Public Health Nutrition

Obesity is still on the rise, leading to high costs for the obese individual itself but also for society. We analyze the influence of peer effects on food choices in lunchrooms with posted nutrition facts. Data were collected in a lunchroom at a large U.S. university. Groups of four patrons each were interviewed for a total of 112 observations. Among others, results for calories consumed from pizza and pasta show that individuals who are dining in groups with at least one obese group member are taking in more calories. Looking at nutrition facts when ordering the food decreases calorie intake. The results suggest that dining with obese peers increases the probability of obesity while calorie labeling decreases the probability. In terms of nutrition signposting this is a promising result. However, only 15% of the sample had used the nutrition facts to make all their food choice, which leads to the conclusion that overall attention to nutrition labeling needs to be increased.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate disordered eating (DE) among Sami compared with non-Sami residing in northern Norway.DesignIn a cross-sectional design, stratified by sex and ethnicity, associations were tested between DE (Eating Disturbance Scale; EDS-5) and age, education level, BMI category, anxiety and depression, physical activity and consumption of snacks.SettingThe SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey (2012–2014) based on the population of ten municipalities in northern Norway.SubjectsAdults aged 40–69 years; 1811 Sami (844 male, 967 female) compared with 2578 non-Sami (1180 male, 1398 female) individuals.ResultsNo overall significant ethnic difference in DE was identified, although comfort eating was reported more often by Sami individuals (P=0·01). Regardless of ethnicity and sex, symptoms of anxiety and depression were associated with DE (P<0·001). Furthermore, DE was more common at lower age and higher BMI values. Education levels were protectively associated with ...

Albeit the potent association between nutrition and health has been repeatedly corroborated in the field of nutrition science through evidence-based approaches, the prevalence of inadequate nutrition among Filipino households is still too high. Therefore, the goal of this study was to pinpoint nutrition challenges faced by Filipino young adults and evaluate whether a personalized nutrition knowledgebased system is a potential nutrition intervention tool. A mixed-methods needs analysis approach was operated to arrive at a panoramic profile of a nutrition knowledge-based system through the participation of respondents in an online survey (n = 85) and focus groups (n = 4). The assessment was grounded from the influencing factors of health and nutritional status such as food selection, nutrition barriers, poor eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and with the inclusion of nutrition application for technical feedback. The findings exploited the fact that people do not track what they eat,...

Objective:(i) Describe the development of a multipurpose Cardio-Med survey tool (CMST) comprising a semi-quantitative FFQ designed to measure dietary intake in multicultural patients with or at high risk of CVD and (ii) report pilot evaluation of test–retest reliability and validity of the FFQ in measuring energy and nutrient intakes.Design:The CMST was developed to identify CVD risk factors and assess diet quality over 1 year using an FFQ. Design of the ninety-three-item FFQ involved developing food portion photographs, and a list of foods appropriate for the Australian multicultural population allowing the capture of adherence to a Mediterranean diet pattern. The FFQ was administered twice, 2 weeks apart to assess test–retest reliability, whilst validity was assessed by comparison of the FFQ with a 3-d food record (3DFR).Setting:The Northern Hospital and St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.Participants:Thirty-eight participants aged 34–81 years with CVD or at high risk.Res...

ObjectiveTo study infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and their association with nutritional status among young children.DesignA community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out in ten states of India, using a multistage random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements such as length/height and weight were conducted and nutritional assessment was done using the WHO child growth standards.SettingNational Nutrition Monitoring Bureau survey, 2011–2012.ParticipantsChildren aged <3 years and their mothers.ResultsOnly 36 % of infants received breast-feeding within an hour of birth and 50 % were exclusively breast-fed up to 6 months. Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 38, 41 and 22 %, respectively. The chance of undernutrition among <3-year-old children was significantly higher among those from scheduled caste/scheduled tribe communities, the lowest-income group, with illiterate mothers and lack of sanitary latrine. Among infants, the chance of u...

To describe trends of childhood stunting among under-5s in Uganda and to assess the impact of maternal education, wealth and residence on stunting. Serial and pooled cross-sectional analyses of data from Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS) of 1995, 2001, 2006 and 2011. Prevalence of stunting and mean height-for-age Z-score were computed by maternal education, wealth index, region and other sociodemographic characteristics. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were fitted to survey-specific and pooled data to estimate independent associations between covariates and stunting or Z-score. Sampling weights were applied in all analyses. Uganda. Children aged <5 years. Weighted sample size was 14 747 children. Stunting prevalence decreased from 44·8% in 1995 to 33·2% in 2011. UDHS reported stunting as 38% in 1995, underestimating the decline because of transitioning from National Center for Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards to...

