Romani Migration

This article presents some main issues related to connectivity among Romanies worldwide and some processes that inhibit them. The different diasporic narratives and the political ideas that emerged in the last decades for development of a global Romani community, which comprises multiples territories and is able to overcome the internal drawbacks and consolidate a unity among the scattered and very diverse Romani groups are facing new forms of old challenges: news practices of bordering and surveillance targeting the Romanies, considered as a "security problem", that result in forced mobility or forced immobility for them and reveals the precarization of their citizenship status. The persistence of stereotypes that relate Romanies to criminality, nomadism, diseases, backwardness, foreign origin, and lack of national belonging has sustained and reinforced negative attitudes towards them and the discourse of Romanies as a public menace.

The presented report focuses on The Wiener Holocaust Library in London in the context of shaping the memory of the Holocaust in Europe. This research was funded in whole by National Science Centre, Poland, project no. 2023/07/X/HS3/00342. Anna Kuchta extends her thanks to The Wiener Holocaust library staff for warm welcome and research guidance during her visit.

This article analyses the processes of preserving the collective memory of the genocide suffered by Roma communities during the Second World War, known as Porrajmos. The first part is dedicated to a reconstruction of the historical events and ideological conditions that characterized the persecution of Roma communities in Europe. The second part presents the results of an exploratory study, conducted through semi-structured interviews, which reveals the compensatory function of Roma families in relation to the official channels of commemoration. These families, constituted as primary microsocial units capable of promoting the preservation of memories and remembrance through generational transmission, can be considered as the main channel for the preservation of the history of these communities. Indeed, the study, whose data analysis was carried out using NVivo software, shows the existence of a collective memory based on family transmission, highlighting the central role of elders as mediators of memory. It also proposes a crossgender and cross-generational analysis focusing on gender roles and the memory strategies of the new generations.

The present study investigates the case of a Hungarian-speaking
Roma community in a Szekler village (Transylvania) from the perspectives
of (contested) ethnic belonging, kinship, and different
forms of capital, and presents the struggles of a relatively newly
formed group within this community for finding new social and
ethnic positions in relation with their Roma fellows and also with
the Hungarian/Szekler majority. The members of this new group are
the most successful in basket weaving, the special craft of local
Roma, while they also share a common family history when they
link their descent to a funding father who raised 11 children. The
family histories of the descent – besides referring to supposed
Hungarian ancestors/relatives – are told in terms of work ethic,
education, and religious life that all resulted in wealth, thus creating
a new local ethnic group whose members constantly contest their
Roma ethnic belonging and delimit themselves from the ordinary
Roma. This in-betweenness unfolds the certainties and uncertainties
of social and economic life, the identities between self, family, and
community. The case can be perceived as an example of the
dynamics of local social life and offer a view on the renegotiation
of group formation and ethnic boundaries.

This paper is focused on the dynamic process of identity construction in migration, seen through the lenses of the intersectionality between ethnicity, gender, and class. On these three axes group identities are being negotiated in the constant process of "doing difference". The three-year transnational action research on which the paper is based uses ethnography, visual methods and peer-research, and is aimed at reconstructing the gendered migration experience of young Romanian Roma in Italy. The transnational migration of Romanian Roma families of the last ten years connects the South West of Romania to Milan by transnational circuits and kinship networks. As a result of discrimination in the access to adequate housing and labor, many Roma migrants live in segregated "nomad camps" or squats and are involved in informal street economies: they beg, play music, or pickpocket on a daily basis. The Roma are usually seen as a relatively homogeneous ethnic group, and there is an ongoing process of constructing the "imagined community" of a unitary European, oppressed minority. On the other hand, the migrants themselves creatively build identities to differentiate from other groups with whom, in migration, they come to share urban spaces. Some of the practices of Roma groups (especially language and family related practices) are reified as "tradition" and come to mediate the differences between Roma and non-Roma, or between different groups of Roma, defining identities in antithesis to the fluidly constructed "other". But tradition is not "done" in a uniform manner inside the group it defines, instead it is embodied mostly in women and comes to legitimate control over their lives. Such a process is indicated by the practices like premarital virginity, arranged matrimonies and maternities. By maintaining strong distinctions between gendered life paths, minority groups reclaim valued identities, based on the moral value of "our" women and family arrangements. City streets, as opposed to domestic space, bare gendered opportunities and risks that youth often experience away from parental and community control. Thus daily experience of the city contrasts housing segregation and allows youth to build new belongings and gender scenarios, inverting the "traditional" ones. Some young boys and girls become "occidental", some convert to new religions, while some women use the abilities gained in the streets to negotiate higher power and status in their families. New, culturally hybrid identities emerge and families reorganize care and control over their members. Thus transnational parenting, women breadwinners or independent life projects are accommodated into a new kind of family tradition.

