Science, technology and Innovation Policy

Forty millions. That is the number of young people who have graduated from universities and other four-or five-year higher education institutions in the BRICs Brazil, Russia, India, China states from 2005 to 2010, equal to the population of California, yet only a fraction of the number who will graduate in the decade of the 2010s. This is the result of the huge leap in college enrollment in the past 20 years outside the developed countries and particularly in the BRICs. An expansion of this magnitude changes the world's higher education landscape. Notably, the BRICs' great enrollment leap has included enormous numbers of students studying engineering, computer science and other technical subjects so important to the worldwide boom in new technology and the knowledge economy. The tens of millions of new graduates and especially the millions of new graduates in technical fields have the potential to change radically where production of high value products takes place in world markets. They also have the potential to impact developed countries' high-skilled labour markets, and could greatly increase the level of global basic and applied scientific innovation Freeman, 2010. This paper critically analyses the historical foundations of university systems in BRICs, how the higher education systems in these countries are being transformed by their enormous enrollment growth, the strategies BRICs are using to achieve that growth, and the varying role that the growth of technical higher education-specifically engineering and computer science-plays in that transformation. It is crucial to understand these changes if one has to assess the meaning and future impact they could have on global society.

Because higher education serves both public and private interests, the way it is conceived and financed is contested politically, appearing in different forms in different societies. What is public and private in education is a political-social construct, subject to various political forces, primarily interpreted through the prism of the state. Mediated through the state, this construct can change over time as the economic and social context of higher education changes. In this paper, we analyze through the state's financing of higher education how it changes as a public/private good and the forces that impinge on states to influence such changes. To illustrate our arguments, we discuss trends in higher education financing in the BRIC countries-Brazil, Russia, India, and China. We show that in addition to increased privatization of higher education financing, BRIC states are increasingly differentiating the financing of elite and non-elite institutions.

This research deals with the geopolitics of renewable energy minerals, focusing on the geographical distribution of production and reserves of these minerals. The research shows that China is one of the most prominent countries producing basic minerals such as aluminum, chromium and cobalt, which creates geopolitical dependencies that may affect the economic security of Western countries. The geopolitical competition between major powers, such as the United States, the European Union, Russia and China, is also addressed in the context of the pursuit of mineral security and sustainable development, The research also discusses the importance of the transition to clean energy and its impact on the growing demand for minerals such as lithium and copper, noting that major countries aim to achieve net zero carbon emissions by specific dates. It also addresses the environmental challenges associated with mining these minerals, such as water and air pollution. The research highlights the role of renewable energy minerals in achieving sustainable development by supporting technological innovation and promoting the green economy. These minerals are essential in developing clean energy technologies, which contributes to reducing dependence on fossil fuels and improving energy efficiency.

المقدمة
يشهد العالم في العقود الأخيرة تحولات جذرية غير مسبوقة بفعل التطورات التكنولوجية المتسارعة، والتي بلغت ذروتها مع بزوغ فجر الثورة الصناعية الخامسة (Industry 5.0). هذه المرحلة تمثل نقلة نوعية في مسار التقدم البشري، إذ لم تعد التكنولوجيا مجرد أداة لتعزيز الإنتاجية أو أتمتة العمليات، بل أصبحت شريكًا معرفيًا وإبداعيًا يسعى إلى تحقيق التكامل بين القدرات البشرية والذكاء الاصطناعي، في إطار من القيم الإنسانية والاستدامة البيئية والاجتماعية.
لقد أفرزت هذه الثورة واقعًا جديدًا يفرض على المؤسسات التعليمية، وخاصة الجامعات، أن تعيد النظر في فلسفتها وأهدافها ومناهجها، بحيث تتحول من مجرد ناقل للمعرفة إلى بيئة محفزة على الابتكار، ومختبر حي لإنتاج الحلول التي تستجيب للتحديات المعقدة التي يواجهها العالم. وفي قلب هذا التحول، يبرز التعليم الهندسي كأحد أهم المحركات القادرة على صياغة المستقبل، نظرًا لدوره المحوري في تصميم الأنظمة، وتطوير التقنيات، وبناء البنية التحتية الذكية.
إن الفجوة بين مخرجات التعليم ومتطلبات سوق العمل لم تعد مسألة نظرية، بل أصبحت تحديًا عمليًا يواجه الخريجين وأصحاب العمل على حد سواء. وهنا يأتي دور التحول الرقمي ومنصات التعلم التكيفية كأدوات استراتيجية لتقليص هذه الفجوة، من خلال تخصيص المحتوى التعليمي، وتحديثه المستمر، وربطه المباشر بالمهارات المطلوبة في السوق. كما أن دمج تقنيات مثل الذكاء الاصطناعي، وإنترنت الأشياء، والروبوتات التعاونية في العملية التعليمية، يهيئ الطلاب للتعامل مع بيئات عمل هجينة، يتكامل فيها الإنسان والآلة في إنتاج القيمة.
تسعى هذه الورقة إلى استشراف ملامح التعليم الهندسي في الجامعات الحديثة، من خلال تحليل الاتجاهات العالمية، واستعراض تجارب رائدة من دول سبقت في تبني مفاهيم Industry 5.0، مثل اليابان وفنلندا وسنغافورة. كما تقدم خارطة طريق عملية للتحول نحو "جامعة المستقبل"، تشمل تطوير المناهج، وتأهيل الكادر الأكاديمي، وتحديث البنية التحتية الرقمية، وتعزيز الشراكات مع الصناعة والمجتمع، وصولًا إلى رؤية مستقبلية لعام 2050 تتخيل دور المهندس في عصر الاندماج البشري–الاصطناعي.
إن الهدف من هذا العمل ليس فقط توصيف الواقع أو رصد التحديات، بل صياغة رؤية متكاملة تمكّن الجامعات من أن تكون بيئات تعليمية مبتكرة، قادرة على تخريج مهندسين يمتلكون مزيجًا فريدًا من المهارات التقنية والإنسانية، ويقودون مسيرة التنمية المستدامة في عالم يتسم بالتعقيد والترابط. ومن خلال هذا الطرح، نأمل أن نفتح آفاقًا جديدة للنقاش والتخطيط الاستراتيجي، بما يضمن أن يكون التعليم الهندسي في قلب التحول العالمي نحو مستقبل أكثر ذكاءً وإنسانية.

