Quality of Experience (QoE)

Virtual reality (VR) cloud gaming faces significant challenges in terms of latency and bandwidth consumption, particularly in softwarized 5G and beyond (5G&B) networks. Ensuring an immersive experience on low-end devices, such as smartphones and cardboard-like headsets, requires innovative solutions to mitigate delay effects and optimize resource usage. This research focuses on enhancing VR cloud gaming performance by leveraging Digital Twins (DTs) and hierarchical compression techniques. The proposed system adopts a client-server architecture, where computationally intensive tasks are offloaded to the server, minimizing processing requirements on the client side. A key contribution is a novel delay estimation and management framework that employs DTs to synchronize video streaming and user input, reducing the impact of latency. Additionally, viewport-based hierarchical compression is applied to optimize bandwidth consumption while maintaining high perceived quality. The proposed architecture is evaluated through extensive experiments analyzing the effects of input delay, delay fluctuations, and compression methods on user performance and perceived quality. Results demonstrate that the system effectively mitigates adverse network conditions, ensuring a seamless and immersive VR gaming experience even in suboptimal environments.

Internet radio broadcasting emerged as a dynamic media that enables the delivery of audio content through various devices and network conditions. This paper investigates the technical foundations of Internet radio, focusing on the critical role of audio encoding in optimizing bandwidth usage, listener experience, and device compatibility. Major audio codecs like MP3, AAC/AAC+, Opus, Ogg Vorbis, and FLAC are systematically reviewed and are analyzed by their suitability for various genres and various scenarios. Through comparative tables and academic diagrams, it is demonstrated that AAC+ offers superior performance for low-bitrate classical streams, while Opus excels in adaptive environments and talk formats. The study provides actionable recommendations for internet radio stations by emphasizing codec selection that can be changed and chosen by the content type and needs of audience.

This paper shows the design and simulation of 60 GHz transmitter. The 60 GHz carrier frequency has the ability to accommodate high-throughput wireless communications. The Federal Communication (FCC) allocates 57-66 GHz for unlicensed operation. This paper focuses on designing and simulation of 60 GHz Transmitter using Advanced Design Systems (ADS) tool.The unique characteristics are made possible to have excellent immunity to interference, high security, and frequency re-use. . This transmitter operating at 60 GHz with data rates up to 1Gbit/s and QAM. The design exhibits a very low noise figure of 19.24 dB only at transmitter side.

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed numerous industries by enabling seamless communication among billions of devices, sensors, and applications. However, traditional network infrastructures struggle to meet the scalability, security, and efficiency demands of these dynamic and expanding ecosystems. Limitations such as increased latency, inefficient resource allocation, and vulnerability to cyber threats hinder the performance and reliability of IoT networks. This study proposes a comprehensive framework to optimize IoT ecosystems by integrating advanced network management techniques. Scalability is addressed through virtualization, network slicing, and dynamic resource allocation, enabling adaptive responses to device proliferation. To strengthen security, the framework incorporates firewalls, Access Control Lists (ACLs), and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for proactive monitoring and mitigation of network threats. Efficiency is improved using load balancing and algorithmic optimization to ensure effective bandwidth usage and resource distribution. The proposed solution is validated using Cisco Packet Tracer simulations, where traditional and virtualized network models are implemented and analyzed under identical conditions. Key performance metrics latency, throughput, packet loss, and resource utilization are measured to evaluate and compare network behavior. Results demonstrate significant improvements across all metrics, confirming the effectiveness of the virtualized approach. This research offers a practical and scalable model for modern IoT applications, including smart cities, healthcare systems, and industrial automation. By addressing the core limitations of existing network infrastructures, the proposed framework facilitates the development of resilient, secure, and energy-efficient IoT environments.

Upcoming 5G mobile networks strongly rely on Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization that allow exploiting the flexibility in resource allocation provided by the underlying virtualized infrastructures. These paradigms often employ platform abstractions designed for cloud applications which have not to deal with the stringent timing constraints characterizing virtualized network functions. On the other hand, various techniques exist to provide advanced, predictable scheduling of multiple run-time environments, e.g., containers, within virtualized hosts. In order to let high-level resource management layers take advantage of these techniques, this paper proposes to extend network service descriptors and the Virtualization Infrastructure Manager. This enables Network Function Virtualization orchestrators to deploy components exploiting real-time processor scheduling at the hypervisor or host OS level, for enhanced stability of the provided performance.

This paper describes the experimental deployment of a DASH-based Multi-Sensory Media Delivery System (DASHMS) to support multi-sensorial media-enhanced learning. Multi-sensorial media (mulsemedia) combines multimedia components (video and audio) and emerging technologies targeting other human senses (e.g. touch & haptics, smell and taste). This paper studies learning experience with olfaction and haptic-based mulsemedia when employing DASHMS in a real-life subjective experiment with 40 participants. The tests performed evaluate the user-perceived quality of experience (QoE) and the effects of mulsemedia on user learning.

