Redox Balance

Introdução: Mesmo durante períodos de exercício anaeróbio, os radicais livres podem ser gerados pelo aumento na atividade da xantina oxidase e da óxido nítrico sintase, bem como pela isquemia/reperfusão induzida pelo exercício além da ativação de leucócitos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar parâmetros oxidativos entre atletas profissionais de voleibol de quadra e indivíduos não treinados. Métodos: Foram avaliados 11 atletas profissionais de voleibol de quadra e 11 indivíduos não atletas, entre 21 e 33 anos, do sexo masculino, através de teste anaeróbio. Realizou-se coleta sanguínea de 10 ml, antes, logo após e 20 min. após o teste. Para determinar a peroxidação lipídica (LPO) foi utilizada a técnica do TBARS, para danos a proteínas a técnica da 2, 4 dinitrofenilhidrazina (DNPH), como defesa antioxidante enzimática analisamos as atividades da catalase (CAT) e da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e a defesa não enzimática estimada pela concentração de ácido úrico (AU), fenólicos totais plasmáticos (PLF) e também através do potencial antioxidante não enzimático (TRAP). Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o programa estatístico SPSS 8.0, o nível de significância adotado foi p < 0, 05. Resultados: Observamos diferenças significativas nos níveis de danos a biomoléculas (LPO e carbonil) entre os grupos, bem como nos níveis de fenólicos totais plasmáticos. Um aumento nos níveis de carbonil e de LPO, assim como aumento nas concentrações de fenólicos totais e ácido úrico plasmático 20 min após o exercício nos indivíduos não treinados. Conclusão: Atletas profissionais de voleibol de quadra estão melhor protegidos contra danos oxidativos induzidos por exercício anaeróbio que os indivíduos não treinados. Isto pode ser devido a adaptações induzidas pelo treinamento físico.

As concentrações de cortisol constituem uma importante variável de mensuração do estresse, mas existem controvérsias sobre as respostas desse hormônio ao exercício físico, treino e competição. O intuito desta revisão sistemática foi analisar objetivos, metodologias e principais resultados das pesquisas que utilizaram o cortisol como medida de análise do estresse em atletas. Verificou-se a predominância do cortisol salivar (54.6%) em várias modalidades desportivas, a maioria foi realizada com modalidades individuais (72.8%), com atletas do género masculino (59%) e atletas profissionais de alto rendimento (91%). Diversos procedimentos e momentos de coleta foram descritos nos artigos revisados. As alterações nas concentrações de cortisol salivar detetadas nestes estudos demonstraram que grande parte das situações desportivas foram consideradas possíveis fontes de estresse para atletas. O maior aumento nas concentrações de cortisol foi encontrado entre a situação basal e a situação pós-competitiva, bem como entre as coletas realizadas no dia da competição e aquelas mensuradas no mesmo horário em repouso. A partir da análise dos resultados da presente revisão, percebeu-se a necessidade de uma padronização nos métodos de análise do cortisol em atletas, bem como do controle do ritmo circadiano, a fim de encontrar valores referenciais.

Introduction: Psidium friedrichsthalianum fruits have in vitro antioxidant activity and their intake has been suggested to have potential health benefits; however, there is still no evidence on the potential in vivo effect of their consumption. Objective: We aim to study the effect of the oral administration of a P. friedrichsthalianum juice on the urinary metabolome of adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Acute and short-term interventions were carried out and urine sample metabolites were analyzed in a 600 MHz NMR instrument with a NOESY-presat sequence.and post-treatment effects were identified by comparison against control conditions. Results: Acute administration caused a decrease in the excretion of citrate and allantoin in the 0 to 6 h period and citrate and α-ketoglutarate in the 6 to 12 h period. Lactate and Krebs cycle intermediates showed reduced excretion in the 12 to 24 h period. Short-term administration (for 7 days) decreased the excretion of Krebs cycle intermediates together with lactate and allantoin. The effect was stronger after short-term administration suggesting a dose-dependent effect. Conclusion: P. friedrichsthalianum juice caused a change in rat excretion of energy metabolites, probably associated with an increase in aerobic metabolism, suggesting in vivo modulation of the redox balance.

