Residue Analysis (Archaeology)

Four small ceramic juglets that had been used as containers for offerings in an elite Middle Bronze Age III (ca. 1650-1550 BCE) masonry tomb uncovered at Tel Megiddo in the Jezreel Valley, Israel were tested using organic residue analysis. Notably, residues of vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and acetonvanillone were identified in three of the four juglets examined. These are the major fragrance and flavour components of natural vanilla extract. To date, it has been commonly accepted that vanilla was domesticated in the New World and subsequently spread to other parts of the globe. Our research first ruled out all possibility of sample contamination and then conducted a post-organic residue analysis investigation of various species within the plant kingdom from which these principle compounds could have been exploited. The results shed new light on the first known exploitation of vanilla in an Old World context, including local uses, the significance and employment in mortuary practices, and possible implications for understanding trade networks in the ancient Near East during the second millennium BCE.

The consolidation of village life in the southern Andes implied profound transformations in human lifeways and in people's relationships with the environment, plants, and animals. Contributions from archaeological sciences have the potential to shed light on these transformations, particularly by providing new information about patterns of food production and consumption. In this article, we present the first results of organic residue analysis on ceramic containers of early village societies of northwestern Argentina (La Ciénega Valley, AD 200-600) by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We tested previous characterizations of La Ciénega village's subsistence strategies through the lens of absorbed organic residues in pottery. Preliminary evidence indicates a predominance of biomarkers associated with vegetable products in the vessels and a lower contribution of animal fats, suggesting a strong reliance on plant-based foods among early villager groups in La Ciénega settlements. Resumen La consolidación de la vida aldeana en los Andes del sur implicó profundas transformaciones en los modos de vida y en las relaciones de los grupos humanos con su entorno, con las plantas y los animales. Muchos de estos cambios pueden ser reconstruidos a partir de metodologías de las ciencias físicas y químicas aplicadas, específicamente, a contextos arqueológicos, área de vibrante desarrollo en los últimos años. En este artículo presentamos los primeros resultados del análisis de residuos orgánicos (empleando cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas [CG-EM]) en recipientes cerámicos de las sociedades aldeanas tempranas del noroeste argentino (La Ciénega, Tucumán [200-600 dC]). A través de la identificación y caracterización de ésteres etílicos de ácidos grasos preservados en ollas y cuencos arqueológicos, evaluamos las estrategias de subsistencia planteadas previamente para el valle de La Ciénega. Las evidencias preliminares obtenidas indicaron un predominio de biomarcadores asociados con productos vegetales en las vasijas y un menor aporte de grasas animales, lo que sugiere que entre los primeros grupos de aldeanos de los asentamientos de La Ciénega existió una fuerte dependencia de alimentos de origen vegetal.

La degradation thermique en milieu aqueux d'une resine echangeuse d'ions cationique forte (l'ARC 9351) a ete etudiee. La resine est un copolymere sulfone du polystytene reticule avec du divinylbenzene. Cette resine, apres avoir ete caracterisee notamment par spectrometrie de masse a impact laser et par analyse thermique par calorimetrie a balayage differentielle (DSC), est degradee selon deux methodes de pyrolyse. La premiere consiste en une hydropyrolyse en autoclave a 300°C pendant 24 heures, et l'autre a ete conduite en ampoule scellee sous pression reduite de 200°C a 400°C pendant des temps variables. Dans chaque cas, les produits de degradation, qu'ils soient organiques ou mineraux ont ete analyses par un ensemble des techniques spectroscopiques et chromatographiques complementaires entre elles. Certaines nous ont permis de suivre les processus de degradation. Dans ce contexte, l'analyse directe des resines degrades ou non, par microsonde a impact laser ...

Bedrock grinding patches were recorded in the Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (FMG) Rail Corridor within the Wooodstock/Abydos Aboriginal Heritage Area 130 km south of Port Hedland, Western Australia. WA State Ministerial conditions required the salvage of representative samples, residue analysis and other detailed microscopic study to investigate the technology and function of these grinding patches. Following a pilot study and experimental work, we undertook microscopic study of 159 samples – including PVS (PolyVinyl Siloxane™) peels and water extractions – from 81 grinding patches, collected at six sites. The worn stone surfaces are microscopically similar to traces found on experimental and Aboriginal stone artefacts used for grinding seeds, although the development of wear patterns is variable. The most common residues were phytoliths, which indicate that grinding patches were utilised for grinding grasses of the Panicoid and Chloridoid sub-families, although the open nature of the ...

