Scientific Racism

The Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT), developed in the nineteenth century, remains one of the most contested constructs in South Asian historiography. While archaeology, linguistics, and genetics have steadily undermined its core assumptions, AIT's persistence reflects ideological commitments more than empirical proof. This article argues that AIT took shape at the intersection of colonial governance, racial science, and biblical interpretation. British administrators-most notably Thomas Babington Macaulay-advanced English education to displace indigenous traditions and cultivate a loyal intermediary elite, while Friedrich Max Müller's celebrated philological labors, supported by colonial institutions and patrons linked to the East India Company, reframed the Vedas within an Indo-European (and, at times, missionary) horizon. Enlightenment and nineteenth-century race theorists-Carl Linnaeus, Johann Blumenbach, Samuel George Morton, Louis Agassiz, and Joseph Arthur de Gobineau-furnished hierarchies that elevated "Aryan" whiteness and naturalized conquest. Biblical narratives such as the Curse of Ham and the Tower of Babel further sanctified AIT by embedding it in a providential history of dispersion and difference. By recasting caste as race and portraying Indian civilization as derivative, AIT legitimized colonial rule and fractured cultural self-understanding. Contemporary research favors migration and admixture over invasion, yet AIT's political afterlives endure in both nationalist rejection and Dravidian assertion. Reading AIT through its motivating frames clarifies how colonial knowledge produced durable narratives of domination and division and underscores the need for a decolonized historiography.

The question "What race am I?" is both personal and philosophical, yet also scientific. This question prompted me to reflect on the nature and applicability of the concept of "race" in modern society and science. After an in-depth examination of the topic, I reached the conclusion that there is a need for a new, more objective, and scientifically grounded model for the classification of human populations. 1. The Problematic Nature of the Term "Race"

This paper examines how mummified human remains are displayed, withheld, or destroyed in Western institutions, and what these choices reveal about enduring colonial ideologies, spiritual spectacle, and institutional discomfort with the deceased. Drawing on a previously collected cross-cultural dataset of over 1,000 mummies (which has since been lost due to technical difficulties), the study explores the unequal treatment of these bodies-specifically how narratives surrounding the 'mummy's curse' serve as a symbolic cover for historical grave-robbing, non-consensual display, and the racialized politics of ownership. Through comparative analysis and grounded anthropological theory, this paper argues that mummified bodies are often deemed powerful not because of their cultural origins, but due to the discomfort they evoke. This discomfort is projected onto the deceased and framed as danger, haunting, or moral transgression. Here, the mummy is redefined not as an archaeological object but as a deeply contested figure: a medium through which anthropology's own ethical contradictions become apparent. It is not the dead who curse the living; rather, it is our Institutions that do.

Objetivo: resaltar una desconocida historia de la identificación científica en el Ecuador entre 1896 y 1927. Atendiendo a la circulación y adaptación de sistemas de antropometría y dactiloscopía entre Juan Vucetich, jefe de las Oficinas de Estadísticas e Identificación de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, y jefes de policía e intelectuales ecuatorianos, las tempranas prácticas de identificación en el Ecuador se extendieron más allá de los delincuentes, abarcando a grupos sociolaborales y civiles, pero en especial a los ciudadanos chinos. Metodología: lo anterior se realiza a través del análisis de fuentes primarias, como cartas, periódicos, revistas, leyes, oficios y registros de identidad. Originalidad: hasta ahora, son hechos inexplorados por los estudios sobre identificación en América Latina. En esta circulación sur-sur de sistemas de identificación tuvieron un rol predominante los ecuatorianos Aníbal Viteri Lafronte y Ernesto Sáenz de Viteri. En especial este último, quien estudió antropometría y dactiloscopía en Buenos Aires, organizó las primeras oficinas de identificación dactiloscópica del Ecuador, en Quito y Guayaquil, en 1924, y en la ciudad colombiana de Cali, en 1927. Conclusiones: el Ecuador formó parte de las naciones latinoamericanas que mantuvieron conexiones con Juan Vucetich y adaptaron los sistemas de identificación biométricos establecidos en Argentina y Chile con propósitos de control policial y racial. Finalmente, el Ecuador intervino dinámicamente en la difusión y organización de servicios de identificación dactiloscópica en la región, como fue el caso de Cali, Colombia.

