R&D Management

La necesidad de las empresas de aumentar su dimensión para ser competitivas ante la alta volatilidad del entorno ha provocado la generalización de la cooperación empresarial en los últimos años. Como consecuencia existen numerosos estudios relativos a dicha estrategia, donde los aspectos más analizados han sido los factores claves de éxito y las ventajas de la cooperación empresarial, destacando los análisis empíricos realizados en sectores intensivos en tecnología. Sin embargo, la cooperación también tiene importantes riesgos asociados, por lo que, nuestro objetivo será realizar un estudio exploratorio donde se analice de forma conjunta los motivos que llevan a las empresas a cooperar y, por tanto, las ventajas que se derivan de la cooperación, y sus riesgos asociados. Frente a los análisis centrados en la cooperación basada en la innovación tecnológica, consideramos necesario aportar información sobre los acuerdos cooperativos en sectores de baja intensidad tecnológica, claves en el empleo y la economía tanto en España, Colombia y demás países con un sector agroalimentario importante. Palabras clave: acuerdos de cooperación, motivos, riesgos, éxito del acuerdo Abstract The need of the companies to increase their size to be competitive because of the high volatility of the environment has provoked the generalization of the cooperation agreements in the last years. Because of that have been done numerous studies relative to the above mentioned strategy, where the most analyzed aspects have been the key factors of success and the advantages of the managerial cooperation, emphasizing the empirical analyses made in intensive sectors in technology. Nevertheless, the cooperation also has important associate risks, for what, our aim will be to carry out an exploratory study where we analyse jointly the reasons by which enterprises cooperate and, therefore, the cooperation advantages and his associate risks. Opposite to the researches centred on the cooperation based on the technological innovation, we consider necessarily to investigate about the cooperation agreements, key of low technological intensity in the employment and the economy so much in Spain, Colombia and other countries with a food-processing important sector.

The use of project and project funding has become ubiquitous in science management and policy. Despite the success of some high-profile projects, we question the general movement to funding short-term projects. In this paper, we discuss the project form in publicly-funded science and draw on over a decade of field research in a number of publicly-funded laboratories.

Technical projects environments, i.e., sets of methods and tools that support an engineering project, are software-intensive systems that need to be configured according to software process and project characteristics. Tailored software processes, e.g., based on the V Modell XT framework, specify project process steps and drive method and tool selection with a focus on individual feature requirements. Therefore, feature models can support the automated selection and configuration of methods and tools. For designing an effective and efficient engineering project environment, project managers and engineering domain experts can semantically integrate a given set of engineering tools and project data models in a flexible way. In this paper, we analyze challenges of managing engineering tool variability in context of engineering project environment configurations and present a conceptual approach using semantic modeling of project requirements and tool capabilities.

Previous studies informed by the concept of absorptive capacity predominantly laid emphasis upon static aspects and for the most part utilized quantitative methods. In contrast, the present comparative case study takes the processual nature of the phenomenon into account. Based upon findings from four case studies in the optics industry in the U.S. and Germany we contribute to the literature by elucidating how technology transfer between research institutions and private sector companies is organized. We highlight the absorption processes involved, the role of meeting management and information exchange practices that are moderated by boundary spanners and power relationships, the institutional and regional embeddedness of actors involved, as well as social factors that serve as a 'glue' for absorptive capacity.

This paper explores the principles of teamwork within large-scale Hollywood productions, highlighting the essential contributions of often-overlooked crew members such as grips, gaffers, drivers, carpenters, wardrobe teams, prop masters, and catering staff. Drawing on firsthand professional experience as a Production Coordinator, the analysis identifies four pillars of effective collaboration: communication, respect for every role, adaptability under pressure, and leadership as service.
While public attention in Hollywood often focuses on actors and directors, the success of productions depends on the invisible workforce whose dedication sustains every project. Their labor provides a valuable case study for understanding how large teams function under extreme time and budgetary constraints.
By bridging academic theory with lived industry practice, the article argues that Hollywood crews exemplify teamwork principles relevant across industries, from corporate organizations to healthcare and education. Ultimately, the paper concludes that true professionalism lies not in recognition but in commitment,  a lesson the crews of Hollywood embody daily.