Face au retard européen, le secteur des mini-réacteurs nucléaires nécessite d'importants financements publics et privés pour accélérer. La France, actuellement hors du podium mondial, vise une relance décisive. Les milliards investis feront-ils la différence ? L'Europe, et tout particulièrement la France, fait face à un défi stratégique : la nécessité de rattraper un retard considérable dans le domaine des petits réacteurs nucléaires, aussi connus sous le nom de SMR et AMR. À ce jour, seuls trois prototypes sont opérationnels dans le monde. La Chine, la Russie et le Japon s'affichent en pionniers, alors que la France se retrouve en sixième ou septième position. Le directeur de l’AIEA s’alarme de la prolifération nucléaire galopante et appelle à une régulation internationale.

Although university holding companies (UHCs) in Thailand are playing an increasingly pivotal role in research commercialization and institutional sustainability, a comprehensive framework for evaluating their performance remains underdeveloped. This study addresses that gap by developing the UHC Performance Management (UHC-PM) framework to provide practical guidance for effective and sustainable UHC operations that support university research spin-offs. The research employs a multiple case study methodology, incorporating expert interviews with 19 UHC stakeholders and in-depth case analyses of three top-performing UHCs in Thailand. This approach combines within-case analysis to capture the unique context of each case and cross-case analysis to identify common patterns and contrasts across cases. Based on the findings, the study proposes a comprehensive UHC-PM model comprising three core components and nine key factors: corporate governance (board of directors, executive committee, and investment committee), operation (strategy, investment policy, and performance assessment and monitoring), and investment-ready accelerator (service support, training programs, and networks), along with performance metrics that include financial, non-financial, and ESG (Environment, Social, and Governance) indicators. Altogether, this framework provides a robust foundation for universities seeking to strengthen existing UHC operations or establish new ones to advance innovation and accelerate the commercialization of academic research.

This paper proposes a policy framework for using offset and industrial collaboration (IC) to develop human capability in the defence and security sector, focusing on Malaysia. It underscores the importance of integrating human capital development with traditional defence spending. Key challenges and success factors in executing offset policies for human capability enhancement are identified. The introduced 'MINERVA' framework includes elements such as a clear vision for human capital development, capability gap analysis, knowledge transfer incentives, credible partners, governance frameworks, stakeholder engagement, efficient project implementation, and assessing absorptive capacity. Through qualitative analysis of Malaysian case studies, the paper highlights optimising defence budgets for skills, education and training. The paper argues that the alignment of international defence procurement with offset policies focused on human capital development can enhance indigenous defence capabilities, military potential, job creation, regional clusters and exports. This alignment bolsters national security and resilience against challenges such as digitalisation and pandemics.

Rival firms produce products with a multitude of characteristics and consumers choose to purchase those products that most closely match their ideal set of characteristics. Orthodox production theory ignores the view that products are bundles of characteristics and consequently it offers no analysis of how to divide limited production budgets between different characteristics. It also ignores the heterogeneity of firms with respect to their capabilities and the fact that production decisions are undertaken in historical time . Each of these factors has implications for the firm's feasible productive set at any point in time and its production strategy. Here a new framework of analysis of production is offered which incorporates these missing features. In addition it incorporates lessons from behavioural consumer economics , which recognises the possibility that consumers may have hierarchical preferences over characteristics, rather than trade-offs between them, and that they will form aspiration levels for each characteristic in terms of actual or perceived performance.

Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policy is partially informed by evidence-based measures. Many traditional measures are derived from population averages whose validity assumes adherence to the Central Limit Theorem. When a characteristic of an innovation system is represented by a complex network (i.e. a network with a power law degree distribution) from which evidence-based measures are derived, there is a significant likelihood that the scaling exponent, α, will be less than 3.0. In these instances the variance is infinite, the domain of attraction is no longer the Gaussian distribution and the population average no longer characterises it. Traditional measures are valid only for Gaussian and power law distributions with α≥3.0. Such measures are poor indicators of the emerging properties of real-world complex systems that usually have 2<α<3.

This study involved 832 freshmen students enrolled in the course Introduction to Agriculture from 2009 to 2014 from the College of Agriculture and Food Science and the College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, to determine the perception of youth towards the field of agriculture and its degree program. Using quantitative parameters and correlation analysis, the relationship between the demographic characteristics and the freshmen's perception towards agriculture was determined. Students' demographic characteristics (age and gender) are positively correlated with the student's perception of agriculture. Initially, the majority (58.3%) of the freshmen have a negative attitude towards the agriculture program. As a student's in-depth knowledge of the agriculture field increases, their perception and idea of the program is also positively influenced. Contrary to the popular belief that agriculture is a male-dominated field, the majority of the students enrolled in the course are female (63%). Recommendations to make Agriculture more attractive to youth through information dissemination (i.e. ICT-based modalities, infomercials) and interactive campaign will promote the discipline in an effort to increase the interest of the youth and subsequently, the popularity of the program.

An application of nonlinear link with strut and tie model of seismic retrofit technique for existing reinforced concrete beam-column connections using planar joint expansion is proposed. The model is constructed based on experimental results of one control specimen, three retrofitted specimens and FEM analysis of strengthening method proposed by authors. Truss model which represents behavior and flowing of force in joint and planar expansion is constructed based on strut and tie concept. Nonlinear link is added in critical elements to represent nonlinear behavior. By solving statically indeterminate truss and checking strut and tie limitation, the design region solution is received. The model is not only predicts close value of maximum column shear force, failure mode and joint shear force but also predict column capacity and displacement relation. Proposed simplify strut and tie model is helpful for practical engineer in designing planar joint expansion retrofitting beam-column con...

This paper comprises an analysis of whether Google Scholar (GS) can construct documentary sets relevant for the evaluation of the works of researchers. The researchers analyzed were two samples of Nobelists in economics: an original sample of five laureates downloaded in September, 2011; and a validating sample of laureates downloaded in October, 2013. Two methods were utilized to conduct this analysis. The first is distributional. Here it is shown that the distributions of the laureates' works by total GS citations belong within the Lotkaian or power-law domain, whose major characteristic is asymptote or "tail" to the right. It also proves that this asymptote is conterminous with the laureates' hindexes, which demarcate their core oeuvre. This overlap is proof of both the ability of GS to form relevant documentary sets and the validity of the h-index. The second method is semantic. This method shows that the extreme outliers at the right tip of the tail-a signature feature of the economists' distributions-are not random events but related by subject to contributions to the discipline for which the laureates were awarded this prize. Another interesting finding is the important role played by working papers in the dissemination of new economic knowledge.