Muscle mass loss and wasting are characteristic features of patients with chronic conditions including cancer. Therapeutic options are still scarce. We hypothesized that cachexia-induced muscle oxidative stress may be attenuated in response to treatment with beta 2-adrenoceptor-selective agonist formoterol in rats. In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of tumor-bearing rats (108 AH-130 Yoshida ascites hepatoma cells inoculated intraperitoneally) with and without treatment with formoterol (0.3 mg/kg body weight/day for seven days, daily subcutaneous injection), redox balance (protein oxidation and nitration and antioxidants) and muscle proteins (1-dimensional immunoblots), carbonylated proteins (2-dimensional immunoblots), inflammatory cells (immunohistochemistry), and mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex activities were explored. In the gastrocnemius, but not the diaphragm, of cancer cachectic rats compared to the controls, protein oxidation and nitration levels were increased, several functional and structural proteins were carbonylated, and in both study muscles, myosin content was reduced, inflammatory cell counts were greater, while no significant differences were seen in MRC complex activities (I, II, and IV). Treatment of cachectic rats with formoterol attenuated all the events in both respiratory and limb muscles. In this in vivo model of cancer-cachectic rats, the diaphragm is more resistant to oxidative stress. Formoterol treatment attenuated the rise in oxidative stress in the limb muscles, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the loss of myosin content seen in both study muscles, whereas no effects were observed in the MRC complex activities. These findings have therapeutic implications as they demonstrate beneficial effects of the beta 2 agonist through decreased protein oxidation and inflammation in cachectic muscles, especially the gastrocnemius. Subjects Respiratory Medicine, Metabolic Sciences Keywords Experimental cancer-induced cachexia, Diaphragm and gastrocnemius, Formoterol treatment, Redox balance, Contractile proteins How to cite this article Salazar-Degracia et al. (2017), Formoterol attenuates increased oxidative stress and myosin protein loss in respiratory and limb muscles of cancer cachectic rats. PeerJ 5:e4109;

BACKGROUND The exact causes of skeletal muscle weakness in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain unknown with uremic toxicity and redox imbalances being implicated. To understand whether uremic muscle has acquired any sensitivity to acute redox changes we examined the effects of redox disturbances on force generation capacity. METHODS Permeabilized single psoas fibers (N =37) from surgically induced CKD (UREM) and sham-operated (CON) rabbits were exposed to an oxidizing (10 mM Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2) and/or a reducing [10 mM Dithiothreitol (DTT)] agent, in a blind design, in two sets of experiments examining: A) the acute effect of the addition of H2O2 on maximal (pCa 4.4) isometric force of actively contracting fibers and the effect of incubation in DTT on subsequent re-activation and force recovery (N =9 CON; N =9 UREM fibers); B) the effect of incubation in H2O2 on both submaximal (pCa 6.2) and maximal (pCa 4.4) calcium activated isometric force generation (N =9 CON; N =10 UREM fi...

The extremely thermophilic cellulolytic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii , degrades plant biomass at high temperatures without any pretreatments and can serve as a strategic platform for industrial applications. The metabolic engineering of C. bescii , however, faces potential bottlenecks in bio-based chemical productions.

BACKGROUND The exact causes of skeletal muscle weakness in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain unknown with uremic toxicity and redox imbalances being implicated. To understand whether uremic muscle has acquired any sensitivity to acute redox changes we examined the effects of redox disturbances on force generation capacity. METHODS Permeabilized single psoas fibers (N =37) from surgically induced CKD (UREM) and sham-operated (CON) rabbits were exposed to an oxidizing (10 mM Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2) and/or a reducing [10 mM Dithiothreitol (DTT)] agent, in a blind design, in two sets of experiments examining: A) the acute effect of the addition of H2O2 on maximal (pCa 4.4) isometric force of actively contracting fibers and the effect of incubation in DTT on subsequent re-activation and force recovery (N =9 CON; N =9 UREM fibers); B) the effect of incubation in H2O2 on both submaximal (pCa 6.2) and maximal (pCa 4.4) calcium activated isometric force generation (N =9 CON; N =10 UREM fi...