Dalam jurnal ini disajikan artikel hasil penelitian dan kajian literatur tentang: Kemampuan siswa SMA/MA menjawab soal Taraan bahasa Arab UN, Analisis tipe-tipe latihan dalam buku Kontakte Deutsch 1, Pengaruh pendekatan penilaian dan minat belajar siswa terhadap keterampilan menulis narasi dalam bahasa Indonesia, Keterampilan berpidato: Survei di SMUN 2 Depok, Penerapan model kontekstual untuk meningkatkan kemampuan menulis puisi, Employing songs in ELT Classroom: using authentic material

ObjectiveTo evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a 122-item interviewer-administered quantitative FFQ developed to determine food and nutrient intakes of adults in Botswana.DesignRelative validity of the FFQ was evaluated by comparing nutrient and food group intakes against four non-consecutive 24 h recalls administered over 12 months. The FFQ was repeated after 1 year to assess reproducibility.SettingKanye, Botswana.SubjectsSeventy-nine adults aged 18–75 years.ResultsSpearman correlation coefficients for the validity of energy-adjusted nutrients ranged from 0·42 (carbohydrate) to 0·49 (protein) for macronutrients and from 0·23 (Fe) to 0·44 (PUFA) for micronutrients. Exact agreement of quartile distribution for nutrients between the FFQ and recalls ranged from 27 % to 72 %. Weighted kappa values were lowest for retinol (0·13), Fe (0·22) and β-carotene (0·25) and ranged from 0·33 (SFA) to 0·59 (folate) for other nutrients (energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, Ca and vitamin E)...

ObjectiveWe quantified the public health benefit of fruits and vegetables on the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), using currently available human data.DesignWe reviewed over 250 observational studies on cancer and CVD. Relative risks (RRs) for high versus low intake of fruits and vegetables were obtained. The preventable proportion of chronic diseases, i.e. the per cent of cases attributable to low consumption of fruits and vegetables, was estimated using three scenarios: best guess, optimistic (using stronger RRs) and conservative (using weaker RRs and eliminating the contribution of smoking and/or drinking). The preventable proportion was calculated for increasing average intake from the current 250 g day−1 to the recommended 400 g day among the general Dutch population.ResultsIt is estimated that in the Netherlands cancer incidence could be reduced by 19% (12 000 cases annually, best guess), ranging from 6% (conservative) to 28% (optimistic). Cardiovascular ...

For the few last decades, demographers have given notable attention towards the study of birth interval on child mortality. This study is concerned with the analysis of preceding birth interval on under-five mortality using the data of Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS), 2011. The key independent variable is the length of the preceding birth interval measured as the number of months between two successive births of a mother. Several child and mother-specific variables were used. Hazard ratios are calculated to estimate relative risk. Kaplan Meier approach and log-rank test is used for bivariate analysis to examine the association of selected covariates with under-5 mortality. Semi Parametric Cox Proportional Hazard Model is introduced for survival analysis. Shorter preceding birth interval significantly affects under-five mortality. Under-five mortality risk is drastically high among the children with preceding birth interval 0 to 24 months. This study suggests to make wome...

Uma vez mais dedico esta obra às pessoas que me proporcionaram tudo isto, os meus pais. As palavras não são suficientes. Obrigado! Um agradecimento especial, À Professora Doutora Flora Correia, por me acolher como seu orientando, por me transmitir os seus conhecimentos e pelo carinho com que sempre me recebeu. É uma enorme honra trabalhar consigo. Ao Dr. Aníbal Marinho, meu orientador. Obrigado pela oportunidade que me proporcionou ao conhecer o SCI, pelos conhecimentos que me transmitiu, e pela contínua luta em divulgar a importância dos cuidados nutricionais pela comunidade médico-cirúrgica. Ao Dr. Fernando Rua, pela oportunidade de realizar esta investigação no Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos do HSA. Ao Dr. Bruno Oliveira, pela ajuda na produção dos resultados, e pela disponibilidade que teve para me ajudar. A todos os meus professores, que durante estes largos anos contribuíram para a minha formação académica e pessoal. À minha família.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of low serum Se and determine whether HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or the types of drugs used are associated with serum Se in a cohort of infected and uninfected drug users. Design: Independent correlates of low serum Se levels based on data collected from food recalls, physical examinations and clinical questionnaires were identified using multivariate regression analysis. Setting: Buenos Aires, Argentina Subjects: A total of 205 (twenty-five female and 180 male) former and current drug users. Results: Drug users had an average serum Se level of 69?8 (SD 32?8) mg/dl, and 82 % were considered deficient (,85 mg/dl). Multivariate analyses found that HIV-and/or HCV-infected individuals had lower mean Se compared with healthy, uninfected drug users (HIV/HCV co-infection: 225?3 mg/l (SE 7?6), P 5 0?001; HIV alone: 228?9 mg/l (SE 6?9), P , 0?001; HCV alone: 219?4 mg/l (SE 7?1), P 5 0?006). Current and previous drug use was associated with higher serum Se. Cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption were not found to be associated with Se status. Conclusions: Low serum Se levels are highly prevalent among drug users in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se supplementation and/or dietary interventions may be warranted in drug users who are at high risk for HIV and/or HCV infection.