الملخص:
تعتبر المناطق المحمية من أهم "المؤسسات" التي أنشأتها الحكومات لأغراض الحفاظ على البيئة. واليوم، تلتزم معظم الحكومات الوطنية بتحقيق
أهداف الحفاظ على البيئة والتنمية المستدامة، ويعتمد الكثير منها اعتمادًا كبيرًا على المناطق المحمية. صُممت هذه المواقع لتوفير عينة تمثيلية
لجميع النظم البيئية والموائل والمناظر الطبيعية الرئيسية حول العالم. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تطور الحوكمة التكيفية تجاه تحديات الاستدامة
وتحديد العوامل الرئيسية التي تؤثر على قدرة الحوكمة على ،DPSIR في محمية بٌرع للمحيط الحيوي بمرور الوقت باستخدام إطار عمل
. )2024-2011 ،2010-2006 ،2005- التكيف مع تحديات الاستدامة في المنطقة المحمية على مدى ثلاث مراحل ) 2002
تعتمد هذه الدراسة على نهج نوعي، باستخدام منهج دراسة الحالة كإطار منهجي لتقييم التغيرات الزمنية في الحوكمة التكيفية التي تحدث داخل
محمية بٌرع للمحيط الحيوي. جُمعت البيانات من خلال مقابلات شبه منظمة مع أصحاب المصلحة الرئيسيين لاستخلاص رؤى سياقية ثرية.
المصمم خصيصًا لتوفير فهم عميق ودقيق لسياقها البيئي ،DPSIR يُركز البحث على محمية بٌرع للمحيط الحيوي باستخدام إطار عمل
والاجتماعي والمؤسسي.
تكشف الدراسة أن قدرة الحوكمة على التكيف تعتمد على تأثير المجتمع، والاستقرار الاقتصادي، والتعاون بين المؤسسات والمجتمعات المحلية،
2010 (، إلا - والاستراتيجيات المراعية للنزاعات. وقد أتاحت الحوافز الاقتصادية، مثل عائدات السياحة، تقدمًا جزئيًا في مجال الحفظ ) 2006
أن الضغوط السياحية غير المُدارة وتغير المناخ أبرزا نقاط ضعف جديدة، في حين أن صراع ما بعد عام 2011 أدى إلى تآكل قدرة الحوكمة،
مما استلزم مبادرات شعبية لتعزيز المرونة. وتؤكد النتائج أن استدامة المناطق المحمية تتطلب أطرًا ديناميكية تُوازن بين الحفاظ على البيئة
والواقع الاجتماعي والسياسي، لا سيما في المناطق المعرضة للأزمات.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الحوكمة التكيفية، بُرع، محميات المحيط الحيوي، التنمية المستدامة.
Abstract:
Protected areas are among the most significant "institutions" established by governments for conservation
purposes. Today, most national governments are committed to achieving conservation and sustainable
development goals, and many rely heavily on protected areas. These locations are designed to provide a
representative sampling of all major ecosystems, habitats, and landscapes worldwide. This study aims to assess
the evolution of adaptive Governance toward sustainability challenges in the Bura Biosphere Reserve over
time using the DPSIR framework and to identify the key factors that affect the Governance adaptability in
response to sustainability challenges in the protected area over three phases (2002–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–
2024). This study is based on a qualitative approach applying the case study method as a methodological
framework to assess the temporal changes of adaptive governance occurring within the Bura Biosphere
Reserve (BR). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders to capture rich,
contextual insights. The focus on the Bura BR is examined using the DPSIR framework, which is specifically
designed to provide a deep and nuanced understanding of its environmental, social, and institutional context.
The study reveals that governance adaptability hinges on community influence, economic stability,
institutional-community collaboration, and conflict-sensitive strategies. Economic incentives, such as tourism
revenue, enabled partial conservation progress (2006–2010), but unmanaged tourism pressures and climate
change introduced new vulnerabilities, while post-2011 conflict eroded governance capacity, necessitating
grassroots resilience initiatives. The findings underscore that protected area sustainability requires dynamic
frameworks balancing ecological preservation with socio-political realities, particularly in crisis-prone regions.
Keywords: Adaptive Governance; Bura; Biosphere reserve; Sustainability.

حققت كندا تقدمًا ملحوظًا في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة. وقد أدى التزام الحكومة الكندية بهذه الأهداف إلى تحسين حياة الكثير من الناس في كندا.
في المجالات التي حققت فيها كندا تقدمًا، يمكن ملاحظة أن الانخفاض في معدلات الفقر والجوع والموت بين الأطفال دون سن الخامسة هو تقدم كبير. كما أن ارتفاع معدل الإلمام بالقراءة والكتابة بين البالغين وانخفاض الفجوة في الأجور بين الرجال والنساء يعكسان أيضًا تحسينًا في حياة الناس في كندا.
ومع ذلك، لا تزال هناك بعض المجالات التي تحتاج كندا إلى تحسينها. ففي مجال المياه النظيفة والنظافة الصحية، لا يزال هناك ما يقرب من 1.3 مليون شخص في كندا لا يحصلون على مياه نظيفة أو مرافق صحية. وفي مجال الطاقة النظيفة وأسعارها المعقولة، لا تزال كندا تعتمد بشكل كبير على الوقود الأحفوري، مما يساهم في تغير المناخ. كما أن هناك ما يقرب من 2.5 مليون شخص في كندا عاطلين عن العمل أو تحت العمالة، مما يعكس عدم المساواة في الفرص الاقتصادية.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لا تزال هناك مناطق في كندا تعاني من الفقر والتهميش. ففي عام 2022، كان معدل الفقر في المناطق الريفية في كندا أعلى منه في المناطق الحضرية. كما أن معدلات البطالة والفقر أعلى في المجتمعات الأصلية.
تواجه كندا مجموعة من التحديات في مسيرتها نحو تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة. ومع ذلك، لديها أيضًا فرصًا يمكن أن تسهم في تحقيق هذه الأهداف. من خلال العمل على مواجهة التحديات واستغلال الفرص، يمكن لكندا أن تصبح دولة أكثر استدامة وازدهارًا.