Objective: To highlight a little-known history of scientific identification in Ecuador
between 1896 and 1927. By examining the circulation and adaptation of anthropometry and dactyloscopy systems between Juan Vucetich, head of the
Statistical and Identification Offices of the Province of Buenos Aires, and Ecuadorian
police chiefs and intellectuals, early identification practices in Ecuador
extended beyond criminals to include socio-labor groups and civilians, particularly
Chinese citizens. Methodology: This analysis is conducted through primary
sources as letters, newspapers, magazines, laws, official documents, and identity
records. Originality: Until now, these events remain unexplored in studies on
identification in Latin America. In this South-South circulation of identification
systems, Ecuadorians Aníbal Viteri Lafronte and Ernesto Sáenz de Viteri played a
prominent role. In particular, the latter studied anthropometry and dactyloscopy
in Buenos Aires and organized the first Dactyloscopic Identification Offices in Ecuador,
in Quito and Guayaquil, in 1924, and in the Colombian city of Cali in 1927.
Conclusions: Ecuador was among the Latin American nations that maintained
connections with Juan Vucetich and adapted the biometric identification systems
established in Argentina and Chile for police and racial control purposes.

Adolf Hitler’s conception of a “master race” became the ideological foundation of the Nazi regime in Germany from 1933 to 1945. At its core, this ideology was rooted in a belief that the so-called Aryan race, particularly those of Nordic-Germanic descent, was superior to all other races in terms of intelligence, morality, and cultural capacity. This notion was not a creation of Hitler alone but was influenced by a blend of 19th-century European racial theories, eugenics movements, and distorted interpretations of Darwinian evolution. Hitler, however, transformed these ideas into a state-sponsored racial doctrine with deadly consequences.

This paper aims to provide the first comprehensive evaluation of Carl Gustav Carus's writings on race and human inequality. We demonstrate that Carus, an eminent nineteenth-century physician emblematic of romantic medicine, was deeply engrossed in racial science, exploring anatomical, anthropological, and craniological dimensions of race across no less than twenty-five works spanning three decades. Carus's engagement with race stemmed from naturphilosophisch anatomical and physiological considerations, which evolved into physiognomic and psychological inquiries. While previous research has construed Carus as a precursor of Arthur de Gobineau, we argue that he was intellectually much more closely aligned with the 'American School' of ethnology, represented by figures such as Samuel G. Morton, George R. Gliddon, and Josiah C. Nott. Closely monitoring international discourses of scientific racism, Carus sought to propagate these notions among German readers and position himself within international debates. The international reception, however, was limited by the Romantic framework of Carus's scientific racism, which was unintelligible to contemporaries. While sharing an implicit methodological bias with Morton and his followers, affirming white superiority and legitimising colonisation, the Romantic underpinning of his race treatises made it difficult for mid-nineteenth-century race theorists to fully endorse him. Nonetheless, Carus, often lauded as polymath with a humanistic orientation, besides his achievements, helped to create a theoretical basis for the othering and dehumanisation of large parts of the global population.

The discovery of nearly 180-year-old cranial measurements in the archives of 19th century American physician and naturalist Samuel George Morton can address a lingering debate, begun in the late 20th century by paleontologist and historian of science Stephen Jay Gould, about the unconscious bias alleged in Morton's comparative data of brain size in human racial groups. Analysis of Morton's lost data and the records of his studies does not support Gould's arguments about Morton's biased data collection. However, historical contextualization of Morton with his scientific peers, especially German anatomist Friedrich Tiedemann, suggests that, while Morton's data may have been unbiased, his cranial race science was not. Tiedemann and Morton independently produced similar data about human brain size in different racial groups but analyzed and interpreted their nearly equivalent results in dramatically different ways: Tiedemann using them to argue for equality and the abolition of slavery, and Morton using them to entrench racial divisions and hierarchy. These differences draw attention to the epistemic limitations of data and the pervasive role of bias within the broader historical, social, and cultural context of science. America's founding race scientist: Biased science or biased scientist? Samuel George Morton (1799-1851, Fig 1) and his collection of hundreds of human skulls are foundational to the history of scientific racism. Morton, a Philadelphia physician and naturalist, collected and compared crania from across the globe [1,2]. His comparative measurements of "internal capacity" (IC), the volume of the brain case, a proxy measure of brain size, were used to rank the relative intelligence of human races, producing a scientific justification for white, Anglo-Saxon superiority [3,4], manifest destiny [5], and the enslavement of Africans [6,7]. The methods of Morton's internationally recognized [8] cranial race science found legitimization in two occasionally intertwined intellectual currents. One flowed from systematic