Cave pearls are spherical concentric speleothems growing radially around nuclei in shallow pools saturated with calcite. They are very rare in the Southern Levant. We present a unique assemblage of 50 cave pearls found in the Iron Age Joweizeh artificial spring tunnel in the Jerusalem Hills of Israel. Some of these deposits represent the first global evidence of formation on archaeological artefacts: pottery sherds and ancient plaster. Multi-analyses were conducted to date and characterize the different nuclei and pearls. Charcoal samples extracted from the plaster nuclei of two pearls were 14 C dated to the Hellenistic period. Two pearls were formed on sherds of Hellenistic lamps. XPS found Co colour remains, suggesting both had been imported. The Hellenistic date is also supported by archaeomagnetic dates of seven other pottery nuclei. Most Hellenistic remains are probably the outcome of a renovation campaign in the tunnel. Four pearls were sampled for stable isotopes (δ 13 C and δ 18 O). The range of δ 18 O values from the Joweizeh pearls is compatible with the Holocene Soreq and Jerusalem caves' records. The δ 13 C differences between Joweizeh and Soreq indicate local changes in the overlying vegetation throughout history. The various lines of evidence enabled us to characterize the pearls' formation process, reconstruct the Joweizeh spring tunnel's hydraulic environment and detect changes that occurred in its water flow regime throughout history.

The origins of ceramic technology in the Oman Peninsula have a unique history in the context of ancient West Asia. Local pottery production in northern Oman and the United Arab Emirates is not documented until the early to mid-third millennium BC during the Early Bronze Age. This period was characterised by increasing sedentism

Hideworking was practiced prehistorically and historically in nearly every region of the world. Today hideworking is practiced using stone tools only in parts of North America, Siberia, and Ethiopia. This article reviews and explains the diversity in hideworking practices among the Gamo of southern Ethiopia, in particular focusing on the variation of the stone scrapers, handles, and use of space. The Gamo hideworking practices and materials are then compared to customs in other parts of the world. It is concluded that intra-cultural and cross-cultural material and practical homogeneity and diversity can only be explained through an understanding of localized histories in the their global contexts. RÉSUMÉ Les Gamo du sud-ouest de l'Éthiopie : comparaisons transculturelles. Le travail de la peau était pratiqué aux périodes préhistoriques et historiques dans presque toutes les régions du monde. Aujourd'hui, le travail de la peau en utilisant des outils de pierre est pratiqué uniquement dans certaines parties de l'Amérique du Nord, de la Sibérie et de l'Éthiopie. Cet article examine et décrit la diversité des pratiques du travail de la peau chez les Gamo du sud de l'Éthiopie en mettant en particulier l'accent sur la variation des grattoirs lithiques et des emmanchements et la gestion de l'espace. Les pratiques des Gamo et les matériaux utilisés sont ensuite comparés avec d'autres pratiques dans différentes parties du monde. Il est conclu que les matériaux intra-et inter-culturelles, l'homogénéité et la diversité des pratiques ne peuvent être expliqués qu'à travers la compréhension de l'histoire locale replacée dans des contextes plus larges.

Analysing residues on stone tools can reveal precise information about the activities that were conducted with the lithic tool and is a valuable technique to reconstruct past human behaviours. However, it is often difficult to assess the nature of the relationship between a residue and the artefact on which it is found. It is of great importance, therefore, to determine whether residues are use-related or a result of contamination. Here, we conducted experiments with 99 tool replicas made of red jasper, processed 15 different plant taxa and mapped the distribution of residues against the use-wear traces. Our experiments addressed several questions on the spatial relationship between use-wear and use-related residues on stone tools. In the majority of cases the residues were not spatially associated with use-wear. Therefore, it appears that residues should not necessarily be considered as non-related to use because they are not in close proximity to use-wear. On the other hand, our experiments also showed that the problem of contamination should not be underestimated and can be a serious cause for misinterpreting stone tool functions. Finally, our results showed a variability in residue distribution between tools used to process different plant taxa and revealed that the water content in the contact material has an influence on residue distribution.

Results of protein residue and lithic microwear analyses are reported for Paleoindian and Early Archaic stone tools from a Carolina bay sand rim on the Aiken Plateau of South Carolina, USA. Protein residue analysis is performed using crossover Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), and indicates positive results for Bovidae, Cervidae, Galliformes, and Meleagris gallopavo. These results are complemented by a larger immunological study of 135 diagnostic hafted bifaces from South Carolina and Georgia. Among other species identified, bovid residue was found on multiple Paleoindian hafted bifaces, an Early Archaic hafted biface, and a Middle Archaic hafted biface. Results suggest continuity of species selection and availability across the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary and provide no support for the exploitation of extinct fauna. The data do provide compelling evidence for a demographic shift and/or regional extirpation of Bovidae possibly as late as the early mid-Holocene in the Southeast. In add...

The article presents results of residue analysis, based on Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) measurements, conducted on 13 ceramic storage jars unearthed in the Babylonian destruction layer (586 BCE) in Jerusalem. Five of the jars bear rosette stamp impressions on their handles, indicating that their content was related to the kingdom of Judah’s royal economy. The identification of the original contents remains is significant for the understanding of many aspects related to the nutrition, economy and international trade in the ancient Levant. The study shed light on the contents of the jars and the destruction process of the buildings in which they were found. The jars were used alternatively for storing wine and olive oil. The wine was flavored with vanilla. These results attest to the wine consumption habits of the Judahite elite and echo Jerusalem’s involvement in the trans-regional South Arabian trade of spices and other lucrative commodities on the eve of its destruct...