Desde su primera exhibición en febrero de 1951 en el Aeroparque de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, el Pulqui II se convirtió en uno de los símbolos paradigmáticos de la Nueva Argentina anunciada por el primer peronismo. Sin embargo, la imagen reproducida por la memoria popular (ya sea crítica o celebratoria) es puesta a prueba por el libro de Alejandro Artopoulos. De amplia experiencia en la investigación de las interacciones socioeconómicas entre organizaciones públicas y privadas, y de las formas de institucionalización que adoptan estas redes de aprendizaje y conocimiento, el autor propone aquí el ejemplo del primer proyecto de caza a reacción de diseño y fabricación nacional como punto de partida desde el cual enfocar el problema más amplio del desarrollo tecnológico en países emergentes. El libro, de 98 páginas, organizado en cuatro capítulos, tres breves epílogos a modo de conclusión y una última sección de "Aspectos relevantes para la investigación", de carácter teóricometodológico, permite tanto una lectura académica como otra en clave de divulgación histórica. Así, quien se acerque al libro por el simple interés de conocer más sobre el Pulqui II, puede obviar la última sección, mientras que el investigador, por el contrario, haría bien en comenzar la lectura justamente por el final, para de esta manera conocer la perspectiva académica desde la que Artopoulos encara la reconstrucción histórica de aquel proyecto. La vocación del libro por llegar a un público más amplio se hace patente, también, en la visión panorámica que el mismo se impone en el estudio del desarrollo de cazas a reacción en la Argentina. De hecho, sólo uno de los cuatro capítulos del libro (aunque en extensión tan largo como los otros tres combinados) analiza específicamente el proyecto del I. Ae. 33, Pulqui II. La aventura del Pulqui II comienza con la reconstrucción de los antecedentes aeronáuticos argentinos que hicieron posible aquel proyecto. Para ello se retrotrae hasta principios del siglo XX, con las gestiones del ingeniero Jorge Newbery para impulsar la aviación en el país y luego a la creación, en 1927, de la Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA) que otorgó la base técnica y la profesionalización local

Telecommunications has come a long way from the days of smoke signals and semaphores. Today, often referred to simply as "telecom," it is distinguished from other forms of long-distance communication by its immediacy, making it comparable to face-to-face interactions. Since the 1950s, the fusion of telecom technologies with computing advancements has transformed the world in unimaginable ways, revolutionizing how we connect and communicate. According to Vint Cerf, one of the fathers of the Internet, who guided us through its evolution in a previous episode of InfoFire, the primary force that united visionaries and experts in the development of the Internet and other technologies was the pursuit of "connectivity." The internet revolutionized telecommunications by shifting it from voice-based, circuit-switched systems to data-driven, packetswitched networks. This transformation enabled faster, cheaper, and more efficient global communication. Services like VoIP, email, video calls, and instant messaging replaced traditional methods, while the internet's scalability laid the foundation for mobile networks, cloud computing, and IoT, forever reshaping the way we connect and interact. The Internet not only represents a technological revolution but also a profound transformation in the way we live. Marshall McLuhan's iconic phrase, "The medium is the message," remains as relevant today as it was in 1964. As we navigate our lives on the omnipresent Internet, it has evolved beyond being merely a medium to becoming an integral extension of ourselves and our daily existence. As Internet entrepreneur Ajit Balakrishnan-a wave rider who has consistently seized opportunities INFORMATION MATTERS |

Ireland's 2022 PISA results show strengths in meeting minimum proficiency, yet reveal shortcomings in cultivating top-tier mathematical talent. Some 81% of Irish students achieved at least Level 2 in mathematics-above the OECD average of 69%-while only 7% reached Levels 5 or 6, compared to the OECD average of 9%. In contrast, global highsperformers such as Singapore saw over 40% of students reach top performance levels. Ireland's mean mathematics score (491.6) exceeds the OECD average (472.4), yet remains significantly below leading systems like Singapore,

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ODS), identificando vacíos normativos, fracturas simbólicas y desconexiones culturales. A pesar de su solidez formal, la estructura territorial constitucional carece de legitimidad cultural y no garantiza una inclusión real de los territorios periféricos y rurales en el proyecto nacional.

Cooperativism is a method introduced by people in a society to neutralize the competitive prices of goods from among business sectors. It is a way for people to come together, put up their goods and services as one, and with the end in view of benefiting from their products. The purpose of this study is to appraise the fundamental function of cooperativism and how it can assist and sustain small farmers in their aim for food security. This work utilized hermeneutical phenomenology in understanding the lived experiences of small farmers in Barangay Cogon, Tanauan, Leyte, Philippines from the establishment of their cooperative, its operation, and its eventual success in giving them food security in the process. The results indicate that farmers were hesitant in establishing a cooperative because of the groundwork that accompanies it. But with the aid of the faculty members of the Eastern Visayas State University, the farmers underwent education on the nature of cooperativism. From the...

Resumen
En esta nota se abordan los principales retos que se resaltan en la literatura reciente con relación a las implicaciones del desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial para las economías en desarrollo, con énfasis en el caso venezolano. Dadas las precarias condiciones iniciales prevalecientes hoy en Venezuela, son impostergables las reformas económicas, institucionales y sociales requeridas para poder adoptar el inevitable cambio tecnológico global (IV Revolución Industrial). Más allá de las políticas macroeconómicas y sectoriales específicas,  los países donde prevalezca la equidad, la estabilidad política y profundicen la apertura a los mercados internacionales serán los grandes receptores y aprovechadores de los beneficios de la inteligencia artificial, la robótica, el internet de las cosas, la realidad aumentada, la ciberseguridad, la nanotecnología y la computación cuántica.
Abstract
This note addresses the main challenges highlighted in recent literature regarding the implications of the development of artificial intelligence for developing economies, with an emphasis on the Venezuelan case. Given the precarious initial conditions prevailing today in Venezuela, the economic, institutional, and social reforms required to embrace the inevitable global technological change (IV Industrial Revolution) are urgent. Beyond specific macroeconomic and sectoral policies, countries where equity and political stability prevail, and where their openness to international markets develops, will be the greatest beneficiaries of the benefits of artificial intelligence, robotics, cybersecurity, nanotechnology, and quantum computing.