Non-collateralised, good-intentioned, African Promoters of Infrastructural Investment Programs are challenged by a gamut of obstacles, not least, the Cost of Feasibilities Studies, Cost of Land Acquisition and requisite Technical Competencies. Whilst some Ethical Infrastructural Investment Firms i.e. Beyond

O presente artigo baseia-se na experiência pedagógica do Coletivo Hunna: Historiadoras que Dançam no curso "Orientalismo e Anticiganismo na Cultura Pop". São abordados os conceitos de Orientalismo e Anticiganismo, apresentando uma interpretação dos mesmos em relação aos estudos de gênero, demonstrando como há uma leitura estereotipada do chamado Oriente, do mundo árabe-islâmico, e das populações Roma (ciganas) vinculando-os a elementos ditos femininos. Como possibilidade de aplicação dessa intersecção, analisamos personagens femininas e masculinas presentes em produtos da cultura pop, mais especificamente nas animações O Corcunda de Notre Dame (1996) e Aladdin (1992) dos estúdios Disney, e na novela O Clone (2001) produzida pela TV Globo.

„Diese überaus ausgezeichnete Forschungsarbeit ging der Frage nach, welche Bedeutung sozialdarwinistischen und eugenischen Konzepten und Gesellschaftstheorien in der rassistischen Kampagne der Schwarzen Schmach in der Weimarer Republik zukam. Damit verortet sich die Arbeit in einer spannenden Schnittstelle zwischen Wissenschafts- und Zeitgeschichte. Gerade die nicht oft angetroffene Verbindung beweist eine große Relevanz für beide historischen Fachbereiche. So kann die Wissenschaftsgeschichte (hier: Geschichte der Evolutionstheorie und der Eugenik) sehr von den zeithistorischen Analysen und die Zeitgeschichte von der wissenschaftshistorischen Schärfe profitieren.“
(Externe Privatrezension von K. L.)

The main concern of the first eugenists, such as Karl Pearson and Walter Weldon of University College London , were the perceived intelligence factors considered to be correlated with the social class. In his speech "Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics", Karl Pearson equates eugenics with a field of medicine. Some areas of medicine that are not commonly recognized as eugenic affect the human genes background. These include sterilization and surgical techniques that allow the functioning of reproductive organs. Even medicines that do not directly involve reproductive organs can alter the gene pool. Genetic abnormalities in such individuals are thus duplicated, modifying the genetic background. On this basis, such practices are widely accepted as more radical eugenic processes

Este artigo propõe discutir a importância da educação das relações étnico-raciais (ERER) no currículo de formação inicial de professores/as de ciências biológicas a partir do relato de uma professora de ciências e da análise curricular de uma licenciatura. Este trabalho trata-se de um estudo de caso, no qual, por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada e da análise documental com base na Análise Textual Discursiva, os dados foram coletados. As contribuições da professora entrevistada junto à análise curricular evidenciaram um avanço, no caso estudado, na inserção da ERER no currículo, ressaltando a importância da abordagem da ERER na formação docente. Além disso, apontam para a necessidade de investigar de que forma essa abordagem tem impactado a formação de professores/as.

