Rural Archaeology

This paper presents an unpublished Herm of small dimensions, depicting Dionysus, preserved in the “C. Leone” Museum in Vercelli, Piedmont, part of the Regio XI. In the absence of archival data, we attempt to identify the context in which the Herm might have been exhibited and to propose a date based on stylistic and comparative grounds. Finally, we place the sculpture within the broader landscape of Imperial Vercelli, in the light of new archaeological discoveries.

A finales de la baja Edad Media en los núcleos rurales hispanos comienza a producirse la emergencia y la consolidación de nuevos poderes locales, aglutinados en los Concejos. Estos inician un proceso de control de los recursos básicos, tradicionalmente monopolizados por las élites tradicionales, y necesarios para abastecer a las crecientes cabañas ganaderas; entre esos recursos el agua es el protagonista.
El testimonio material de dichos procesos políticos y económicos se encuentra en las pequeñas estructuras hidráulicas rurales, cuya desprotección está favoreciendo su paulatina desaparición. Entre ellas destacan las fuentes abovedadas, un modelo que desde principios del siglo XV se expande por toda la Península Ibérica, por medio de canteros itinerantes, financiados directamente por los Concejos, que a partir de ese momento se encargan también de sus reformas y reparaciones. Este tipo de construcciones, además de funcionar como elementos con un alto poder abastecedor de agua, son edificios de prestigio, que incorporan inscripciones, escudos y otros ornamentos.
En resumen, en ocasiones las humildes construcciones rurales pueden ser tan significativas con respecto a los conflictos como los castillos, los monasterios o las iglesias

This is a free offprint-as with all our publications the entire book is freely accessible on our website, and is available in print or as PDF e-book. www.sidestone.com We dedicate this volume to the memory of Frode Iversen (1967-2022), National Representative of Norway to the Ruralia association

Characterised by low population density and limited urban centres, medieval Norway’s trade in the coastal and fjord districts primarily occurred via sea routes connecting rural districts with towns. This paper investigates rural trade in Vestland county, Norway, during the High and Late Middle Ages (1150–1537), emphasising farmers as consumers rather than producers. The study focuses on 5 excavated farms, assessing archaeological finds such as soapstone vessels, bakestones, quern stones, whetstones and imported pottery. These items, integral to daily life, provide insights into the local, regional and international trade networks.
The study reveals that while imported pottery indicates direct trade with towns like Bergen, other commodities suggest varied sources, from local production to highly organised international trade. This diverse material culture reflects a dynamic maritime trade system, wherein even remote farms participated in broader economic activities, often through intermediaries. This chapter argues that informal trade connected to shipping happened at harbours connected to farms or farming communities. Additionally, this chapter highlights the sociocultural impact of trade by noting how rural households incorporated imported goods, which aligned with broader Nordic trends of integrating foreign cultural elements. The research thus supplements existing studies on maritime trade, offering a nuanced understanding of rural trade dynamics and their cultural implications in medieval Norway.

Two deserted medieval farms are investigated: the coastal Høybøen farm, located on an island on the western coast of Norway, and the inland Hellaug farm located in an upland but low-lying mountain valley. Both farms were settled during the Viking Age and abandoned during the Late Middle Ages. Abandoned Medieval farms have traditionally been perceived as less well-off than central contemporary farms. They have often been characterized as marginal, especially with regard to agrarian conditions. However, little is known about their subsistence strategies and whether they were sustainably farmed for several hundred years before they were abandoned. This paper discusses social aspects of farm establishment, the settlement basis, and land-use practices at the Høybøen and Hellaug farms by using archaeological and botanical sources. Both farms were settled during a time when the areas became more intensively used by neighboring farms. The farms were likely subordinated to a main farm and the people working the newly established farms were tenants. The subsistence strategies were based on the infield-outfield system, but the economic basis of both farms mainly came from outland resources where available pastures were especially important. The combined source material shows that the farms participated in different cultural and economic networks.