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of FocusVR, a system for effectively and efficiently reducing the power consumption of Virtual Reality (VR) devices by smartly dimming their displays. These devices are becoming increasingly common with large companies such as Facebook (Oculus Rift), and HTC and Valve (Vive), recently releasing high quality VR devices to the consumer market. However, these devices require increasingly higher screen resolutions and refresh rates to be effective, and this in turn, leads to high display power consumption costs. We show how the use of smart dimming techniques, vignettes and color mapping, can significantly reduce the power consumption of VR displays with minimal impact on usability. In particular, we describe the implementation of FocusVR in both Android and the Unity game engine and then present detailed measurement results across 3 different VR devices -- the Gear VR, the DK2, and the Vive. In addition, we present the results of ...

The rise in demand for low-latency, high-resolution video streaming has brought to light fundamental shortcomings in traditional Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) systems under mobile and bandwidth-limited conditions. Traditional CDN-based architectures are usually plagued by large startup delays, re-buffering, and bitrate switching caused by centralized processing and narrow contextual awareness. This paper introduces an end-to-end edge-centric framework that re-architects the DASH pipeline to take advantage of cutting-edge edge computing features. The framework combines just-in-time transcoding, dynamic edge-generated MPDs, ABR advisories based on reinforcement learning, predictive prefetching, and low-latency chunk delivery under a common architecture. It also includes a continuous QoE (Quality of Experience) feedback loop to adapt strategies in real-time. By moving content processing and decisionmaking nearer to end users, the new design is expected to lower latency, increase quality stability, and improve overall user experience. Apart from its technical merit, this framework has the importance of being society-oriented as it facilitates equal access to quality video services even in areas with scarce network infrastructure. It facilitates remote learning, telemedicine, and digital accessibility by ensuring guaranteed media delivery in multivarious and underprivileged environments. Finally, the suggested system not only solves the technical hurdles of conventional streaming but also encourages communities through better access to digital content, leading to a more connected and well-informed society.

The metrics play increasingly fundamental role in the design, development, deployment and operation of telecommunication systems. Despite their importance, the studies of metrics are usually limited to a narrow area or a well-defined objective. Our study aims to more broadly survey the metrics that are commonly used for analyzing, developing and managing telecommunication networks in order to facilitate understanding of the current metrics landscape. The metrics are simple abstractions of systems, and they directly influence how the systems are perceived by different stakeholders. However, defining and using metrics for telecommunication systems with ever increasing complexity is a complicated matter which has not been so far systematically and comprehensively considered in the literature. The common metrics sources are identified, and how the metrics are used and selected is discussed. The most commonly used metrics for telecommunication systems are categorized and presented as energy and power metrics, quality-of-service metrics, quality-of-experience metrics, security metrics, and reliability and resilience metrics. Finally, the research directions and recommendations how the metrics can evolve, and be defined and used more effectively are outlined.

In large scale IP Television (IPTV) and Mobile TV distributions, the video signal is typically encoded and transmitted using several quality streams, over IP Multicast channels, to several groups of receivers, which are classified in terms of their reception rate. As the number of video streams is usually constrained by both the number of TV channels and the maximum capacity of the content distribution network, it is necessary to find the selection of video stream transmission rates that maximizes the overall user satisfaction. In order to efficiently solve this problem, this paper proposes the Dynamic Programming Multi-rate Optimization (DPMO) algorithm. The latter was comparatively evaluated considering several user distributions, featuring different access rate patterns. The experimental results reveal that DPMO is significantly more efficient than exhaustive search, while presenting slightly higher execution times than the non-optimal Multi-rate Step Search (MSS) algorithm.

design model via a transformation. A solution design model provides sufficient and complete information to provision the requested service. A high-level solution design model is then refined into a set of provisioning parameters that can be directly used to provision the requested service.

