Revolutions (Sociology)

LU, Kejian & Jingxinhong Li et al., 西方马克思学的形成和发展：一个思想史的考察 [The Formation and Development of Western Marxology: An Investigation from the Perspective of Intellectual History], Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press, 2021, pp. 424. (ISBN: 978-7-5117-4138-7)

I thought it was important to review the political and military events that made up the "Carnation Revolution", which only really ended on 25 November 1975. So I prepared for this publication a brief description of the most important political and military events in the process of building democracy in Portugal, such as the "Caldas Uprising", "25 April", the "silent majority" demonstration, "11 March" 1975 and finally "25 November" 1975, which led to the rejection of Salazarism and the establishment of the democratic system we know today. I present the result of this exercise and I will wait your comments.

This study is aimed to explain about the phenomenon of leadership in the novel of Catatan Juang (2017) by Fiersa Besari. This study applies descriptive qualitative research design and is analyized by applying marxism perspective of dominant hegemony. The novel tells about the main character " Kasuarina " works in famous bank. She is an insurances sales. Since she is broken heart by ricky, her job comes down and she can not focus to the target of company. Every day, she gets anger fron her boss, Mrs Ida due to her income. The result of this study shows about the issues of Leadership, intellectuality and violence in the Novel.

Thomas Kuhn’s description and characterization of scientific
revolutions set the standard for interpreting and understanding these events, but his characterization introduced an anomaly. Newtonian science was at the pinnacle of its success immediately prior to the Second Scientific Revolution. From an evolutionary point-of-view, there were no crises to be solved just problems within the Newtonian paradigm, whereas the specific crises that initiated the revolution are evident from everyone’s point-of-view after the revolution. This paradox is well recognized, but it seems not to be a problem and is just ignored as if it were not important or significant. Yet this discrepancy strikes at the very heart of physics and the overall progress of science. Historical conditions currently parallel the period immediately prior to the Second Scientific Revolution indicating that a new scientific revolution is approaching. When a comparison of the two periods is made, new characteristics of scientific revolutions are identified, the paradox is solved and evidence of a Zeroth Scientific Revolution emerges from the historical record.

Presented September 2008, P.I.R.T. Conference, Imperial College,
London

Quantum theory emerged the victor of the last Scientific evolution even though relativity theory had a more progressive view of reality to offer science. As a result, the physical aspects and properties of the gravitational field were never fully explored or exploited and science went through several decades of denial concerning the relevance of general relativity and its physical implications. The only small victory that relativity theory could claim before the 1960s was in cosmology with the expanding universe. The victory was small because the expanding universe was far from the everyday needs of a science more concerned with the atom and the nucleus. Under these circumstances, the theory of relativity had no practical applications in the everyday real world, so its theoretical implications were largely ignored. However, the 1970s brought something of a resurgence of good fortunes and everyday relevance for relativity theory and quantum theorists finally accepted the possibility that unification was the primary goal of physics, albeit a unification based upon the quantum concept of discrete particles rather than the Einsteinian concept of field continuity: According to quantum field theory, the gravity field could be reduced to an exchange of gravitons. But what at first seemed a resurgence of general relativity under the quantum paradigm in the 1970s has slowly evolved into a surge of physical relevance resulting in the emergence of general relativity as a dominating field of research in physics. And the story does not end there. The recent discoveries of Dark Matter and Dark Energy are about to push physics and relativity theory into a Third Scientific Revolution in which a unification with the quantum will be made on relativity’s terms. The quantum will not emerge out of the mathematics as a constraint on the continuous field as Einstein had hoped, but it will emerge as a field constant that limits the continuous field as described by general relativity.

Keywords: Second Scientific Revolution, Third Scientific Revolution, Mach, positivism, Mind, Matter, consciousness, motion of mater, crises, quantum, relativity, curvature, higher dimensions, Einstein, history, paradigm, Standard Model, cosmology, surge, Dark Matter, Dark Energy

Gramsci’s concept of hegemony has been interpreted in a wide variety of ways, including a theory of consent, of political unity, of ‘anti-politics’, and of geopolitical competition. These interpretations are united in regarding hegemony as a general theory of political power and domination, and as deriving from a particular interpretation of the concept of passive revolution. Building upon the recent intense season of philological research on the Prison Notebooks, this article argues that the concept of hegemony is better under- stood as a ‘dialectical chain’ composed of four integrally related ‘moments’: hegemony as social and political leadership, as a political project, as a hegemonic apparatus, and as the social and political hegemony of the workers’ movement. This alternative typology of hegemony provides both a sophisticated analysis of the emergence of modern state power and a theory of political organization of the subaltern social groups. This project is encapsulated in Gramsci’s notion of the formation of a ‘modern Prince’, conceived as both political party and civilizational process, which represents an emancipatory alter- native to the dominant forms of political modernity.

Article based on paper presented as part of Panel 24: ‘Looting, Refusing, Negating, Embodying’ ‘Critical Refusals’ Fourth Biennal Conference of the International Herbert Marcuse Society, University of Pennsylvania, 27-29th October 2011

http://www.pdcnet.org/radphilrev/content/radphilrev_2013_0016_0001_0375_0385

http://web.asc.upenn.edu/news/Critical_Refusals_Conference.pdf

Gramsci is the Marxist theorist par excellence of the Intellectuals. Marx and Engels sketched out perspectives for a theory of the social position and efficacy of intellectuals with their analysis of the historical emergence of the division of labour and critique of the deleterious role of 'ideologists' as (conscious or unconscious) defenders of the status quo (most notably, in the German Ideology). The Communist Manifesto went on to note the class transition of certain types of intellections in periods of revolutionary upheaval. However, writing before the Dreyfus affair in which the term 'Intellectual' was established for the first time as a key word of modern political discourse, Marx and Engels did not offer a comprehensive theory of the structural role of intellectuals in modern societies. Other Marxists have developed themes related to specific aspects of the question of the intellectuals. Brecht's entire intellectual practice, for example, can be regarded as developing a multi-faceted aethetico-philosophical meditation on the potentials for eingreifendes Denken (intervening thought) by a new type of intellectual engaged in a practice of dialectical pedagogy; Sartre, from a different perspective, saw the contradictions between the class origins of a certain types of intellectual and their ostensible commitment to truth as being resolved in practices of political commitment and solidarity; Critical Theory, in varying forms, from Adorno and Horkheimer to

The recent revival of interest in Marxism within and beyond the academy has led to various proposals for contemporary reconstructions of historical materialism. This article proposes that the work of Antonio Gramsci could provide the basis for an historical materialist interdisciplinary research programme today that is capable of engaging productively in dialogue with other traditions of thought, while respecting their (and its own) differences. The article focuses in particular on Gramsci's development of the concept of "passive revolution," arguing that his integration of elements from Marx's Theses on Feuerbach permits him both to break with various "determinist" deformations of Marx's thought while at the same time insisting upon the integrity of Marxist theory, as a tradition of thought capable of renewal through self-criticism. It proposes that Gramsci's thought offers resources for an explanatory historical narrative of modernity focused upon the political moment as the dialectical unity of "structure" and "agency".

Review essay of Negativity and Revolution: Adorno and Political Activism eds. Holloway, J. Matamoros, F. & Tischler, S. (2009) (London: Pluto Press) in Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture Vol. 8, Issue 2 http://logosjournal.com/2011/garland/

Edited version of published paper presented at 'Is Black and Red Dead?' Conference, Centre for the Study of Social and Global and Justice (CSSGJ) University of Nottingham, 7-8 September, 2009

https://socialhistoryportal.org/news/articles/110943