Knapped lithics are generally assumed to reflect the territorial configurations of cultural groups, as well as their cultural interactions. Some Mesolithic and
Neolithic groups, however, show archaeologically worrying deviations from this pattern. While in some areas they are represented by reasonable numbers of worked lithics, in other parts of their cultural territories they are characterized by features such as pits and hearths, which can be of substantial size and appear in significant concentrations with little or no content of knapped lithics. This permits the consideration of whether we have a problem with the absence from the archaeological record of
extensive prehistoric “Stone Age” groups that do not employ knapped lithics at all. Furthermore, it is worth considering the extent to which our understanding of the cultural dynamics and interactions of prehistoric groups, as well as their subgroups, informed by preserved knapped lithics, can be misleading. Even though variation between the material cultures Even though variation between the material cultures of different cultures is evident, observations from modern hunter-gatherer societies indicate that the organic aspects of their material culture generally appear to serve as the dominant marker of such differences relative to their knapped lithics component. This is most likely because the organic aspects of material culture are the easiest to mark/shape with identifying and characteristic elements (ornaments, etc.). Important are skins and furs, for clothing, covers for dwellings and boats etc., while bark, plant fibers, and sinew are also important in many cultures. Bone and antler have a role in the production of
points and cutting edges, and wood can also be important for making
various artifact types, including shafts. Knapped lithics do not always
form part of the inventory, even though suitable material is locally
available. It is clear that the “currents of cultural influence” may vary for
different types of objects/materials–for example, artifact types, hafting
methods, clothing ornamentation, and burial customs. Even though
such complex, multilayered, cultural interaction patterns will, in most
cases, be impossible to reconstruct archaeologically due to the poor
preservation of organic material culture, it is nevertheless important
to keep in mind that they do not automatically follow the patterns of
interaction distinguishable in the well-preserved knapped lithics.

Lapidary and bead production were two of the main related and direct practices of ancient mining activity that developed in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. Despite acknowledging the richness of mineralogy in the region and macroscopically observing a great diversity of beads in terms of color, few studies have addressed their physical-chemical characterization to specify and accurately identify the nature of the minerals used for their production. This work synthesizes all previous analytical studies of mineral beads in the Atacama Desert and Northwestern Argentina, two closely related regions with demonstrated cultural interactions. Afterward, we precise the mineralogy of a large set of beads from archaeological contexts associated with the Formative Period (3500-1000 cal. BP) from different localities in the north of Chile. We described 132 mineral beads of various colors (blue, green, white, black, and ochre) and used, for the first time, Raman spectroscopy as a non-destructive technique to precise the mineralogy of 84 of them. Based on the physical-chemical characterization and spatial distribution from five different localities of the region, we confirm the wide variety of minerals used in their production and their importance in the economic interactions occurring during the Formative Period.

Four small ceramic juglets that had been used as containers for offerings in an elite Middle Bronze Age III (ca. 1650-1550 BCE) masonry tomb uncovered at Tel Megiddo in the Jezreel Valley, Israel were tested using organic residue analysis. Notably, residues of vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and acetonvanillone were identified in three of the four juglets examined. These are the major fragrance and flavour components of natural vanilla extract. To date, it has been commonly accepted that vanilla was domesticated in the New World and subsequently spread to other parts of the globe. Our research first ruled out all possibility of sample contamination and then conducted a post-organic residue analysis investigation of various species within the plant kingdom from which these principle compounds could have been exploited. The results shed new light on the first known exploitation of vanilla in an Old World context, including local uses, the significance and employment in mortuary practices, and possible implications for understanding trade networks in the ancient Near East during the second millennium BCE.

Information on medieval diet and subsistence practices has traditionally been compiled from a combination of documentary sources, faunal and archaeobotanical assemblages, together with other information gained from archaeological excavations. Much is known of high status medieval dietary practices but less about what foodstuffs the medieval peasantry consumed. Here, we examine the everyday dietary practices of people living in a small medieval manor and associated hamlet at West Cotton, Raunds, Northamptonshire. For the first time, a combined molecular and isotopic approach on absorbed residues, from the substantial pottery assemblage covering a period of around 500 years, was utilised to integrate information on the commodities processed in the vessels, together with detail from the faunal assemblage, archaeobotanical, archaeological and documentary information relating to the site. Lipid residue results from the pottery, mainly jars, identified the importance of ruminant carcass products and leafy vegetables, likely used to prepare the stews or potages known to be the mainstay of the medieval diet, and confirmed by the dominance of sheep and cattle in the faunal assemblage. Around one quarter of the vessels were used to process solely dairy products and some evidence of porcine product processing was found, although this may be underrepresented at the site. In brief, this project provided a unique opportunity to address questions of diet and animal husbandry by medieval peasants and helped illustrate agricultural production and consumption in the middle ages.