يؤثر التحول التكنولوجي السريع على مستويات معيشة البشر؛ حيث تتغير الطريقة التي نعمل بها ونتفاعل ونعيش بها بشكل كبير. تم تقدير أن التكنولوجيا ستحقق الاستقلال التام بحلول عام 2050. إن التنبؤ بالثورة وكيف ستتحول أمر غير مؤكد، ولكن هناك شيء واحد مؤكد: سيكون عالمنا عالماً متعدد التخصصات سيتم تنسيقه من خلال إشراك جميع اللاعبين في النظام السياسي العالمي، من الحكومة والأعمال إلى الأوساط الأكاديمية والمجتمع المدني. يكشف التحليل المقارن للثورة الصناعية عن صورة واضحة للتقدم التكنولوجي والعملي والنظامي. تعد أنظمة الواقع الافتراضي، والذكاء الاصطناعي، وإنترنت الأشياء (IoT) والأمن السيبراني من بين المجالات الناشئة المستخدمة لوصف الثورة الصناعية السادسة.

Guerra economica e nuovo disordine globale: teorie, conflitti e strategie Nel cuore di un mondo sempre più instabile, dove la linea tra pace e conflitto si fa ogni giorno più sottile, la guerra economica emerge come la forma dominante della competizione globale. Questo volume esplora in profondità le dinamiche invisibili che plasmano l’equilibrio del potere nel XXI secolo, offrendo una mappa concettuale e strategica per comprendere la nuova realtà dell’“Era ibrida”. Dalle teorie di Christian Harbulot sull’intelligence economica ai casi concreti di penetrazione industriale e difesa degli asset strategici, il libro di Giuseppe Gagliano attraversa le principali sfide poste dalla competizione tra Stati e imprese. Analizza l’intreccio tra protezionismo, nuove tecnologie, guerre per procura e crisi dell’ordine internazionale, con esempi che spaziano dal caso Gripen in Brasile al confronto tecnologico tra Stati Uniti e Cina. In un mondo in cui la geopolitica si fa attraverso leggi, sanzioni e manipolazione delle catene del valore, questo saggio si propone come una guida essenziale per analisti, decisori e lettori consapevoli. Tra pensiero strategico e attualità, un’opera per capire come si combattono oggi le guerre anche senza sparare un colpo. Giuseppe Gagliano - Nel 2011 ha fondato il network internazionale Cestudec (Centro studi strategici Carlo de Cristoforis) con sede a Como, con l’obiettivo di studiare le dinamiche conflittuali delle relazioni internazionali da una prospettiva realistica, ponendo l’accento sulla dimensione dell’intelligence e della geopolitica alla luce delle riflessioni di Christian Harbulot, fondatore e direttore della School of Economic Warfare (EGE). Gagliano ha pubblicato quattro saggi in francese sulla guerra economica e dieci saggi in italiano sulla geopolitica.

Evidence-based policy(-making) (EBP) has been adopted in many countries as knowledge and expertise are increasingly regarded as part of the core capabilities of political administrations in modern democracies. Advisory bodies which produce scientific or evidence-based advice have become an important form of support to and institutionalisation of EBP. However, empirical studies have shown that EBP remains an ideal in the context of the complexities of public policy-making and that advisory bodies seldom have much impact on the policy process.

In South Africa, the National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI) is a statutory body mandated to provide evidence-based advice to the Minister of Science and Technology. Since its establishment in 1997, there have been widespread perceptions that it is ineffective and uninfluential and therefore unable to realise its full potential and contribution to strengthening science, technology and innovation (STI) policy-making in the country.

The main question this study seeks to address is: how does the nature of NACI’s institutional and organisational design, the policy context within which it operates, and the interaction and relationship between these aspects, impact on the outcomes of NACI’s advice and its influence on the policy process? Using a qualitative case study design based on documentary analysis and interviews with key informants, the study approaches this question through four empirical lenses: (1) the broader political and policy environment, with a specific focus on institutional and policy developments for the governance of science and technology; (2) NACI as an organisation – the conditions under which it emerged, its institutional design, and how it has interpreted and adjusted to its policy and institutional environments over time; (3) one of NACI’s longer-term advisory initiatives as a way of seeing ‘NACI in action’ and assessing the uptake of its advice; and (4) the factors which have played a role in shaping and constraining the provision of advice and NACI’s influence on policy.

The findings reveal that while NACI looks good on paper and has produced a fairly substantial array of advice and supporting research evidence, in reality it has faced various challenges amidst complex dynamics which have limited its real and potential influence. Key among these have been inadequate internal capacity, its lack of independence from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), its low profile in the system, negative perceptions of its credibility and legitimacy, and a policy environment that is uncoordinated and beset with its own capacity challenges. Overall, the study demonstrates that there are ever-increasing degrees of dilution in the production and movement of NACI’s work, leaving the potential for its influence progressively weakened.

The new White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation (2019) proposes an expanded mandate and strengthened role for NACI in support of a new inter-ministerial structure for STI coordination. For NACI’s potential and effectiveness in this regard to be fully realised, it is argued that various issues will need to be addressed including NACI’s internal capacity; its independence, profile and credibility; role clarification between NACI and the DST; and better institutionalisation of NACI’s advisory work within the policy process.