Il presente volume raccoglie i risultati del convegno Culture, economie e politiche del bosco in Italia dal medioevo all'età contemporanea, svoltosi a Torino tra il 23 e il 24 gennaio 2025 1 . L'idea di organizzare un incontro sui temi della storia forestale nasceva da una discussione avviata nell'ambito di due progetti attivi presso il Dipartimento di Studi storici dell'Università degli Studi di Torino. Il primo è rappresentato da una ricerca frutto di una convenzione con il Comune di Perarolo di Cadore (Provincia di Belluno), il cui obiettivo era raccogliere e sistematizzare le fonti relative a questa località, contribuendo a ricostruire la storia del paese che, per tutta l'età moderna e almeno fino alla fine dell'Ottocento, è stato uno snodo decisivo nel commercio del legname ricavato dalle foreste delle Alpi nord-orientali e destinato all'emporio commerciale di Venezia. Un successivo finanziamento PRIN-PNRR, per il progetto 'In Search of an Old Resource in the Industrial Era. Wood and the Historical Roots of the Italian Forests (1870s-1960s)', ha permesso di estendere l'indagine in chiave comparativa, confrontando le trasformazioni che hanno caratterizzato Perarolo in epoca contemporanea con le vicende di altri casi studio, ma anche arricchendo la ricerca sul piano tematico e metodologico, grazie ai contributi dei colleghi delle altre due unità che fanno parte del progetto, basate rispettivamente all'Università Politecnica delle Marche e all'Università degli Studi di Genova 2 . 1 Oltre ai testi presentati in quell'occasione, il volume comprende anche un saggio di Lucia Tedesco che è stata coinvolta nell'organizzazione del convegno sin dalle prime fasi. I curatori desiderano ringraziare le autrici, gli autori e tutti coloro che hanno animato il convegno torinese di cui questo volume è il frutto. Un ulteriore ringraziamento va a Elisa Antole,

The description of landscape use and settlement structure in Denmark in Bronze and Iron Age largely is based on a series of classical excavation in Southern and Central Jutland from the 1960'es and the subsequent decades. During the last 10-15 years there is, due to an unusually high level of activities in society, carried out a long list of big archaeological excavations of settlements from the period. In a few cases the excavations has been so many and intense that it has been possible to uncover complete cultural landscapes with settlements, burial grounds, assembly places and production areas. In total we can to day see a much more nuanced and complex picture of the settlement and landscape use of the period. Thus it is now possible to present nuances to a series of paradigms of the past, among others as for the question of self-sufficient settlement units or regional strategies, the degree of interaction between settlement, the different speed and ways of development and finally the consequence of an active level of leadership. Correspondingly it is now possible to demonstrate regional aspect in the patterns of the settlements of the periods, as well as it is possible to analyze the background for the formation of these patterns. Based on a couple of concrete cases the presentation will illustrate the traditional picture of settlement and landscape use in Denmark as well as examples of other regional models. Besides a suggestion as to the causes for the formation of these patterns will be presented.

Abstract
The traditional narrative of Central European historiography postulates that early medieval exchange was based primarily on redistribution, with a marginal role for the market and a monetarised economy. However, important indications suggest that the involvement of rural communities in market exchange began in the central regions of Moravia and Bohemia as early as the 9th and 10th centuries. The establishment of central and local marketplaces in the 11th and 12th centuries in any case preceded the emergence of institutionalised towns in the 13th century. Archaeological and written evidence document a number of rural sites that were located at important communication nodes and became natural meeting and trading places. From the 13th century onwards, these settlements were often granted market or even full urban privileges. Due to the dynamic demands of market exchange, topographical shifts were quite frequent. This created a system characteristic of the High Middle Ages, i.e. a very dense network of market centres at various levels, from market villages to ‘institutionalised’ towns. The peasants could reach the nearest market within 2–3 hours. The paper focuses on the dynamics of the monetarisation of the medieval countryside, the emergence of market places in the period of transformation in the 12th–13th centuries, and the archaeology of market villages in the High Middle Ages in the Czech lands.