Objective: It is not clear whether measuring waist circumference in clinical practice is problematic because the measurement error is unclear, as well as what constitutes a clinically relevant change. The present study aimed to summarize what is known from state-of-the-art research. Design: To identify the magnitude of the measurement error of waist circumference measurements from the literature, a search was conducted in PubMed from 1975 to February 2011. Results: The measurement error may vary between 0?7 cm and 15 cm. Taking a realistic range of measurable waist circumference into account (60-135 cm), we argue that a short-term clinically relevant change in waist circumference of 5 % may lie between 3?0 and 6?8 cm and a maintained clinically relevant change of 3 % between 1?8 and 4?1 cm. Conclusions: Based on these results, we conclude it may be difficult to distinguish clinically relevant change from measurement error in individual subjects, due to the large measurement error and unclear definition of clinically relevant change. More research is needed to address these gaps in knowledge. To minimize measurement error, we recommend using a uniform measurement protocol, training and repeated measurements.

Kosť predstavuje živé tkanivo, ktoré sa počas života stále obmieňa, to znamená, že látky, ktoré sa uvoľňujú je potrebné nahradiť. Ak v krvi nie je dostatok vápnika tak kostné tkanivo redne. Prebiehajú v nej dva procesy, – odbúravanie a novotvorba. Novotvorba kostného tkaniva prebieha len do 30.-35. roku života. Po tomto veku kostná hmota z tela človeka už len ubúda (priemerne ročne o 0,5–1,5%). Rýchlosť odbúravania vápnika z kostí ovplyvňujú individuálne rozdiely vplyvu jednotlivých faktorov, ako aj vplyv životného štýlu. Najmä výživa a telesná aktivita. Čo sa týka životného štýlu, oba faktory zdravá strava a pravidelná fyzická aktivita (zaťažovanie celej pohybovej sústavy rovnomerne) sú významnými činiteľmi, prispievajúcimi ku kostnému zdraviu a k udržiavaniu funkcie kosti v neskoršej etape života.

Kosť predstavuje živé tkanivo, ktoré sa počas života stále obmieňa. Prebiehajú v nej dva procesy, – odbúravanie a novotvorba. Novotvorba kostného tkaniva prebieha len do 30-35. roku života, po tomto veku kostná hmota z tela človeka už len ubúda (priemerne ročne o 0,5–1,5%). Kosť ovplyvňujú individuálne rozdiely vplyvu jednotlivých faktorov, ako aj vplyv životného štýlu. Čo sa týka životného štýlu, oba faktory – pravidelná fyzická aktivita a zdravá strava zostávajú dvomi významnými činiteľmi, prispievajúcimi ku kostnému zdraviu a k udržiavaniu funkcie kosti v neskoršej etape života.

Osteoporóza je definovaná úbytkom kostnej hmoty, poruchami architektúry kostí a tendenciou k zlomeninám. Osteoporózou trpí 7 až 8% populácie a je to epidemická civilizačná choroba. Dôležitá je presná diagnostika a účinná liečba, aby sa predišlo zlomeninám. Osteoporóza je spoločensky závažne ochorenie pohybového aparátu a v súvislosti s výrazným nárastom a vysokými nákladmi na diagnostiku a liečbu je významným celosvetovým medicínskym a spoločenským problémom. Pri osteoporóze sa objavujú bolesti chrbta, zníženie výšky, problémy s pohybom, ťažkosti pri chôdzi, stúpaní po schodoch, ale i pri dlhšom státí či sedení. Najzávažnejším zdravotným dôsledkom osteoporózy sú zlomeniny.

Que el trabajo de investigación que presenta Doña Nuria Segura Domínguez sobre "Diseño de un instrumento de medida de creencias en Alimentación" ha sido realizado bajo nuestra dirección y consideramos que tiene el contenido y rigor científico necesario para ser sometido a superior juicio de la comisión que nombre la Universidad de Málaga para optar al grado de Doctor. Y para que así conste, en cumplimiento de las disposiciones vigentes, expedimos y firmamos el presente Certificado en Málaga, 2010.

Abstract
Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder during pregnancy that can have serious health consequences for both mother and child. Adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and good practices (KAP) are critical for early detection, prevention, and effective management of GDM. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding GDM among pregnant women in Borama, Awdal, Somaliland.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025 among 422 pregnant women using a structured questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to GDM. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and results were presented in tables and figures.
Results: The overall proportion of correct knowledge about GDM among participants was 80.7%, indicating relatively high awareness of GDM risk factors, symptoms, and the importance of screening. Positive attitudes toward GDM were observed in 79.3% of participants, with most women recognizing the benefits of preventive behaviors and confident in following medical advice. Good practice was reported by 69.6% of participants, including regular blood glucose monitoring, adherence to dietary recommendations, and attendance at prenatal check-ups. However, less than half of the participants engaged in regular exercise, and some gaps in consistent self-monitoring were identified. Knowledge and attitude were positively associated with practice.
Conclusion: The study demonstrates that pregnant women in Borama have relatively good knowledge and positive attitudes toward GDM, but certain gaps in preventive practices persist. Strengthening educational programs, promoting lifestyle modifications, enhancing self-monitoring, and leveraging digital health tools are recommended to improve adherence and reduce the risk of GDM-related complications.
Keywords: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Pregnancy, Borama, Somaliland

Previous studies found that developed and developing countries present opposite education-overweight gradients but have not considered the dynamics at different levels of national development. An inverted U-shaped curve is hypothesized to best describe the education-overweight association. It is also hypothesized that as the nutrition transition unfolds within nations the shape of education-overweight curve changes. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the moderating effect of the nutrition transition at the population level on the education-overweight gradient. At the individual level, a non-linear estimate of the education association was used to assess the optimal functional form of the association across the nutrition transition. Twenty-two administrations of the Demographic and Health Survey, collected at different time points across the nutrition transition in nine Latin American/Caribbean countries. Mothers of reproductive age (15-49 years) in each administrati...