After briefly recapitulating some recent anthropometric research into Classical Greek, Etruscan and Roman heights consistent with some of my previously published research, I examine the consistency between anthropometric evidence and general historical considerations establishing levels of social inequality in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, in broad historical perspective.  The main focus of the paper, however, is on the effects of social inequality upon the human body and health status, (not simply through significant under-nutrition, but also through biological health stresses of social stigma based on class or racist prejudice), and upon a historiographical survey of the profound effect of racist prejudice on the profession of Physical Anthropology in the United States and, to a lesser extent, Western Europe.  The long tradition of neglect of stature and other indicators of nutritional stress and of social inequality in favour of studies of putative 'racial' characteristics inferred from skull shape or cephalic index, is explained based on the long tradition of segregation, epistemic apartheid, (to use Rabaka's apt phrase), and scientific racism in the discipline, and the deliberate, and long successful, institutional war waged by Madison Grant and other racist ideologues upon Franz Boas and other anti-racist researchers.  I conclude the article with a discussion of the role of population genetics in reviving the old paradigms of scientific racism, which lost ground and academic respectability in the wake of the Holocaust and revulsion at the atrocities of the Nazi racial state.

Este trabajo analiza algunas facetas del desarrollo de la antropología biológica española en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Se presta una atención especial al debate antropológico acerca del estatus biológico de las diversas «razas humanas» en España, así como a la caracterización antropológica del nativo colonial en las expediciones científicas españolas de fin de siglo.

No es de ninguna manera que lo imaginario sea para nosotros lo ilusorio. Bien al contrario. le damos su función de real al fundarlo en lo biológico)). Jacques Lacan 1 Este trabajo analiza algunos aspectos del papel epistemológico jugado por la fantasía científica -entendida no en un sentido epistemológico negativo. sino como la capacidad de elaborar ficciones explicativas funcionales a partir de una base empírica-en la construcción de los primeros modelos darwinianos para explicar el origen evolutivo del ser humano a partir de otras formas vivas. This paper analyzes the epistemologic role played by scienti{ic {ane)' -no! taken as a negative epistemologic {actor, but as the ability of elaborating explanatory fictíons {rom some empírical basis-in the first Darwinian models that tried to explain human evo/ution {rom other living forms.

Indian reservations inspired Nazi concentration camps by Raffaella Milandri America's ability to maintain an air of rugged innocence in the wake of the mass deaths of Native Americans apparently struck Hitler as an example to emulate. In 1928, Hitler observed approvingly that white settlers in America had "reduced the millions of Native Americans to a few hundred thousand". "Illusion is the most tenacious weed in the collective consciousness: history teaches, but has no schoolchildren", said Antonio Gramsci. He was right, history has no schoolchildren who acquire positive lessons but, as we shall see, it is the negative and tragic inspirations, instead, that are often taken up, replicated and "implemented".

O presente artigo aborda um conjunto de fotografias antropológicas pertencente ao acervo do príncipe Roland Bonaparte (1858-1924), sobrinho-neto do imperador Napoleão Bonaparte, que se transformou em um dos mecenas mais atuantes nas sociedades científicas francesas da segunda metade do século XIX e primeiras décadas do século XX. As milhares de fotografias por ele produzidas ou por ele colecionadas em dezenas de álbuns entre os anos de 1870 e 1890 serviram como substrato empírico para pesquisas de antropólogos e cientistas da época. Em linhas gerais, o escopo do artigo consiste em indagar o papel desempenhado pela fotografia nas pesquisas antropológicas e na sustentação do arcabouço epistêmico do chamado racismo científico.

El presente artículo trata de mostrar una visión panorámica sobre el modo en que la medicina y la antropología física brasileñas trataron la cuestión de las «razas» y el mestizaje durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, a la vez que los principios evolucionistas pasaban a ser aceptados por la ciencia nacional.

Bibliographic review of papers on ethnic-racial issues in Science and Biology teaching events Estudio bibliográfico de artículos sobre temas étnico-raciales en eventos de enseñanza de las Ciencias y Biología ________________________________________ RESUMO Tendo em vista o crescimento do debate sobre questões étnico-raciais no âmbito do ensino de Ciências e Biologia desde a promulgação da lei 10.639/2003, realizamos um levantamento bibliográfico nos anais do Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências (ENPEC) e do Encontro Nacional de Ensino de Biologia (ENEBIO). Foi considerado o período de 2003 a 2019, tendo sido consideradas 16 edições desses eventos. Localizamos 46 trabalhos que foram classificados em sete categorias de acordo com seus objetos de estudo. Os resultados indicam o predomínio de pesquisas sobre as concepções de estudantes e professores, ensaios teóricos, análise e/ou relatos de experiência de atividades didáticas. Por outro lado, foram encontrados somente dois trabalhos sobre educação não formal. Há uma tendência de aumento no número de trabalhos sobre a temática em ambos os eventos. Palavras-chave: questões étnico-raciais, raça, racismo, ensino de Ciências e Biologia.