The chapter looks into the socio-material production and regulation of the ethnopolitical figure of the "Roma beggar" through the prism of a regime-of-(im)mobility approach. Based on an ethnographic study, core aspects of this regime for "Roma beggars" are analysed on a micro-scale: criminalizing transport, invisibilising borders, educating beggars, victimization, stillness and deportability. The study investigates the everyday social and physical infrastructures and logistics for (im) mobility, imaginaries of (im)mobility and discursive technologies. It shows how a differentiated, rationalized knowledge on "them" is produced. "Roma beggars" are constituted as an epistemic object and policy target, legitimizing the unequal treatment of people in the name of security. The related regime-of-(im)mobility derives its effectiveness precisely from its in-built arbitrariness and inconsistency. The key insight is that the "stilled, able beggar" is the only legitimate form of begging in the light of a community of good and able citizens. As this figure is practically unrealizable and deceptive, it flips into the "Roma beggar". The chapter concludes that this "stilled-Other of the citizen" is a discursively activatable and materially stabilized aspect of the Otherness operating within the concept of citizenship itself. Hence, the regime-of-(im)mobility for "Roma beggars" turns out to be an integral part of regimes that enable differential movements and forms of (im)mobile existences among all kinds of people.

The seminar reported here was held to discuss the educ ational problems specific to gypsy children and to identify the principal elements of their culture and history with which-teachers in Western Europe should become acquainted. Attended by gypsy representatives, teachers, teacher trainers, inspectors of.education and ministerial representatives from tight European states, the seminar also allowed.comparisom of the schooling croblems of other nomads. Discussion focused on gypsy illiteracy, the cultural inappropriateness of gypsy schooling, the place for'gypsy culture in education, the environment asa determining factor in schooling; an& teacher Asaining. The seminar report includes summaries of two introducfery addresses which deal with the schooling of gypsy 'children and the relationship of local and regional authorities to gypsies. Summaries of three talks given by gypsy-representatives, which.deOt with socio-educational problems of gypsy and nomad children and the responsibility of teachers of those children, are alsd included. The report further contains reports of two study groups on gypsy culture, environment, stereotypes) teacher training, and schooling and on schooling nomadic Lapp children in Norway and of gypsy.thildren in France, Swedent.and Italy. Finally, 13 recommendations regarding the education of gypsy children conclude the report.

This article pertains to the resettlement of the Carpathian Roma during Operation Vistula and their successive relocation to the Western and Northern Territories of post war Poland. The story of their displacement is absent from narratives regarding the sub-deportation social landscape in post-1947 Poland, just as there is very little information about their subsequent resettlement in the present-day Podkarpackie Voivodeship.

Models of indigeneity and contextualization tend to overlook the impact of surrounding cultures on the culture and sense of identity of minority ethnic groups. Recent debate about ethnic groups and their cultures in anthropology provides essential theoretical foundations for examining this issue. This article begins by exploring these foundations and their implications for missiological conceptions of indigeneity and for fostering indigenous expressions of faith. Then, drawing on theories of acculturation, the dynamic and multifaceted influence of other (particularly more dominant) cultures on minority groups is discussed, using the case of the Turkish-speaking Millet in Bulgaria and their western European diaspora to illustrate this. The consequences of failing to recognize outside influence on minority groups include miscontextualization and misapplication of principles of indigeneity. These are illustrated through the case of the Millet. Finally, implications for missionary practice are drawn out.

The subject of study is the Bulgarian women, who for different, mainly economic, reasons emigrate to other countries and how this affects their social and psychological status. During the transition, immigration processes in Bulgaria accelerated. A special feature is the feminization of emigration. With this peculiarity, we get into the general flow of feminization of emigration around the world. Similar are some consequences of this feminization - breaking down families; keeping the children in the hands of spouses and parents who too often fail to cope with the challenge; bribery of children with dry money, which accustom them to laziness and to unacceptable and criminal activities; staying with the status of a non-married woman; loneliness etc.