Zero-touch networks and services design and management have been studied both in academia and industry. This text focuses on the overall operation of the telecom field, especially on operations support systems and business support systems. The traditional telecom OSS/BSS ecosystem has been observed as being too complex and evolving slowly. This has impacted service providers in a variety of business and technological aspects. This text explains the new OSS/BSS ecosystem, its fundamental components, AI's critical role, the need for a new AI paradigm, and its advanced implementation during a service provider's zero-touch OSS/BSS transformation journey. The future of a zero-touch telecom OSS/BSS ecosystem is analyzed. The telecom industry is transitioning to zero-touch network and services across the whole telecom ecosystem including the network operating environment (network operation, deployment, and maintenance);services;business. This text focuses on the first one: zero-touch OSS/BSS, the evolution of the telecom OSS/BSS ecosystem, and the convergence of advanced DevOps and agentic AI. Zero-touch OSS/BSS can automate and orchestrate complex engineering tasks without human intervention. This allows a multitude of technologies and subsystems in the OSS/BSS ecosystem to collaborate in a multi-domain way. This allows for the entire OSS/BSS ecosystem to deliver fully autonomous, intelligent, and high-velocity operation capabilities. Exponential growth of complexity in service providers' OSS/BSS ecosystems (demand for complex and sophisticated capabilities, emergent requirements from multi-partner collaboration, diversifying applications of emerging technologies). Underlying reasons include: Slow evolution leading to technology and system siloed issues; Tendencies of building orchestration-centric OSS/BSS systems. The need for a new OSS/BSS ecosystem (digital transformation requires a paradigm shift). The only viable option is to completely overhaul the OSS/BSS ecosystem: Construction principles (augmented intelligence, DAO, service-centric), and Technical framework (OSS/BSS architecture stack).

In large scale IP Television (IPTV) and Mobile TV distributions, the video signal is typically encoded and transmitted using several quality streams, over IP Multicast channels, to several groups of receivers, which are classified in terms of their reception rate. As the number of video streams is usually constrained by both the number of TV channels and the maximum capacity of the content distribution network, it is necessary to find the selection of video stream transmission rates that maximizes the overall user satisfaction. In order to efficiently solve this problem, this paper proposes the Dynamic Programming Multi-rate Optimization (DPMO) algorithm. The latter was comparatively evaluated considering several user distributions, featuring different access rate patterns. The experimental results reveal that DPMO is significantly more efficient than exhaustive search, while presenting slightly higher execution times than the non-optimal Multi-rate Step Search (MSS) algorithm.

This intersection of Web3 technology and the metaverse constitutes a major leap into decentralized digital environments. Web3, which is based on blockchain technology, offers a user-centric architecture that allows users to own and control their digital assets, identities, and interactions. Blockchain ensures transparent, immutable records in the metaverse; smart contracts enable secure, trustless transactions to happen automatically. Non-fungible therapy tokens (NFTs) advance ownership online by showing original virtual items. Metaverse is a notion that envisions a communal, virtual shared environment that exists beyond the physical world. This space is shared by all individuals. It is a digital world in which users can interact with computer-generated surroundings, connect with other users, and participate in a variety of activities by utilizing AR, VR, and other immersive technologies. This article investigates how the integration of Web3 technology supports distributed governance, virtual commerce, and interoperable experiences, thereby ushering a new era of immersive, fair digital places. We also look at potential adoption chances as well as challenges.

User-centric service and application management focuses on the Quality of Experience (QoE) as perceived by the end user. Thereby, the goal is to maximize QoE while ensuring fairness among users, e.g., for resource allocation and scheduling in shared systems. Although the literature suggests to consider consequently QoE fairness, there is currently no accepted definition of QoE fairness. The contribution of this paper is the definition of a generic QoE fairness index F which has desirable key properties as well as the rationale behind it. By using examples and a measurement study involving multiple users downloading web content over a bottleneck link, we differentiate the proposed index from QoS fairness and the widely used Jain's fairness index. Based on results, we argue that neither QoS fairness nor Jain's fairness index meet all of the desirable QoE-relevant properties which are met by F . Consequently, the proposed index F may be used to compare QoE fairness across systems and applications, thus serving as a benchmark for QoE management mechanisms and system optimization.

Superior network Quality of Experience (QoE) is important for Mobile Network Operators (MNO) as it ensures they increase profit margins, attract new customers and differentiate themselves from the competition by providing better quality guarantees. In this paper, we propose a QoE hexagram model that comprises six Key Quality Indicators (KQI). In this model, we introduced an additional KQI, Terminal Quality. Other new metrics like Packet Corruption Rate and Service Access Time were also incorporated. Furthermore, several experiments were conducted by introducing disturbances using the NetEm tool. The QoE value obtained from our model is an indication of the overall acceptability of the applications and services as perceived subjectively by the end users.

The advent of internet usage and technological advancements has resulted in the exponential growth of network traffic, further aggravating this problem by presenting significant challenges in multiple aspects, from managing a network to routing. Traditional routing cannot handle these very high-traffic networks, which causes bottlenecks and network congestion. This paper presents a deep learning-based intelligent routing model to solve the above problem. In this context, a deep learning algorithm is applied to analyse the network traffic patterns and predict the routing of data packets assembled at other stations on the fly. It even dynamically modifies routing decisions, considering network topology, link capacity, and traffic load. It could be continuous training of the deep learning model with fresh data or online updates to a pre-trained model so that shifts in network conditions can be continuously accounted. This deep learning model have some form of memory and use it to learn from its past decisions. Additionally, the framework comes equipped with a network monitoring system to gather and filter data to discover potential network problems and proactively take routing decision changes.

Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Abstract—Evaluation of Quality of Experience (QoE) for web browsing is a challenging topic as it involves many different factors related to human as well as technical issues. To understand such a large number of human and technical metrics is both difficult and tricky. Two main objectives of the research presented in this paper are to propose and develop a new QoE assessment approach based on a comprehensive set of key metrics for web browsing. The paper starts by evaluating each metric related to users' score before integrating them all into the assessment. Then, the proposed QoE assessment of Web based services uses a comprehensive set of metrics in order to construct a full and detailed understanding of users' experiences in a web based service environment. Finally, the paper presents an investigation into the applicability of a mixed effect model for prediction of QoE based on the proposed set of metrics. The an...

Recently, wealthy network services such as Internet protocol television (IPTV) and Voice over IP (VoIP) are expected to become more pervasive over the Next Generation Network (NGN). In order to serve this purpose, the quality of these services should be evaluated subjectively by users. This is referred to as the quality of experience (QoE). The most important tendency of actual network services is maintaining the best QoE with network functions such as admission control, resource management, routing, traffic control, etc. Among of them, we focus here on routing mechanism. We propose in this paper a protocol integrating QoE measurement in routing paradigm to construct an adaptive and evolutionary system. Our approach is based on Reinforcement Learning concept. More concretely, we have used a least squares reinforcement learning technique called Least Squares Policy Iteration. Experimental results showed a significant performance gain over traditional routing protocols.

Actually, wealthy network services such as Internet protocol television (IPTV) and Voice over IP (VoIP) are expected to become more pervasive over the Next Generation Network (NGN). In order to serve this purpose, the quality of these services should be evaluated subjectively by users. This is referred to as the quality of experience (QoE). However, there are many issues that may impact user's perception in many different ways. This paper surveys the QoE models and systems for existing and future network services.

For years, wireless network systems have been trying to satisfy end-users and support high quality multimedia applications such as Mobile TV, VoIP, etc. Combining wireless networks with multimedia content distribution needs efficient routing protocols. We develop in this paper a new routing protocol, namely DOQAR (Dynamic Optimized QoE Adaptive Routing), to improve the user perception and optimize the usage of network resources. In our end-to-end model, smartphone users connect to content servers in a wired network across a wireless access network. In order to evaluate the QoE, we use a Multi-Layer Perception-based (MLP) method. Experimental results show a significant performance against other traditional routing protocols.

In this article, we present the challenges faced by communication networks in delivering high-quality video content to mobile and stationary devices serving CDN users. Starting with Content Distribution Network types, an overview is given in order to show how this field develops on the research as well as on the commercial side. Research or academic CDNs, new aspects and features are tested to add scalability and functional features to known systems and prototypes. On the other hand, commercial CDNs serve alternatively customers that use broadcasting services. We also show which performance metrics such as quality of experience (QoE) and time to first byte (TTFB) best capture the dynamics of traffic and services in CDNs. The core of this paper is our proposed network architecture for CDN providers/operators. The architecture combines video multicast optimized trees and cross-layer coordination between the physical DWDM layer (L1) and network layer (L3) for achieving higher efficiency and lower latency values for live streaming and on demand (VoD) video. Due to the pilot implementation of the presented concept being limited in scale, we use simulations in order to perform proof-of-concept on a sufficiently large environment. Results show that there is a strong correlation between the TTFB and QoE metrics with the former taking on values as low as 75 msec in a national 3-tier network. Ultimately, our aim is to familiarize readers with the field of CDNs and also to help them see how network research especially in the architectural, protocol design, and cross-layer design help bring applications in this field to a quality level acceptable by a large community of users.

The advent of 5G technology has introduced unprecedented opportunities for enhancing mobile network performance, driving the need for innovative solutions to meet the demands of diverse services. Vertical network slicing, a key feature of 5G architecture, allows operators to create multiple isolated and optimized virtual networks, each tailored to specific applications and user requirements. This paper explores the role of vertical network slicing in optimizing 5G performance by examining its impact on resource allocation, quality of service (QoS), and service delivery. By leveraging the flexibility of slicing, operators can allocate network resources more efficiently, ensuring higher throughput, reduced latency, and improved reliability for different verticals such as IoT, industrial automation, and enhanced mobile broadband. The study also highlights the challenges associated with vertical slicing, including network orchestration, inter-slice interference, and security considerations. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the potential of vertical slicing in supporting emerging technologies like AI, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities. The findings demonstrate that vertical network slicing is pivotal in unlocking the full potential of 5G networks, offering tailored solutions that address the specific needs of diverse sectors while ensuring optimized performance and scalability.