We recognize that Temple University stands on the Indigenous territory known as Lenapehoking, the traditional homelands of the Lenape, also called the Lenni-Lenape or Delaware Indians. These are the people who negotiated in the 1680s with William Penn to facilitate the founding of the colony of Pennsylvania. As part of this land acknowledgment, we reflect on the need to be stewards of the land. We would urge you to join with the Lenape nation who still live here to protect and preserve the lands that border the Lenape Sipu, the Delaware River.

Many of London's South Sea stories use irony to criticize colonization and mistreatment of indigenous people. His novel Adventure, in contrast, presents White imperialism and racism without apology. The roots of his contradictory presentation represent a struggle with the scientific racism of the age and the liberal ideals of the Progressive Era.

The present paper examines how ``the feebleminded" to whom eugenicists were most hostile were regarded and what kind of image of democracy many ¢ ugenical scientists had in pre-World War II America. Eugenical scientists viewed the government as a system run by men of ability. "The feebleminded," therefbre, were regardcd as inforior pcople, and thought to be lacking in the citizenship necessary in order to contribute to society. Even after the 1930s, when eugenics discourse began to decline, mainline eugenical scientists did not accept the idea that C`the feebleminded" werc citizcns of a dcmocratic socicty, although some scientists ventured to defend the rights of [[the feebleminded".

The presence of Swedish names in the Patagonian landscapes reveals early connections between Chile and Sweden that call for further exploration. Taking as its starting point the travelogues of the Swedish explorer Otto Nordenskjöld who visited these regions at the end of the 19th century, this article analyzes the nature of these connections from a postcolonial perspective, emphasizing the author’s academic tradition and his position in the geopolitics of knowledge. From this point of view, it is argued that the Nordenskjöld expedition and his account of this region are inscribed in a domination project that not only include the (re)naming of places and the erasure of ancestral memories, but is also closely connected to the taxonomist tradition of scientific racism in Sweden. The collection of human remains and the appropriation of indigenous artefacts to be exhibited, examined  and  commercialized  as  racialized  items  in  Sweden  highlight  problematic  linkages  between  the  expedition of Nordenskjöld and the colonization of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.

I am not alone. My models were: first Debussy, then plainchant, and then the work of the admirable thirteenth-century Hindu rhythmician, Śārṅ gadeva. 1 Messiaen's inclusion of Śārṅ gadeva alongside plainchant and Debussy as models for his song cycle Chants de terre et de ciel (1938) may have raised eyebrows among his readership in Le Monde musical. The article contained one of Messiaen's first public references to what remained a fruitful compositional resource for the rest of his life: the collection of 120 rhythmic formulas known as deśītālas catalogued in the Saṅ gītaratnākara ('Ocean of Music'), a thirteenth-century Sanskrit treatise. 2 These formulas, alongside Greek poetic feet, helped Messiaen break away from conventional metres of Western art musicwhich he viewed as arrhythmic because of their regularityin favour of freely additive units of duration. Perhaps Messiaen relished situating Śārṅ gadeva alongside the more familiar references of Debussy and the sacred music of the Catholic Church: he took pride in the apparent arcanity of his research, claiming (somewhat disingenuously) to be the only Western musician to know about the 'deśītālas'. 3 Indian and Greek rhythms became a famous (or infamous) core component of his analysis curriculum at the Paris Conservatoirewhere he exhaustively itemized the patterns for students 4and they figure prominently in his theoretical publications, TMLM and TRCO. Messiaen's demonstrative enthusiasm for Indian musical elements contributed to his cult of

Resumo: O presente artigo baseia-se na experiência pedagógica do Coletivo Hunna: Historiadoras que Dançam no curso "Orientalismo e Anticiganismo na Cultura Pop". São abordados os conceitos de Orientalismo e Anticiganismo, apresentando uma interpretação dos mesmos em relação aos estudos de gênero, demonstrando como há uma leitura estereotipada do chamado Oriente, do mundo árabe-islâmico, e das populações Roma (ciganas) vinculando-os a elementos ditos femininos. Como possibilidade de aplicação dessa intersecção, analisamos personagens femininas e masculinas presentes em produtos da cultura pop, mais especificamente nas animações O Corcunda de Notre Dame (1996) e Aladdin (1992) dos estúdios Disney, e na novela O Clone (2001) produzida pela TV Globo.