Открытие границ после падения Берлинской стены и вступление Болгарии в Европейский Союз в 2007 году создали лучшие возможности для трудоустройства и жизни за рубежом для многих болгар, но вызвали в стране демографический спад. Масштабная миграция населения за последние 30 лет привела к сокращению численности населения Болгарии с 8 987 000 человек в 1989 г. до 6 981 047 человек в 2019 г. и оказала глубокое воздействие на страну и ее экономику. Как следствие, страна переживает демографический кризис как самый депопуляционный в Европе, сталкиваясь с такими проблемами, как утечка мозгов, замедление роста населения и сокращение численности трудоспособного населения. Трудовая миграция и обусловленные ею неблагоприятные долгосрочные демографические тенденции приводят к негативным последствиям, сказывающимся на размерах семьи, составе семьи и трансфертах между поколениями. Наряду с негативными последствиями для болгарского государства и экономики, трудовая миграция также оказала положительное экономическое влияние. С одной стороны, для самих мигрантов это связано с возможностями получения более высокой заработной платы впринимающих странах, достижением социальной стабильности, а также приобретениемнового профессионального и социального опыта. С другой стороны, для болгарскогогосударства это связано с передачей  профессиональных навыков, знаний и денежными переводами.

Marriage has been studied by anthropologists usually in so-called “traditional” Roma communities. These communities are said to have “successfully” avoided assimilation and the process of proletarianization. According to classical anthropological studies, marriage plays an important role in maintaining the organization of these communities and their “cultural system” (Gay y Blasco 1999; Okely 1996; Sutherland 1976; Tesăr 2012; Williams 2000). Based on longterm ethnographical fieldwork from 2000 to 2013, my paper will discuss the meanings that marriage takes in a Hungarian Romungro community,1  which is highly affected by processes of assimilation and proletarianization. I will point out that although the concept and practice of marriage here are different from those of non-proletarianized communities—for example, the notion of “arranged marriage” does not exist among Romungros—marriage seems
to be the most significant institution in the everyday life of the community.
The institution of marriage can be interpreted through intersectionality,
along with the kinship system and gender relationships, but it should not
be separated from ethnic identity, everyday practices of ethnic distinctions, and class position either. Drawing on two case studies, I will show how the institution of marriage relates to the extended family, the Gypsy/Hungarian distinction, and the class positions within this community, and how the process of proletarianization affects the role and concepts of marriage.

The subject of study is the Bulgarian women, who for different, mainly economic, reasons emigrate to other countries and how this affects their social and psychological status. During the transition, immigration processes in Bulgaria accelerated. A special feature is the feminization of emigration. With this peculiarity, we get into the general flow of feminization of emigration around the world. Similar are some consequences of this feminization - breaking down families; keeping the children in the hands of spouses and parents who too often fail to cope with the challenge; bribery of children with dry money, which accustom them to laziness and to unacceptable and criminal activities; staying with the status of a non-married woman; loneliness etc.

This paper illustrates the problems of Roma children through the life of a particular group of emigrants, and looks for the answer how much their ambition, that is behind the under­ taking of the emigrants, supported their adapta­ tion to a new social environment. European literature has not really dealt with the emigra­ tion of this ethnic group until this time because during the existence of the "iron curtain" until 1990 the migration directed from the east to­ wards the west did not have large dimensions except during the big political upheavals.

This paper reports on the relationship between attitudes toward illegal immigrants and illegal immigration, and people's private behavioural intention to immigrate illegally into a foreign country. The research was carried out in 2005, in Bulgaria, a country with a net emigration rate, using a sample of 505 undergraduate Bulgarian students (22.5% male; M age = 23.3; SD = 4.8). A pool of 78 items assessed attitudes toward undocumented immigrants and evaluation of illegal migration. These two measures were used to predict potential undocumented immigration. Based on a factor analysis six subscales were identified and labelled: improvement of life, moral evaluation, courage to live, failure experienced in own country, expectations of benefits from illegal migration, and right to immigrate. Results of a multiple regression analysis explained 62 percent of the variance of the behavioural intention to migrate illegally into a foreign country. The analysis yielded the following factors: attitudes to improve life (β = 0.35), the moral evaluation of illegal immigrants (β =-0.26), expectancies of benefits (β =-0.19), the courage of migrants (β = 0.10), and seeing illegal immigration as a right (β = 0.09), These findings support the hypothesis that attitudes may predict potential behaviour, the strongest predictor for undocumented migration being the urge to improve life, and moral evaluation of migrants.