Objective:The focus of interventions for adults living with HIV (ALH) in Nigeria has been mostly on prevention and provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with little consideration to nutrition-related matters. Therefore, the present study aimed to improve the quality of life (QoL) and anthropometric status of ALH in Abeokuta, Nigeria.Design:A quasi-experimental design where 200 conveniently selected participants were stratified by gender and duration on ART. The intervention group (n 100) received the nutrition education programme (NEP) for 12 weeks. The control group received a brochure on nutrition guidelines for ALH. Socio-biographical information, QoL and anthropometric status were assessed using previously validated questionnaires and standard techniques at baseline, week 12 and week 24. Generalised least squares (GLS) regression analysis was used for group comparisons. Anthropometric status was summarised by gender.Setting:Two tertiary hospitals in Abeokuta, Nigeria.Partici...

ObjectiveTo examine the associations between lifestyle factors and active commuting to school in Spanish adolescents.DesignCross-sectional study. Lifestyle factors (overall/extracurricular physical activity, television viewing, reading as a hobby, sleep duration, breakfast/fruit intake, smoking and alcohol intake) as well as mode and duration of commuting to school were self-reported. Active commuters were defined as those adolescents who walked or cycled to school.SettingSecondary schools in Madrid, Spain.SubjectsAdolescents (n 2029) aged 13 to 17 years.ResultsSimilar percentages of adolescent boys (57·6 %) and girls (56·1 %) were classified as active commuters to school (P = 0·491). The analysis showed that only adequate sleep duration (OR = 1·35, 95 % CI 1·11, 1·66; P = 0·003) and breakfast consumption (OR = 0·66, 95 % CI 0·49, 0·87; P = 0·004) were independently associated with active commuting to school.ConclusionsOnly those behaviours that occur immediately before commuting to...

ObjectiveValid and simple instruments to assess physical activity (PA) in specific populations are required for health-related research. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the Bouchard activity diary (AD) in Spanish adolescents using an activity monitor to compare total PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) obtained by both instruments.DesignSixty-one Spanish adolescents, aged 12–16 years, completed the Bouchard AD and wore the ActiGraph activity monitor for three consecutive days. Validity was assessed with the Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ), the Bland–Altman method and the κ coefficient.ResultsThirty-seven adolescents were included in the final analysis. Correlations between the activity monitor and the AD administered over the three days (Thursday–Saturday) were moderate (ρ = 0·33–0·35, P < 0·05) or non-significant for total PA and moderate (ρ = 0·36, P < 0·05) for MVPA. Correlations between the two methods were progressively lower for each sub...

ObjectiveTo investigate the association betweenHelicobacter pyloriinfection and anaemia.DesignSix cross-sectional studies.H. pyloriinfection was assessed by the [13C]urea breath test using MS or IR analysis. Hb was measured for all countries. Ferritin and transferrin receptors were measured for Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, and Venezuela.SettingHealth services in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico or public schools in Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela.SubjectsIn Argentina, 307 children aged 4–17 years referred to a gastroenterology unit; in Bolivia, 424 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 5–8 years; in Brazil, 1007 adults (157 men, 850 women) aged 18–45 years attending thirty-one primary health-care units; in Cuba, 996 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 6–14 years; in Mexico, seventy-one pregnant women in their first trimester attending public health clinics; in Venezuela, 418 children aged 4–13 years attending public schools.ResultsThe lowest prevalence ofH. pylorifound was among children i...

This documentation of best practices of various organisations
— both government and non-government with support of
UNICEF during COVID-19 crisis — titled ‘COVIDEXTERS’, is an
extensive and systematic research work accomplished by the
research team of Dr. Anamika Ray Memorial Trust (ARMT). While
undertaking the research activities for this documentation, the
ARMT team was conscious about making the document readable
for the targeted audiences. Unlike many other documents
where only the activities are mentioned and described, this
is an exclusive reading document on best practices based on
scientific parameters identified by the team. Besides, the most
highlighting point about this document is the addition of success
stories shared by each of the partner organizations and their
beneficiaries from the ground. This makes the piece of work more
intense, relevant and enjoyable.