The Supreme Court decided Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky in 2019. Justice Clarence Thomas’s opinion in the case claimed there was a direct connection between the legalization of abortion, in the late 20th Century, and the beginnings of the birth control movement a full three quarters of a century earlier. “Many eugenicists,” Thomas argued, “supported legalizing abortion.”

Justice Samuel Alito highlighted similar claims in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health, citing a brief entitled “The Eugenic Era Lives on through the Abortion Movement.” That brief was an echo of Justice Thomas’ misguided attempt at history in the Box opinion. Similar claims reoccur in Judge Matthew Kacsmaryk’s opinion in the Texas mifepristone case, Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

These false claims are the focus of this article. There is no evidence that early leaders of the eugenics movement supported abortion as part of the movement for birth control. It is accurate to describe those leaders as anti-abortion, and their followers as people who condemned abortion for moral, legal, and medical reasons.

In the backdrop of the abolition of slave trade and the end of colonialism, one will think that racism and all its prejudices have been laid to rest. The spate of happenings on the planet, particularly in Europe and America, will go far to demonstrate that supremacist belief systems are a long way from been stifled. Racism often induce feeling of superiority amongst people and also among nations such that some nations view others with a disdainful and obligatory attitude to help, thereby placing unnecessary injunctions and policies to retain their hold on such countries as is discernible in neo-colonialism. Furthermore, there is a feeling of discrimination against anything Islam and black such that black is regarded as ugly and both should be treated with suspicion. This work intends to look at the difference faces of racism throughout history and the rationale behind it. This work is critical in light of the fact that it looks at the raising racist belief systems and tries to highl...

Sažetak U svojoj inačici filozofije biologije Neven Sesardić izvodi dalekosežne moralne i političke posljedice određenih genetičkih istraživanja. On pretpostavlja da su uočene razlike u kvocijentu inteligencije između crnih i bijelih studenata urođene i da one ne mogu biti objašnjene niti promijenjene bilo kakvim utjecajem iz okoliša. Na toj osnovi on razvija teoriju o genetski određenoj inferiornosti crne rase. Teorija tvrdi da su svi podaci o društvenim i ekonomskim nedostatcima crne rase učinak njihovog lošeg biološkog nasljeđa, a ne društvene segregacije ili rasne diskriminacije. Prema tome, bilo koja politika usmjerena na smanjivanje ili eliminiranje društvenih i ekonomskih razlika između siromašnih i bogatih ljudi, kao što je politika pozitivne diskriminacije, osuđena je na propast. U ovom se članku suprotstavljam Sesardićevu filozofskom tumačenju genetike i njegovim izvodima koji se tiču politike i društva. Pokazujem da mnogi relevantni genetičari ne prihvaćaju takvo filozofsko tumačenje i njegove političke posljedice. Suprotno Sesardićevoj tvrdnji da su svi environmentalisti zaraženi ljevičarskom političkom ideologijom, pokazujem da njih njihova znanstvena istraživanja, a ne apriorna politička uvjerenja, navode na odbacivanje jednostranih hereditarističkih filozofskih tumačenja i njihove političke primjene. Posebno sam usmjeren na povijest ropstva u Americi i na aktualne izvještaje o rasnoj diskriminaciji kao na važne elemente društvenog okoliša koji ne mogu biti zanijekani u bilo kojem ozbiljnom pokušaju objašnjavanja klasnih i rasnih odnosa u suvremenoj Americi.