En las universidades, la gestión del proceso de investigación, desarrollo y transferencia (I+D+T) del conocimiento científico-técnico es una actividad fundamental. No obstante, este proceso, por sus características específicas, no puede ser analizado de forma efectiva mediante los instrumentos convencionales de diagnóstico empresarial. Por ello, estimamos que se requiere una metodología basada en el conocimiento y en el capital intelectual. La finalidad de este trabajo es presentar una metodología de investigación original para el diagnóstico del proceso de I+D+T, mediante la búsqueda de tipos de conocimiento claves que, mediante su incorporación a las actividades del proceso, generan el "Capital de I+D+T". El orden de presentación seguido es el siguiente: en primer lugar, se identifican los tipos de conocimiento claves; a continuación se validan esos tipos de conocimiento mediante un análisis exploratorio: finalmente, se realiza un diagnóstico del proceso a través de un análisis confirmatorio mediante encuestas a investigadores, empresas e instituciones. PALABRAS CLAVE: gestión de I+D, gestión del conocimiento, capital intelectual, gestión de I+D en universidades, gestión del conocimiento en universidades.

This paper presents a new interpretation regarding the source of Fanuc’s competitive advantage through conducting a historical analysis of Fanuc’s relationships with machine tool builders, i.e., Fanuc’s users, and machining factories, i.e., Fanuc’s users’ customers. From the dawn of the NC (Numerical Control) in the 1950s–1960s until the establishment of the de facto standard in the 1970s, Fanuc’s ability to create collaborative relationships with its users and its user’s customers functioned as the source of Fanuc’s competitive advantage. However, with Fanuc continuing its lead into the 1980s, leading machine tool builders such as Mori Seiki and Yamazaki revolted against Fanuc’s dominance. In response, Fanuc released a part of their CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) software, Fanuc allowed machine tool builders to conduct their own customization. Moreover, strong collaborative relationships with the user’s customers created throughout the 1970s, however, functioned as a deterren...

This paper reviews and compares patent pools, intellectual property (IP) clearinghouses, and copyright collectives as systems for promoting efficient access to licensable IP in a ‘market for technology’. These systems promote downstream use of innovations by economizing on search and transaction costs in licensing, as well as potentially mitigating the conditions that lead to the ‘tragedy of the anti‐commons’ and other coordination problems in multilateral licensing. We compare and classify different systems in terms of their features, review some existing systems, and discuss their economic characteristics.

Quality Management (QM) principles have left their marks on business practice for more than a decade. Amongst the many business functions that have faced the widespread introduction of QM standards and methodologies, the R&D function has been amongst the last to undergo their pervasive influence. The uncertain and ambiguous nature of the technical innovation process, most present during the conceptual and problem‐solving (often R&D intensive) stages, has provided many arguments not to introduce ‘traditional’ QM approaches in R&D settings. These arguments are often based on a rather rigid and mechanistic view on QM. As recent insights show, this need not be the case. QM can offer an avenue to fundamentally scrutinize and re‐think cross‐functional integration strategies in innovative contexts. Therefore, the process of introducing QM principles in an R&D environment deserves close attention. This paper offers a field‐based insight into these fundamental organizational and managerial i...

In the ‘knowledge economy’ upheld by the European Lisbon strategy, knowledge‐intensive services are considered a key driver for innovation and competitiveness. A category of knowledge‐intensive services that has become of utmost importance in the last few decades is new product development (NPD) services, which interconnect distant knowledge domains with the client firms. In addition to NPD service providers, web‐based innovation intermediaries have started to help innovative firms access dispersed bodies of knowledge. Despite the heterogeneity of their characteristics, however, a clear typology of the strategies used by traditional NPD service providers and web‐based intermediaries to interact with their knowledge sources and with their clients is missing. This typology would be very useful for those firms that are willing to collaborate with innovation intermediaries because it could highlight the typologies of NPD problems different intermediaries are apt to address and the manag...

Systematic evaluation of scientific research might strengthen public support, but could it also stifle innovation? The issues were debated at a symposium in Melbourne. Multidisciplinary funding and the benefits of research evaluation programmes were hotly debated at an event organized by Nature.