The invention of thermally resistant ceramic cooking vessels around 15,000 years ago was a major advance in human diet and nutrition 1-3 , opening up new food groups and preparation techniques. Previous investigations of lipid biomarkers contained in food residues have routinely demonstrated the importance of prehistoric cooking pots for the processing of animal products across the world 4 . Remarkably, however, direct evidence for plant processing in prehistoric pottery has not been forthcoming, despite the potential to cook otherwise unpalatable or even toxic plants 2,5 . In north Africa, archaeobotanical evidence of charred and desiccated plant organs denotes Early Holocene hunter gatherers routinely exploited a wide range of plant resources 6 . Here, we reveal the earliest direct evidence for plant processing in pottery globally, from the sites of Takarkori and Uan Afuda in the Libyan Sahara, dated to 8200-6400 calBC. Characteristic carbon number distributions and  13 C values for plant wax-derived nalkanes and alkanoic acids indicate sustained and systematic processing of C3/C4 grasses

デ トロン加速器質量分析計 ( Hi g hV b l t a g eEn g i n e e r i n gE u r o p e社製 Mo d e 1 4 1 3 0 ･ AMS )で中村が行 っ ド た ( 機関番号 NUT A 2 ) .1 4 C年代測定を実施 した試料の点数は 2 1点である. AA A処理済みの試料 1 8点については,炭素 ･ 窒素安定同位体比 ( ∂1 3 C値, ∂1 5 N値) ,炭素 と窒素 の重量比 ( C / N 比)の分析 を ( 秩)昭光通商に委託 した.

This papers aims to update the previous syntheses made by the author in 2004 and 2007 about the contents of African amphorae. Firstly, there is a revision of the different arguments providing information on these contents (typology, epigraphy, distribution, stoppers, macro-remains, archaeometry), and second, an updating of the different hypotheses relating to contents (oil, fish products and wine) by types. The conclusion is that very little progress has been made for 15 years, and the hypotheses about contents can still be divided into three categories: certain (oil for types Africana I and Tripolitana I/III; salsamenta for type Africana II C; wine for imitations of types Dressel 2/4, Gauloise 4 and LRA 1); controversial (amphorae of Punic tradition, early Roman types, Africana II and III); and completely conjectural (5th to 7th century types). The author calls for the launch of an ambitious programme of chemical analyses in order to reach a better understanding of the foodstuffs transported in the African amphorae from the mid 2nd century BC to the end of the 7th century-beginning 8th century AD.

The need to better understand economic change and the social uses of long-ago established pottery types to prepare and consume food has led to the study of 124 distinct ceramic vessels from 17 settlement and funerary sites in Central Germany (present day Saxony-Anhalt). These, dated from the Early Neolithic (from 5450 cal. BCE onwards) to the Late Bronze Age (1300-750 cal. BCE; youngest sample ca. 1000 BCE), include vessels from the Linear Pottery (LBK), Schiepzig/Scho ¨ningen groups (SCHIP), Baalberge (BAC), Corded Ware (CWC), Bell Beaker (BBC), and U ´nětice (UC) archaeological cultures. Organic residue analyses performed on this assemblage determined the presence of vessel contents surviving as lipid residues in 109 cases. These were studied in relation to the changing use of settlement and funerary pottery types and, in the case of burials, to the funerary contexts in which the vessels had been placed. The obtained results confirmed a marked increase in the consumption of dairy products linked to innovations in pottery types (e.g., small cups) during the Funnel Beaker related Baalberge Culture of the 4 th millennium BCE. Although the intensive use of dairy products may have continued into the 3 rd millennium BCE, especially amongst Bell Beaker populations, Corded Ware vessels found in funerary contexts suggest an increase in the importance of non-ruminant products, which may be linked to the production of specific vessel shapes and decoration. In the Early Bronze Age circum-Harz U ´nětice group (ca. 2200-1550 BCE), which saw the emergence of a highly hierarchical society, a greater variety of animal and plant derived products was detected in a much more standardised but, surprisingly, more multifunctional pottery assemblage. This long-term study of lipid residues from a concise region in Central Europe thus reveals the complex relationships that prehistoric populations established between food resources and the main means to prepare, store, and consume them.

Amphorae are key materials in the investigation of the production and transport of goods in ancient times. For the Roman period, many typologies of amphorae are standardised and there are hypotheses concerning their uses and contents mainly based on the shape, provenance, tituli picti and, when preserved, the solid contents. However, there are still many amphora types that have to be investigated in order to better understand the economy of the regions where they were produced and filled. This is the case of the amphorae object of this paper: the so-called ovoid amphorae of Hispania Ulterior/Baetica. This paper presents new results of an interdisciplinary investigation aimed to discover the commodities contained in ovoid amphorae. This amphora type and its specific use have never been investigated, except for a preliminary test. Here, organic residues analysis of twenty-four amphorae produced in two different locations in Hispania Ulterior/Baetica (Bay of Cadiz and the Guadalquivir Valley) and excavated at the site of El Olivillo in Cadiz (Spain), are presented. The findings suggest that the majority of the amphorae were coated with abundant pitch derived from Pinaceae trees and that most of them contained grape derivatives, although other products were also identified. Not only is this documentation of Hispania Ulterior/Baetican wine production in the late Republican period important, but the use of ovoid amphorae for carrying wine is somewhat unexpected because it is usually thought that amphorae of this type in southern Italy and in the Corinthia probably carried olive oil.

