Right to Truth

The Docket entry for the order linked hereto dismissing the Plaintiffs Church and Property Owners' motion for summary judgment against Trustee Corps states:
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Docket Text:
ORDER denying Plaintiffs' [63] Motion for Summary Judgment Against Trustee Corps. Since Trustee Corps no longer has an adverse interest against Plaintiffs that gives rise to a substantial controversy, the Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' claims for relief against Trustee Corps. Signed by District Judge Tiffany M. Cartwright.(MW)

En el presente texto se compara la concepción de tutela judicial efectiva en el Estado liberal de derecho, Estado social de derecho y el Estado constitucional, para comprender qué significa la tutela judicial efectiva de las víctimas de delitos en el Estado constitucional. Luego, se estudia los estándares de protección de la tutela judicial efectiva de las víctimas dentro de la investigación penal establecidos por la Corte IDH, para concluir con una mirada crítica de estos estándares interamericanos.

Al doctor Jorge Carpizo, jurista ejemplar; sirva este texto como un homenaje a su memoria. Mi agradecimiento y afecto al doctor Miguel Carbonell por hacerlo posible. SuMario: I. Palabras preliminares. II. Aproximación conceptual y naturaleza. III. Reglas del precedente. IV. Dimensiones del precedente. V. Perspectivas del precedente internacional. VI. Funciones del precedente internacional. VII. Usos del precedente internacional. VIII. Comentario final. En la actualidad, uno de los debates más interesantes del derecho procesal constitucional, en su dimensión nacional y supranacional, está referido a la importancia práctica del precedente internacional. De hecho, nunca antes en la historia de la judicatura nacional la ruta de la interpretación de los derechos humanos estuvo tan marcada por la incidencia de la jurisprudencia internacional como en los últimos años, los primeros del siglo XXI, y no obstante su importancia en el ámbito de las relaciones interestatales, jamás el derecho internacional tuvo tanto peso y persuasión sobre los operadores jurídicos internos ni hubo tanta reflexión sobre su valor y relevancia jurídica. Asimismo, nunca como ahora los caminos del derecho constitucional y del derecho internacional se entrecruzaron e interactuaron en el horizonte de los derechos y las libertades fundamentales para definir, con un lenguaje común, sus alcances y sus limitaciones, en la doble dinámica de internacionalización del primero y de constitucionalización del segundo. Es verdad que la discusión sobre el papel del juez nacional en la aplicación e implementación del derecho internacional no es nueva, así como www.juridicas.unam.mx

RESUMO: Aborda-se neste artigo a dimensão da dignidade da pessoa humana em sua relação com a liberdade de pensamento e a liberdade de consciência, ambas asseguradas na atual Constituição brasileira. As liberdades mencionadas são reconhecidas como direitos existenciais e condições de possibilidade do ser humano para acesso à verdade e ao exercício da liberdade de expressão. As questões da verdade e do ser humano intérprete-do-mundo permeiam todo o artigo. Enquanto direito fundamental, o direito à verdade mira no asseguramento do desvelamento da verdade que, na sua ocultação, espera o esforço hermenêutico do intérprete para ser conhecida. Desta feita, através da filosofia no direito o artigo procura contribuir com a hermenêutica jurídica, em face do contemporâneo advento dos ecossistemas de desinformação. O desenvolvimento temático tem como fonte primordial a pesquisa bibliográfica.

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the dimension of the dignity of the human person in its relationship with freedom of thought and freedom of conscience, both guaranteed in the current Brazilian Constitution. These freedoms are recognized as existential rights and conditions of possibility for human beings to access the truth and exercise freedom of expression. The issues of truth and the human being who interprets the world permeate the entire article. As a fundamental right, the right to truth aims to ensure its unveiling, since the truth is hidden and awaits the interpreter's hermeneutic efforts. As such, through philosophy in law, the article seeks to contribute to legal hermeneutics, in the face of the contemporary advent of disinformation ecosystems. The main source of the thematic development is bibliographical research.