This volume brings together a series of case studies on the social and economic interaction and organisation in the medieval and early modern European countryside. In particular, it focuses on rural and smaller trade and markets that have remained relatively underexposed so far. It provides comprehensive presentations of new research on rural socio-economic interactions and networks, and how these are integrated into regional, trans-regional and even global exchange systems. The volume is characterised by an interdisciplinary scope and a broad geographical range, and provides new insights into the diversities and complexities of trade and rural landscape organisation.
The exchange of goods and services were integrated in cultural patterns and social strategies, which were part of the mechanisms of regionalisation and the formation of common cultures and identities. Markets and trading places were also important in terms of noneconomic aspects of society, with different types of social ties and networks, all essential components for dissemination of innovation and ideas. The volume investigates who benefitted, and who controlled the trade. The more or less unresolved question of how we can identify these smaller and informal trading places is a central topic of discussion in this volume.
Presented research suggests a considerably higher complexity in social and economic organisations and networks in rural areas than has previously been assumed. Both on local and regional as well as temporal scales. Local and regional differences in organisation and trade networks can highlight different modes of social organisation. Recognising how rural trade and markets were organised, and why, is fundamental for an understanding of the complexities of societies and regional variations in Europe as a whole.

RESUMEN
En este trabajo de investigación se propone que el proceso de poblamiento llevado a cabo durante el siglo XX en el centro de Patagonia fue de tipo complejo y fluctuante, en contraposición a la idea de un poblamiento homogéneo y lineal como dan cuenta la mayoría de los documentos históricos. Se postula que al abordar desde una perspectiva arqueológica la dinámica poblacional incluyendo al siglo XX, es posible determinar la diversidad del proceso, su continuidad desde momentos previos, evaluando así las transformaciones del paisaje rural. Por un lado, se plantea que, a medida que se produce el avance criollo/europeo/ganadero, una respuesta alternativa de algunos integrantes de los grupos indígenas fue ocupar áreas marginales, de manera semiindependiente y autosuficiente, buscando alejarse de la nueva lógica productiva. Posteriormente, y en relación con la plena ocupación del espacio por parte de la sociedad europea/criolla/ganadera hacia mediados del siglo XX, estos asentamientos independientes fueron desocupados. En esta investigación se propone que estos asentamientos fueron incorporados y subsumidos por las estancias ganaderas, pasando a ser utilizados como “puestos” de estancia, reducidos en tamaño demográfico y espacial. Por otro lado, y en relación a los pobladores de origen criollo/europeo, se proponen distintas estrategias cambiantes a lo largo del tiempo, especialmente desde comienzos de la ocupación de la mesoregión por parte de los mismos y hasta la década de 1960 (período aproximadamente de una generación). Así, la conjunción de los distintos factores políticos y sociales, sumado a otros económicos y ambientales, llevaron a la paulatina desocupación de ciertas áreas y su actual paisaje de abandono, cuyo proceso se evalúa arqueológicamente. En síntesis, en este trabajo se exponen las transformaciones del paisaje arqueológico rural como producto de las diversas estrategias de ocupación del espacio en distintas áreas del centro de Patagonia durante el siglo XX en adelante.

ABSTRACT
This research work proposes that the peopling process carried out during the XX century in Central Patagonia was complex and fluctuating as opposed to the idea of a homogeneous and linear peopling, such as the one suggested by most of the historical documents. We posit that by tackling the population dynamic of the XX century with an archaeological perspective, it is possible to determine the diversity of the process, its continuity from earlier moments, hence assessing the transformations of the rural landscape. On the one hand, we suggest that, as the creole/European/sheep herder advance occurred, an alternative response of some of the members of indigenous groups was occupying marginal areas in a semi-independent and self-sufficient manner, seeking distance from the new productive logic. Afterwards, and in relation to the full occupation of the space by the creole/European/sheep herder society at the mid XX century, these settlements were abandoned. In this research we propose that such settlements were incorporated and subsumed by the sheep ranches, transforming them into “stations” of such ranches, reduced in demographic and spatial size. On the other hand, and in relation to the creole/European settlers, we posit different evolving strategies across time, especially since the beginning of the occupation of the mesoregion until the decade of 1960 (approximate time lapse of a generation). Thus, the conjunction of different political and social factors, added to others economic and environmental, lead to a slow vacancy of certain areas and its current landscape abandonment, process which is archaeologically evaluated. In summary, in this work we expose the transformations of the rural archaeological landscape as a product of the diverse strategies of space occupation in different areas of Central Patagonia during the XX century onwards.