Vertical network slicing is an innovative technology that enhances 5G networks by enabling the efficient management and optimization of data traffic across diverse industries. This paradigm divides the physical network infrastructure into multiple virtual slices, each tailored to meet specific application requirements, such as low latency for autonomous vehicles, high bandwidth for ultra-high-definition video streaming, or massive connectivity for IoT ecosystems. By leveraging advanced resource allocation algorithms, network function virtualization (NFV), and software-defined networking (SDN), vertical slicing ensures seamless adaptability to dynamic workloads and service-level agreements (SLAs).

This study explores the role of vertical network slicing in improving 5G network performance, focusing on its capability to address the challenges of traffic congestion, latency, and resource utilization. A comparative analysis of traditional static allocation methods versus slicing-based approaches highlights the latter's ability to deliver greater efficiency and service differentiation. Key findings emphasize the transformative potential of vertical network slicing in empowering telecommunications providers to support emerging use cases while maintaining operational excellence. The paper concludes with a discussion on the future scope of slicing, including integration with AI-driven orchestration and its implications for 6G readiness.

The telecommunications landscape has been changing and will continue to change in the next few years. Pervasive ultra-broadband, programmable networks, and cost reduction of IT systems, are paving the way to new services and commoditization of telecommunication infrastructures, while lowering entrance barriers for new players and giving rise to new value chains. While this results in considerable challenges for service providers, this transformation also brings unprecedented opportunities for the Digital Society and the Digital Economy. 5G networks and beyond are expected to both exploit and accelerate this transformation. NetSoft was created in 2015 by the IEEE SDN Initiative as a flagship conference aiming to address "Softwarization" of networks and systemic trends concerning the convergence of Cloud Computing, Software-Defined Networks (SDN), and Network Function Virtualization (NFV). Network softwarization and programmability promise to reduce operational costs, provide better flexibility, and bring new service paradigms. They are enabling the deployment of 5G infrastructures, from high data rate fixed-mobile services to the Internet of Things, accelerating the current digital transformation witnessed by the industry. This evolution was reflected in the theme of NetSoft 2018: "Achieving smart network softwarization". NetSoft 2018 was organized into five days, including tutorials and workshops, as follows. The core of the conference ran on Tuesday, June 26 through Thursday, June 28 and featured four visionary keynote talks delivered by world-class researchers and practitioners, a distinguished expert panel discussion, 10 technical sessions covering recent advances and emerging challenges in network sofwarization, and three demo sessions showcasing nine prototypes and proof-of-concept implementations of ongoing research. On Monday, June 25 and Friday, June 29, four focused workshops and four practical tutorials complemented the program. The conference attracted 164 participants representing 25 countries, a significant increase compared to NetSoft 2017. The vast majority of participants attended the main track of NetSoft.

5G slices are susceptible to indirect Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, where overwhelming traffic directed to one slice can also disrupt other slices sharing the same infrastructure Many current mitigation methods rely on a detection phase, which may not be effective against unknown or sophisticated attacks. Moving Target Defense (MTD) is a security mechanism that invalidates the adversary's collected information, and it can be deployed without the detection phase. In this paper, we propose a Slice Mutation technique based on Reinforcement Learning (SMRL) that reduces the impact of DDoS attacks on 5G slices while keeping the number of allocated slices acceptable. SMRL proposes a general RL model that considers ternary and ranking numbers to improve learning performance. We tested SMRL on computer networks attacked by a real botnet called Mirai and assessed its performance using various measures, including a new functionality analysis method The results indicate that SMRL decreases the number of slices impacted by a DDoS attack and enhances the distribution of slices among infrastructure resources by 46% and 20%, respectively.

Stereoscopic 3D content brings with it a variety of complex technological and perceptual issues. For the percept of depth to be convincing, consistent, and comfortable, a large number of parameters throughout the imaging and processing pipeline need to be matched correctly. In practice, tradeoffs are inevitable, which may then affect the quality or comfort of the 3D viewing experience. This paper reviews stereo/multiview picture quality from an engineering perspective. With a focus on recent or emerging approaches and technologies used in 3D systems, it addresses in particular depth issues, multiview issues, display issues, viewer issues, as well as possible measurements and standards for 3D quality.

One of the key goals of Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is achieving energy efficiency through workload consolidation. A good example for maximizing energy savings is the Virtualization of Content Delivery Networks (vCDNs) NFV use case where the video streaming workloads exhibit significant difference between primetime and non-prime-time usage of the infrastructure. This draft examines the practical challenges in maximizing energy efficiency for vCDN workloads. This draft proposes an open NFV architectural framework for conveying content virality information from Cloud applications such as YouTube, Twitter and mechanisms for leveraging it to maximize the energy efficiency for vCDN workloads. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents Krishnan