"In most cases, the only way to enforce international criminal law is through the use of national courts"
1. SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione.-2. Il riparto tra la giurisdizione ordinaria e la giurisdizione militare nell'ordinamento italiano e le soluzioni individuate dalla Commissione.-3. La libertà degli Stati di optare per la giurisdizione ordinaria o militare per i crimini internazionali-4. Il ruolo della giurisdizione militare nell'implementazione del DIU.-5. Diritto internazionale dei diritti umani e giurisdizione militare.-5.1. Il diritto a un giusto processo.-5.2. Il diritto alla verità.-6. Considerazioni conclusive.

El propósito de este capítulo es ofrecer una mirada general del Derecho a la reparación del daño en el ámbito local. Lo útil, desde la perspectiva de los órganos jurisdiccionales de PJCDMX, será encontrar el vinculo entre la teoría de las reparaciones y la labor jurisdiccional.

En este artículo se analizan las sentencias de casación emitidas por el Tribunal Supremo desde 1870 hasta 1972 referidas al delito de lesa majestad o delitos contra el jefe del Estado, que fue la denominación que con el tiempo adquirió, para ver su relación con las modificaciones legales existentes en cada época histórica y constatar tanto la evolución legislativa como la normativa relacionada con dichos delitos. Nuestro propósito es realizar una tarea de revisión y análisis sobre la Jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo desde 1870 hasta 1972, para observar cómo ha ido evolucionando la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo.

La victime et le témoin durant la dictature militaire au Brésil : une anthropologie de la mémoire Cynthia Sarti 1 D eux figures de la violence, le témoin et la victime, sont au centre de cette enquête. Son contexte est celui de la construction mémorielle de la dictature militaire au Brésil (1964Brésil ( -1985)). Comment l'une et l'autre de ces figures ont-elles été produites depuis le retour à la démocratie dans un processus mettant en jeu la mémoire de cette violence et la réparation qui peut en être attendue 2 ? Ma réflexion s'inscrit dans une recherche plus large, en cours, sur la souffrance et la violence 3 . Je cherche à y analyser les formes par lesquelles la société et les individus élaborent et expriment la souffrance liée à ces expériences et la façon dont ils ont été marqués par celles-ci. Dans le cadre de cet article, je me référerai à la torture ainsi qu'à la mort ou à la disparition de proches pendant la dictature militaire au Brésil en m'attachant au processus par lequel cette période a commencé à être traitée et discutée dans la société brésilienne comme une violence d'État. Il s'agit d'une recherche sur le travail de la mémoire, menée en analysant les parcours d'individus dans leur quête de compréhension de la violence vécue et dans leurs tentatives de réinscription de celle-ci dans leur existence et leur vie quotidienne.

Early literature in the field of transitional justice was dominated by debates over the meaning of justice, with retributivists arguing for the need for criminal prosecutions following mass human rights violations and advocates of restorative justice claiming that non-prosecutorial forms of justice like truth-telling are better suited for post-conflict societies. This debate was eventually settled, at least in the field, by a belief that post-conflict societies require both criminal prosecutions and truth-telling. More recently, the debate over justice has centred on the question of whether the field and practice of transitional justice has prioritized civil and political rights over economic and social rights. While this is a significant development in the field, it points to a more fundamental reality. Debates over justice are interminable. To try to sculpt justice to fit a preconceived definition limits its capacity to respond to the needs of survivors. This realization serves as the starting point for this project-that justice must remain open to re-interpretation for it to maintain its relevance in post-conflict societies. There is, however, a central problem in the field: Transitional justice implies a justice that is in the service of the transition. What this suggests, then, is that the debates over justice, or, the justice question, have been substantially circumscribed by the transition question, thereby limiting the possible definitions of justice. While the justice question has received a great deal of attention, this project suggests that if debates over justice are to indeed remain interminable, the more fundamental concern of the field should be the way the transition question has, in fact, shaped our theorizing about justice.