في جميع أنحاء العالم - وخاصة في المناطق النامية مثل منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا وأفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى والدول الهشة أو التي تمر بمرحلة انتقالية - تواجه المجموعات السكانية المتنوعة تحديات منهجية ومتداخلة. وتشمل هذه:
• الهشاشة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية (البطالة والفقر والتهميش)
• عدم المساواة بين الجنسين (العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي، والحرمان من الطفلة)،
• أوجه الضعف البيئية (تغير المناخ وإزالة الغابات وارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر)
• الحوكمة والثغرات المؤسسية (ضعف تقديم الخدمات، والاستبعاد)،
• الفجوات الرقمية والتخلفات التكنولوجية (الوصول المحدود إلى الصناعة 4.0 ، الذكاء الاصطناعي ، الخدمات الإلكترونية) ،
• الهجرة والنزوح (اللاجئون، الأشخاص عديمي الجنسية)،
• نقاط الضعف القطاعية (أوجه القصور في الزراعة، وضعف الشركات متناهية الصغر والصغيرة والمتوسطة، والعمالة غير الرسمية).
تؤثر هذه القضايا المعقدة على مختلف الفئات المستفيدة: النساء والفتيات والشباب والأطفال والأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة والمهاجرين واللاجئين والمزارعين أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة وسكان الحضر العاطلين عن العمل والعاملين في القطاع غير الرسمي. يخلق التفاعل بين الضغوط الاجتماعية والبيئية والاقتصادية احتياجات إنمائية شاملة تتماشى مع أهداف التنمية المستدامة المتعددة.

Los modelos de políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (PCTI) y los modelos de calidad aplicada a la educación superior (CES) han cambiado en las últimas décadas. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, se realiza un análisis comparativo de la relación entre ambos tipos de modelos, indagando acerca de una posible coevolución entre ellos. La comparación realizada permite mostrar cierta coevolución histórica entre los modelos. En dos momentos históricos se identifican claras relaciones conceptuales entre los principios generales de ambos tipos: a) el modelo lineal de PCTI y el modelo isomórfico de CES; y b) los modelos sistémicos e interactivos actuales de PCTI y el modelo de CES para la equidad. En la transición entre ambos momentos históricos existe una relación imprecisa. Se plantean hipótesis que generarían estas relaciones y se evidencia una combinación de modelos y una cierta disrupción entre discursos y realidades.

This study explores how the anthropological philosophy of self-reliance (kwigira) and resilience (ubudaheranwa) supports entrepreneurship and economic mobility at Enterprise Urwibutso Sina Gerard Ltd. The research examines how individuals transition from economic dependence to selfsufficiency and how businesses can contribute to economic independence. The study follows a mixedmethods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and case study analysis. A sample of 42 employees was selected from the permanent workers at Enterprise Urwibutso. Survey questionnaires collected data on income changes and business creation, while interviews provided insights into personal experiences of economic transition. Results show that 78% of surveyed employees experienced a significant income increase, while 65% started their own businesses after gaining financial stability. Additionally, 82% reported improved decision-making power in their financial lives, indicating reduced dependency. Furthermore, once employees started their businesses, Enterprise Urwibutso Sina Gerard Ltd became a buyer of their goods, further helping them to upgrade economically. However, 56% of respondents cited market competition as a challenge to further economic mobility. To sustain economic upgrading, policies should promote entrepreneurial training, market access, and financial support for small businesses. By fostering self-reliance and resilience, individuals can progressively shift to higher economic categories, ensuring long-term independence and growth.

El relevo entre el Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad (PNPC) y el Sistema Nacional de Posgrados (SNP) implicó un cambio profundo en las visiones y perspectivas sobre el quehacer en  los  posgrados.  Este  trabajo  analiza  las  lógicas,  objetivos  e  intereses  que  subyacen  a  ambos programas, y señala cómo el cumplimiento de indicadores ha desvirtuado la noción de competencia y calidad al no atender las desigualdades contextuales entre instituciones. Asimismo,  se  cuestiona  el  papel  de  los  procesos  formativos  instaurados,  históricamente  vinculados a la producción científica, sin evaluar su pertinencia frente a las problemáticas sociales  y  territoriales.  En  este  sentido,  se  plantea  la  necesidad  de  incorporar  enfoques  inter,  multi  y  transdisciplinarios,  así  como  la  conformación  de  redes  de  investigación  y  colaboración social. Entre los aportes de la entrevista figuran el poder compartir una mirada crítica y reflexiva sobre las tareas que se desarrollan en los posgrados ante las exigencias del  SNP,  así  como  la  valoración  sobre  los  conocimientos  académicos  generados  en  las  investigaciones y su capacidad para responder a las problemáticas de los contextos donde se  ubican  los  programas  —y  en  general  del  país—,  promoviendo  la  retribución  social  del conocimiento.

El martes 3 de junio de 2025, el ministro de Defensa, Luis Petri, expuso ante la Comisión de Defensa de la Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. En la parte dedicada a la fábrica de aviones se hizo acompañar por el actual presidente de la empresa, Julio Manco. El cuadro general y los detalles presentados sobre el tema fueron mayoritariamente falsos.

Este articulo pretende ser un aporte a la discusion en relacion con los enfoques mas comunes acerca del diseno, fo rmulac ion y gestion de las politicas publicas de Ciencia y Tecnologia. Asimismo, procura explorar las redes de actores estrategicos que predominan en ta les procesos. Es un primer intento por parte del autor para hacer un ana lisis critico de cual debe ser la orientacion a seguir por los formu ladores de politicas, tanto en este como en otros campos que pretenden cohesion social y gobernanza.

The municipality of Mogpog in the Philippines was one of the severely hit areas during the 1993 mining disaster in the province of Marinduque. After three (3) decades, the aftermath of the disaster still lingers in the municipality and even in the whole province. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between the social demographics of the residents of Mogpog and their knowledge about heavy metal (HM) pollution and its associated health risks. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the 314 residents of Mogpog. Six (6) social demographics were considered, such as age, sex, marital status, highest education attainment, monthly household income, and whether the respondents were government employees or not. The results of the binomial logistic regression analysis showed that the social demographics affecting the respondents' knowledge about HM pollution were marital status and monthly household income (significant at the 0.05 level). Married individuals may have larger and more diverse social networks, which could expose them to a wider range of information, including environmental issues. On the other hand, those with lower incomes may have limited access to formal education or information resources, which could result in lower environmental awareness. The results underscore the need for specific interventions and educational initiatives to enhance the understanding of the adverse health impacts associated with HM pollution among residents in Mogpog.