Richard Thurnwald (1868-1954), a native of Vienna, is considered one of the most influential anthropologists in the German-speaking world. He founded ethnosociology and was a representative of functionalism with an emphasis on social change. After his habilitation at the University of Halle, he taught psychology, sociology, and ethnology in Berlin from 1923, where he was appointed honorary professor in 1935. From 1931 to 1936 he taught in the United States, lecturing at Harvard, Yale, and the University of California. When the University of Berlin reopened in 1946, Thurnwald was appointed professor of ethnology and sociology. In the postwar period, Thurnwald was classified as an opponent of National Socialism. This image has persisted and solidified for decades, and not only in German-speaking countries. As late as 2010, the editors of the prestigious Routledge Encyclopaedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology repeated that Thurnwald had been a staunch Nazi opponent. Since the late 1970s, however, counter-positions had emerged that made it clear, based on Nazi sources, that this view was not coherent. This led to opposing positions that were irreconcilable in their extreme form. The lecture examines these conflicting accounts, contrasts archival sources from the Nazi and postwar periods, and discusses “presentist” and historical as well as “internalist” and “externalist” approaches to relevant aspects of Thurnwald’s life and work.

https://hoaic.cfs.unipi.it/panels/panel-1/#session2

This article examines a portion of the theory about and research on 'race' in the field of psychology. Specifically, we examine whether the construct of 'race' can be used efficaciously as a natural kind variable that explains data in psychological inquiry. The foregoing consideration involves an exploration of the so-called 'biological/genetic' bases of 'race' from the conceptual paradigms of (a) mutual exclusivity and inalterablity and (b) gradations on a continuum of genetic data. Our critique of these positions suggests an abdication of 'race' as a natural kind variable because both of the above arguments for the concept are ultimately incoherent given the genetic data that they seek to explain. Consequently, 'race' as a natural kind variable cannot explain psychological data. However, because the idea of 'race' has become diffused into societies, 'race' should be studied as a purely cognitive concept that influences social perception.

These volumes do not represent a "random" selection of texts from the period. N o claims are being made for their representative nature other than that they are all the texts in the library's archive. They were, however, all the high school biology texts that this author could locate on the archive's shelves during a summer of searching. Rather than being representative, this research is seen as a first step on documenting the presence of eugenical content in the classroom. Studies of the use and meaning of this material in classrooms and in the lives of high school students are necessary but have yet to be undertaken.

This article contains important sections of mathematical science-comments on the basic concepts of mathematical logic (statements that take true or false values) and information about their actions, their application in other disciplines, logical formulas and interpretations of laws in te language.

In 1875 Bahia, medicine and evolutionism were used by the physician, journalist,
and republican militant Domingos Guedes Cabral as ideological weapons to propose a
radical program of social reforms in Brazil in the areas of education, marriage control,
medical care to the alienated, changes in the penal system, etc., all of which were
based on the scientific knowledge of that time. Among the social ideas of Guedes
Cabral, the question of race will be the main focus of this analysis. In this sense,
Domingos Guedes Cabral is a particularly significant example for understanding the
initial steps in the peculiar alliance between evolutionism, medicine, and scientific racism
in Brazil since the 1870s, when Darwinism first arrived in the country.

This paper discusses Alfred Russel Wallace's Amazonian ethnography and his collaboration with Robert Latham on the models of indigenous Amazonian peoples that were placed on display at the Crystal Palace ethnological exhibition in 1854. The reception of scholars and the public to this innovative work is also considered. Wallace's involvement in the first British ethnological exhibition of large proportions was fundamental to the dissemination of his work, which made a valuable contribution to a field of study-the ethnology of South America-that was still in its infancy in Britain, in marked contrast to Portugal, Spain, Germany and France. Wallace's field observations of indigenous peoples were instilled in the British imagination through the handbook to the exhibition, in which Latham stressed the importance of Wallace's descriptions to the advancement of the field of ethnology. Indeed, Wallace's ethnographic accounts were deemed to provide an authoritative supplement to James Prichard's preliminary and still somewhat limited ethnological map of northern South America, contributing to the creation of a more complete picture of the indigenous Amazonian peoples of Brazil.