The article deals with the classification of the family formations in Gypsy osadas in eastern Slovakia. Three basic types of kin group, which differ in extent, structure and function, can be distinguished in Gypsy osadas. The first group is the nuclear family, which includes two to three generations, consisting of parents and their children. This group usually maintains a common household. The second type of family described in the article we call 'complex family'. It is defined as a group consisting of nuclear families of parents together with nuclear families of their adult sons. The complex family is usually patrilinear and the prevailing pattern of post-marital residency is patrilocality. The last and the largest kin group, the fajta, is a kind of lineage usually maintained in patrilinear descent. It is the largest social group in the Gypsy osada. The coherence and integrity of the fajta is maintained by a practice of exchanging women, either between different complex families in the same fajta or between complex families in different fajtas (which usually originates by the splitting up of one fajta). This pattern of exchanging women is repeated for generations and establishes important alliances between complex families. All social contacts are limited to the members of the same fajta or to the members of the fajta linked by the established alliances. The fajtas are not static, and regrouping based on marital alliances is constant.

Placing this article from an ethnological perspective, I deal with the relationship patterns of the Bulgarian citizens in the town of Burgos in Northern Spain. In the migration context, Bulgarian migrants create three types of relationship patterns - social relations that are maintained within the kinship community; social contacts, which are developed within the Bulgarian migrant community; and social ties that they create with
local people and other migrants. By looking at the different types of social relations, I seek to acknowledge how all these practices influence the way in which Bulgarian citizens negotiate their social positions in the new society. Viewed on the intracommunity level, the representatives of different ethnic groups relate and interact as being part of the same community, although the ethnic labels are kept. Speaking on
the level beyond the community, all nationals realise that maintaining contacts with the Spaniards and involvement in their social circles is important to their successful adaptation and integration. By living in a multicultural environment, Bulgarian citizens contact also other migrants who also like them live and work in Spain. So, each member of the Bulgarian community might be incorporated into a number of various
social circles. The greatest impact on the process of social cohesion of the migrants from Bulgaria in Spanish society has the circles of communication in which they are included rather than migration networks, in which they participated upon arrival.

This paper presents the impact of labour mobility and migration on children who are cared for by grandparents or older siblings in Bulgaria. It focuses on the impact of parents’ migration on the school experiences of pupils. For many kids whose fathers and mothers are working in European
countries such as Spain or Greece, “home” means the absence of parents and missing supervision relationships between parents and children. There is a lack of direct care and upbringing on the part of parents, which causes problems in preparation for school and relationships with teachers. Results from ethnographic field research among the Romanian-speaking Rudari families are used in the text. Two cases of Rudari families living in the village of Kharlets (near the town of Kozloduy) and in the town of Beloslav (near the city of Varna) are presented in the text because they give more details about the migration pattern of the Rudari.

Using detailed demographic reconstruction for a single village in northern Hungary, this article seeks to trace the history, over the last two centuries, of social and economic inclusion of the Romany minority. In particular, demographic patterns (fertility, births out of wedlock and infant mortality) are examined as indices of social and economic inclusion of the Romany ethnic group. One of the major findings of this study is that there is no unilinear trend toward segregation or integration of the Roma. On the contrary, waves of integration or assimilation are followed by waves of segregation. Whether assimilation or segregation has the upper hand in any given historical epoch depends to a large extent on macro-historical processes. Ethnic relations are thus variable and contingent. While rejecting claims that the Hungarian Roma as a whole constitute an underclass, a historically nuanced amendment to Wilson's model of underclass formation is proposed as the best explanation of changes in the social condition of the Roma since the decline of the state socialist economy.

On Wednesday 5th November, LSE Visiting Fellow Dr Sheba Saeed will be screening her film Beggars of Lahore on the LSE Campus. Here she talks about what inspired her to make the documentary and the challenges of putting together such an emotionally demanding piece.