RESUMEN
En este trabajo de investigación se propone que el proceso de poblamiento llevado a cabo durante el siglo XX en el centro de Patagonia fue de tipo complejo y fluctuante, en contraposición a la idea de un poblamiento homogéneo y lineal como dan cuenta la mayoría de los documentos históricos. Se postula que al abordar desde una perspectiva arqueológica la dinámica poblacional incluyendo al siglo XX, es posible determinar la diversidad del proceso, su continuidad desde momentos previos, evaluando así las transformaciones del paisaje rural. Por un lado, se plantea que, a medida que se produce el avance criollo/europeo/ganadero, una respuesta alternativa de algunos integrantes de los grupos indígenas fue ocupar áreas marginales, de manera semiindependiente y autosuficiente, buscando alejarse de la nueva lógica productiva. Posteriormente, y en relación con la plena ocupación del espacio por parte de la sociedad europea/criolla/ganadera hacia mediados del siglo XX, estos asentamientos independientes fueron desocupados. En esta investigación se propone que estos asentamientos fueron incorporados y subsumidos por las estancias ganaderas, pasando a ser utilizados como “puestos” de estancia, reducidos en tamaño demográfico y espacial. Por otro lado, y en relación a los pobladores de origen criollo/europeo, se proponen distintas estrategias cambiantes a lo largo del tiempo, especialmente desde comienzos de la ocupación de la mesoregión por parte de los mismos y hasta la década de 1960 (período aproximadamente de una generación). Así, la conjunción de los distintos factores políticos y sociales, sumado a otros económicos y ambientales, llevaron a la paulatina desocupación de ciertas áreas y su actual paisaje de abandono, cuyo proceso se evalúa arqueológicamente. En síntesis, en este trabajo se exponen las transformaciones del paisaje arqueológico rural como producto de las diversas estrategias de ocupación del espacio en distintas áreas del centro de Patagonia durante el siglo XX en adelante.

ABSTRACT
This research work proposes that the peopling process carried out during the XX century in Central Patagonia was complex and fluctuating as opposed to the idea of a homogeneous and linear peopling, such as the one suggested by most of the historical documents. We posit that by tackling the population dynamic of the XX century with an archaeological perspective, it is possible to determine the diversity of the process, its continuity from earlier moments, hence assessing the transformations of the rural landscape. On the one hand, we suggest that, as the creole/European/sheep herder advance occurred, an alternative response of some of the members of indigenous groups was occupying marginal areas in a semi-independent and self-sufficient manner, seeking distance from the new productive logic. Afterwards, and in relation to the full occupation of the space by the creole/European/sheep herder society at the mid XX century, these settlements were abandoned. In this research we propose that such settlements were incorporated and subsumed by the sheep ranches, transforming them into “stations” of such ranches, reduced in demographic and spatial size. On the other hand, and in relation to the creole/European settlers, we posit different evolving strategies across time, especially since the beginning of the occupation of the mesoregion until the decade of 1960 (approximate time lapse of a generation). Thus, the conjunction of different political and social factors, added to others economic and environmental, lead to a slow vacancy of certain areas and its current landscape abandonment, process which is archaeologically evaluated. In summary, in this work we expose the transformations of the rural archaeological landscape as a product of the diverse strategies of space occupation in different areas of Central Patagonia during the XX century onwards.

El sitio arqueológico Posta El Caldén corresponde a una posta de caminos y pulpería ocupada hacia finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, perteneciente a una serie de postas ubicadas entre las ciudades de Parera e Intendente Alvear, en el norte de la actual provincia de La Pampa. Desde el año 2010, se realizaron sondeos y excavaciones en el sitio que permitieron recuperar 4930 restos arqueológicos de diversas materias primas provenientes de superficie y de un área de descarte. Los materiales vítreos corresponden al 30% del total (n=1520). En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis morfológico funcional de estos materiales.
A partir de ello, se determinan sus formas base, la bebida que contenían y su posible procedencia (nacional o internacional). La información generada profundizará el conocimiento acerca de las prácticas de consumo de los pobladores del norte pampeano hacia fines del siglo XIX y permitirá aportar al estudio de la conformación de la ruralidad en esta región.