Objective: Schools can be an effective arena for food education. The Tasty School is a tailored teacher-driven food education model that provides tools for implementing food education in primary schools. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Tasty School model on pupils' eating patterns and experiences. We also aimed to assess the implementation strength of the Tasty School. Design: A quasi-experimental study was conducted during one school year 2019-2020 in fifteen intervention and ten control schools. The intervention schools implemented the Tasty School food education model. The pupils completed webbased baseline and follow-up questionnaires in class during a school day. The principals were interviewed after the intervention. The data were analysed using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures, accounting for the implementation strength and selected standardisation effects. Setting: A total of twenty-five general Finnish primary schools. Participants: 1480 pupils from grades 3-6 (age 8-12 years) from five municipalities in Finland. Results: Percentages of pupils eating a balanced school meal increased in schools where food education was actively implemented (P = 0•027). In addition, pupils' experience of social participation in school dining strengthened in schools where the Tasty School model was implemented (5-point scale mean from 2•41 to 2•61; P = 0•017). Conclusions: Healthy eating patterns can be promoted by the active implementation of food education in primary schools. The Tasty School model offers a promising tool for developing healthy eating patterns and increasing social participation among pupils not only in Finland, but also potentially in other countries as well. Food habits Food education Health promotion Eating patterns are established during childhood and influence well-being into adulthood . Despite the acknowledged importance of healthy eating patterns on well-being, eating patterns among Finnish school-aged children seldom fulfill the dietary recommendations . Consumption of vegetables, whole grain products and products high in unsaturated fat is lower than recommended, whereas consumption of products high in sugar, salt and saturated fat is above recommended levels. In addition, children's meal patterns are often irregular, and snacking is common . School is an excellent arena for promoting healthy eating patterns, as it reaches practically all children in Finland . The Finnish national curriculum guides primary schools to set objectives and implement food education but does not offer any practical tools or model

ObjectiveUsing data from the national micronutrients survey 2011–2012, the present study explored the status of subclinical vitamin A nutrition and the underlying determinants in the Bangladeshi population.DesignA nationwide cross-sectional study.SettingsThe survey covered 150 clusters; fifty in each of rural, urban and slum strata.SubjectsThree population groups: (i) pre-school age children (6–59 months; PSAC); (ii) school age children (6–14 years; SAC); and (iii) non-pregnant non-lactating women (15–49 years; NPNLW).ResultsNational prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency was 20·5, 20·8 and 5·3 % in PSAC, SAC and NPNLW, respectively. Slum populations had higher prevalence compared with urban (PSAC: 38·1 v. 21·2 %, P<0·001; SAC: 27·1 v. 22·1 %, P=0·004; NPNLW: 6·8 v. 4·7 %, P=0·01). Dietary vitamin A met up to 27·1–46·0 % of daily needs; plant-source vitamin A constituted 73–87 % of the intakes. Multivariable regression analyses showed that higher consumption of animal foo...

Background: Vegetarian vegans have a higher risk of low hemoglobin level compared with vegetarian nonvegans. It is related with nutrients of hemoglobin former such us protein, iron, zinc, copper, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, which have higher bioavailibility on animal foods. In addition, the presence of phytate, oxalate, and tannin in plant foods can inhibit absorbtion of iron, zinc, and copper. The aim of this study is to know the difference of nutrient and nonnutrient intake related to hemoglobin level in vegetarian vegan and nonvegan. Metode: Observational study with cross sectional approach. The subjects of this study consist of 28 vegetarian vegans and 28 vegetarian nonvegans, which was take by consecutive sampling. Nutrient intakes were obtained from food frequency semi quantitative and hemoglobin level was measured by cyanmethemoglobin methode and flowcytometry. Normality of data analyses was analyzed by Saphiro Wilk, hemoglobin level data was analyzed by Independent t-tes, and nutrient intakes data, including protein, iron, zinc, copper, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, phytate, oxalate, and tannin were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test.

One of the major global health problem faced by the developing countries is malnutrition. In developing countries, it is postulated that poverty and ignorance are primary casual factors of malnutrition.2 Despite the economic growth observed in developing countries, undernutrition is still highly prevalent. Concurrently, a growing prevalence of obesity and its related chronic diseases is being observed in these countries. Increasing obesity is already a major concern in developed countries for pre-school children as well as schoolchildren.3

The Bilbao School Health Service was created at the beginning of the century with the aim of preventing transmittable diseases among children as well as improving nutrition. At that time such services were established in many other countries. Since then, according to evolving societal changes and emerging needs, the Service has reoriented its scope and structure towards the Health Promotion scheme. Current tasks include health screening examinations and hygiene surveillance as well as preventive and health education programmes.

The Bilbao School Health Service was created at the beginning of the century with the aim of preventing transmittable diseases among children as well as improving nutrition. At that time such services were established in many other countries. Since then, according to evolving societal changes and emerging needs, the Service has reoriented its scope and structure towards the Health Promotion scheme. Current tasks include health screening examinations and hygiene surveillance as well as preventive and health education programmes.

Background: Vitamin D is essential for Ca absorption, prevention of falls and fracture, and maintenance of muscle strength and balance. Lack of awareness of the importance of vitamin D in bone health is common in Asia. Objective: To define key statements, objectives and actions for improving osteoporosis management and vitamin D inadequacy in Asia. Results and conclusion: This declaration was jointly produced by specialists at the Asia Metaforum on the Role of Vitamin D and the Management of Osteoporosis, held in September 2006 in Hong Kong, to define actions to prevent vitamin D insufficiency in Asia. Although developed specifically for Asia, some or all of these statements may be applicable to other regions of the world.