In September 1991 the Northern Territory Government passed its Heritage Conservation Act which seeks to identify, assess, record, conserve and protect places and objects of prehistoric, protohistoric, historic, social, aesthetic and scientific values. The new legislation is managed by a newly established Heritage Unit within the Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory. Because the Act and many of the concepts it enshrines are new, the Heritage Unit is new, and because the Act has very wide-ranging aims, there are problems with the functioning and administration of the legislation. In particular the management of prehistoric and historic archaeological places and objects presents difficulties. This Discussion Paper reviews some of the problems with the Act and its administration, and raises suggestions for guiding principles and practices which might be followed to ensure that the new Act is effective in conserving the Territory's cultural resources.

Climate-smart conservation addresses the vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change impacts but may require transboundary considerations. Here, we adapt and refine 16 biophysical guidelines for climate-smart marine reserves for the transboundary California Bight ecoregion. We link several climate-adaptation strategies (e.g., maintaining connectivity, representing climate refugia, and forecasting effectiveness of protection) by focusing on kelp forests and associated species. We quantify transboundary larval connectivity along ∼800 km of coast and find that the number of connections and the average density of larvae dispersing through the network under future climate scenarios could decrease by ∼50%, highlighting the need to protect critical steppingstone nodes. We also find that although focal species will generally recover with 30% protection, marine heatwaves could hinder subsequent recovery in the following 50 years, suggesting that protecting climate refugia and expanding t...

Site 49 is part of a large cluster of prehistoric occurrences and find-spots discovered at Har Harif and its vicinity during a large survey and salvage excavation project conducted in 2012, prior to extensive maintenance and construction works on the Israel-Egypt border. The site constitutes an extensive scatter of artifacts on the surface in an area of 600–700 m2.
The flint industries indicate human activity at the site or its surroundings on several occasions, including diagnostic artifacts of the Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Early Bronze. Nevertheless, the main activity at the site was associated with the Upper Paleolithic Arkov-Divshon industry, primarily due to the presence of lateral carination and observed affinities with other Arkov-Divshon assemblages. This paper presents the study of Site 49. Geomorphological analyses
were conducted to reconstruct site formation and post-depositional processes. These indicated that Site 49 was exposed
to complex post-depositional processes such as erosion, deflation, and downslope movement of artifacts, resulting in
palimpsest. Two OSL samples were collected from the loess sediments underlying the archaeological horizon, providing a maximum age of ca. 40–39 ka for human activity at the site. It is suggested that Site 49 operated as a short-term seasonal camp during autumn or spring prior to the last glacial maximum (LGM) aridification.

Investigations into everyday food practices during the Umm an‐Nar period
(c.2700–2000 BC) in the Oman Peninsula are limited. We studied lipid residues in pottery from Salūt‐ST1, an Umm an‐Nar stone tower in central Oman, to understand domestic practices and vessel use in locally‐produced Sandy Wares, regionally‐produced Fine Red Omani Wares and imported Indus Black‐Slipped Jars between c. 2460–2150 BC. Degraded animal fats were found in a majority of the vessels, and we report the first direct detection of dairy products in Umm an‐Nar vessels. The use of non‐ruminant fats, plants and/or mixtures of different products is also suggested. Variations in lipid concentrations and contents of Fine Red Omani Wares and Sandy Wares suggest different uses for these vessel categories. Finally, the detection of a range of products (ruminant meat, dairy fats, non‐ruminant fats and mixtures) in Indus Black‐Slipped Jars from the site indicates vessel multifunctionality and reuse of the vessels.

Information on medieval diet and subsistence practices has traditionally been compiled from a combination of documentary sources, faunal and archaeobotanical assemblages, together with other information gained from archaeological excavations. Much is known of high status medieval dietary practices but less about what foodstuffs the medieval peasantry consumed. Here, we examine the everyday dietary practices of people living in a small medieval manor and associated hamlet at West Cotton, Raunds, Northamptonshire. For the first time, a combined molecular and isotopic approach on absorbed residues, from the substantial pottery assemblage covering a period of around 500 years, was utilised to integrate information on the commodities processed in the vessels, together with detail from the faunal assemblage, archaeobotanical, archaeological and documentary information relating to the site. Lipid residue results from the pottery, mainly jars, identified the importance of ruminant carcass products and leafy vegetables, likely used to prepare the stews or potages known to be the mainstay of the medieval diet, and confirmed by the dominance of sheep and cattle in the faunal assemblage. Around one quarter of the vessels were used to process solely dairy products and some evidence of porcine product processing was found, although this may be underrepresented at the site. In brief, this project provided a unique opportunity to address questions of diet and animal husbandry by medieval peasants and helped illustrate agricultural production and consumption in the middle ages.