Foto del cuadro de "La angustia se presenta con fuego" tiene medidas de 50 cm. x 60 cm. y la técnica es óleo sobre tela, fue realizado en el año 2017. La resolución de la foto es de 200 a tamaño de 20 * 26 cm. Diseño y diagramación Grupo Renderos S.A, de C.V. Este documento ha sido impreso con el apoyo de:

the fabric of society, producing and reproducing social inequalities across groups." (ivi, 50). Consequently, in biomedicine, and in medicine itself, as social systems that reproduce the same social inequalities and power relationships between men and women, male physiognomy and physiology are the norm, objectifying women's bodies and impacting women's healthcare. "The female body and its natural processes were-and continue to be-portrayed as abnormalities, diseases or deviances […] Today, obstetric violence can indeed be seen as a reflection of how female bodies in labour are perceived as potentially opposing to femininityviolence is thus necessary to dominate them, restoring their "inherent" feminine submission and passivity. It becomes a tool for disciplining the undisciplined body in labour, in order to re-feminise and re-objectify the body." (ivi, 51). Moreover, with advances in medical care during pregnancy, maternal mortality rates have decreased, but at the same time, with the notion of dominance over women's bodies, the natural process of becoming a mother has been institutionalized and standardized. This development led to the elimination of the relational conception of pregnancy, childbirth and midwifery. As van der Waal and van Nistelrooij explained, "When we switch our lens to maternity care, we see that the age-old form of caring for birth, midwifery practice, is also based on these two relationalities, namely, the relational perception of mother and fetus, and the relation between mother and midwife. […] In most Western countries however, midwifery became appropriated into the obstetric institution, even when midwives work independently. […] As a result, midwives are being torn between their relational ideals and the reality of having to work in a system characterized by protocols, over-medicalization, time-pressure, high workload, and administration." (see R. van der Waal, I. van Nistelrooij, Reimagining relationality for reproductive care: Understanding obstetric violence as a separation, in 29(5) Nursing Ethics 1186-1197, 1188 (2022)). The institutionalization of childbirth and pregnancy care led to the separation between mother and child, with the latter gaining an autonomous identity distinct from the pregnant woman. This separation, enforced by obstetric care providers, affects the relationality between them during pregnancy and birth. Healthcare personnel often appear to "to know not only more about the condition of the child but also about what is best for the child. Simultaneously, the mother is constituted as a complicating, instead of enabling, factor in the process of childbirth, whose main role is to somehow get through the painful event in a docile manner" (ivi, 1189). It is within this context that mistreatment, abuse, and violent conduct are perpetrated, as the birthing person is seen as an instrument for delivery rather than an active subject in the reproductive process. Now, from a legal perspective, according to Venezuela's Organic Law on Women's Right to a Life Free of Violence, article 19(13), obstetric violence is the appropriation of women's bodies and reproductive processes by healthcare personnel, manifested in dehumanizing treatment, excessive medicalization, and the pathologizing of natural processes. This results in a loss of autonomy and the ability to make free decisions regarding one's body and sexuality, thereby negatively impacting women's quality of life. This was the first time a national law explicitly recognized obstetric violence, setting an example for other countries. In Argentina, the Congress approved the Law for the Integral Protection of Women in 2009. This legislation defined obstetric violence as violence exercised by healthcare personnel over women's bodies and reproductive processes, manifested in dehumanizing treatment, excessive medicalization, and the pathologizing of natural processes (see Ley Nº26.485 de Protección Integral a las Mujeres, article 6e, Argentina).

En el presente trabajo busco establecer el origen del Derecho a la Verdad en Iberoamérica, para posteriormente describir las sentencias que ha emitido la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre este importante derecho y su recepción en los principios contenidos en la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, así como los alcances que se le viene dando; trabajo que finaliza con un breve análisis de la recepción que han tenido las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en los Tribunales y Cortes Constitucionales Iberoamericanas.

This essay addresses the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the application of a practical case: the judgment issued in the Case Quintana Coello et al. vs. Republic of Ecuador No. 12,600 before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In this case, the Court declared the responsibility of the Republic of Ecuador for the violation of several articles of the American Convention on Human Rights due to the arbitrary dismissal of the members of the Supreme Court of Justice of Ecuador, an event that occurred in 2004.