Phiren Amenca was part of the project 'Roma Genocide-Part of European History', coordinated by the Roma Youth Center in Macedonia , which was aimed at preserving the memory of the Roma victims of Nazism and strengthening remembrance and awareness about the Roma Genocide. Most activists tend to stress what supports their cause. It is problematic.

The article introduces the special issue's subject-matter. The intention of this volume is to overcome a number of major omissions and curtailed interests in the field of migration studies-deemphasizing gender and sexuality, ignoring the "intersectional" interplay of gender with other dimensions of inequality in migration societies, Eurocentric preoccupation, non-consideration of the agency of migrants and caught up in methodological nationalism. The authors come from different institutional contexts and academic disciplines and address quite different questions. However, all the contributions share a methodologically transnational and postcolonial-feminist analytical perspective, the perception of migrants as subjects provided with agency and a critical attitude towards the prevailing policies with regard to migrants and refugees in Europe.

Until recently, the migration of Polish Roma has not been a subject of an academic inquiry. This article aim is to shed light on some issues related to transnational living and identity of Polish Roma in anthropological perspective1. The findings of our research suggest that Roma migrations from Poland are not categorically different from non-Roma population and in fact are integral and socially connected part of history of migrations from Poland on local and national level, determined by same processes of structural forces rendering people to seek opportunities abroad. Our study has demonstrated how crucial and important is for Polish Roma their connection to Poland -on social, personal, cultural and economic level. This calls for a more careful and nuanced approach in future research to Polish Roma identity seen in relational terms. Finally, our article calls for a need to a more ethically informed research with the Roma whose Polish identity needs to be recognized in its own right, in particular in migratory context. This means also few policy recommendations that we offer at the end of the article. * * * Do niedawna migracja polskich Romów nie była przedmiotem badań naukowych, stąd też celem tego artykułu jest rzucenie światła na niektóre kwestie związane z ich transnarodowym życiem i tożsamością w perspektywie antropologicznej. Wyniki naszych badań sugerują, że migracje Romów z Polski nie różnią się zasadniczo od migracji ludności nieromskiej i w rzeczywistości stanowią integralną i społecznie powiązaną część historii migracji z Polski na poziomie lokalnym i krajowym, zdeterminowaną przez te same warunki strukturalne, które motywują ludzi do wyjazdów za granicę. Nasze badanie 1 Founding source: Polonez NCN "Continuity or change -Anthropological analysis of Polish Roma migration paths to Great Britain", grant No. 2015/19/P/HS6/04125. The project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 665778. pokazało, jak ważna dla polskich Romów jest ich łączność z Polską -na poziomie społecznym, osobistym, kulturowym i gospodarczym. Wymaga to ostrożniejszego i bardziej zniuansowanego podejścia do przyszłych badań nad polską tożsamością Romów. Wreszcie, nasz artykuł wzywa do potrzeby bardziej świadomych etycznie badań z udziałem Romów, których polska tożsamość nie może być kwestionowana, w szczególności w kontekście migracji. Oznacza to również kilka rekomendacji w tym obszarze, które proponujemy na końcu artykułu.

This paper illustrates the problems of Roma children through the life of a particular group of emigrants, and looks for the answer how much their ambition, that is behind the under­ taking of the emigrants, supported their adapta­ tion to a new social environment. European literature has not really dealt with the emigra­ tion of this ethnic group until this time because during the existence of the "iron curtain" until 1990 the migration directed from the east to­ wards the west did not have large dimensions except during the big political upheavals.

The given paper aims to study the national and ethnic discourses in a settlement situated to the North-East of Hungary from a cultural anthropological perspective. The analysis focuses on the everyday interactions and communicational situations through which the ‘Hungarian’ and ‘Gypsy’ ethnic communities establish the preconditions of social cooperation and functional coexistence, while trying to stabilize the inner relations of the local society.

The Roma (as many of those called Gypsies in the Englishspeaking world prefer to call themselves) were among the main victims in the time of the Holocaust. Although historians argue whether they were targeted on the same racial grounds as the Jews were and whether their suffering may be compared with the tragedy of the Shoah, it is beyond question that hundreds of thousands of European Romanies perished in the Holocaust, many of them in the gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau and other Nazi death camps.