Anak umur periode 2 tahun termasuk periode kritis dan masa emas dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan otak yang optimal. Malnutrisi yang terjadi pada anak usia ini akan menyebabkan masalah gizi seperti obesitas dan stunting. Angka kejadi stunting dan obesitas pada anak setiap tahunya meningkat yang disebabkan oleh beberapa pemicu utama termasuk pengetahuan pengasuh, sosial ekonomi serta asupan makan yang tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui tingkat signifikansi kekurangan energi kronik, pengetahuan, asupan dengan stunting baduta. Metode penelitian menggunakan analisis kuantitatif dengan teknik survey serta desain cross sectional study. Sampel diseleksi dengan Teknik purposive sampling sebanyak 185 baduta yang telah memenuhi kiteria tidak menderita penyakit infeksi, umur 6-24 bulan, tidak lahir prmeatur, berat bayi lahir rendah, dan pangasuh bersedia untuk di wawancara. Data diperoleh menggunakan metode wawancara dengan kuesioner, formular food recall, timbangan digital, microtoise dan LILA. Analis data menggunakan uji korelasi dan determinasi (R 2 ) dengan tingkat signifikansi nila p <0,05. Hasil ditemukan bahwa kekuerangan energi kronik, pengetahuan, dan asupan makanan diperoleh ada hubungan yang signifikan terhadap kejadian stunting dengan nilai p-value <0,05. Semakin tinggi pengetahuan ibu dan asupan makan anak akan seiring dengan meningkatkatnya status gizi juga namun sebaliknya status KEK ibu semakin meningkat tidak meyebakan pengkatan status gizi baduta. Kata Kunci: Asupan, Kekurangan Energi Kronik, Pengetahuan, Sunting Abstrack Children aged 2 years is a critical period and a golden period in optimal brain growth and development. Malnutrition that occurs in children at this age will cause nutritional problems such as obesity and stunting. The incidence of stunting and obesity in children every year increases which is caused by several main triggers including caregiver knowledge, socioeconomic and food intake that is not following needs. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of significance of chronic energy deficiency, knowledge, intake, and stunting of under-fives. The research method uses quantitative analysis with survey techniques and a cross-sectional study design. Samples were selected using purposive sampling technique as many as 185 children under the age of five who met the criteria for not suffering from infectious diseases, aged 6-24 months, not born prematurely, low birth weight babies, and caregivers willing to be interviewed. Data were obtained using interview methods with questionnaires, food recall forms, digital scales, microtoise, and LILA. Data analysis used correlation and determination (R 2 ) tests with a significance level of p <0.05. The results found that chronic energy deficiency, knowledge, and food intake obtained a significant relationship to the incidence of stunting with a p-value <0.05. The higher the mother's knowledge and the child's food intake will be in line with the increase in nutritional status or a decrease in the incidence of stunting, but on the contrary, the increasing status of the mother's SEZ does not cause an increase in the nutritional status of children under two.

Governmental and commercial lists of food retailers are often used to measure food environments and foodscapes for health and nutritional research. Information about the validity of such secondary food source data is relevant to understanding the potential and limitations of its application. This study assesses the validity of two government lists of food retailer locations and types by comparing them to direct field observations, including an assessment of whether pre-classification of the directories can reduce the need for field observation. Lists of food retailers were obtained from the Central Business Register (CVR) and the Smiley directory. For each directory, the positive prediction value (PPV) and sensitivity were calculated as measures of completeness and thematic accuracy, respectively. Standard deviation was calculated as a measure of geographic accuracy. The effect of the pre-classification was measured through the calculation of PPV, sensitivity and negative prediction value (NPV). The application of either CVR or Smiley as a measure of the food environment would result in a misrepresentation. The pre-classification based on the food retailer names was found to be a valid method for identifying approximately 80% of the food retailers and limiting the need for field observation.

There is an increasing need to source for pharmacological and medicinal materials from plant source. An exploratory effort towards identifying and characterizing new anticoagulants from plants is worthwhile. Extract from Pentaclethra macrophylla (African oil bean) was subjected to anticoagulation activity and compared with EDTA and sodium citrate anticoagulants using some haematological parameters. The seeds of Pentaclethra macrophylla were dried and ground into powdered form. 2ml of blood sample was introduced into each tube containing 0.1g, 0.2g and 0.5g of the powdered extract. Coagulation was achieved in 2520 sec and 105 sec in 0.2g and 0.5g tubes respectively while in 0.1g tube coagulation was unattained. The extract-anticoagulated blood was compared with EDTA/sodium citrate-anticoagulated blood. The results of PCV, Hb, WBC and platelet count showed no significant difference (p>0.05) when compared. However, PT and APTT were significantly different (p<0.05). In vitro anticoagulation activity of Pentaclethra macrophylla was established. It may also be of interest as an anticoagulant for laboratory use.