Helsińska Fundacja Praw Człowieka publikuje raport “Zaginieni na granicy polsko-białoruskiej. Pushbacki jako czynnik wymuszonych zaginięć" diagnozujący skalę i przyczyny wymuszonych zaginięć w Polsce. Analiza zawiera wyniki rocznych badań oraz rekomendacje zmian, koniecznych by w Polsce nie dochodziło do kolejnych zaginięć i śmierci.

The right to informative self-determination or the protection of personal data has recently been adopted in Peru’s constitutional system, through article 2, par. 6. This fundamental right has been complemented by two sources of law: the Code of Constitutional Procedure and constitutional case law. Those of us who are agents of the judicial system have an initial task: to determine the scope of this fundamental right and to provide proper and adequate protection to individual informative self-determination. In order to do this we need to study the constitutional rule, the international treaties ratified by Peru, the relevant rulings of Peru’s Constitutional Court, which define the right for specific cases and also to understand why this right was enshrined in the constitution.

The “right to truth” relates to the obligation of the state to provide information about the circumstances surrounding serious violations of human rights. Despite its increasing recognition, the concept raises questions as to its scope and implementation as well as its existence as a free-standing right. Similarly, “memory laws” relate to the way states deal with their past. However, there are certain „memory laws” that, while officially serving as a guarantee for accessing historical truth, lead to its deformation. As a result, an “alternative” truth, based on the will of the legislators, is being imposed. In this article, the authors elaborate on the general nature of the new legal phenomenon of the „right to truth”, as a tool of transitional justice, in particular in the context of both providing and abusing historical truth by the legislators, through the instrument of “memory laws”.

Searching is a fundamental action in the world of disappearance in Mexico. So much that the disappeared is through the search or not. In this article the search will be analyzed as research practices. Search is to investigate because those who search have to get with techniques and knowledges to restore the existence of the disappeared person. Based on ethnographic observations and interviews with several agents, the article analyzes the search practices, the professions involved in them, the techniques that are implemented and the generation of knowledge that search produces.

En el presente trabajo busco establecer el origen del Derecho a la Verdad en Iberoamérica, para posteriormente describir las sentencias que ha emitido la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre este importante derecho y su recepción en los principios contenidos en la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, así como los alcances que se le viene dando; trabajo que finaliza con un breve análisis de la recepción que han tenido las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en los Tribunales y Cortes Constitucionales Iberoamericanas.

Ce texte cherche à remettre en question et à nuancer la distinction qui est souvent faite dans les cercles académiques et journalistiques lorsqu’il s’agit de comprendre ou d’historiciser les disparitions de personnes au Mexique, en les qualifiant d’« anciennes disparitions » ou de « nouvelles disparitions ». Les premières correspondent à la période allant de la fin des années 1960 au milieu des années 1980 (Guerre sale), caractérisée par le recours systématique aux disparitions forcées dans le cadre d’une stratégie anti-insurrectionnelle. Les secondes sont les disparitions qui ont acquis une ampleur considérable à la suite de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de sécurité publique du gouvernement de Felipe Calderón (2006-2012) : la « guerre contre le narcotrafic ». Cette distinction entre les anciennes et les nouvelles disparitions établit non seulement une discontinuité temporelle (entre passé et présent), mais aussi une discontinuité en matière de modalités et d’incidence des disparitions. Bien que cette catégorisation soit justifiée à plusieurs égards, ce chapitre met l’accent sur les continuités historiques des violences politiques et sur une certaine communauté d’action qui s’est progressivement constituée autour de la cause des personnes disparues. Cette communauté, tant par son hétérogénéité (composée de comités de familles de victimes de différentes périodes) que par ses objectifs, brouille la distinction entre passé et présent en matière de disparitions. Les actions qu’elle mène révèlent un but clair : se mobiliser pour toutes les personnes disparues, celles d’avant et celles d’aujourd’hui. En d’autres termes, la mobilisation conjointe des familles de victimes et de leurs soutiens, plutôt que de mettre en évidence la discontinuité temporelle, révèle l’existence de ce que l’on pourrait appeler, avec l’historien Reinhart Koselleck, une unité générationnelle politique.