Many scholars of culture and society of Roma were more or less involved in challenging the misrepresentations of Roma. This paper describes and analyzes the author's engagement in presenting informed and accurate contemporary anthropological studies of and with Roma to different publics in Slovenia. First, the author explored different definitions of engagement within the anthropology (public anthropology, engaged anthropology, publicly engaged anthropology development anthropology). Second, the text defines different fields of knowledge about the Roma (Romology, Romani Studies, anthropology of Gypsies). The main author’s point is that the engagement with accurate and informed transmission of anthropological knowledge about the Roma is urgently needed. Otherwise scholars may risk reproducing or at least contributing to current scientific racism in social science and the humanities.

Since the collapse of state socialism in 1989 regional disparities have been growing considerably in Hungary. In particular, small settlements in structurally disadvantaged areas are affected by different dimensions of peripheralization processes, such as stigmatization (they are labelled as “lagged behind”, “backwards” or “underdeveloped” areas), selective migration, disconnection, dependence and social exclusion. In addition, social exclusion in Hungary has an ethnic dimension, as Roma people tend to concentrate in peripheralized areas. As a response to these processes, local initiatives, such as rural social enterprises or social and solidarity economy initiatives, have emerged, counting Roma people amongst their stakeholders. Based on ethnographic methods the article examines the capacity of three rural social enterprises to counteract these peripheralization processes, particularly the dimensions of political dependence and ethnicity-based social exclusion. The analysis has two...

The aim of our study is to explore the factors influencing the cultural sensitivity of students aged 8-13 years. We set up our hypotheses based on the theory of Bourdieu and Passeron and the research of Hunyadi. Our main question is instrumental studies, the frequency of singing, and social status how affect cultural consumption. In our research, we examined the impact of parents' attitudes to music on children's musical consumption. To examine the role of cultural capital, we used international models. The aim of our exploratory research is to examine in what form and to what extent the different manifestations of cultural capital prevail in the dimension of cultural consumption. Our results supported that higher education, higher parental care, parents' musical capital, and good financial status increase the chances of cultural consumption. Those family with higher social status can be characterized by a broader cultural consumption pattern, which in turn is accompanied by more frequent musical activity. Families in a better position are characterized not only by higher cultural consumption but also by more prudent methods of cultural transmission.

"Turning pages of Payee Pictures is to join Speirs in an unsentimental
journey among Travellers, as interpreted by them. Readers visit Travellers in
unofficial sites and group housing settlements, along city streets and in country
lanes, but nearly everywhere amidst the debris of their fast-changing multicultural
landscape. From seashore to rubbish tip Travellers attempt to live productive
Travelling lives, meanwhile demanding their rights of equal access to those survival
resources and everyday amenities still commonly denied to them as proud members
of an ethnic minority. They also reveal deep anxieties about their collective destiny,
intimating that a desperate battle may be shaping up over their control over the future of their political empowerment."

“The editors have allocated the 14 chapters to four broad divisions: ‘Romani Studies and its parameters’; ‘Constructions and concoctions of Romany culture’; ‘Orientalism and Gender Stu dies in literature’; ‘Memory, records and the Romany experience’.
I question the need for these partitions and terminology in their titles, some of which are ungainly and insert centrifugal rather than centripetal forces into the overall reading experience. For example, why split hairs between cultural ‘constructions’ and ‘concoctions’ unless you are a stairway theorist lost in a soup kitchen?
The singular and challenging idea of dramatic analogy that collects contributors from so many disciplines into one thematic forum achieves already a creative unity that need not then be quartered.”

The article introduces the special issue's subject-matter. The intention of this volume is to overcome a number of major omissions and curtailed interests in the field of migration studies-deemphasizing gender and sexuality, ignoring the "intersectional" interplay of gender with other dimensions of inequality in migration societies, Eurocentric preoccupation, non-consideration of the agency of migrants and caught up in methodological nationalism. The authors come from different institutional contexts and academic disciplines and address quite different questions. However, all the contributions share a methodologically transnational and postcolonial-feminist analytical perspective, the perception of migrants as subjects provided with agency and a critical attitude towards the prevailing policies with regard to migrants and refugees in Europe.

Reviewed by Claude Cahn The book under review is a collection of essays arising from a conference held in Israel in 2002, although a number of the articles included make reference to events after 2004 and so have evidently been subsequently revised. The Claude Cahn has worked at the European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) and in other frameworks on issues of Roma rights, and is the author of several studies on this and related topics.