One of the key goals of NFV is to optimize the infrastructure resource usage while driving operational simplicity. Real-time analytics providing insight into various components such as compute (e.g. dynamic CPU utilization), storage (e.g. dynamic capacity usage), network (e.g. dynamic bandwidth utilization), energy (e.g. dynamic power consumption) is key to not only providing visibility into the NFV infrastructure and thus driving operational simplicity but also optimizing resource usage for the purposes of orchestration. This draft focusses on use cases and architectural framework for real-time analytics and orchestration including Big Data predictive analytics for addressing the aforementioned requirements. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

One of the key goals of Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is achieving energy efficiency through workload consolidation. A good example for maximizing energy savings is the Virtualization of Content Delivery Networks (vCDNs) NFV use case where the video streaming workloads exhibit significant difference between prime- time and non- prime-time usage of the infrastructure. This draft examines the practical challenges in maximizing energy efficiency for vCDN workloads. This draft proposes an open NFV architectural framework for conveying content virality information from Cloud applications such as YouTube, Twitter and mechanisms for leveraging it to maximize the energy efficiency for vCDN workloads.

One of the key goals of NFV is to optimize the infrastructure resource usage while driving operational simplicity. Real-time analytics providing insight into various components such as compute (e.g. dynamic CPU utilization), storage (e.g. dynamic capacity usage), network (e.g. dynamic bandwidth utilization), energy (e.g. dynamic power consumption) is key to not only providing visibility into the NFV infrastructure and thus driving operational simplicity but also optimizing resource usage for the purposes of orchestration. This draft focusses on use cases and architectural framework for real-time analytics and orchestration including Big Data predictive analytics for addressing the aforementioned requirements.

As 5G technology continues to revolutionize telecommunications, vertical network slicing emerges as a pivotal mechanism to enhance data traffic management and overall performance. This study explores the concept of vertical network slicing, which allows for the creation of multiple, isolated virtual networks on a single physical infrastructure, tailored to meet the diverse needs of various industries, such as healthcare, automotive, and entertainment. By examining the effects of vertical network slicing on 5G data traffic, this research highlights its potential to optimize resource allocation, reduce latency, and improve Quality of Service (QoS) for specific applications. Through simulations and real-world case studies, the investigation reveals that vertical slicing can effectively manage the heterogeneous nature of 5G traffic, ensuring that critical applications receive the necessary bandwidth and reliability. The findings underscore the significance of vertical network slicing in realizing the full potential of 5G networks, paving the way for enhanced user experiences and fostering innovation across sectors. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on 5G architecture and offers insights for network operators and service providers looking to leverage slicing technologies for improved performance and efficiency.

In recent years, virtualization computing has become a worldwide reality present in datacenters servers of most organizations. The motivations for the use of this solution are focused primarily on cost reduction and increases in availability, integrity and security of data. Based on these benefits, recently it was started the use of this technology for personal computers as well. That is, for desktops, giving birth to the so-called desktop virtualization. Given the technical advantages of the approach, its growth has been so significant that, before 2014, it is expected to be present in over 90% of organizations. However, this new method is completely based on a physical client-server architecture, which increases the importance of the communication network that makes this technique possible. Therefore, analyzing the network in order to investigate the effects according to the environment implemented becomes crucial. In this study it's varied the local's client hardware and the application, i.e., the service used. The purpose was to detail their effects on computer networks in a Quality of Service (QoS) parameter, throughput. Secondarily are outlined perceptions regarding the Quality of Experience (QoE)? This culminated in an assessment that traces the feasibility for applying this technology.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of cloud computing, the need for agile, scalable, and efficient infrastructure management has become paramount. Traditional cloud management techniques often struggle to meet the dynamic demands of modern enterprises. Software-Defined Orchestration (SDO) emerges as a transformative approach, leveraging software-defined networking (SDN), software-defined storage (SDS), and other software-driven methodologies to optimize cloud infrastructure. This paper explores the principles and implementation of SDO, highlighting its capacity to enhance flexibility, automation, and resource utilization within cloud environments. By decoupling the control and data planes, SDO enables precise, automated management of cloud resources, fostering innovation and efficiency. The integration of SDO with existing cloud infrastructure allows organizations to adapt rapidly to changing workloads, improve service delivery, and reduce operational costs. Case studies and empirical data demonstrate the tangible benefits of SDO in various sectors, from enterprise IT to telecommunications. The paper also addresses the challenges and considerations in deploying SDO, such as interoperability, security, and the need for standardized protocols. Ultimately, this study underscores the pivotal role of Software-Defined Orchestration in realizing the full potential of cloud infrastructure, paving the way for more intelligent, resilient, and responsive cloud solutions.