La evidencia carpológica en contextos del Complejo El Vergel en Isla Mocha ha posibilitado la inferencia de variados usos que estos grupos dieron a sus recursos vegetales. Entre estos destaca la hipótesis del empleo de Zea mays para la elaboración de bebidas fermentadas que se habrían insertado entre las prácticas de prestigio y liderazgo vinculadas a procesos de complejización social en El Vergel. Si bien la producción de estos brebajes se encuentra refrendado por el registro etnohistórico rechemapuche, se desconocen hasta ahora antecedentes arqueológicos que entreguen información contextual sobre estas prácticas en El Vergel. Este trabajo analiza granos de almidón arqueológicos recuperados de fragmentos cerámicos, comparando sus daños con el patrón descrito para el proceso de fermentación en la literatura especializada. Nuestros resultados muestran una producción de estos brebajes en Isla Mocha al menos entre los 1000 a 1300 d.C., utilizando para este fin especies cultivadas y silvestres: Aristotelia chilensis (maqui), Zea mays (maíz) y posiblemente Fragaria chiloensis (frutilla silvestre). Las categorías morfofuncionales cerámicas indican que el proceso completo de elaboración y servicio de estos brebajes se realizaría dentro del mismo sitio, estando la etapa de servicio posiblemente vinculada a la cerámica decorada, la cual estaba probablemente especificada para este fin. Palabras claves: arqueobotánica, microrrestos vegetales, modalidades de procesamiento, bebidas fermentadas, Complejo El Vergel. Carpological evidence of El Vergel Complex contexts in Isla Mocha has made it possible to infer the various uses that these groups made of their vegetable resources. Among these, the hypothesis that Zea mays was used for the elaboration of fermented drinks-which would have been part of the prestige and leadership practices related to the increase in social complexity-stands out. Although the production of these beverages is noted in the Reche-Mapuche ethnohistorical record, archaeological evidence that provides contextual information about these practices at El Vergel is unknown. This work analyzes the archaeological starch grains recovered from ceramic sherds by comparing their damage with the pattern described for the fermentation process in the specialized literature. Our results show the production of these beverages in Mocha Island at least between A.D. 1000 and 1300, with both cultivated and wild species used for this purpose: Aristotelia chilensis (maqui), Zea mays (maize) and possibly Fragaria chiloensis (wild strawberry). The ceramic morphofunctional categories indicate that the complete process of preparing and serving these beverages would have taken place within the same site, with the serving stage possibly being linked to decorated pottery, which was likely specified for this purpose.

A Victoria con todo mi amor La belleza en su forma gutural y alucinada Para ella son las poesías de Quevedo, de Borges y las elegías de Machado Para ella, mi mujer mediterránea, itálica cruel y vanidosa, gitana de misteriosos ojos. Al mirarme dentro de sus pupilas, me veo navegar, días de mar azul. Me arrebata la visión de un velero, mil y una jornada, siento el sacudón del barco, que lleva acero, vinos, especias, sedas, libros. Que feliz me siento, alegre y rodeado de risas. En que puerto del Mare Nostrum habré visto tu belleza? En qué vida pasada que no quiere dejarme? Alguna vez pensaste que repetimos la primera vez que nos encontramos con los siglos en un misterioso círculo místico? Un designio del destino tejido en un manto de estrellas con que nos cubrimos una y otra vez. Mis nombres griegos, mi lengua forjada en el mediterráneo, y tu recuerdo. A veces cuando el sol se impone en el límpido cielo la misma visión me arrebata la imaginación, un sueño tal vez y me veo en él. El caldeante sol en la cubierta de un velero fenicio, ataviado con trajes de fina muselina, observo a los hombres que me acompañan, griegos, cartagineses, mil lenguas y costumbres, su legado siempre me acompaña en mis ensoñaciones. Reímos constantemente, hablamos de las maravillas del mundo y de los dioses. De puerto en puerto dejamos en incontables ciudades la riqueza de la más bella cultura que floreció en la tierra, antigua como la arena del desierto, intensa, como el fuego del horno babilonio y fugaz como la rosa de las noches. Esa es mi alma la siento así ayer y hoy Cuanto ha pasado, cuánto tiempo ha pasado? Diez siglos tal vez? Una tarde de abril, cuando el vino maduro juega con la visión de los hombres, vimos desde la costa de Siracusa un comité de etruscos en los olivares y allí la vi por primera vez. Recordé los perfiles que tallaran los cinceles griegos, en un mármol carneo rosado y perfumado, toda la gracia del mes y del sol en un rostro de mujer, todo el misterio de mis libros en unos ojos profundos y todo el canto de los pájaros en una sola sonrisa… Euclídes tenía razón pensé, sus tratados solo pueden inspirarse en una verdadera musa, en caderas como estas, no puede haber error en tan exacta proporción… Esa tarde amarré el navío y con él mi corazón, hundí mis sandalias en la arena, con un solo pensamiento quemándome el pecho, esa flor, esa rosa, la rosa de las noches, la rosa de la alquimia, de los persas la del perfume de faraones, esa rosa me había atrapado. Vagabundeando por la costa, extraviado por una indescriptible flor platónica, amarré mi nave al puerto y ceñí mis brazos en su cintura. En la noche de las noches con el vino audaz de la alegría derramé una a una todas las estrellas de Alejandría en su pecho de blancura y miel. Los griegos esculpieron mis versos, mis sueños se hicieron materia bajo el hierro creador, no son todas esas Venus sino diferentes miradas de la misma flor….mi flor? El mediterráneo, que conoce mi sangre, mis viajes, late con cada sol en los rizados cabellos de mi amor Cada noche se repite la primera noche, cada beso es el primero…