Eric Cassell introduced his demand that physicians be more attentive to assessing the suffering of their patients as one of the fundamental goals of medicine. This call was indeed taken into account by health professionals but remained difficult to satisfy in the absence of appropriate measures. In addition, the focus on end-of-life suffering in palliative care has excluded, in the vast majority of cases, patients with chronic medical conditions like chronic pain whose on-going suffering is part of everyday life. To fill this gap, my integrative approach relies on both philosophical, psychobiological and clinical concepts seeking to provide a measure accompanied by an interpretation of the person’s suffering. The practical goal is to provide a simple and effective clinical tool to assess the degree of suffering related to pain and to characterize its specific nature in each patient, allowing a more precise diagnosis and more individualized management of chronic patients. In specific...

Poor personal hygiene and health-related problems, particularly waterborne diseases, remain major public health concerns on many university campuses, especially in Nigerian universities where inadequate infrastructure, poor hygiene education, and limited access to sanitation facilities and potable water supply persist. This research study examined the knowledge and perception of personal hygiene among students of the Federal University of Education, Zaria, Kaduna State. A descriptive survey research design was employed in the study. The study population comprised all students of the Federal University of Education, Zaria, Kaduna State. A multi-stage sampling procedure, incorporating stratified, simple random, and systematic random sampling techniques, was used to select 200 consenting respondents for the study. A semi-structured, intervieweradministered questionnaire was used for data collection. The instrument included sections on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, and perception of personal hygiene among students. The questionnaire was validated and pilottested, yielding a reliability index of 0.80, confirming its internal consistency. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered, completed, and successfully retrieved for analysis. A 30-point knowledge scale was used to assess awareness of the risks associated with poor personal hygiene. Knowledge scores were categorized as follows:≤10: Poor knowledge; >10-20: Fair knowledge and >20: Good knowledge. The perception of personal hygiene was assessed using a 5-point scale, where scores ≤34 indicated a negative perception, and scores >34 indicated a positive perception of personal hygiene. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and a one-sample t-test at a significance level of p = 0.05. The findings revealed a significant gender difference in knowledge of personal hygiene and variations in perception based on academic level among undergraduate students of the Federal University of Education, Zaria. Based on the findings, it was recommended that undergraduate students should be encouraged to sustain and improve their knowledge and perception of personal hygiene through increased awareness programs utilizing Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategies.

The study of the impact of toxic substances on organisms is currently being given great attention, while the studies of the positive effect of low doses of these substances on the organisms (the so-called hormesis) also constantly appear. A typical hormetic response in plants is caused, in particular, by non-essential, toxic and trace elements. Although the knowledge about mechanisms of hormesis is growing, the phenomenon is not sufficiently explained so far. Some trace elements, such as arsenic, mercury and cadmium, can be powerful elicitors of activation of plant defence mechanisms against various types of stressors, but their practical application as hormesis agents is limited due to the fear for the environment and to the narrow range between stimulatory and toxic concentrations. More thorough biochemical, molecular and biological analyses can help clarify other mechanisms of hormesis, which may extend possible practical applications.

ObjectiveThe present study evaluated the restaurant and dining venues on and near post-secondary campuses varying in institution size.DesignThe Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Restaurants (NEMS-R) was modified to evaluate restaurants as fast food, sit down and fast casual; and campus dining venues as dining halls, student unions and snack bar/cafés. ANOVA withpost hocTukey&#39;sBandTtests were used to distinguish differences between dining venues and associated institutions by size.SettingThe study was conducted at fifteen US post-secondary institutions, 2009–2011.SubjectsData presented are from a sample of 175 restaurants and sixty-eight on-campus dining venues.ResultsThere were minimal differences in dining halls by institution size, although medium-sized institutions as compared with small-sized institutions offered significantly more healthful side dish/salad bar items. Dining halls scored significantly higher than student unions or snack bar/cafés on healthful entrées...

The Forum on Mediterranean Food Cultures has the purpose to foster an interdisciplinary dialogue to acknowledge the underestimated role of the Mediterranean diet and of the Mediterranean food cultures for an effective sustainable development in the Mediterranean. It is addressed towards the achievement of food security and a broader nutritional well-being in the entire Mediterranean area. The Forum uses a creative approach for the development of community-based programmes to manage the emerging trend of childhood overweight and obesity, as well as to reduce the increasing erosion of the Mediterranean food cultural heritage.

Objective: This study explored social and behavioral factors associated with a home fortification of complementary foods program among families of undernourished children in 14 rural communities in Honduras. Design: We collected and analyzed survey data from a convenience sample of 196 households participating in a nutritional program using home fortification of complementary foods in 2017. The program supplied families with a soy-based atole powder fortified with micronutrients. A research team completed a face-to-face survey exploring social and behavioral factors associated with nutritional supplement use. Anthropometric measurements for participating children were abstracted from health clinic records of previous quarterly appointments. Setting: The study took place in San Jose del Negrito, Honduras. Participants: Participants were parents or guardians of children enrolled in the nutrition program. Results: Nearly half of participant families shared the nutritional supplement wi...