The management of environmental resources is a key theme in rural and environmental history, yet interdisciplinary dialogue remains limited. This paper examines how political transformations in 19th-century Southern Europe influenced environmental policymaking in Portugal and Spain. By integrating rural history, political discourse analysis, and 19th-century scientific and engineering texts, it enhances understanding of environmental governance and sustainable practices.

Expanding political participation in the 19th century reshaped environmental policies. As legislative bodies became more inclusive, they incorporated individuals with engineering and scientific expertise, fostering new approaches to environmental management. This shift shaped inland water and forestry regulations, as seen in Portugal’s late 19th-century environmental laws and Spain’s forestry and water policies. By linking rural history with engineers’ and scientists’ contributions, this study highlights how technical knowledge informed legislative debates and decisions.

This research contributes to broader efforts to integrate scientific and technical expertise into historical analysis. Examining engineering and scientific writings alongside legislative records reveals how expertise shaped governance, balancing private property rights with public conservation interests. These insights inform discussions on governance, sustainability, and the historical role of technical knowledge in policymaking.

This study analyses the organisation of the landscapes and socioeconomic and political structures of the Iberian period in the Valencian Country during the first millennium BCE. Using spatial analysis, it offers an interpretation of the historical dynamics and the evolution of Iberian societies within the urbanisation process of the western Mediterranean. Despite clear evidence of social differentiation, it proposes a general model of the sociopolitical organisation of groups, with both strong social stratification and corporate behaviours.

Royal inscriptions are historical records concerning ancient Egyptian kings. Throughout the pharaonic period, they were carved on durable media, including temple walls, stelae, obelisks, statues, and objects. Depending on genres and styles, they could serve various purposes. Royal inscriptions were initially primarily pictorial, but over time became entirely textual. Since they were created for kings, they provide a rich source of historical information about the nature of kingship and royal ideology. For modern scholars, these royal records are invaluable aids in reconstructing ancient Egyptian history and in understanding royal deeds, activities, and
discourse.

Entre la fin du XIXe siècle et le milieu du XXe siècle, la région de la basse vallée
de la Medjerda, située dans la périphérie nord reculée de la ville de Tunis, a
subi un processus d’urbanisation qui a remodelé son réseau du peuplement en
remettant en discussion la hiérarchie et le rôle de ses centres urbains. Les tendances
démographiques s’étaient inversées par une nette augmentation de la population
suite à des grands flux d’immigration. Ainsi se revitalisaient de nombreux noyaux
de population distincts redéfinissant cette région selon de nouveaux principes.
La formation de ce réseau est conditionnée essentiellement par l’intervention de
l’administration coloniale et ses priorités régulatrices. Elle a toujours établi des
hiérarchies urbaines en appuyant sur une localité distinguée dans l’armature
préexistante. Ainsi les rapports engageant les différentes localités de la région de la
basse vallée de la Medjerda étaient empreints d’une certaine complémentarité.
L’objectif essentiel du présent travail est d’étudier les relations et le processus de la
hiérarchisation urbaine dans cette région, en particulier sous forme de domination
et de complémentarité, entre les localités préexistantes d’un côté, et les nouveaux
centres urbains coloniaux, de l’autre.

Archeologie van de Middeleeuwen en de Moderne Tijden in de drie Belgische gewesten en aangrenzende gebieden Archéologie du Moyen Âge et des Temps Modernes dans les trois régions belges et les pays limitrophes Mittelalterliche und Neuzeitliche Archäologie in den drei Belgischen Regionen und Nachbargebieten

La nuova serie, che si articola in tre sezioni (Studi, Strumenti, Testi), accoglie monografie, raccolte di saggi, atti di convegni, sussidi bibliografici, edizioni di autori piacentini e quanto altro possa trovare luogo in una collana che non interpreta in senso restrittivo né la «storia» né la «piacentinità». La Biblioteca è posta sotto la stessa direzione scientifica del Bollettino.