Inherited fatty acid oxidation diseases in their mild forms often present as metabolic myopathies. Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 2 (CPT2) deficiency, one such prototypical disorder is associated with compromised myotube differentiation. Here, we show that CPT2-deficient myotubes exhibit defects in focal adhesions and redox balance, exemplified by increased SOD2 expression. We document unprecedented alterations in the cellular prion protein PrP C , which directly arise from the failure in CPT2 enzymatic activity. We also demonstrate that the loss of PrP C function in normal myotubes recapitulates the defects in focal adhesion, redox balance and differentiation hallmarks monitored in CPT2-deficient cells. These results are further corroborated by studies performed in muscles from Prnp-/mice. Altogether, our results unveil a molecular scenario whereby PrP C dysfunction governed by faulty CPT2 activity may drive aberrant focal adhesion turnover and hinder proper myotube differentiation. Our study adds a novel facet to the involvement of PrP C in diverse physiopathological situations.

Ferreira pela disponibilidade e correções realizadas durante a Banca de Qualificação. Ao Professor Dr. João Armando Brancher da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná pela colaboração nos testes laboratoriais desta pesquisa. A Academia Policial Militar do Guatupê e ao Instituto de Pesquisa e Tratamento de Alcoolismo por abrir as suas portas em prol da ciência. Aos meus amores, Fernando, Simone, Michelle, Tiago e Eduardo pela ajuda nas coletas e na escrita, pelo apoio, pela paciência e compreensão de minhas ausências. Ao Mestre Cassiano Lima Chaiben pela colaboração nas análises estatísticas. Aos colegas da turma "Umami" pelo companheirismo e colaboração durante todo o curso. Ao Governo Federal, através da CAPES pelo auxilio financeiro durante essa jornada.

Estresse oxidativo é o termo geralmente utilizado para descrever os danos causados pelo desequilíbrio entre pró-oxidantes e antioxidantes no organismo. O aumento no consumo de O2 induzido pelo exercício físico está associado ao aumento das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) sendo estas indutoras do estresse oxidativo. Embora as evidências indiquem um provável efeito inibitório da fototerapia com diodos emissores de luz (LEDT) sobre a produção das EROs, não existem estudos observando tal efeito em atletas. Este estudo preliminar destina-se a verificar os efeitos da aplicação de LEDT previamente ao exercício de alta intensidade sobre a peroxidação lipídica, mensurada através dos níveis sanguíneos de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Todos os seis atletas de voleibol do sexo masculino foram submetidos às duas situações: aplicação de LEDT efetiva e aplicação de LEDT placebo. O desempenho no protocolo de exercício adotado não revelou diferença (p &gt; 0,05) entre as...

Natural disturbances in tropical forests modify the availability and quality of resources and alter the patterns of bird distribution. These environmental changes increase the metabolic rate and disrupt the redox balance promoting oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the abundance of Willisornis poecilinotus between gaps and the understory of a forest with undisturbed canopy at Caxiuanã National Forest. The abundance was correlated with vegetation heights. The oxidative stress and the stress promoting factors were determined in both sites of sampling. We captured 81 specimens of W. poecilinotus. The number of captures was high in gaps. The specimens sampled at gaps showed high levels of oxidative stress. The biomarkers of oxidative stress were significantly correlated in gaps. The variability of oxidative stress and oxidative damage were explained only by site of sampling. These results suggest that gaps are stressors sites to W. poecilinotus, which probably can be due to a...