This article aims to analyze the contribution that class actions can have social development, particularly to regional, from a different approach to the traditional, limited to its effects and consequences in constitutional law, civil law, criminal, administrative, environmental or procedural, in short, about the public/private dichotomy, to address their treatment from the social law, which I believe has been in some sense outside the academic discussion on the occasion of its implementation. Our premise is that the current legal and constitutional design class actions, inhibits an indispensable legal pluralism participation and coordination in my opinion, enlighten the best application of law in both federal and local social key.

This article aims to analyze the contribution that class actions can have social development, particularly to regional, from a different approach to the traditional, limited to its effects and consequences in constitutional law, civil law, criminal, administrative, environmental or procedural, in short, about the public/private dichotomy, to address their treatment from the social law, which I believe has been in some sense outside the academic discussion on the occasion of its implementation. Our premise is that the current legal and constitutional design class actions, inhibits an indispensable legal pluralism participation and coordination in my opinion, enlighten the best application of law in both federal and local social key.

Los antecedentes históricos con respecto a las diversas posibilidades de aprovechamiento de la cuenca norpatagónica-el río Negro y sus afluentes, los ríos Limay y Neuquén-se remontan a fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, cuando se planteó por primera vez el interés por la puesta en valor de las posibilidades energéticas de la misma y, paralelamente, por la realización de obras para la regulación de sus cursos de agua y su utilización con fines de riego y desarrollo agrario e industrial. Diversos proyectos se elaboraron a tales fines en distintas etapas históricas, muchas veces frustrados por la forzada interrupción de los procesos democráticos en el país. Finalmente, la puesta en marcha de la empresa pública Hidronor-Hidroeléctrica Norpatagónica S.A.-en el año 1968, incentivó en la región una serie de expectativas, frustradas por cierto, con respecto al rol que la empresa podía desempeñar en el desarrollo regional por encima de sus funciones específicas de producción hidroenergética. Tales expectativas de la sociedad local y las respuestas de los distintos gobiernos, son el tema central de este artículo. Palabras claves: hidroenergía; desarrollo; regional; norpatagonia Summary: The historical background about the various possibilities of use of the northern Patagonian basin, the Negro River and its tributaries, the rivers Limay and Neuquen, must be found in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It happened when the interest was enhanced by the potential energy all around the river bassin. In parallel, the possibilities for development of agricultural and industrial uses had improved the works for the hydrological regulation of its most important waterways, also for irrigation purposes. Several projects were developed for this purposes in different historical periods, often frustrated because of forced interruption of democratic processes in the country. Finally, the implementation of the public company Hidronor (Hidroelectrica Norpatagónica SA), in 1968, encouraged in the region a series of expectations, frustrated by the way, regarding to the role that company could play in regional development over specific functions of hydropower production. Such regional expectations and responses of different governments are the focus of this article.

El autor propone, a propósito de la sentencia emitida por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en referencia al caso comunidad campesina Santa Bárbara vs. Perú, la posibilidad de vulnerar derechos fundamentales familiares; así como, un método de estudio pertinente para abordarlos.

La inacción por parte del Estado salvadoreño a la hora de perseguir los crímenes cometidos en su territorio ha impedido la lucha contra la impunidad. La aplicación del principio de Jurisdicción Universal se convierte así en un mecanismo alternativo para juzgar a todos aquellos individuos acusados de cometer delitos graves tipificados en el Derecho Internacional perpetrados en territorio salvadoreño. La intervención del Derecho Penal Internacional en este caso se ha realizado bien desde tribunales internacionales, la Corte Interamericana en el caso de las Masacres del Mozote, bien desde tribunales nacionales en el ejercicio extraterritorial universal de sus competencias, como ha sido el caso de la justicia española con la sentencia referida al asesinato del jesuita Ignacio Ellacuría. Dos sentencias relativamente recientes, que señalan que la vía internacional, aún con muchas limitaciones, puede convertirse en el camino más directo para poner fin a la impunidad en El Salvador e iniciar la senda del progreso basado en la justicia y la reconciliación.