Abstract. Excavations undertaken by the Department of Antiquities under the direction of the author between 1977 and 1990 at the north necropolis of Paphos have opened a window into the hitherto unknown history of Hellenistic Paphos. The excavations were supplemented by the investigation of the city walls, the NW gate in particular, to establish the connection between the city and the necropolis. Several sites within the city walls also became the focus of investigation for the implementation of the Master Plan for the creation of the Paphos Archaeological Park. As a result of 14 seasons of excavation, a significant part of the necropolis including five monumental hypogea with peristyle atria and one tumulus were investigated and some have been partially restored. The impressive funerary monuments, assigned to the Ptolemies found their counterpart mostly in Alexandria and Macedonia; in fact, they represent a blend of the two regions. The study of its architectural complexity and the variety of finds will in the future enrich considerably the history of Paphos. The urban development of Paphos, the interaction of the necropolis with the city, and its role in the history of Cypriot architecture in general will be considered in the final publication of the site. The impressive architecture recovered at the site became the object of speculative interpretations by a historian and an architect alike, leaving no choice to the excavator but to respond to those unsupported conclusions based on fabricated evidence.
The present is a revised version with an Addendum

De kleine stad in de middeleeuwen. Een Malta blik op stedelijkheid, stadsmorfologie en -landschap. Casus: Deinze. [ Colofon ] [ Titel ] De kleine stad in de middeleeuwen. Een Malta blik op stedelijkheid, stadsmorfologie en -landschap. Casus: Deinze.

Throughout 2022, five small sondages were carried out and samples were taken to complement the prospecting conducted in 2021 by our team. In this case, the work focused on the Parzonería de Entzia and on the area around what used to be known as Mount Alkoitza, and is today called Luzuriagabaso. The aim was to characterise the purpose of the remains identified and to date them, in order to understand better how livestock farming practices have changed in terms of the management of woodland areas from the 18th century to the present time.

En el marco del proyecto UBACyT F 095 que tiene como parte de sus objetivos estudiar y comprender el poblamiento del norte de la provincia de La Pampa posterior a las campañas militares de fines del siglo XIX, se presenta la primera aproximación al sitio arqueológico denominado Posta El Caldén. El mismo se encuentra en el departamento de Realicó (sección I, fracción A, lote 24). Se trata de una posta de caminos y pulpería ocupada hacia finales del siglo XIX. Dicho sitio pertenecía a una serie de postas ubicadas entre las ciudades de Victorica y General Villegas (provincia de Buenos Aires). En este trabajo se presentará el relevamiento, los sondeos y las excavaciones realizadas desde el 2009 hasta la fecha. Estas tareas tienen como objetivos generales estudiar las prácticas sociales de estos nuevos grupos a través de los restos materiales, las fuentes escritas y la historia oral. Este análisis nos permitió observar que los objetos materiales hallados en el sitio se corresponden con una casa de negocios que funcionó entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Esta temática no ha sido aún desarrollada en la arqueología histórica argentina por lo que consideramos que este trabajo puede aportar información relevante para comprender mejor los procesos de poblamiento de esta región.

Part of the aims of the research project UBACyT F 095 is to study and understand the settlement of the north of La Pampa Province after the military campaigns of the late 19th century. Here we present the first approach to the archaeological site Posta El Calden. This site is in Realico's district (section I, fraction A, lot 24). This is a “pulperia” occupied during the late 19th century. The site comprises a series of postas located between the cities of Victorica and General Villegas (Buenos Aires Province). In this work we will present the results of the surveys and excavations carried out since 2009. These tasks have as general aims the study of the social practices of these new groups through material remains, written sources and oral history. This analysis allowed us to observe that the materials found at the site belong to a "casa de negocio" that operated between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. This topic has not yet been developed in his...