The results of our empirical researches carried out in NorthEast Hungarian region is analyzed and compared with national and international experiences. During last decade, we examined social and health status of Gipsy/Roma people living in this region in frame of researches, two of them were proceed at county, others at settlement level. We present our results grouped around three problems, which gives a chance for empirical testing of hypothesis of other researches reflected on this problems. Typical sample's characteristics of Hajdúböszörmény study made feasible to analyze the statements on correlation between underclass situation and ethnicity. Our results proved the statement that the poverty makes ethnical feature but not only Roma can be ranked among underclassed. In our study we deeply analyze coherence of ethnicity and poverty; besides of income poverty we touch the housing poverty, deprivation in wealth and living conditions, and the problems of social-political poverty. The health state was studied through the subjective health picture, utilization of the health care system, satisfaction with care services and the list of most frequently complaints, diseases. We aspired in our study to give structural and cultural explanation of examined phenomenon, moreover to present correlations, although because of research methods we rather analyzed successes of structural effects.

This paper aims to illuminate and provide a critical assessment of the nationalist discourse on declining population in Bulgaria. Nationalist discourse is one of the mainstream approaches in Bulgaria and is widely spread through mass media having been voiced by renowned intellectuals, policy experts, scholars and media celebrities. It can be recognised in the political programmes of left-wing and nationalist parties, but also in governmental documents at both national as well as regional levels. The nationalistically oriented advocates articulate current concerns regarding the declining birth rates and declining population in the country labelling the demographic situation as "Bulgarian national catastrophe" and "Bulgaria's collapse". They place an emphasis on the decreasing proportion of ethnic Bulgarians and the growth of the ethnic minorities, especially Roma. The latter trend was labelled by the derogatory term "gypsyisation", i.e. a distortion of the Bulgarian nation and shrinkage of its core ethnicity-ethnic Bulgarians. The threat of the "gypsyisation" of the Bulgarian nation has not only been viewed in quantitative terms, but also through the lens of an alleged worsening of the national human capital (e.g. level of education, professional skills and civic culture of the population). Another set of arguments exploited in the nationalist discourse is the diminishing size of the Bulgarian nation as a threat to national sovereignty, territorial unity and economic stability. We use a qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis of media textual materials in order to reconstruct the main ideas, arguments and strategies of the proponents of the nationalist discourse regarding the consequences of the declining population in Bulgaria, its social policy implications and future demographic prospects.

While during the first decades after the end of the National-Socialist regime, Judaism, Jewish history and culture were suppressed by Austrian society and almost totally ignored by historical research and the universities, 1 we can notice that particularly since the mid-1980s and the early 1990s research on Austrian Jewish history and culture as well as an interest on Judaism in the public sphere have been increasing. Since then, an ever-increasing number of articles and books has been published, numerous special exhibitions dealing with Judaism and Jewish history have been presented, initiatives commemorating the Jewish victims of the Holocaust have been established, several memorials have been erected, Jewish museums have been created in Vienna 2 (1990/1993) and Hohenems 3 (1991), and University-based or public research institutes for Jewish history and culture have been founded in St. Pölten 4 (1988), Graz 5 (2000) and Salzburg 6 (2004). 7 New historical research as well as increasing public interest has always been closely related to the transformation of the Austrian historical consciousness. This trend refers to the transformation process of the so-called 'Vergangenheitsbewältigung' , the struggle to come to terms with the Austrian national-socialist past. 8 Triggered first in 1978 by the 40th anniversary of the annexation of Austria to Nazi Germany in 1938, and a few years later, in 1986, by controversial political and public debates about the biography of the conservative candidate for the presidential elections, Kurt Waldheim, a new generation of social stakeholders as well as young researchers, students, and journalists questioned the so-called Austrian 'victims theory'. 9 For them, the narrative that the Austrian state and society were not in any way responsible for the Nazi past and the Nazi crimes, especially against Jews, gradually became unbelievable and inacceptable. They demanded a critical confrontation with Austrian responsibility and also called for a public recognition of the 'real' victims of National Socialism. 10 Consequently, they were on the one hand engaged in various new memory initiatives, especially in the year 1988, when the 50th anniversary of the annexation to Nazi-Germany was commemorated all over Austria. On the other hand, they pushed forward new research in Austrian Jewish history 11 and were in many cases responsible for the foundation of the above-mentioned institutes and museums. 12 The relationship between the institutionalization of Jewish Studies and the transformation process of Austrian historical consciousness also affected the self-understanding of these institutions and has had an impact on their work and theoretical approaches. This does not mean that these institutions have only been engaged in the history of anti-Semitism or the persecution of the Jews by the National Socialists. On the contrary, they do not consider