This study critically reviews the literature that demonstrates the relevance of knowledge management process and business intelligence, as well as the challenges arising when it comes to organising for innovation in today’s business organisations. Hence, the to attain desired innovation it is important to integrate business intelligence (BI) and knowledge management (KM) for the diffusion of innovation. Hence, importance of integrating business intelligence (BI) and knowledge management (KM) for the diffusion of innovation. Organisations’ innovation dynamics and knowledge processes that lead competitive advantage of organisations are examined. Literature points that many organisations rely on individual employees’ knowledge and skills. As a result, information systems that enable knowledge management (KM) as a critical tool for gaining a competitive advantage (Campbell, 2012). The seminal argument in this study is that knowledge diffusion and knowledge externalities are the main dri...

This study explores how variability in research topics influences the evolution of scientific and technological fields, offering strategic insights for innovation management. Using entropy and variance decomposition, we analyze four emerging quantum domains-optics, metrology, imaging, and sensing-to assess the diversity and stability of their research trajectories. Results show that quantum optics exhibits lower variability (H = 0.83), indicating a more stable and mature trajectory, while quantum sensing shows higher variability (H = 0.93), reflecting greater uncertainty and exploratory dynamics. Critically, 91.7% of variability occurs within fields, highlighting internal topic diversity as a structural feature of scientific evolution. These findings suggest that variability can serve as a strategic indicator for aligning innovation strategies. High-variability fields benefit from exploratory approaches-such as flexible R&D investment, diversified portfolios, and adaptive decision-making-while lowvariability fields are better suited to exploitative strategies focused on incremental innovation and core business extension. For R&D managers and policymakers, this framework supports more informed resource allocation, portfolio design, and risk management in emerging technologies. By linking topic variability to innovation dynamics, the study provides a practical tool for anticipating technological shifts and enhancing strategic decision-making in fast-evolving scientific landscapes.

Many governments have placed priority on excellence in higher education as part of their policy agendas. Processes for recruitment and career advancement in universities thus have a critical role. The efficiency of faculty selection processes can be evaluated by comparing the subsequent performance of competition winners against that of the losers and the pre-existing staff of equal academic rank. Our study presents an empirical analysis concerning the recruitment procedures for associate professors in the Italian university system. The results of a bibliometric analysis of the hard science areas reveal that new associate professors are on average more productive than the incumbents. However a number of crucial concerns emerge, in particular concerning occurrence of non-winner candidates that are more productive than the winners over the subsequent triennium, and cases of winners that are completely unproductive. Beyond the implications for the Italian case, the analysis offers considerations for all decisionmakers regarding the ex post evaluation of the efficiency of the recruitment process and the desirability of providing selection committees with bibliometric indicators in support of evaluation (i.e. informed peer review).

The steadily increasing prevalence of diabetes globally has captured researchers' attention. Cuban production of scientifi c articles on diabetes has not been studied from a bibliometric perspective. OBJECTIVE Characterize the production and impact of research and review articles on diabetes by Cuban authors in journals listed in the Scopus bibliographic database, as well as related collaboration among Cuban institutions and between Cuban and non-Cuban institutions. METHODS A bibliometric analysis was conducted using 2000-2017 data from the Scopus database. The following search strategy was used: descriptor (diabetes), country (Cuba), publication source (journal), article type (original research, review article). Bibliographic indicators of production, visibility, impact and collaboration were examined. RESULTS Cuba contributed 3.2% of Latin American production and 0.1% of global production related to diabetes. Within Cuba's scientifi c production (610 articles, 538 original research and 72 review), 85.9% had a Cuban corresponding author (Cuban leadership). In articles with international collaboration (22.9%), however, most (67.9%) had non-Cuban corresponding authors. A total of 47% (287) were articles involving a single institution. Only 11.1% were published in top-ranked journals, and 14.4% were cited >10 times. Cubans were lead authors on 0.3% of the most frequently cited (top 10%) articles on diabetes in Scopus. A total of 38.4% of this production appeared in low-impact journals and 57.9% in Cuban journals. Articles published in English accounted for 30% of total and obtained higher impact in terms of citations than articles in Spanish. The strongest networks for scientifi c collaboration were those that connected Cuban and US researchers. CONCLUSIONS Cuban scientists conduct research on diabetes, but their work is not highly visible in the peer-reviewed literature, particularly in top-ranked journals. The problem is not simply one of publishing more, but of knowing how and where to publish. It is urgent that Cuban universities training health professionals at all levels include instruction on scientifi c writing. Diabetes, health services research, scientifi c journals, bibliometrics, Cuba This study aims to characterize production of original research and review articles on diabetes published by Cuban authors in journals included in the Scopus bibliographic database, and related collaboration among Cuban institutions and between Cuban and non-Cuban institutions. Design A bibliometric analysis was conducted using 2000-2017 data from the Scopus database. IMPORTANCE This article is a wakeup call that one of the most important chronic conditions in Cuba, and Cuban strategies for addressing it, are not suffi ciently refl ected in the international literature.