Part III considers wider aspects of the Anglo-Saxon economy. Matilda Holmes and Helena Hamerow draw upon their research undertaken as part of the FeedSax project to provide a zooarchaeological perspective on agriculture and trade in Anglo-Saxon England. In our final paper, Neil Faulkner sets out in his characteristically ebullient fashion his hypothetical model for the development of the political economy of Middle Anglo-Saxon England which grew out of his fieldwork at Sedgeford. This paper forms a pair with that also published posthumously in the FeedSax conference volume (Faulkner 2022) and it is to be regretted that we will not get to see how this model might have been refined in light of further research and discussion. Following the conference, Neil became very ill with an aggressive form of lymphoma and he passed away in February 2022. Neil remained industrious throughout the period of his illness and we are fortunate that he was able to provide a finished draft of his paper and was also able to play an active role in editing some of the other papers presented in this volume. In recognition of the great debt which the Sedgeford project and many of the individual contributors to this volume owe to Neil, the following section presents a selection of the tributes paid to Neil by members of the SHARP community, and we are pleased to be able to dedicate this volume to his memory. Anderson, S. 2024. Tradition and Innovation: six centuries of pottery production, use and disposal in Late Saxon to late medieval East Anglia. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of East Anglia.

After 60 years of research, the Late Antique city of Nea Paphos remains poorly understood. The prevailing paradigm of the city's gradual decline following the earthquake of 342 AD is contradictory to indirect evidence suggesting the prosperity of Cyprus as a whole during this period. Indeed, local production of agricultural goods, ceramics, and raw materials appears to have peaked once again between the 4th and 7th centuries AD. The port of Nea Paphos, as one of the most important harbor cities in southwestern Cyprus, served as a critical intermediary agent within a dense network of regional and interregional mercantile connections. This is evident from the analysis of amphorae, which provide excellent data on material exchange and the island's connectivity with neighboring regions and beyond.

The paper demonstrates the potential of confronting the material remains of the rural settlement with oral sources for the investigation of the recent and early modern history of mountainous southern Kurdistan. By a lucky combination of data, it was possible to reconstruct in considerable detail the circumstances of the founding of a small village in the peripheral part of the Zagros mountain at the end of the 19th century, as well as its development, built environment, economy and ownership structure until its dramatic end in 1997. Moreover, a number of more general questions emerged that go beyond the micro-historical focus of the present paper and which have not yet been discussed in detail. The case study stresses the urgency of further archaeological research of the pre-modern village nucleation process in southern Kurdistan and the relationship between the Islamic-period nucleated and stabilised villages and the earlier settlements.

Abstract: The study of ceramics in the Iberian Peninsula reveals significant changes in production, forms, decorations, and types of tableware, transport, and cooking ceramics during the 8th century. These changes may be the result of external influences and socioeconomic processes in the area. The importance of the proposed method in this study, which utilizes archaeological stratigraphy to determine changes in forms and consumption during the 8th century, is emphasized.
Key words: Ceramics, Iberian Peninsula, rural productions, Islamic Period, Methodology, Landscape.

Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Munaretto, S. (2013). Irrigation Water Efficiency in the Canale Emiliano Romagnolo District, Italy. An assessment of the existing water governance system and prospects for change. (W-13/01). Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam. Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Munaretto, S. (2013). Irrigation Water Efficiency in the Canale Emiliano Romagnolo District, Italy. An assessment of the existing water governance system and prospects for change. (W-13/01). Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam. Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

L’analyse et la compréhension de l’installation, de
l’évolution et de l’abandon de la villa, sise au lieu-dit
« La Carrière Dorée », à Orchies (Nord), ont été possibles
notamment grâce à la vigilance et à la cohérence
des choix des différents partenaires, publics et privés1,
qui ont permis d’assurer la continuité scientifique de
l’opération. En effet, la villa, repérée au coeur du
même projet foncier (vente et construction de lots
commerciaux au sein d’une zAC), mais sur des
tranches d’opération différentes, a pu être intégralement
fouillée par le même opérateur, à savoir Douaisis
Agglo - Direction de l’archéologie préventive.
Cette exhaustivité de traitement, dont il faut préciser
qu’elle ne concerne que le domaine bâti et clos de
la villa, s’est donc accomplie à la suite de deux opérations
de fouille: la première, tenue en 2006 sous la
responsabilité de Christian Séverin, la seconde en
2010, sous celle de Sylvain Robelot2. La localisation
de ces deux opérations, de part et d’autre de la Route
Départementale 938, s’est avérée correspondre, peu
ou prou, à celles de l’aire résidentielle du domaine
antique à son apogée (tranche 1) et de son pendant
économique et domestique (tranche 2)3. Un apogée
auquel on associe une occupation de 2,2 ha, en
sachant qu’au total 3 ha ont été fouillés sur les 13 qui
avaient été diagnostiqués.