Este trabajo explora la incorporación de técnicas de muestreo en el análisis de desechos de talla. El objetivo general es la obtención de muestras que representen al conjunto de donde proceden, en este caso, los desechos de talla recuperados de la capa 2 (2°) del sitio Peñas de la Cruz 1.1, localizado en Antofagasta de la Sierra, Catamarca. A fin de lograr lo propuesto se evalúan los alcances y limitaciones de tres tipos de muestreo aplicados en un mismo lote. Con el objeto de dar cuenta de las actividades de talla llevadas a cabo en el sitio, se presentan los resultados del análisis técnico-morfológico llevado a cabo sobre una muestra de desechos de talla (n= 300) extraída de un lote mayor (N= 2377).

The article presents results of residue analysis, based on Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) measurements, conducted on 13 ceramic storage jars unearthed in the Babylonian destruction layer (586 BCE) in Jerusalem. Five of the jars bear rosette stamp impressions on their handles, indicating that their content was related to the kingdom of Judah's royal economy. The identification of the original contents remains is significant for the understanding of many aspects related to the nutrition, economy and international trade in the ancient Levant. The study shed light on the contents of the jars and the destruction process of the buildings in which they were found. The jars were used alternatively for storing wine and olive oil. The wine was flavored with vanilla. These results attest to the wine consumption habits of the Judahite elite and echo Jerusalem's involvement in the transregional South Arabian trade of spices and other lucrative commodities on the eve of its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar.

The following paper describes a unique assemblage of geometric microliths uncovered inside a newly discoveredmortuary complex dated to the Iron Age IIB-C and early Achaemenid Persian periods (seventh to fifth centuries BCE) in the Negev Highlands of southern Israel. The complex contained dozens of interments together with incense burners and alabaster incense containers, mortars and pestles brought from Southern Arabia. The deceased, many of whom were young women, were buried with copper and silver jewelry and a variety of trinkets such as beads, pendants, earrings, bone rings, shells, scarabs, and amulets from Egypt, the Red Sea region, Southern Arabia, and the Mediterranean basin. We suggest that the microliths described here were either imports from the southern Arabian Peninsula or, based on other finds from the site, were fabricated in the Negev by a foreigner who originated from that region and were probably a burial offering for one of the deceased.

1 9 9 2 ) ないしは 8-9世紀 ( 石川, 1 9 9 6 ) にはじまり､ 12-13世紀 ( 石川, 1 9 9 6 ) に終わ ると考え られている｡ これまで､擦文時代の年代は､遺跡で確認される B -T m火山灰 ( 9 3 0年代)( I s h i z u k a , 2 0 0 3 ) 遺物について海洋 リザーバー効果の影響があることが報 じられている ( Y o n e d ae t a l . , 2 0 0 1 ) 0 北海道ではこれまでに多 くの博文時代の遺跡 ( 住居跡など)が調査されてお り､その概要

Se presenta el estudio multiproxy sobre un conjunto de raspadores del Holoceno medio, del sitio La Mesada (Santa Cruz). El objetivo es evaluar su funcionalidad y el diseño que a priori sugiere que fueron enmangados. Se extrajeron dos muestras de residuos por artefacto según los sectores distal y proximal y medio. Se escanearon con microscopio óptico con polarizador. Para el estudio funcional se registró la presencia/ausencia de macro y microhuellas de uso y de huellas de enmangue, con microscopio metalográfico y lupa. El abordaje sectorizado permitió discernir sobre la funcionalidad, el enmangue y el procesamiento de plantas para una clase de raspador. Su secuencia de producción tendría aspectos distintivos respecto a las tendencias regionales; además el estudio evidencia prácticas vinculadas a la gestión de plantas por cazadores-recolectores.

The use of organic coatings on unglazed ceramic vessels, to seal surfaces and decrease permeability, has a long history extending from prehistory to modern traditional potters. A range of substances has been used, often water-insoluble natural products that tend to survive well under archaeological conditions. Identification of these coatings provides useful insights into past vessel production and properties and may also offer opportunities for interpretation of reuse and circulation of vessels. Results are presented here from the investigation of coatings on a small number of sixth-century bc vessel sherds from Naukratis (Egypt). All the deposits were found to be composed of pitch derived from conifer wood, which may be the remains of linings used to seal the vessels or residues of the vessels' contents. In one case, fig pulp and 'seeds' are associated with the pitch, which seem not only to suggest that the pitch was used as a lining, but have also offered a rare opportunity to elucidate both the sealing technology and vessel contents. The results are considered in terms of the broader interpretation of the past use of organic coated vessels and highlight the benefit of a multidisciplinary approach to organic residue analysis.