Nonconventional yeast species hold the promise to provide novel metabolic routes to produce industrially relevant compounds and tolerate specific stressors, such as cold temperatures. This work validated the first multiphase multiobjective genome-scale dynamic model to describe carbon and nitrogen metabolism throughout batch fermentation.

Nonconventional yeast species hold the promise to provide novel metabolic routes to produce industrially relevant compounds and tolerate specific stressors, such as cold temperatures. This work validated the first multiphase multiobjective genome-scale dynamic model to describe carbon and nitrogen metabolism throughout batch fermentation.

Nonconventional yeast species hold the promise to provide novel metabolic routes to produce industrially relevant compounds and tolerate specific stressors, such as cold temperatures. This work validated the first multiphase multiobjective genome-scale dynamic model to describe carbon and nitrogen metabolism throughout batch fermentation.

This study determined the effectiveness of antioxidant supplementation on high-intensity exercise-heat stress. Six males completed a high-intensity running protocol twice in temperate conditions (TEMP; 20.4°C), and twice in hot conditions (HOT; 34.7°C). Trials were completed following7 days supplementation with 70 ml·day(-1) effective microorganism-X (EM-X; TEMPEMX or HOTEMX) or placebo (TEMPPLA or HOTPLA). Plasma extracellular Hsp72 (eHsp72) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by ELISA. eHsp72 and SOD increased pre-post exercise (p &lt; 0.001), with greater eHsp72 (p &lt; 0.001) increases observed in HOT (+1.5 ng·ml(-1)) compared to TEMP (+0.8 ng·ml(-1)). EM-X did not influence eHsp72 (p &gt; 0.05). Greater (p &lt; 0.001) SOD increases were observed in HOT (+0.22 U·ml(-1)) versus TEMP (+0.10 U·ml(-1)) with SOD reduced in HOTEMX versus HOTPLA (p = 0.001). Physiological and perceptual responses were all greater (p &lt; 0.001) in HOT versus TEMP conditions, with no difference...

Estresse oxidativo é o termo geralmente utilizado para descrever os danos causados pelo desequilíbrio entre pró-oxidantes e antioxidantes no organismo. O aumento no consumo de O2 induzido pelo exercício físico está associado ao aumento das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) sendo estas indutoras do estresse oxidativo. Embora as evidências indiquem um provável efeito inibitório da fototerapia com diodos emissores de luz (LEDT) sobre a produção das EROs, não existem estudos observando tal efeito em atletas. Este estudo preliminar destina-se a verificar os efeitos da aplicação de LEDT previamente ao exercício de alta intensidade sobre a peroxidação lipídica, mensurada através dos níveis sanguíneos de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Todos os seis atletas de voleibol do sexo masculino foram submetidos às duas situações: aplicação de LEDT efetiva e aplicação de LEDT placebo. O desempenho no protocolo de exercício adotado não revelou diferença (p &gt; 0,05) entre as...

This study determined the effectiveness of antioxidant supplementation on high-intensity exercise-heat stress. Six males completed a high-intensity running protocol twice in temperate conditions (TEMP; 20.4°C), and twice in hot conditions (HOT; 34.7°C). Trials were completed following7 days supplementation with 70 ml·day(-1) effective microorganism-X (EM-X; TEMPEMX or HOTEMX) or placebo (TEMPPLA or HOTPLA). Plasma extracellular Hsp72 (eHsp72) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by ELISA. eHsp72 and SOD increased pre-post exercise (p &lt; 0.001), with greater eHsp72 (p &lt; 0.001) increases observed in HOT (+1.5 ng·ml(-1)) compared to TEMP (+0.8 ng·ml(-1)). EM-X did not influence eHsp72 (p &gt; 0.05). Greater (p &lt; 0.001) SOD increases were observed in HOT (+0.22 U·ml(-1)) versus TEMP (+0.10 U·ml(-1)) with SOD reduced in HOTEMX versus HOTPLA (p = 0.001). Physiological and perceptual responses were all greater (p &lt; 0.001) in HOT versus TEMP conditions, with no difference...