Recently, there has been growing interest in new financial tools that leverage on intellectual property assets, such as patent‐backed securitizations (PBSs). In this paper we study the potential determinants leading to the success or failure of securitization deals having patents as underlying assets. We develop a conceptual framework that we test on two well‐known US patent securitization deals in the pharmaceutical industry, by using a fuzzy set approach. Results highlight that factors related to the market size, level of competition and expected market life of the assets underlying a PBS can reasonably increase the probability that a deal will succeed. Moreover, a higher quality of the underlying invention and longer patent residual life are likely to reduce the risk of technical obsolescence and sales losses. Finally, the strength of the credit enhancement mechanisms, the flexibility of the deal architecture and the adoption of a diversification strategy are other key factors de...

Developing new products and processes is increasingly a focal point of competition and often requires the development and successful implementation of novel process technologies. The process development and production of a new discovery (new biological entity) are significantly more complex than for the production of small molecule drugs or new chemical entities. Conventional new product development models in the literature on firm level innovation do not capture the evidence we present on development projects for pharmaceuticals. This paper shows why a new perspective is required to understand the management of product and process development for biopharmaceuticals and proposes an explanatory model for this purpose.

Dpto.: Economía Financiera II (UPV/EHU) ARTURO RODRÍGUEZ CASTELLANOS Dpto.: Economía Financiera II (UPV/EHU) La creación, consolidación y proliferación de empresas de spin-offs académicas requiere que se cumplan una serie de requisitos previos: inversión en I+D que contribuya a crear nuevas oportunidades tecnológicas; capital-riesgo para fi nanciar las primeras etapas de desarrollo de una spin-off; una cultura favorable al emprendizaje en el entorno universitario; programas específi cos de apoyo a la creación de spin-offs; un marco regulatorio-institucional que favorezca la I+D, la protección de la propiedad intelectual y la aproximación de los investigadores al mundo empresarial. En este artículo se pretende analizar la actividad de I+D+i universitaria española. Se trata de resaltar las principales características diferenciadoras de la situación española con respecto a la Unión Europea, a algún país europeo signifi cativo y a Estados Unidos, como país de referencia en la transferencia de tecnología a través de spin-off académicas. En este artículo se realiza un análisis de la actividad de I+D+i universitaria española, relevante para la transferencia de conocimiento, en general, y la creación de spin-off académicas, en particular. Se resaltan las principales características diferenciadoras de la situación española con respecto a la Unión Europea, a algún país europeo signifi cativo y a Estados Unidos, como país de referencia en la transferencia de tecnología a través de spinoff académicas. Para ello, las principales fuentes de datos utilizadas son el Eurostat, la Comisión Europea, el INE y la Ofi cina Española de Patentes y Marcas. El trabajo se divide en cuatro apartados, además de la introducción. El segundo apartado analiza los recursos destinados a la actividad de I+D en la universidad española. El tercer apartado muestra los principales resultados obtenidos. El cuarto apartado analiza el grado cooperación en innovación entre la universidad y las empresas. El quinto y último apartado recoge las principales conclusiones.

This work uses a sample of firm‐level data from seven EU countries to explore the possible roles of simultaneity and heterogeneity in determining firms' decisions to engage in three types of innovation. Process, product, and organizational innovations are considered jointly, by applying a multivariate probit specification. The results support the hypothesis that the three innovation decisions are interdependent. This has straightforward implications for the practice of R&D managers. In order to gain advantages from an innovation, innovation managers need to jointly exploit these different types of innovation activities and their potential synergies. Given that the innovative firms in the sample, desire additional credit which actually they do not obtain, R&D managers should also be concerned with the financing sources firms have access to. Finally, from the analysis it also emerges that public support boost all the three forms of innovation.