El presente artículo describe los resultados del análisis de residuos realizado en dos recipientes cerámicos procedentes del castro de la Edad del Bronce de La Peña del Moro, en Navas de Oro, Segovia. Los datos obtenidos mediante cromatrografia de gases (gc-ms) revelan la presencia de grasas animales y vegetales, destacando los restos de resina de pino identificados en las paredes de dos de las cuatro vasijas analizadas. También se investiga la función específica de ambas cerámicas a través del análisis de residuos orgánicos preservados en su interior ofreciendo un testimonio de las diversas actividades en las que probablemente fueron utilizadas. En la discusión de nuestro trabajo, y apoyándonos en datos arqueológicos, históricos y etnográficos, hacemos especial
hincapié en el empleo de la resina de pino durante la Prehistoria. De forma muy sintética se enumerarán algunos usos de la savia del pino recogidos en las fuentes clásicas, con el objetivo de intentar extrapolar algunas de sus aplicaciones por parte de la comunidad de Cogotas que habitó el asentamiento.

This article presents the results of analyses of the chemical composition of organic matter and the occurrence of characteristic geochemical and biochemical markers in 17 samples collected from the Second World War mass graves excavated in the Szpęgawski Forest and Death Valley, Poland. The results show that attempts to cover up mass crimes by burning the bodies of the victims have left their own traces-that each attempt to cover up the crime is associated with the creation of further evidence of the crimes committed.

Ejercicios de exploración performática que reflexionan en torno a la frontera cultural que se instala desde el estado chileno, configurando deficientes prácticas migratorias con nuestros compañeros vecinos. En el video-performance Delimitaciones Corporales, vemos cómo el cuerpo avanza por el territorio nortino para terminar en un cuerpo de luto, sin mirada, sin rostro ni destino.

results from the technological analysis indicate the presence of several expedient technologies, more elaborate opposed striking platform knapping sequences and a possible diachronic evolution in preferential raw material use. Both spatial analyses and lithic technology are reinforced by an extensive microwear analysis that can specify the objectives of the knapping sequences and mostly the spatial organization of the different activities (butchery, hide and plant scraping, osseous tools manufacturing...) for each occupation phase. In the future, the results from Kerkhove will have to be compared with those previously obtained with the same protocol from other (dryland) sites in northwestern Belgium.

This study aims to evaluate the functionality of a sample of lithic tools from a multiproxy perspective. The artifacts come from a mid-Holocene hunter-gatherers' occupation of the La Mesada site in Patagonia. The perspective involves the examination of use-wear traces, hafting wear, and organic micro-residues. The experimental program that supports this perspective is presented. Use-wear traces and organic residues were recognized in the distal portion of the archaeological artifacts. Meanwhile, some tools, in the proximal and middle portion, present alterations attributable to hafting in combination with animal and vegetable residues. The production sequence of a particular artifact design is discussed, with distinctive aspects regarding regional trends. Practices related to plant management were identified that allow the evaluation of mobility circuits and interchange mechanisms of these societies.

Chemical analysis of residue extracted from stone pipes and pipe fragments excavated at sites in the southern Pacific Northwest Coast of North America demonstrate that hunter-gatherers smoked the psychostimulant tobacco (Nicotiana sp.) by at least AD 860. Non-farming ethno-historic Native Americans throughout the west gathered and sometimes cultivated tobacco for ritual and religious purposes, but until now the antiquity of the practice on this part of the continent was unknown. Method validation includes chemical characterization of a suite of smoke plants and experimental reproduction of "smoked" pipe chemistry; results indicate biomarkers are traceable for several species commonly smoked by ethnographic native peoples, including tobacco (nicotine, cotinine), tree tobacco (anabasine), and kinnikinnick (arbutin). Developed methodsdwhere residue is extracted directly from the stone or clay matrix of whole and fragmentary archaeological pipesdmay be applied in similar studies investigating the spread and use of ritual smoke plants in the ancient Americas and elsewhere.

This work introduces a novel analytical chemistry method potentially applicable to the study of archaeological starch residues. The investigation involved the laboratory synthesis of model Maillard reaction mixtures and their analysis through Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS). Thus, starch from sixteen plant species were matured while reacting it with the amino acid glycine. The FTICR-MS analysis revealed > 5,300 molecular compounds, with numerous unique heteroatom rich compound classes, ranging from 20 (Zea mays) to 50 (Sorghum bicolor). These classes were investigated as repositories of chemical structure retaining source and process-specific character, linked back to botanical provenance. We discussed the Maillard reaction products thus generated, a possible pathway for the preservation of degraded starch, while also assessing diagenetic recalcitrance and adsorption potential to mineral surfaces. In some cases, hydrothermal experimentation ...