The figure of the female migrant has been a major focus of feminist thought in the German-speaking migration studies since the early 1980s. The article provides some reflections on the past to show how a number of milestones in feminist thought have influenced migration studies. It then continues with reflections on the present stance that analyses the dominant (re)production of (post-)migration realities as a gendered, ethnicized/racialized and classrelated project(s). Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of the prospects of gender-sensitive migration research in relation to postcolonial, decolonial and queer approaches to migrant othering.

The present study gives an overview of the results of a research carried out in Magyarhermány as one of the projects in a 2010 field workshop. The aim of the research was to investigate the issue of Székely-Gypsy co-existence but the topic was not approached through an analysis of opinions and attitudes but by revealing the practices of informal economic and social solidarity. The results show that interhousehold exchange processes of labour, goods and services are still very intensive in the village and strengthen cohesion in the local society. The Gypsy population, however, does not participate in this system and does not enjoy its benefits. The range of economic contact between the two communities is quite limited and the traces of cooperation still existing are based on traditional activities only.

The article introduces the special issue's subject-matter. The intention of this volume is to overcome a number of major omissions and curtailed interests in the field of migration studies-deemphasizing gender and sexuality, ignoring the "intersectional" interplay of gender with other dimensions of inequality in migration societies, Eurocentric preoccupation, non-consideration of the agency of migrants and caught up in methodological nationalism. The authors come from different institutional contexts and academic disciplines and address quite different questions. However, all the contributions share a methodologically transnational and postcolonial-feminist analytical perspective, the perception of migrants as subjects provided with agency and a critical attitude towards the prevailing policies with regard to migrants and refugees in Europe.

Press 2012. 382 pages. The edited volume 'The Gypsy "Menace": Populism and the New Anti-Gypsy Politics' has already become a widely cited work on contemporary social movements in Europe. The reason for this success lies especially in the currently very relevant topic the editor has chosen: the phenomenon of 'anti-gypsism', 'anti-tsiganism' or 'anti-Roma' attitudes, the editor of the volume, Michael Stewart, calls the 'Gypsy Menace'. According to him this menace is a pan-European phenomenon. This finding represents a breakthrough in social sciences with a somewhat orientalist treatment of the Roma. The volume shows how Roma/gypsies have become the 'other' not only for East Europeans but also for many Westerners who have learned more about them along with the enlargement of the European Union. As Michael Stewart argues, anti-gypsism has to be understood within broader shifts in European politics and culture, especially in the wide growth of populism, a by-product of European project. Stewart's perspective heavily relies on the well-known work of anthropologist Douglas Holmes and his concept of 'integral Europe' published a decade and a half ago. Stewart also takes inspiration from Mabel Berezin's sociological perspective on social and political security under European integration published several years later. 1 This cultural analysis-argues Stewart-shows more about 'anti-Romany politics today than economic crisis and fears of insecurity' (p. xxiii) analyses do. The book should therefore be seen as balancing the structural economic accounts emphasising the role of neoliberalism and crisis in the treatment of social movements in Europe. The book is divided into three sections. The first deals with the social and political contours of current anti-gypsism. The second focuses on social imagery of anti-gypsism. The third discusses extreme politics and how to combat it. The book is prefaced by Misha Glenny, the well-known British journalist, followed by an editor's foreword of the editor that serves as an introduction to the book. Michael Stewart also offers a theoretical framework for analyses of anti-gypsy politics in the first chapter of the book. However, his analytical perspective has not been entirely followed by all the authors of the volume. Fifteen chapters were written by experts including sociologists, social anthropologists, lawyers and political scientists. Despite this diversity in these accounts, the editor's perspective deserves close attention. Michael Stewart in Chapter 1 reminds us that the EU project 'creates the broad conditions of receptivity to xenophobic politics'. This politics is based on a shift away from mid-twentieth century racism to cultural politics resembling 'popular versions of