• Escompetitivo el Diseñoen Colombia hoy? Puede competir el país a nivel internacional con sus producto? ••• amo punto de partida, para dar respuesta a los interrogantes señalados, es necesario ubicar nuestra reflexión en función de la lógica evolutiva que ha seguido el Diseño en Colombia, no sólo como referente creativo y proyectual, sino también, como disciplina y su articulación obligatoria con distintos sectores productivos de la economía nacional. En esta perspectiva, si consideramos el Diseño en las respectivas variables teórico-prácticas que lo definen y sus elementos proyectuales en el marco donde se producen, es factible determinar cada uno de los componentes conceptuales y estructurales que delimitan la acción del Diseño y del Diseñador en relación con su trabajo interpretativo e investigativo, toda vez que se relaciona con los sectores ligados a la producción, lo que indica, irrestrictamente, la importancia del hacer específico de su trabajo. No obstante, la historia del Diseño en Colombia se remonta a épocas recientes, es decir, al espacio de las tres últimas décadas del siglo XX.Nos referimos a la creación de la Carrera de Diseño en dos de nuestras universidades, sin olvidar, que desde finales del siglo XIX,cuando apenas se iniciaba la puesta en marcha del proceso industrializador colombiano, fueron implementadas propuestas empíricas de diseño, tanto de productos como de líneas de producción para las nacientes industrias. Sin embargo, el desarrollo industrial de la primera mitad del siglo XXno estuvo asistido por propuestas de diseño propias y específicas con un carácter nacional o innovador, más bien, la mentalidad pragmática y utilitaria de nuestros industriales no precisaba de la articulación Industria-Diseño. Fue así como, el nacimiento disciplinar del Diseño en Colombia no representó, en primera instancia, una relación recíproca e interactiva con la industria y con la pro-ducción industrial, cada una estaba al margen de la otra. Por el contrario, la dinámica y directrices micro y macroeconómicas predominantes en los dos últimos decenios, En la historia de los últimos 25 años se encuentran muchos casos de países y ciudades en los que el diseño no era competitivo; pero en los que hoy, lo es: Japón,

Research and development service firms (RDSFs) are a particular type of technology-based knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). RDSFs provide clients with R&D services on a contract basis, and operate as knowledge intermediaries linking research and market. They are innovative in their own right, as well as supporting innovation efforts by their clients; they rely on their own innovation efforts to be competitive and to develop new value propositions for their clients. The present paper explores the innovation process in RDSFs, drawing on semi-structured interviews with founders and senior managers of 32 companies in the United Kingdom. Our findings suggest that RDSFs vary considerably in terms of their primary innovation drivers (i.e. whether they are mainly driven by market demands or by technological opportunities) and the outcomes they pursue (i.e. whether their outputs are mainly services to clients or a mixture of services and products and/or intellectual property). Four major orientations of RDSFs were identified: (i) technology-based innovation exploiters; (ii) science-focused innovation explorers; (iii) client-driven innovation integrators; and (iv) open innovation translators. This variety among firms normally belonging to the same, small subsector of KIBS, suggests the need for caution in generalising about behaviour in terms of such statistical groupings.

La evaluación de la actividad científica en sustancias adictivas permite tener una visión general de la producción científica de un país en particular, así como identificar las áreas donde se concentran los estudios y comprobar la evolución de la producción y la citación . En el período 2008-2012, la producción científica de España sobre sustancias adictivas presentó un aumento mayor que el mostrado por el conjunto de países de la Unión Europea (UE) (Melero-Fuentes, 2015).

En la ley que da origen a esta Universidad se describen las finalidades principales de la Universidad Tecnologica Nacional y entre ellas se cita “promover y facilitar las investigaciones, estudios y experiencias necesarios para el mejoramiento y desarrollo de la industria y asesorar dentro de la esfera de su competencia a los poderes publicos y a las empresas privadas en la organizacion, direccion, fomento y promocion de la industria nacional”. De esta forma se ratifica una de las funciones que dieron origen a esta universidad, que fue satisfacer los requerimientos de los sectores de la industria nacional.