The Web offers an unprecedented opportunity to promote the integration of persons to perform activities of any nature, whether for work, for leisure or for study. With this one sees growing demand for new collaborative applications. In this context we have seen an emerging class of applications called Collaborative Environments. Although much progress has been made with the emergence of general-purpose environments, where VLEs and CMSs stand out, it has been observed that these do not always fit the needs and preferences of specific groups. It is therefore desirable to offer facilitators for creating innovative proposals. In this work, we present a framework for the development of environments of this class of applications. The aim of the proposal is to facilitate the process of building this kind of environments, promoting artifacts facilitators to use, according to the approach of the 3C collaboration model. The proposal was built on the methodology Hot-Spot-Driven Design coupled with best practices of software engineering, in addition to using the concepts of Intellectual Production Unit (UPI) and communication vehicle (Vcom) for modeling collaborative spaces proposed in the MOrFEu project. Finally, the work also presents a prototype of the proposed framework as a way of materializing the concepts described and enhance the viability of the proposal, creating a set of collaborative environments.

This review aims to highlight the current metrics of quality of experience (QoE) related to healthcare ecosystems. Understanding of the current situation and suggesting future directions by examining the landscape of QoE metrics within healthcare ecosystems. In addition, this review paper refers to the subjective metrics including metrics related to the patient itself, and other metrics called objective that are related to the system and network environment. Taking into account the constraints that may exist in the healthcare environment, the analysis takes into account both subjective and objective measures. this study also partitions the case study QoE metrics by determining and integrating to reach better optimization of healthcare ecosystem metrics. Furthermore, future directions for improving QoE evaluation in healthcare include integrating AI, continuous monitoring, and real-time feedback loop metrics should be considered. The results of this study show how to improve patient experiences and guide future investigations in this developing area.

In this paper, we study and present a management and orchestration framework for vehicular communications, which enables service continuity for the vehicle via an optimized application-context relocation approach. To optimize the transfer of the application-context for Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM) services, our MEC orchestrator performs prediction of resource availability in the edge infrastructure based on the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, and it makes a final decision on relocation by calculating the outcome of a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) algorithm, taking into account the i) resource prediction, ii) latency and bandwidth on the communication links, and iii) geographical locations of the vehicle and edge hosts in the network infrastructure. Furthermore, we have built a proof-of-concept for the orchestration framework in a real-life distributed testbed environment, to showcase the efficiency in optimizing the edge host selection and applicationcontext relocation towards achieving continuity of a service that informs vehicle about the driving conditions on the road.

This paper shows the design and simulation of 60 GHz transmitter. The 60 GHz carrier frequency has the ability to accommodate high-throughput wireless communications. The Federal Communication (FCC) allocates 57-66 GHz for unlicensed operation. This paper focuses on designing and simulation of 60 GHz Transmitter using Advanced Design Systems (ADS) tool.The unique characteristics are made possible to have excellent immunity to interference, high security, and frequency re-use. . This transmitter operating at 60 GHz with data rates up to 1Gbit/s and QAM. The design exhibits a very low noise figure of 19.24 dB only at transmitter side.

Efficient load balancing is crucial for optimizing network performance and ensuring seamless connectivity in modern campus area networks (CANs). With the proliferation of data-intensive applications and the increasing reliance on cloud-based services, organizations are seeking effective loadbalancing solutions to distribute network traffic evenly across available resources. The continuous improvement of devices, tools, and techniques to cater a large amount of network traffic, started to be employed on different campuses. Understanding the best approach to maximize the utilization of the network resources is crucial in order to stabilize and maintain the network. The study aims to discern the round-robin and software definedwide area network (SD-WAN) techniques based on defined metrics and conducted with a predefined payload for commonly used application conditions. The analysis shows that SD-WAN delivers a much superior performance than round-robin based on the criteria. The local area network (LAN) test shows difference between the two types of technology for the three given metrics. The WAN test shows that the round-robin has higher packet loss, latency, and jitter than the SD-WAN technology. While roundrobin may suffice for small-scale deployments with relatively homogeneous traffic patterns, SD-WAN offers more sophisticated capabilities for larger CANs with diverse application workloads and distributed locations.

Em sistemas de gestão de redes, uma vista representa uma perspectiva parcelar do universo de gestão, adequada a uma actividade ou cargo específico. O suporte para vistas assume uma especial relevância em sistemas de grande dimensão onde não é possível concentrar toda a actividade de gestão. Este artigo aborda o problema, propondo um modelo de vistas que é concretizado num conjunto de extensões ao sistema Scotty, uma conhecida plataforma de gestão de rede de domínio público.

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is currently a widely adopted technology for video delivery over the Internet. DASH offers significant advantages, enabling users to switch dynamically between different available video qualities responding to variations in the current network conditions during video playback. This is particularly interesting in wireless and mobile access networks, which present unexpected and frequent such variations. Moreover, mobile users in these networks share a common radio access link and, thus, a common bottleneck in case of congestion, which may cause user experience to degrade. In this context, the Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) emerging standard gives new opportunities to improve DASH performance, by moving IT and cloud computing capabilities down to the edge of the mobile network. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture for adaptive HTTP video streaming tailored to a MEC environment. The proposed architecture includes an adaptation algorithm running as a MEC service, aiming to relax network congestion while improving user experience. Our mechanism is standards-compliant and compatible with receiver-driven adaptive video delivery algorithms, with which it cooperates in a transparent manner.