Objective: To understand the contribution of regional differentials in dietary exposures to regional gradients in health, we examined 20-year trends in the association of US census region of residence with nutritional biomarkers and dietary intakes of American adults. Design: Observational. Setting: The biomarker and 24 h dietary recall data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) conducted during 1988-1994 and 1999-2010. The US census region was operationalized as Northeast, Midwest, South and West. Nutritional biomarker outcomes were serum folate, vitamins B 6 , B 12 , C, D and E, and carotenoids; dietary outcomes were intakes of nutrients, food groups and eating patterns. Subjects: US adults, n > 8000-40 000 for biomarkers and >43 000 for dietary outcomes. Results: The interactions of survey time period and region were not significant for the examined biomarker and dietary outcomes, indicating similar secular trends among regions. The main effect of region was significant for all nutritional biomarkers except serum vitamin B 6 , most dietary micronutrients, food groups and eating patterns (P < 0•001). The mean serum folate, vitamins B 12 , C and E, and all carotenoid (except lycopene) biomarker levels, and intakes of dietary fibre, vitamins A, E, C and B 6 , folate, K, Ca, Mg and Fe, fruits, vegetables and whole grains, were higher in the West and Northeast regions, relative to the South and Midwest regions. Conclusions: Overall, the regional gradients in dietary exposure, expressed objectively as biomarkers or as self-reported nutrient and food group intakes, paralleled trajectories reported for health outcomes and were remarkably persistent over time.

La presente investigacion evaluo la influencia de la insatisfaccion con la figura corporal, el indice de masa corporal, el autoconcepto fisico y el sexo sobre las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) en 400 estudiantes universitarios de 17 a 21 anos, 43% mujeres. Mediante un analisis de regresion se obtuvo que un mayor autoconcepto de habilidad y condicion fisica, un mayor IMC, mayores niveles de insatisfaccion/preocupacion por la figura corporal, menos insatisfaccion reflejada en actos y emociones asociados a la figura y el ser mujer conlleva realizar CAR de tipo compensatorias/purgativas. Por otro lado, a mayores niveles de preocupacion por la figura y ser hombre, mayor tendencia a realizar CAR de tipo atracones. Los resultados permiten comprender el fenomeno de las CAR desde la perspectiva psicologica y vislumbra posibles intervenciones en el area. Influence of dissatisfaction with body image, body mass index, physical self and gender on dietary risk behaviors in college studen...

Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters. Design: Cross-sectional survey performed in 2012-2013. The Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS) adapted by Wardle, Carnell and Cooke was used to assess the level of food neophobia. Dietary intake was measured using an FFQ and dietary records from three days. Anthropometric measurements were taken to determine children's nutritional status and BMI was computed based on Polish growth charts. Wilcoxon's rank test and Pearson's rank-correlation coefficient were applied to compare the level of food neophobia and frequency of consumption of food products and nutrient intakes. Setting: Kindergartens in southern Poland located in or near Cracow. Subjects: Three hundred and twenty-five pre-school children and their parents. Results: Low neophobia was observed in 12•3 % and high neophobia in 10•8 % of the children examined. Children with a high level of neophobia were significantly less likely (P < 0•05) to eat eggs, raw or cooked vegetables and legumes, whereas they tended to eat sweets and snacks more frequently; these foodstuffs were also eaten more often between meals. Because the neophobic children ate vegetables very rarely, their intakes of vitamin C (36 % of RDA) and thiamin (84 % of RDA) were far below the norms. No differences in anthropometric parameters according to level of food neophobia were observed. Conclusions: High levels of neophobia are associated with diet variation and may enhance the risk of nutritional deficiencies in children.

Keadaan ini dapat meningkatkan penularan dan kematian akibat TB pada anak. Tujuan Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang gizi seimbang dan pencegahan TB dengan penyuluhan dan pemberian buku saku, pengukuran status gizi dengan antropometri, pelatihan membuat catatan harian makanan dan pemberian susu terfortifikasi untuk meningkatkan status gizi anak. Sasaran kegiatan adalah orang tua sehat dan orang tua yang menderita TB dengan anak yang memiliki gizi kurang atau gizi buruk. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengukuran antropometri, penyuluhan dan pelatihan. Hasil pengabdian masyarakat untuk status gizi didapatkan 2 anak dengan gizi buruk dan sangat kurus (8,7%) serta 21 anak dengan gizi kurang dan kurus (91,3%). Tingkat pengetahuan tentang gizi seimbang menunjukkan 12 orang dengan pengetahuan baik (52,2%), 5 orang dengan pengetahuan menengah (21,7%) dan 6 orang dengan pengetahuan rendah (26,1%). Tingkat pengetahuan tentang TB menunjukkan 20 orang dengan pengetahuan baik (87%) dan 3 orang dengan pengetahuan kurang (13%). Pelatihan membuat catatan makanan harian dilakukan dengan praktikum dan simulasi. Peserta mengembalikan catatan harian makanan yang telah dilengkapi 3 minggu setelah penyuluhan dilaksanakan.