The creation of start‐up firms is an important method of commercializing new technologies arising from R&D at universities and other research institutions. Most research into start‐ups presumes that these firms develop products or services. However, start‐ups may operate through markets for technology by selling or licensing rights to use their technology to other firms – typically established firms – who develop and sell new products or services based on the technology. In this study of 57 public start‐up firms created to commercialize the results of university research, we find evidence that (1) operating through markets for technology is a common approach to commercialization, (2) start‐ups that operate in markets for technology can be effectively distinguished in practice from start‐ups operating through product markets, and (3) there are substantive differences in the business activities of firms depending on whether they operate through product markets or markets for technology.

A review of online news items shows that the emergence of the COVID – 19 pandemic has driven firms to rethink strategies by re-fitting their operations to ensure survival and business sustainability whilst they support the global need to contain the pandemic. Firm resources are thus moved from current industry operations to ensure that they produce products required in a Covid-19 world and in similar worlds in the future. This article argues ‘opportunistic product’ although now part of the organisation's product mix is distinct and novel from existing products in the firm’s portfolio and must be given academic discourse in its marketing and management during and post the Covid-19 pandemic. These goods or services developed on the back of a special phenomenon especially in an emergency or disaster such as Covid-19 to solve immediate needs of society, require firms to shift operational resources; financial, human and operational from their normal production lines into new industri...

The thesis investigates two fundamental dynamics of participation and collaboration in mature, community-led Free/Open Source (F/OS) software projects - commercialization and peripheral participation. The aim of the thesis is to examine whether the power relations that underlie ...

Existing studies of supplier involvement in new product development have mainly focused on project-related short-term processes and success-factors. This study validates and extends an existing exploratory framework, which comprises both long-term strategic processes and shortterm operational processes that are related to supplier involvement. The empirical validation is based on a multiple-case study of supplier collaborations at a manufacturer in the copier and printer industry. The analysis of eight cases of supplier involvement reveals that the results of supplier-manufacturer collaborations and the associated issues and problems can best be explained by the patterns in the extent to which the manufacturer manages supplier involvement in the short-term ànd the long-term. We find that our initial framework is helpful in understanding why certain collaborations are not effectively managed, yet conclude that the existing analytical distinction between four different management areas does not sufficiently reflect empirical reality. This leads us to reconceptualize and further detail the framework. Instead of four managerial areas, we propose to distinguish between the Strategic Management arena and the Operational Management arena. The Strategic Management arena contains processes that together provide long-term, strategic direction and operational support for project teams adopting supplier involvement. These processes also contribute to building up a supplier base that can meet current and future technology and capability needs. The Operational Management arena contains processes that are aimed at planning, managing and evaluating the actual collaborations in a specific development project. The results of this study suggest that success of involving suppliers in product development is reflected by the firm's ability to capture both shortterm and long-term benefits. If companies spend most of their time on operational management in development projects, they will fail to use the 'leverage' effect of planning and preparing such involvement through strategic management activities. Also, they will not be sufficiently able to capture possible long-term technology and learning benefits that may spin off from individual projects. Long-term collaboration benefits can only be captured if a company can build long-term relationships with key suppliers, where it builds learning routines and ensures that the capability sets of both parties are aligned and remain useful for future joint projects.

This paper examines how firms succeed to leverage supplier involvement in product development. The paper extends earlier work on managing supplier involvement by providing an integrated analysis of results, processes and conditions both at the level of individual development projects and the overall firm. Following a multiple-case study approach with theoretical sampling, the study is carried out by examining eight projects in which four manufacturers from different industries involve multiple suppliers. The findings suggest that successful supplier involvement is dependent on the coordinated design, execution and evaluation of strategic, long-term processes and operational, short-term management processes and the presence of enabling factors such as a cross-functional oriented organization. The required intensity of these processes and enablers depends on contingencies such as firm size and environmental uncertainty. In contrast with previous research, we find no indications that managing supplier involvement requires a different approach in highly innovative projects compared to less innovative projects.