Macro-regional strategies are components of European multi-level governance. Their objectives are, in different way, also pursued at the European, national and regional scales, albeit in different ways. They are in particular designed to contribute to EU-level political objectives: the European Council encourages their proponents to ensure that they provide "genuine value-added in relation to horizontal community policies, in particular to the Europe 2020 Strategy and to result-orientation" (Council of the European Union, 2013a). The purpose of the present working paper it twofold. First, it presents a matrix for the classification of expected benefits of macro-regional cooperation. Second, it systematically reviews these benefits within the environmental field, of the European Strategies for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR), Danube Region (EUSDR) and Adriatic and Ionian Region (EUSAIR). The review is based on their respective Action Plans, i.e. the 2015 revised Action Plan of the EUSBSR, the 2010 Action Plan of the EUSDR and the 2014 Action Plan of the EUSAIR. The working paper first introduces a categorisation of added-values of transnational cooperation (section 1), on the basis of which added-values are identified and classified (section 2). The resulting matrices are then compared (section 3). Expected Benefits of Macro-Regional Transnational Cooperation in the Environmental Field 2 (19) Expected Benefits of Macro-Regional Transnational Cooperation in the Environmental Field 19 (19)

El Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán (PCTY), fundado como Asociación Civil se transformó en un Organismo Público Descentralizado (OPD) del estado de Yucatán, para fortalecerse como instrumento de la política regional. Este artículo analiza las implicaciones que esta reconfiguración tiene para los Centros Públicos de Investigación (CPI) vinculados al parque. Lo anterior, en el contexto de un giro en el marco institucional y de política científica y tecnológica federal que ahora se orienta a atender problemas sociales y ambientales; concepción que puede ser contrapuesta a la estatal, que enfatiza en la atención al sector productivo privado. La metodología fue cualitativa y se basa en un estudio de caso exploratorio, desarrollado a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a autoridades del gobierno, responsables del PCTY y a directivos e investigadores de dos CPI de gran relevancia en el parque; además de la observación en campo y de una revisión de los marcos normativos relacionados. Entre los resultados de la investigación, se exponen los alcances del cambio en el modelo de gestión del parque, desde la voz de los actores participantes del estudio, identificando la necesidad de readaptación que este proceso implica en las agendas y trayectorias de los CPI estudiados. Como conclusión se destaca que las nuevas orientaciones de las políticas científicas y tecnológicas producen tensiones entre las perspectivas federal y estatal, conllevando que las organizaciones científicas se vean en la necesidad de adaptar sus estrategias para articular ambas concepciones, adecuando su gestión interna y, por ende, la actividad científica que realizan.

Resumo: As mudanças ocorridas nos processos de desenvolvimento -e suas consequências na democracia e cidadania -concorrem para uma sociedade caracterizada pela crescente influência dos recursos tecnológicos e pelo avanço exponencial das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), com impacto nas relações sociais, empresariais e nas instituições. As TICs podem ser consideradas um dos fatores mais importantes para as profundas mudanças no mundo e, com a dinâmica da inovação, tornam-se imprescindíveis para a economia global e seu desenvolvimento. É a partir de meados da década de 80 que a produtividade, a inovação contínua e os avanços tecnológicos passaram a ser vistos como as forças motrizes do desenvolvimento econômico regional. A proposta central deste trabalho é discutir o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação como ferramentas de geração do desenvolvimento econômico e social, com ênfase nas políticas públicas elaboradas com essa finalidade e nas

Resumo: As mudanças ocorridas nos processos de desenvolvimento -e suas consequências na democracia e cidadania -concorrem para uma sociedade caracterizada pela crescente influência dos recursos tecnológicos e pelo avanço exponencial das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), com impacto nas relações sociais, empresariais e nas instituições. As TICs podem ser consideradas um dos fatores mais importantes para as profundas mudanças no mundo e, com a dinâmica da inovação, tornam-se imprescindíveis para a economia global e seu desenvolvimento. É a partir de meados da década de 80 que a produtividade, a inovação contínua e os avanços tecnológicos passaram a ser vistos como as forças motrizes do desenvolvimento econômico regional. A proposta central deste trabalho é discutir o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação como ferramentas de geração do desenvolvimento econômico e social, com ênfase nas políticas públicas elaboradas com essa finalidade e nas

Resumo: As mudanças ocorridas nos processos de desenvolvimento-e suas consequências na democracia e cidadania-concorrem para uma sociedade caracterizada pela crescente influência dos recursos tecnológicos e pelo avanço exponencial das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), com impacto nas relações sociais, empresariais e nas instituições. As TICs podem ser consideradas um dos fatores mais importantes para as profundas mudanças no mundo e, com a dinâmica da inovação, tornam-se imprescindíveis para a economia global e seu desenvolvimento. É a partir de meados da década de 80 que a produtividade, a inovação contínua e os avanços tecnológicos passaram a ser vistos como as forças motrizes do desenvolvimento econômico regional. A proposta central deste trabalho é discutir o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação como ferramentas de geração do desenvolvimento econômico e social, com ênfase nas políticas públicas elaboradas com essa finalidade e nas

Resumo: As mudanças ocorridas nos processos de desenvolvimento -e suas consequências na democracia e cidadania -concorrem para uma sociedade caracterizada pela crescente influência dos recursos tecnológicos e pelo avanço exponencial das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), com impacto nas relações sociais, empresariais e nas instituições. As TICs podem ser consideradas um dos fatores mais importantes para as profundas mudanças no mundo e, com a dinâmica da inovação, tornam-se imprescindíveis para a economia global e seu desenvolvimento. É a partir de meados da década de 80 que a produtividade, a inovação contínua e os avanços tecnológicos passaram a ser vistos como as forças motrizes do desenvolvimento econômico regional. A proposta central deste trabalho é discutir o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação como ferramentas de geração do desenvolvimento econômico e social, com ênfase nas políticas públicas elaboradas com essa finalidade e nas

Resumo: As mudanças ocorridas nos processos de desenvolvimento-e suas consequências na democracia e cidadania-concorrem para uma sociedade caracterizada pela crescente influência dos recursos tecnológicos e pelo avanço exponencial das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs), com impacto nas relações sociais, empresariais e nas instituições. As TICs podem ser consideradas um dos fatores mais importantes para as profundas mudanças no mundo e, com a dinâmica da inovação, tornam-se imprescindíveis para a economia global e seu desenvolvimento. É a partir de meados da década de 80 que a produtividade, a inovação contínua e os avanços tecnológicos passaram a ser vistos como as forças motrizes do desenvolvimento econômico regional. A proposta central deste trabalho é discutir o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação como ferramentas de geração do desenvolvimento econômico e social, com ênfase nas políticas públicas elaboradas com essa finalidade e nas

Der Weltraum ist längst nicht mehr nur Schauplatz für Science-Fiction, wissenschaftliche Entdeckungen oder symbolische Machtdemonstrationen. Vielmehr entwickelt er sich zu einem strategisch entscheidenden Wirtschafts- und Sicherheitsraum, in dem geopolitische Interessen, technologische Entwicklungen und wirtschaftliche Chancen eng miteinander verwoben sind. Die Europäische Union versteht ihre Ambitionen im All nicht (nur) als Prestigeprojekt, sondern als wichtig für ihre strategische Autonomie, Diplomatie, militärische und zivile Sicherheit sowie wirtschaftliche Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und die Innovationskraft ihrer Industrien und Gesellschaften.