What is the relationship between the adherence to Darwinism by Brazilian doctors, law graduates, anthropologists and literati between 1870 and 1930 and the way the economic elite and the state dealt with the masses of former slaves in the post-abolition period? What is the relationship between these discourses and practices and the tense ethnic-racial relations and social inequalities that we still face today in Brazil?
These are questions that the authors intend to discuss in order to motivate and support teachers from different areas of knowledge to develop an anti-racist education, according to the principles set out in laws 10.639/03 and 11.645/08, based on the history of scientific racism in Brazil.
The book was designed as a kind of paradidactic. With a friendly layout, it makes use of accessible language; they present short biographies of important characters, with illustrations of them and of institutions of knowledge in their historical time of operation; they point out guidelines on how certain historical episodes can be approached in the classroom, and present works and genres of Brazilian literature that disseminated or problematized the racial models of analysis of society, based on Darwinian evolutionism, between the 19th and 20th centuries.
Based on four historical episodes, we present the ways in which Darwinism was received, disseminated and recreated by Brazil's intellectual elite between 1870 and 1930, analyzing how this process was related to the main debates on the social and political problems in vogue in the period, and to the Brazilian elite's search for justifications and strategies to maintain social and racial hierarchies in the post-abolition period. The motivation for producing it was to offer bibliographic material and a paradidactic resource that would support the development of proposals for the education of ethnic-racial relations, based on the history of scientific racism. In addition to the historical narrative, sessions were inserted to propose conceptual deepening readings, point out possible approaches and aspects that can promote objectives of education of ethnic-racial relations and/or gender equity, and present literary works that can be studied in order to contextualize the historical study and scientific ideas with literature.

RESUMO: Qual a relação entre a adesão ao darwinismo por médicos, bacharéis de direito, antropólogos e literatos brasileiro entre 1870 e 1930 e o modo como a elite econômica e o estado lidaram com as massas de ex-escravizados no período pós-abolição? Qual a relação entre esses discursos e práticas e as tensas relações étnico-raciais e desigualdades sociais que até hoje enfrentamos no Brasil?
Essas são questões que os autores pretendem discutir de modo a motivar e apoiar professoras e professores de diferentes áreas de conhecimento a desenvolverem uma educação antirracista, segundo os princípios dispostos nas leis 10.639/03 e 11.645/08, tendo como base a história do racismo científico no Brasil.
O livro foi desenhado como uma espécie de paradidático. Com diagramação amigável, faz uso de linguagem acessível; apresentam curtas biografias de importantes personagens, com ilustrações dos mesmos e de instituições de saber em seu tempo histórico de atuação; apontam orientações de como determinados episódios históricos podem ser abordados em sala de aula, e apresentam obras e gêneros da literatura brasileira que divulgaram ou problematizaram os modelos raciais de análise da sociedade, pautados no evolucionismo darwinista, entre os séculos XIX e XX.
A partir de quatro episódios históricos são apresentados caminhos pelos quais o darwinismo foi recebido, divulgado e recriado pela elite intelectual do Brasil entre os anos de 1870 e 1930, analisando-se como esse processo esteve relacionado com os principais debates sobre os problemas sociais e políticos em voga no período, e com a busca da elite brasileira por justificativas e estratégias de manutenção das hierarquizações sociais e raciais no pós-abolição. A motivação para produzi-lo foi oferecer material bibliográfico e recurso paradidático que apoiassem o desenvolvimento de propostas de educação das relações étnico-raciais, a partir da história do racismo científico. Para além da narrativa histórica, foram inseridas sessões para propor leituras de aprofundamento conceitual, apontar possíveis abordagens e aspectos que podem promover objetivos de educação das relações étnico-raciais e/ou para equidade de gênero, e apresentar obras literárias que podem ser estudadas de modo a contextualizar o estudo histórico e das ideias científicas com a literatura.

Translations of German texts are all my own, unless otherwise noted. I have done my best to render the originals into idiomatic English without distorting their sense. Readers can consult the key passages in the original at http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10925 .html. One German text is especially important: the transcript of the June 5, 1934, meeting discussed in detail in Chapter 2. That transcript appears in a German multivolume series publishing materials on the drafting history of German criminal law and criminal procedure: Jürgen Regge and Werner Schubert, eds., Quellen zur Reform des Straf-und Strafprozeßrechts (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1988-). The relevant volume (vol. 2:2, pt. 2) includes two versions of the transcript, one full and unedited, and the other subsequently edited down in consultation with the participants. The series is available at major American law libraries. Since the transcript is a stenographic record of a daylong meeting, it is too lengthy to be reproduced in full.