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El presente artículo se basa en la teoría de los derechos humanos como derechos históricos. Esta es la propuesta tanto de la sociología y antropología jurídica, como de la filosofía crítica. El principal aporte de concebir los derechos humanos como derechos históricos es que permite observar el proceso de nacimiento de los derechos, los grupos que los apoyaron, los objetivos, los procesos de cambio y exclusión en su institucionalización, entre otros aspectos. La obra Luciérnagas en El Mozote entrega un aporte fundamental a la memoria histórica de El Salvador con revelaciones sobre una de las más grandes masacres cometidas contra civiles.

The main idea for this topic came as a reflection of the recent happenings that shocked the entire Region, especially Serbia. Actresses from Serbia, after several years, gathered courage and told the whole world how they survived rape. The cases were investigated, and some of them had a criminal proceeding as the epilogue. This paper will contain three chapters. The first chapter will give the definition of the "sexual assault" with special emphasis on consent, which is the key element that connects several sexual offences such as crimes "sexual harassment" and "raping". The second chapter will provide an overview of European Court of Human Rights practice considering the crime of rape and the effect of ECtHR case law on national legislation. Finally, the final chapter will present the legislation regulating the "crime of rape" in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia. This chapter is important for showing the difference between the definition, processing and the punishment for raping a person. It is well known that, for example, in 2019, Serbia adopted "Tijanas law" which implies life imprisonment for the most serious crimes : aggravated murder of a child, rape with a fatal consequence, sexual intercourse with a helpless person with a fatal consequence, sexual intercourse with a child with a fatal consequence, sexual intercourse with a child with abuse of position with a fatal consequence. Finally, in the conclusion of the paper the authors will try to answer several questions, for example to what extent the courts respect the Strasbourg principles, why

In autumn 2008 an intercomparison campaign for in-situ and remote-sensing techniques for observing the basic meteorological variables in the upper air was conducted at the Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory in Germany. The Lindenberg Upper-Air Method Intercomparison (LUAMI) was designed to improve our understanding of the performance and uncertainties of the different methods and to test the suitability of various options for their deployment in operational network including the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN). The LUAMI campaign delivered a number of useful results concerning the performance of different instruments for observing the atmosphere, in particular temperature and humidity. The ability of ground based instruments like microwave radiometers, GPS networks and Raman LIDAR for observing humidity profiles was demonstrated and proved useful tools for evaluation NWP products. A highlight was the successful intercomparison between an airborne LIDAR with ground based ...

The paper presents relevant information about prerequisites for divorce in Poland. All information is given in German. 
Kancelaria Adwokacka
Adwokat dr Piotr Sobański LL.M.
Plac Pocztowy 6/4
65-062 Zielona Góra
piotr.sobanski@adwokatura.pl
ORCiD: 0000-0001-8303-1125

Human rights in Turkey that were the result of many years' struggle have been suspended since the failed coup attempt of July 15, 2016. Torture in police custody and prisons has escalated. No opposition is tolerated. People are arrested on a daily basis whenever and wherever they protest. More than 150,000 civil servants have been dismissed, some 7000 of them academics. Around 500 of these academics are peace petitioners, which contradicts statements made by the government that the dismissals are of those affiliated with the Gülen movement. Dismissals through decrees are used as means of opponent purge. All opposition media and NGOs have been shut down. Some 150 journalists are now in jail, members of parliament and mayors from the third opposition party have been jailed. The prison population in Turkey now exceeds 220,000. Keywords Human rights Á Turkey Could you talk briefly about the history of human rights activism in Turkey? What were the main factors that paved the way for institutionalization of the movement? The institutionalization of human rights activism in Turkey began during the aftermath of the 1980 military coup. Throughout Turkey's modern history the state has carried out human rights violations and torture. But the violations initiated with the 1980 coup swept across the whole of the country on an unprecedented scale. Within the first days of the coup, some 650,000 people, mostly leftists, were taken into custody. Detentions lasting up to 90 days meant being subjected to torture.