Disruption of the ZWF1 gene encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) has been shown to reduce the xylitol yield and the xylose consumption in the xylose-utilizing recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain TMB3255. In the present investigation we have studied the influence of different production levels of G6PDH on xylose fermentation. We used a synthetic promoter library and the copper-regulated CUP1 promoter to generate G6PDH-activities between 0% and 179% of the wildtype level. G6PDH-activities of 1% and 6% of the wild-type level resulted in 2.8and 5.1-fold increase in specific xylose consumption, respectively, compared with the ZWF1-disrupted strain. Both strains exhibited decreased xylitol yields (0.13 and 0.19 g/g xylose) and enhanced ethanol yields (0.36 and 0.34 g/g xylose) compared with the control strain TMB3001 (0.29 g xylitol/g xylose, 0.31 g ethanol/g xylose). Cytoplasmic transhydrogenase (TH) from Azotobacter vinelandii has previously been shown to transfer NADPH and NAD + into NADP + and NADH, and THoverproduction resulted in lower xylitol yield and enhanced glycerol yield during xylose utilization. Strains with low G6PDH-activity grew slower in a lignocellulose hydrolysate than the strain with wild-type G6PDH-activity, which suggested that the availability of intracellular NADPH correlated with tolerance towards lignocellulosederived inhibitors. Low G6PDH-activity strains were also more sensitive to H2 O2 than the control strain TMB3001.

Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae TMB3001, harboring the Pichia stipitis genes XYL1 and XYL2 (xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively) and the endogenous XKS1(xylulokinase), can convert xylose to ethanol. About 30% of the consumed xylose, however, is excreted as xylitol. Enhanced ethanol yield has previously been achieved by disrupting the ZWF1 gene, encoding glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase, but at the expense of the xylose consumption. This is probably the result of reduced NADPH-mediated xylose reduction. In the present study, we increased the xylose reductase (XR) activity 4^19 times in both TMB3001 and the ZWF1-disrupted strain TMB3255. The xylose consumption rate increased by 70% in TMB3001 under oxygen-limited conditions. In the ZWF1-disrupted background, the increase in XR activity fully restored the xylose consumption rate. Maximal specific growth rates on glucose were lower in the ZWF1-disrupted strains, and the increased XR activity also negatively affected the growth rate in these strains. Addition of methionine resulted in 70% and 50% enhanced maximal specific growth rates for TMB3255 (zwf1v) and TMB3261 (PGK1-XYL1, zwf1v), respectively. Enhanced XR activity did not have any negative effect on the maximal specific growth rate in the control strain. Enhanced glycerol yields were observed in the high-XR-activity strains. These are suggested to result from the observed reductase activity of the purified XR for dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

This study determined the effectiveness of antioxidant supplementation on high-intensity exercise-heat stress. Six males completed a high-intensity running protocol twice in temperate conditions (TEMP; 20.4°C), and twice in hot conditions (HOT; 34.7°C). Trials were completed following7 days supplementation with 70 ml·day(-1) effective microorganism-X (EM-X; TEMPEMX or HOTEMX) or placebo (TEMPPLA or HOTPLA). Plasma extracellular Hsp72 (eHsp72) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by ELISA. eHsp72 and SOD increased pre-post exercise (p &lt; 0.001), with greater eHsp72 (p &lt; 0.001) increases observed in HOT (+1.5 ng·ml(-1)) compared to TEMP (+0.8 ng·ml(-1)). EM-X did not influence eHsp72 (p &gt; 0.05). Greater (p &lt; 0.001) SOD increases were observed in HOT (+0.22 U·ml(-1)) versus TEMP (+0.10 U·ml(-1)) with SOD reduced in HOTEMX versus HOTPLA (p = 0.001). Physiological and perceptual responses were all greater (p &lt; 0.001) in HOT versus TEMP conditions, with no difference...