The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of EnergyEfficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is developing a theory-basedapproach to impact evaluation that could be used by its deploymentprograms for evaluating energy savings and market effects with credibleattribution of impacts (DOE forthcoming). The purpose of this paper is todescribethe framework and its research design. The framework alsoprovides information for program improvement in

This study investigates how UniversityBusiness Incubators(UBIs) align their capabilities (substantive and dynamic) to their entrepreneurial activities in creating value within the ecosystem. The study is based on an aggregation of a doctoral research project and a research review article on UBIs capabilities.This study further develops a conceptual framework that integrates UBI based capabilities studies with their entrepreneurial activities and a statistical model with machine and deep learning in predicting how UBIs can align their innovation and market strategies with their capabilities in fostering startups and incubators survivability, sustainability and developing a high level of adaptation to challenges and crisis during the process of incubation. This study adopts a sequential exploratory mixed method approach based on exploratory and predictive research objective with a pragmatic paradigm or worldview.The study contributes to UBI study by developing an integrated framework that encapsulates UBIs dynamic capabilities, venture survivability and sustainability with UBIs socio-human structures and relationships with entrepreneurial activities studies which had been a major gap in literatures. This study further enhances the adoption of mixed method research design in UBI studies by combining the benefits of qualitative exploratory cases (studies) with statistical predictive modeling. Based on selected cases using purposive and nested sampling design and scheme, this research study would further apply the conceptual framework to UBIs in different regional contexts.

Between 1993 and 2013 the number and power of CTOs increased; as indicated in the percentage of firms with CTOs, their increasing presence on boards, their compensation relative to their CEOs, and compensation relative to other highly compensated executives. Firms which pursue an aggressive technology strategy (powerful CTO, high R&D spending) in industries in which technology is a critical contingency have well above normal market adjusted returns while those which pursue that strategy in industries in which technology is not critical have well below normal returns. These results empirically confirm longstanding, untested assumptions in the field of technology management. Moreover, the effect of R&D expenditures on firm performance is contingent on the degree to which technology is a critical contingency in the industry and on the power of the firm's CTO. These findings may explain the mixed results of past studies of the effects of R&D expenditure on firm performance. A model which integrates its own insights with those of earlier work on CTOs, R&D expenditures, firm strategy, and firm power dynamics is presented and supported.

An analysis of the four fundamental elements of organizational function; people, environment, technology and structure; shows tha� the wholesale adoption of the new business paradigm is not appropriate for all organizations Managers must consider the costs of change and the risk of creating dysfunctional incompatibilities among the four elements when making the tough decision about how far to go with the new business paradigm ET. 004wpd ,, . I Do we really have to believe the people who keep bombarding us with the news that we now work in a new economy, the 21st century economy, that is fundamentally different from the old, and requires fundamental l y different management approaches? Do we really have to bring ' revolutionary change to ou r organizations, to confofu to the precepts ' of the "n�w bus i ness I paradigm, " as a precondition for survival? Do we reall y have to adopt the latest information technology, re-engineer our business processes, become lean, mean and wired, hire high tech workers, outsource, spinoff, form alliances, etc , etc , etc? Have not people at all levels of organizations scrambled to implement such initiatives, often with disappointing results? It is the premise of this article that the initiatives of the new economy can be taken to excess You can take your organization too far down the road to the new business paradigm, at high cost to your organization and to yourself Yes, change is probably needed, but too much change is as bad as not enough Managers must make tough judgment calls about how much is . "� enough for their individual organizations This is best shown by taking a global view of the i .. ...

Participation in multi-fi rm alliances is increasingly essential for business success. Careful selection of alliance partners is a key to alliance effectiveness. Current advice on partner selection tends to focus upon one prospective alliance partner at a time, upon how well prospective partners fit the business strategy of the proposed alliance, and upon the operational workability of the alliance. This paper extends that advice by giving greater attention to issues involving multiple prospective partners and issues arising from the long term alliance strategy of the firm. With multiple prospective partners, selection issues are much more complex than with just one prospective partner. The long term alliance strategy of the firm focuses primarily upon organizational learning of new technical, managerial and partnering skills, and upon improving organizational positioning in the evolving landscape of alliance activity. The logical connections between current advice and the extensions developed here are drawn. Learning and positioning opportunities, if seized, can contribute significantly to the long term prosperity of the organization.

