self-reported data collected during individual testing procedures for the purpose of improving occupational safety.

Background: In Canada, there has been a considerable increase in the number of women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Within a stigmatized social context, disclosure of HIV positivity is still a prevailing concern among women. Little is known about the global understanding of how French-speaking, Quebec-born women living with HIV, live their serostatus disclosure experience. The aim of this qualitative study is to describe and understand the disclosure experience of these women. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with seven women. A convenience sample of French-speaking, Quebec-born women was chosen because they all responded to the criteria of wishing to share their disclosure experience. The mean age of the participants was 46 years old (SD±12). They lived with HIV for an average of 10 years; time since diagnosis varied from 8 months to 23 years. Two out of four mothers had given birth to HIV positive children. Data analysis proposed by van Manen was performed to discover the essential themes of the experience. Results: Seven themes were identified to understand the experience of disclosure in women: 1) Respecting for self and confidants; 2) Feeling apprehension; 3) Exercising control to ensure protection; 4) Deliberately engaging in a process of disclosure/non-disclosure; 5) Exposing oneself to stigma and social exclusion; 6) Suffering internally; and 7) Benefitting from the positive effects of one's decision. For these women, disclosing their HIV status meant: Living the ambivalence of a paradoxical process of revealing/concealing, in a state of profound suffering, exacerbated by stigma, while also being enriched by the benefits attained. Conclusions: Understanding the experience of disclosure in WLHIV is important to guide actions in the practice to support and accompany these women in their unique reality. Health professionals have to broaden their role and work on individual, interpersonal, inter-organizational and intersectoral levels. Mobilization of actors from different sectors would facilitate the implementation of pertinent and opportune interventions.