Forty late-lactation Girgentana goats were used to study the effect of diets fed ad libitum and αS1-casein (CSN1S1) genotype on redox balance. The goats genotyped at CSN1S1 locus (A/A, A/F) were subjected to four feeding treatments different for percentage inclusion of dry and fresh forage: DAF100 (98% of Dry Alfalfa Forage), DAF65 (65% of Dry Alfalfa Forage), FSF100 (100% of Fresh Sulla Forage) and FSF65 (65% of Fresh Sulla Forage). Blood samples were analyzed for superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), albumin, glucose and cholesterol contents. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as percentage ratio of ROMs to BAP. Redox balance was improved by Sulla inclusion, as reflected in the lower OSI values found in FSF100 and FSF65 groups. DAF100 group displayed the highest GPX activity, while other groups e...

The aim of this study was to assess the redox balance of organically managed dairy cattle (OMC; n = 40) during the transition period and to compare this with conventionally managed cattle (CMC; n = 22). Serum samples of dairy cows from two organic and one conventional farm were taken. Markers of oxidants production [reactive oxygen species] and total serum antioxidant capacity were measured in four different production stages: (i) far-off dry (2 to 1 months before calving; 44 samples in CMC and 48 in OMC); (ii) close-up dry (1 month until 3 days before calving; 44 CMC; 54 OMC); (iii) fresh (3 days to +1 month after calving; 44 CMC; 49 OMC); and (iv) peak of lactation (+1 to +3 months; 71 CMC; 78 OMC). Values were compared between production stages and against a metabolic baseline status (4th-5th month of pregnancy; 40 CMC; 30 OMC). Our results indicated that throughout the periparturient period, OMC had lower concentrations of reactive oxygen species, but also a lower antioxidant ca...

KlGUT2 encodes the mitochondrial component of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in Kluyveromyces lactis, a dehydrogenase involved in the maintenance of the NADH redox balance and in glycerol utilization. Deletion of KlGUT2 led to glycerol accumulation during growth in glucose and growth retardation in ethanol. In addition, KlGUT2 deletion altered the expression of other mitochondrial dehydrogenases that contribute to the maintenance of the intracellular redox balance, suggesting a rerouting of ethanol oxidation from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. Finally, Northern analysis showed that KlGUT2 has two transcripts: one constitutively expressed and dependent on HGT1, the high-affinity hexose transporter gene, and the other induced under respiratory conditions.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe disease of cattle that causes a broad spectrum of economic losses. The purpose of this study is to shed light on some physiological changes that may occur in the infected Egyptian local cows, including the primary and secondary stress responses besides the antioxidant profile. Two groups of Egyptian adult cows were used in the present study. The first group (control group) consisted of 10 clinically healthy cows, while the other one (infected group) consisted of 7 naturally infected LSD cases subjected to routine clinical examination. The clinical investigation revealed skin lesions passing through different progressive stages, starting from the appearance of nodules until the formation of deep scars. LSD was associated with a well-noted stress response, as exemplified by hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia, and increases in serum cortisol, urea, and creatinine levels. Marked depletion in serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, vitamin E, malondialdehyde, and total peroxide levels were observed in the LSD challenged cows. These findings indicated the ability of LSD to induce stress reactivity and disturb the redox balance, and therefore the application of stress-management strategies and administration of dietary antioxidants is highly recommended to enhance the health status of infected animals. This study paves the road towards other works investigating the differential response of oxidative stress biomarkers to this disease according to its severity and stages and choosing the best antioxidant supplements.