Scientific infrastructure consists of 22 factors, such as R&D expenditure, R&D personnel, basic research capability, patent, S&T publication, S&T teaching in school, Nobel Prize award, and intellectual property protection. 2 Technological infrastructure consists of 20 factors mainly concerning ICT readiness. Other factors include technological cooperation, technological development and application, financial resources, and high-tech exports. One important factor, R&D expenditure, is highlighted to indicate the weakness in science and technology competency in Thailand in comparison with advanced countries, first-tier newly industrializing economies (NIEs) and second-tier NIEs. Currently, gross expenditure for research and development (GERD) as a percentage of GDP of advanced countries, such as the United States and Japan, is around 2-3 percent. That of first-tier NIEs, such as South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore, is around 1-2 percent. For Thailand, which can be considered a second-tier NIE, R&D expenditure in 1999 (the latest figure) was around 0.26 percent. This figure is substantially lower compared to second-tier NIEs, such as Malaysia (0.39 percent), which has more or less the same economic development level as Thailand (see Table .3). Table 2.3: GERD and GERD/GDP of Thailand and Other Countries Economic Development GERD GERD/GDP Level (million US$) (%)

Este capítulo tem por objetivo analisar o uso da Lei de licitações brasileiras – mais especificamente a Lei no 8.666/1993 – no contexto da encomenda da câmera multiespectral regular (MUX) embarcada no satélite sino brasileiro de sensoriamento remoto, CBERS-4 (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite). O estudo relaciona o caso da empresa Opto Eletrônica (Opto) com o conceito de compras públicas para inovação (Public Procurement for Innovation – PPI), discutindo como se deu o desenvolvimento de um produto de alta intensidade tecnológica e, sobretudo, risco tecnológico a partir da utilização dessa Lei. Ademais, observou-se suas diferenças em relação aos processos licitatórios não especificamente voltados para atuar como uma demand side policy para inovação ou aos ditos processos de contratação públicos “comuns”.

Resumen
En esta nota se abordan los principales retos que se resaltan en la literatura reciente con relación a las implicaciones del desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial para las economías en desarrollo, con énfasis en el caso venezolano. Dadas las precarias condiciones iniciales prevalecientes hoy en Venezuela, son impostergables las reformas económicas, institucionales y sociales requeridas para poder adoptar el inevitable cambio tecnológico global (IV Revolución Industrial). Más allá de las políticas macroeconómicas y sectoriales específicas,  los países donde prevalezca la equidad, la estabilidad política y profundicen la apertura a los mercados internacionales serán los grandes receptores y aprovechadores de los beneficios de la inteligencia artificial, la robótica, el internet de las cosas, la realidad aumentada, la ciberseguridad, la nanotecnología y la computación cuántica.

Abstract
This note addresses the main challenges highlighted in recent literature regarding the implications of the development of artificial intelligence for developing economies, with an emphasis on the Venezuelan case. Given the precarious initial conditions prevailing today in Venezuela, the economic, institutional, and social reforms required to embrace the inevitable global technological change (IV Industrial Revolution) are urgent. Beyond specific macroeconomic and sectoral policies, countries where equity and political stability prevail, and where their openness to international markets develops, will be the greatest beneficiaries of the benefits of artificial intelligence, robotics, cybersecurity, nanotechnology, and quantum computing.

COULD IT BE SAID THAT, AFTER 1968, A SPECIFICALLY FRENCH NEO-LIBERALISM EMERGED, DERIVED FROM GUIZOT’S THOUGHT  ?

Abstract: this article deals with the system of political economy set up in France from 1975 by Raymond Barre, Jacques Delors, Pierre Bérégovoy, Édouard Balladur, to speak only of the men who by their economics action were the kingpins.While it has been clear since Brookes (2021) that this system has very little in common with classical neo-liberalism, it is no less true that it is based on the political thought of François Guizot, which underpins the main current of French liberalism. Its updating, the neo, is made legible, if not inspired, by the thoughts of François Perroux in economics and Pierre Rosanvallon in the social and political fields. This model is based on a certain neglect of the productive economy, on the increase in social and societal spending as well as on an individual considered to be «self-effacing (effacé)» who needs state support.
Keywords : Barre, Balladur, Delors, Guizot, Perroux, Rosanvallon, Political economy system, neolibéralisme.

Résumé : cet article traite du système d’économie politique mis en place en France à partir de 1975 par Raymond Barre, Jacques Delors, Pierre Bérégovoy, Édouard Balladur, pour ne citer que des hommes qui, par leur action, en ont été les chevilles ouvrières en économie. S’il est clair depuis Brookes (2021) que ce système n’a que très peu de points communs avec le néolibéralisme classique, il n’en est pas moins vrai qu’il est fondé sur la pensée politique de François Guizot qui sous-tend le courant majeur du libéralisme français. Sa mise-à-jour, le néo, est rendu lisible, à défaut d’en avoir été inspiré, par les pensées de François Perroux en économie et de Pierre Rosanvallon dans les domaines social et politique. Ce système est fondé sur une certaine négligence de l’économie productive, sur l’accroissement des dépenses sociales et sociétales ainsi que sur un individu considéré comme « effacé » qui a besoin du soutien de l’État.

Mots-clés : Barre, Balladur, Delors, Guizot, Perroux, Rosanvallon, Système d’économie politique, néo-libéralisme. 
JEL classification: B0, K1, N4, K1