Glass from 16th–17th Century Savo, Finland: Finds from the Manor of Juva Partala.
This article (in Finnish language) presents archaeological glass finds from 2017 excavations at the historic Partala manor in Juva, Finland. The study focuses on window and vessel glass fragments from the 1500s and 1600s, including rare imported items like passglasses and römer-type drinking vessels. These findings reflect the manor’s role as a prosperous administrative and cultural centre and demonstrate the early use of imported glassware even in inland rural Finland.

In his work, Kypros, the Bible and Homer, Ohne- falsch-Richter noted the location of a number of sanctuaries at or near the site of ancient Idalion.1 During the summer of 1998, the University of Ari- zona Expedition to Idalion under the direction of Pamela Gaber discovered yet another temple. This cult site is now referred to as the “City Sanctuary.” There are a number of reasons this temple differs from the other sanctuaries that have been investi- gated by excavators at Idalion.
During the excavation seasons from 2002–2017 a great swath of the City Sanctuary was uncovered. In addition to several unique features, there were two curious facts about the sacred precinct that marked it as unique among temene at Idalion. While there were inscriptions in many languages found at more than one sanctuary at Idalion, inscriptions in the Lower City South (City Sanctuary) occurred only
1 | Ohnefalsch-Richter 1893, 5–19.
in Cypro-syllabic script.
Other anomalies include the exclusive use of
open “saucer-type” lamps, even into the Hellenis- tic and Roman periods, and early rituals involving water that continued in use uninterrupted from the Geometric period through to the Roman period. Use of offering platforms and altars with ash pits also was continuous for a thousand years. Perhaps most tellingly, when the Phoenicians of Kition conquered Idalion in c. 450 BCE, they destroyed the adminis- trative center violently and left the rest of the city untouched — except for one room in the City Sanc- tuary where the xoanon and two subsidiary wooden poles were housed. This was evidence that the City Sanctuary housed the cult of the Great Goddess, the primary deity of Idalion, and her guardian figures, the Master and Mistress of Animals.

From the 3rd century BC, the Subatlantic period was characterized by a significant improvement in climatic conditions. Rising temperatures and increased rainfall define this period, which contrasts with the 5th and 4th centuries BC, a period of greater aridity and thermal amplitude. Between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC, the settlement record in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula shows a singular dynamic: the 'disappearance' of the Tartessian civilization and the emergence of a new form of settlement displaying evident links with the north of the Iberian Peninsula. This change in settlement models has been explained in social, economic and even linguistic terms, without paying attention to essential conditions for settlement, especially water supply. We present a comparative analysis of water supply strategies of the Early and Late Iron Age and pose the question as to how issues of water supply were successfully resolved by the newly arrived 'Celtic' populations.

Motivation theories and need theories offer an interesting possibility for  archaeological investigations to look at household goods and other archaeological finds from a new perspective. This is based on the concept of M. Max-Neef, who does not hierarchise needs and does not distinguish between needs and luxury goods. This is followed by the concept of distinguishing between needs and fulfillers of needs. In combination with H. Heckhausen’s motivation-theoretical approach, household goods can be evaluated and interpreted in an archaeological context on a solid theoretical basis. Objects of all kinds and the actors can be analysed in relation to the aspect of motivation and needs on different levels. The constant and dynamic influence of the individual, the community and the environment is considered. The aim is to reconstruct the life situation of the actors, taking into account the changing fulfillers of needs. Here, in addition to a detailed theoretical and methodological introduction, the potential of these theories of motivation and needs is illustrated by three examples from Hanfelden Castle.