Akira NAGATA † † † †c) , Member, Katsuyoshi IIDA †d) , Senior Member, Eiji KAWAI † † †e) , and Masato TSURU † † † †f) , Members SUMMARY Network virtualization environments (NVEs) are emerging to meet the increasing diversity of demands by Internet users where a virtual network (VN) can be constructed to accommodate each specific application service. In the future Internet, diverse service providers (SPs) will provide application services on their own VNs running across diverse infrastructure providers (InPs) that provide physical resources in an NVE. To realize both efficient resource utilization and good QoS of each individual service in such environments, SPs should perform adaptive control on network and computational resources in dynamic and competitive resource sharing, instead of explicit and sufficient reservation of physical resources for their VNs. On the other hand, two novel concepts, softwaredefined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV), have emerged to facilitate the efficient use of network and computational resources, flexible provisioning, network programmability, unified management, etc., which enable us to implement adaptive resource control. In this paper, therefore, we propose an architectural design of network orchestration for enabling SPs to maintain QoS of their applications aggressively by means of resource control on their VNs efficiently, by introducing virtual network provider (VNP) between InPs and SPs as 3-tier model, and by integrating SDN and NFV functionalities into NVE framework. We define new northbound interfaces (NBIs) for resource requests, resource upgrades, resource programming, and alert notifications while using the standard OpenFlow interfaces for resource control on users' traffic flows. The feasibility of the proposed architecture is demonstrated through network experiments using a prototype implementation and a sample application service on nationwide testbed networks, the JGN-X and RISE.

Network function virtualization (NFV) and network slicing are two promising enabling technologies for 5G networks. Considering the volume of data traffic generated by Internet of things (IoT) applications and their service requirement diversity as well as that network resources are spread across different locations, it is imperative to find solutions for optimal service placement and resource allocation for quality of service (QoS) provisioning. In this paper, we address the challenges of optimal network service placement with active QoS monitoring in NFV and network slicing enabled 5G IoT networks and propose a network architecture with optimal computation and resource placement over core, local, and edge data centers. The solution is implemented through virtualized infrastructure managers where operation costs and QoS requirements are considered for service placement. Optimal algorithms are developed based on a control system hub platform with an open source management and orchestration framework. To monitor the performance during traffic runtime, virtual charmed factors are adopted for control and QoS measurement.

The adoption of 5G services depends on the capacity to provide high-value services. In addition to enhanced performance, the capacity to deliver Security Service Level Agreements (SSLAs) and demonstrate their fulfillment would be a great incentive for the adoption of 5G services for critical 5G Verticals (e.g., service suppliers like Energy or Intelligent Transportation Systems) subject to specific industrial safety, security or service level rules and regulations (e.g., NIS or SEVESO Directives). Yet, responsibilities may be difficult to track and demonstrate because 5G infrastructures are interconnected and complex, which is a challenge anticipated to be exacerbated in future 6G networks. This paper describes a demonstrator and a use case that shows how 5G Service Providers can deliver SSLAs to their customers (Service Owners) by leveraging a set of network enablers developed in the INSPIRE-5Gplus project to manage their accountability, liability and trust placed in subcomponents of a service (subcontractors). The elaborated enablers are in particular a novel sTakeholder Responsibility, Ac-countabIity and Liability deScriptor (TRAILS), a Liability-Aware Service Management Referencing Service (LASM-RS), an anomaly detection tool (IoT-MMT), a Root Cause Analysis tool (IoT-RCA), two Remote Attestation mechanisms (Systemic and Deep Attestation), and two Security-by-Orchestration enablers (one for the 5G Core and one for the MEC).

Today 4G mobile systems are evolving to provide IP connectivity for diverse applications and services up to 1Gbps. They are designed to optimize the network performance, improve cost efficiency and facilitate the uptake of mass market IP-based services. Nevertheless, the growing demand and the diverse patterns of mobile traffic place an increasing strain on cellular networks. To cater to the large volumes of traffic delivered by the new services and applications, the future 5G network will provide the fundamental infrastructure for billions of new devices with less predictable traffic patterns will join the network. The 5G technology is presently in its early research stages, so researches are currently underway exploring different architectural paths to address their key drivers. SDN techniques have been seen as promising enablers for this vision of carrier networks, which will likely play a crucial role in the design of 5G wireless networks. A critical understanding of this emerging paradigm is necessary to address the multiple challenges of the future SDN-enabled 5G technology. To address this requirement, a survey the emerging trends and prospects, followed by in-depth discussion of major challenges in this area are discussed.