The amino acid sequence of a family 6 carbohydrate binding module (CtCBM6B) from Clostridium thermocellum �-L-arabinofuranosidase showed close evolutionary relationship with some other member of family 6 carbohydrate binding modules. The CD spectrum analysis confirmed the secondary structure prediction of CtCBM6B as both showed �-sheets (44-48%) and random coils (52-54%) and no �-helix. The hydrogen bonding plot of CtCBM6B showed many segments of parallel and anti-parallel �-strands which was similar to the secondary structure prediction by PSIPRED VIEW. The three dimensional structure of CtCBM6B generated by MODELLER revealed a typical �-sandwich architecture at its core, characteristic of �-jelly roll CBM superfamily. The Ramachandran plot analysis by PROCHECK showed that out of 134 residues, 92.9% were in most favoured region, 6.2% in additionally allowed region and only 0.9% in generously allowed region which indicated a stable conformation of 3D model of CtCBM6B. The docking analysis of CtCBM6B for finding putative ligand binding sites showed that it has high binding affinity for arabinobiose, �-L-arabinofuranose and �-D-xylopyranose indicated by lower ligand binding energy (-14.28 kcal mol-1 ,-12.5 kcal mol-1 and-11.3 kcal mol-1 , respectively). CtCBM6B also showed appreciable binding affinity with �-D-xylopyranose (-10.8 kcal mol-1), �-L-arabinopyranose (-10.2 kcal mol-1), �-L-arabinopyranose (-10.0 kcal mol-1) and �-L-arabinofuranose (-8.75 kcal mol-1). The results indicated that CtCBM6B has high potential for binding arabinan, xylans and substituted xylans.

The study comprised of 12 bulls, aged between 18-36 months, determined severe symptoms of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and 10 clinically healthy bulls of similar age. Serum and saliva total sialic acid (SA), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. In this study were determined acute fever, anorexia, vesicular lesions in the mouth and feet of infected animals with consequent excessive salivation, lameness and reduced productivity as clinical signs. Mean serum SA, MDA, GSH and NO levels were 503.96±21.43 mg/L, 31.82±3.43 µmol/L, 63.43±2.92 mg/dL, and 6.49±0.36 nmol/L in healthy bulls and 862.01±17.35 mg/L, 82.49±9.90 µmol/L, 24.96±2.32 mg/dL, and 13.89±0.53 nmol/L in FMD cases, respectively. Mean saliva SA, MDA, GSH and NO levels were 75.98±10.25 mg/L, 1.06±0.17 µmol/L, 0.67±0.05 mg/dL, and 1.44±0.14 nmol/L in healthy bulls and 156.49±14.07 mg/L, 1.81±0.15 µmol/L, 0.34±0.03 mg/dL, and 2.44±0.16 nmol/L in FMD cases, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.001 and P<0.01). Mean serum and saliva GSH level was lower in FMD while all other parameters were considerable high. As a result, showing signs of foot and mouth disease in bulls, serum and saliva in sialic acid and oxidative stress parameters are affected very significantly.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe disease of cattle that causes a broad spectrum of economic losses. The purpose of this study is to shed light on some physiological changes that may occur in the infected Egyptian local cows, including the primary and secondary stress responses besides the antioxidant profile. Two groups of Egyptian adult cows were used in the present study. The first group (control group) consisted of 10 clinically healthy cows, while the other one (infected group) consisted of 7 naturally infected LSD cases subjected to routine clinical examination. The clinical investigation revealed skin lesions passing through different progressive stages, starting from the appearance of nodules until the formation of deep scars. LSD was associated with a well-noted stress response, as exemplified by hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia, and increases in serum cortisol, urea, and creatinine levels. Marked depletion in serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, vitamin E, malondialdehyde, and total peroxide levels were observed in the LSD challenged cows. These findings indicated the ability of LSD to induce stress reactivity and disturb the redox balance, and therefore the application of stress-management strategies and administration of dietary antioxidants is highly recommended to enhance the health status of infected animals. This study paves the road towards other works investigating the differential response of oxidative stress biomarkers to this disease according to its severity and stages and choosing the best antioxidant supplements. 

Cite this as: Khalil, N.S.A. & Waly, H.S.A. (2020). Stress response and antioxidant profile in Egyptian cows naturally infected with lumpy skin disease. J. Multidiscip. Sci. 2(1), 1-8.