Inspired by the 32-years long Belene trial, the article investigates the impact of deprivation from the right to justice on reaching transitional justice in aftermaths of crimes against humanity. Through bottom-up victims-centered perspective the article digs into the Belene victims' oral history narratives to find out the impact of this deprivation on the societal contract, victims' trauma, justice perception of the society and the rule of law. Based on textual analysis of open-ended interviews and narratives of the Belene victims, the article highlights the adverse consequences of neglecting the victims' right to fair trial and transitional justice and perpetuating impunity, not only impeding justice and healing but perpetuating victimization and corroding societal trust. The sustained denial of victims' rights to a fair trial and access to justice exacerbates historical wounds, erodes the foundations of the justice and collective perception of fairness in the whole society. Beyond legal implications, the deprivation from right to justice affects individuals' psychological and social well-being and overall societal peace. The article emphasizes that transitional justice is a moral imperative, enabling the rebuilding of a peaceful and democratic society on principles of accountability and empathy, especially in the complex and sensitive aftermath of ethnicbased crimes against humanity.

Marcin przybysz zastosowanie praw człowieka w realiach konfliktu zbrojnego 1 Międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne (MPH) oraz prawo praw człowieka przez długi okres pozostawały znajdującymi zastosowanie w różnych sytuacjach oraz odseparowanymi od siebie dziedzinami prawa. Zależnie od stanu stosunków międzynarodowych zastosowanie znajdowało albo związane ze stanem pokoju między państwami prawo praw człowieka, albo odnoszące się wprost do stanu wojny międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne konfliktów zbrojnych (ius in bello). Podstawą takiego stanu rzeczy było tradycyjne założenie, że tzw. prawo praw człowieka dotyczy kwestii związanych ze stosunkiem państwa do własnych obywateli bądź też osób zamieszkujących na jego terytorium, podstawowym zaś celem międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego jest ochrona obywateli lub przedstawicieli wrogich państw/ społeczności w okresie konfliktu zbrojnego oraz związanie tym prawem wszystkich "stron konfliktu", co we współczesnym świecie niekoniecznie musi ograniczać się jedynie do państw jako podmiotów prawa międzynarodowego. Historyczne korzenie obu dziedzin prawa, pomimo odwoływania się do tych samych fundamentalnych wartości jak godność człowieka, humanizm czy humanitaryzm, były zgoła inne 2 .

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The seven-kilometre route from the centre of Višegrad to the thermal springs of Vilina Vlas, or 'Nymph's Tresses', in the woods above it has few markers to physically betray the unsettling history of this small stretch of road in southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter referred to as 'Bosnia'). 1 Aside from the blackened remains of one or two scattered houses, the route is relatively unremarkable to the naïve and unsuspecting traveller as one leaves the centre of Višegrad; first crossing the arches of the celebrated Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge and then following the main path alongside the Drina River before taking a final detour leading into the isolation of the mountain of Vilinske Gore. Indeed, one could be forgiven for supposing that the significance of the area was merely its location at the southern edge of the Dinaric Alps, where the mountains give way to a panorama of dramatic natural scenery of the kind so familiar to the Bosnian landscape. Yugoslav writer and Nobel literature laureate Ivo Andrić (1959, 13) famously wrote in elegy to this same rural vista in his novel, 'Na Drini Ćuprija' or 'The Bridge Over The Drina'. Describing Višegrad's pastoral surrounds, Andrić remarked poetically that, on the one side of the little enclave, the River flows, '... with the whole force of its green and foaming waters from the apparently closed mass of the dark steep mountains', while on the other, '... like from a spring spreads the whole rolling valley of Višegrad and its surroundings with hamlets nestling in the folds of the hills, covered with meadows, pastures and plum orchards, and criss-crossed with walls and fences and dotted with shaws and occasional clumps of evergreens ...'. Bosnia's natural environment, as Andrić subtly reminds us in this same piece, however, is more than just a physical landscape. It is, in other respects, an archive of stories, myths, legends, and histories. In the various landscapes of the Balkan Peninsulathe centuries-old forests, the mountainous valleys, the deep river canyons, and the sometimes verdant, other times arid, pastureslies the entangled history of a country that has, throughout its existence, straddled some of the major ideological and political divisions on the European continent (Bringa, 1995). In Bosnia's heavy mountainous terrain, the early Illyrian tribes found protection from the Roman 1 The country's official title is Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosna i Hercegovina in local language). For brevity's sake, I employ the terms 'Bosnia' and 'Bosnian' (as they appear in the English version of the Constitution) as shorthand for the country and its citizens. I also apply, in places, the standard local abbreviation of 'BiH'. 9 Judith Okely (2007) writes on the embodiment of learning in the field; of knowledge absorbed through the skin and sensed in the bones, of remembered observations and mnemonic triggers. Simon Ottenberg (1990: 147), in a similar vein, refers to these multi-sensory ways of 'knowing' as 'headnotes', or as, '… puzzles felt in the bones and flesh …' of the researcher. In the bland spaces of Vilina Vlasthe cramped little bedrooms, the lengthened hallways, the darkened old kafana, and musty-scented refectoryevery sense and every nerve felt strained. The faint awareness of another history, an unnerving past buried in the walls and hidden behind the doors, was stifling; uncomfortably so. We, both of us, felt it as some intangible 'other' presence, as restlessness in the body, as crawling sensations on the skin, as dread in the pit of the stomach. It 9 Photograph a (left): Graffiti etching in grey lead pencil of the rape of a woman discovered on the inner door of a wardrobe in a guest room inside the health spa. Photo taken by author. Photograph b (right, upper): View of Vilina Vlas from the walking paths behind the establishment.