Quality is a critical success factor for achieving competitive advantage in today’s market. Any serious attempt to improve quality must take into account the costs associated with achieving quality, Quality-related costs represent a considerable proportion of a company’s total costs and sales. Measuring and reporting these costs should be considered a critical issue for any manager who aims to achieve competitiveness in today’s markets. The purposes of this research were to identify and analyze data concerning the practices of Small Medium Enterprises (SME’s) to control Costs of Quality. Mapping the costs of quality will be benefit to management for the strategic decision making, and for decision-makers in government to provide intensive assistance program in order to improve the quality of products for accelerating quality improvement program. The data were collected from SME’s throughout Yogyakarta Special Region Province, Indonesia. The research concluded that the costs of qualit...

El reclutamiento del talento femenino es un reto para todos los sectores de la economía y áreas de conocimiento, especialmente para las ramas más innovadoras. En este trabajo analizamos la presencia femenina en las empresas innovadoras en el sector TIC. El instrumento utilizado es la Encuesta de Innovación Tecnológica que nos permite conocer algunas características de los recursos humanos empleados en actividades innovadoras. Dicha información indica que las mujeres siguen siendo muy escasas en el sector TIC pero mejoran su posición en las ramas de tecnología alta. Las culturas diferenciadas entre sectores innovadores TIC parecen ser determinantes para aumentar la presencia y posición femenina. La comparación entre áreas muestra que algunos sectores ya están adoptando nuevas pautas en relación al papel de las mujeres en la sociedad de la información, los sectores más próximos a la economía del conocimiento, así como las actividades de ciencia y tecnología.

A resource allocation system developed for a government laboratory has been subjected to a full-scale experiment within that organization. The experimental system includes: (1) a multiplicative benefit estimation procedure, (2) a constrained optimization resource allocation model hosting piecewise linear benefit functions and interactive capabilities for sensitivity analysis, and (3) a network tracking procedure for predicting progress on major laboratory objectives. It is applied to R & D activities representing of the laboratory's total program. The methodological philosophy, structure, and experimental design are presented together with attitudinal data and informational insights gleaned from the experiment. The flexibility of the system for adapting to alternative management models and benefit functional forms is demonstrated. A number of quantitative methods have been designed specifically to assist the R & D administrator to be internally consistent as he allocates his resources. See Baker and Pound (1964), Cetron, Martino, and Roepke (1967), Baker and Freeland (1972), and Clarke (1974). While there is no paucity of such formal approaches, we have elected to add another by tailoring a resource allocation system for a specific organization.

A Business Incubator is an organization setup which creates and add values in the entreprencur grow th by promoting entreprencur start-ups program, gencrat1ng jobs, creating wealth. and make companies ready lor competition by mentoring. cOaching and secding fund In the upcoming innovative ideas. The study is focused on the performance measurement tools adopted by the University linked Technical Busincss lncubators (TB) and thc lactors considercd for its measurement.

Tema 2 RESUMEN Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar la evolución temporal, así como la producción científica en colaboración entre Brasil y España y los países colaboradores en el área de la Medicina, en el periodo 2002-2011. Así como, analizar el índice de colaboración entre estos países, a través de la identificación de las instituciones más productivas en el conjunto de los artículos analizados. También pretende identificar las revistas principales y su distribución en el conjunto de la producción, su factor de impacto y el cuartil al que pertenecen dichas revistas. Como fuente de información para la obtención de los datos, se utilizó la base de datos Scopus, por considerarla como la principal base de datos multidisciplinar y con mayor cobertura geográfica, incorporando más revistas nacionales con presencia de colaboración entre autores españoles y brasileños. Los documentos analizados se han limitado a los artículos originales, por considerarlos la tipología vehicular de la comunicación científica, descartando cualquier otra tipología. Fueron recuperados 1.121 artículos científicos, con un total de 13.906 firmas, y un índice de colaboración científica de 12,4 autores por trabajo. Se calculó, para cada año, la tasa de crecimiento anual de la colaboración científica entre Brasil y España. La identificación de las principales revistas y de sus indicadores de impacto fue realizada a partir del portal Scimago Journal & Country Rank, destacando una amplia dispersión, ya que han participado en el estudio hasta 581 revistas, de las cuales 359 (61,80%), sólo han participado con un único trabajo. Es significativo reseñar que han participado instituciones de 121 países diferentes, lo que demuestra el alto grado de internacionalización de los trabajos recogidos. Como conclusión, destacar el alto grado de colaboración entre estos dos países en el área de la Medicina, y su participación con otros países, siempre en aumento a lo largo de los años.