L’annonce d’un pronostic défavorable est l’une des situations les plus difficiles dans la relation entre un médecin et son patient. Cette situation sera considérée ici en tant que cas paradigmatique des enjeux éthiques inhérents à cette relation professionnelle particulière. Nous examinerons ce qu’implique le jeu fluctuant des rôles et des attentes dans la relation médecin-patient, et son statut instable dans notre culture professionnelle qui oscille entre deux pôles contradictoires : la préservation de l’identité personnelle du patient et le désir paradoxal de ce dernier d’être pris en charge. Que veut le patient : un médecin décideur, souvent qualifié de paternaliste ou un médecin informateur, souvent jugé indifférent et insensible ? Entre ces deux extrêmes, et par-delà le libellé formel qu’est l’obligation d’informer, se trouve l’exigence d’une éthique de la communication.

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The new constitutional paradigms about the human rights erected from the constitutional reform of June 10, 2011, and for international and national resolutions, confer any authority the obligation to protect and maintain the observance of human rights, which have been consolidated as control parameters regularity of constitutionality. Hence the importance of administrative authorities and not only judicial authorities, aware of the scope of this duty, and as its function is essential to ensure the effectiveness of the legal system. Any prohibition or restriction to exercise administrative control of constitutionality, significantly affected the protection and realization of human rights authority. Descriptors: control of constitutionality and conventionality, administrative authorities, according interpretation and principle pro personae.

Transitional justice is an evolving discipline for academics and researchers. It is the full range of processes and mechanisms associated with a society’s attempt to come to terms with a legacy of large-scale past abuses, to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation. The transitional justice process of Nepal aims to address the humanitarian consequences of the non-international armed conflict that Nepal went through from 1996 to 2006. International law-human rights and humanitarian law-governs the transitional justice process together with domestic laws. The transitional justice process in Nepal is an issue of concern to the international community as well. It is now an element of Nepal’s diplomatic intervention in various platforms and fora. Nepal is struggling to find an appropriate modality of transitional justice. This article has been prepared primarily based on desk research-consulting relevant publications, websites, positions of the stakeholders-and dip...

The article concerns wartime history of Peru, at the background of which I examine the first bottom-up practices of investigating and accounting for the internal conflict of 1980-2000. In detail, the work deals primarily with the beginnings of the phenomena referred to in the title: return migrations and their relationship with searching for victims of forced disappearances, being also an attempt to contextualize both problems against the background of the reveals of memory about the era of political violence in Peru, competing with each other at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries.