Primary and Secondary Prevention

The body functions as an intensely personal, inherently social, and political entity. It serves as a dynamic space where the subject is interpellated, simultaneously formed and differentiated, embodying the intersection of past experiences and current realities, and merging internal psychological processes with societal influences. The subject constructs itself collectively (Rozmarin, 2017), based on situational and historical contexts and various frameworks such as race, class, and gender. It must continually realize itself in relation to new and ongoing expectations of production and adaptation, often resulting in depression and anxiety. This interplay and its reproduction also manifest themselves in the consulting room during treatment. Engaging with the body in psychoanalysis and situating it as a crucial site for political and personal discourse reveals the subjective nature of bodily perception and sheds light on how broader sociopolitical contexts influence these perceptions, ultimately shaping our collective consciousness and reinforcing or challenging prevailing ideologies. This dynamic interplay of individual experiences and societal structures underscores the importance of integrating social criticism into therapeutic practice, thereby enabling a deeper understanding of how the body is constructed and deconstructed in different contexts.

This is an exciting and important moment for dance/movement therapy. As nonverbal communication and embodied experience relate to emotional aspects of human function, and consequently to clinical therapeutic applications, dance/ movement therapy is at the forefront of the current scientific knowledge. We have an opportunity to enter this discussion through our deep bodily-felt understanding and experience of these concepts. Through this lecture I will share how I have entered this conversation by sharing the research and infant mental health literature that has resonated with my experience of being a dance/movement therapist. It is my hope that this sharing will spark the reader’s own mindbodyemotion connections, stimulating further discussion as well as body, movement and dance exploration.

10. Conduct quality appraisal of retrieved literature. 11. Critically review literature. 12. Check reference list for accuracy. Papers were obtained through the following databases: Discover (Massey University's Library Discovery Layer searches multiple databases, including Web of Science, Web of Knowledge and PsychInfo) and Scopus. Google Scholar was used extensively in early exploration of the topics, but was determined to be too imprecise to accurately identify specific numbers of articles that met the set criteria. Searches were conducted from October 2013 through January 2014. To be included in this review, the literature was limited to English language articles that were original research studies, relevant to SVPE, scholarly, published, and available through Massey University in full-text. The focus was on finding recent publications relevant in the New Zealand context.

The purpose of this research is threefold:

1) To provide an overview of research pertaining to best and promising practices in the area of violence prevention programming for children and youth;
2) To provide an analysis of children- and youth-focused violence prevention programs currently offered by non-profit organizations in Calgary, Alberta;
3) To provide recommendations to inform subsequent phases for developing a strategic coordinated community approach to violence prevention programming for children and youth in Calgary.

This research identified various types of violence prevention programming offered throughout Calgary, specifically identifying the differences between school and community-based programs and universal/targeted approaches.

Violence perpetrated by and against men and boys is a major public health problem. Although individual men’s use of violence differs, engagement of all men and boys in action to prevent violence against women and girls is essential. We discuss why this engagement approach is theoretically important and how prevention interventions have developed from treating men simply as perpetrators of violence against women and girls or as allies of women in its prevention, to approaches that seek to transform the relations, social norms, and systems that sustain gender inequality and violence. We review evidence of intervention effectiveness in the reduction of violence or its risk factors, features commonly seen in more effective interventions, and how strong evidence-based interventions can be developed with more robust use of theory. Future interventions should emphasise work with both men and boys and women and girls to change social norms on gender relations, and need to appropriately acco...

This paper will present an art-based frame of reference to psychotherapeutic intervention. Structures form clinical Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) will serve as an example to investigate the specific contributions of kinaesthetically informed interactions to (experiential) psychotherapy. In DMT the working alliance between patient and therapist is informed mainly through nonverbal engagement. The mutual engagement is perceived and regulated in movements and actions by the sensing and expressing body. The kinaesthetic encounter between patient and therapist will be conceptualised from this somato-sensory perspective as (kin)aesthetic intersubjectivity. Structures from dance as an art form will be described to inform our understanding of the kin(aesth)etic, non-verbal characteristics of interpersonal attunement during psychotherapy. In DMT non-verbal structures of interpersonal attunement are used to create a situation that addresses and supports the patient to engage in corporeal shared, improvised, movement experiences. We propose that this engagement may contribute to the co-creation and co-regulation of the therapeutic relationship. Kinaesthetic relating may contribute to participatory pre-conceptual sense-making between patient and therapist. Embodied as they are, the experiences of mutual non-verbal relating, social engagement and understanding transfer easily from the therapeutic context ahead into everyday life.

Background Numerous wrist-wearable devices to measure physical activity are currently available, but there is a need to unify the evidence on how they compare in terms of acceptability and accuracy. Objective The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the accuracy and acceptability (willingness to use the device for the task it is designed to support) of wrist-wearable activity trackers. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SPORTDiscus for studies measuring physical activity in the general population using wrist-wearable activity trackers. We screened articles for inclusion and, for the included studies, reported data on the studies’ setting and population, outcome measured, and risk of bias. Results A total of 65 articles were included in our review. Accuracy was assessed for 14 different outcomes, which can be classified in the following categories: count of specific activities (includ...

Dedication I dedicate my dissertation to my beloved parents, Thomas and Catharina Lee. My parents were born in South Korea, married in South America, where they had seven children, and immigrated the family to the United States in hopes for a better education and brighter future. With my parents' love, dedication, and hard work, each of my six siblings and I graduated from university. Martin Seligman, the positive psychologist who developed the well-being theory used in my dissertation, states that positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishments (the PERMA model) can help people pursue a life of happiness, fulfillment, and meaning. I believe my parents lived their lives in this mannerhappy, fulfilled, and meaningful. I hope that in applying this theoretical framework to older adults, I can bring to light the significance of positive psychological well-being, especially among the growing aging population. Umma and Appa, thank you so much for teaching me the importance of family, community, faith, and education. You sacrificed a lot for your children to be happy and to live meaningful lives. May this dissertation, a token of my appreciation, bring you joy and pride. There is not a day that goes by that I do not think about you. I love you and miss you both dearly. Dios, gracias por dándome a mí los padres más cariñosos, humildes, y pacientes. Por favor cuídalos en el cielo y no nos olvides aquí en la tierra.

Background: Two-thirds of older Australians are sedentary. Fitness trackers have been popular with younger people and may encourage older adults to become more active. Older adults may have different gait patterns and as such it is important to establish whether fitness trackers are valid and reliable for this population. The aim of the study was to test the reliability and validity of two fitness trackers (Fitbit Flex and ChargeHR) by step count when worn by older adults. Reliability and validity were tested in two conditions: 1) in the laboratory using a two-minute-walk-test (2MWT) and 2) in a free-living environment. Methods: Two 2MWTs were completed while wearing the fitness trackers. Participants were videoed during each test. Participants were then given one fitness tracker and a GENEactiv accelerometer to wear at home for 14-days. Results: Thirty-one participants completed two 2MWTs and 30 completed the free-living procedure. Intra Class Correlation's of the fitness trackers with direct observation of steps (criterion validity) was high (ICC:0.86,95%CI:0.76,0. 93). However, both fitness trackers underestimated steps. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC ≥ 0.75) was found between the two 2MWTs for each device, particularly the ChargeHR devices. Good strength of agreement was found for total distance and steps (fitness tracker) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (GENEactiv) for the free-living environment (Spearman Rho's 0.78 and 0.74 respectively). Conclusion: Reliability and validity of the Flex and ChargeHR when worn by older adults is good, however both devices underestimated step count within the laboratory environment. These fitness trackers appear suitable for consumer use and promoting physical activity for older adults.

Numerous resources exist to support workplaces to undertake gender equality work; however, it is often unclear which existing resources are being utilised by Australian workplaces. One group that can provide insight into the use of existing resources is the professionals who have undertaken gender equality work in their organisation. Methods: Purposive sampling was used to identify informants with experience undertaking gender equality work. A sample of 12 informants was recruited from five employment sectors: five informants from the women's health sector; two from other organisations in the health sector; three from local government; and one each from manufacturing and education. One in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted with each informant. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Four themes emerged from data analysis: "Organisational Context," "Legitimising Gender Equality Work," "Demystifying Gender Equality" and "Embedding Gender Equality into the Workplace." Mechanisms such as drawing on the evidence base, developing internal communications strategies, establishing a working group, undertaking training, conducting an audit, and reviewing policies and procedures were used to embed gender-based considerations into the workplace. A range of resources to underpin most of these approaches was discussed by informants. Conclusions: Informants had a sound understanding of approaches they could use to address existing gender inequality; however, they did not always utilise existing resources to support them to undertake their chosen approach.

Deficits in decoding and encoding emotion and intention are inherent in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The interface of neuro-deficit, epigenetic influences, relational challenges, weaknesses in social-cognition, and affective dysregulation are embedded in keystone theoretical perspectives, further informed by recent research findings. Highlighting the importance of developmental potentials and nonverbal behavior, as well as facilitating parental resolution and reflectivity in the wake of diagnosis, a mentalization-framed therapeutic approach is described wherein the child exercises holding the therapist's mind in mind, while developing a richer portrait of a mentalizing and relating self. Verbal exchanges invite perspective taking, inducing the patient to help the therapist know what is unknown and vice versa. Such inducement is explicit and implicit. Interpersonal coordination of nonverbal processes in the therapeutic context enables progress toward 'embodied mentalization.' A therapist's challenge includes awareness of one's own (and the patient's) bodily experiences and kinesthetic identifications that promote experiences of empathy and collaborative trust. These allow the patient to feel capable of knowing and being known. The Kestenberg Movement Profile (KMP) illuminates such bodily processes and their possible meanings. De-vitalized and/or rigidified states can secondarily serve defenses. Video-feedback is sometimes warranted within the context of therapy.

Background Numerous wrist-wearable devices to measure physical activity are currently available, but there is a need to unify the evidence on how they compare in terms of acceptability and accuracy. Objective The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the accuracy and acceptability (willingness to use the device for the task it is designed to support) of wrist-wearable activity trackers. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SPORTDiscus for studies measuring physical activity in the general population using wrist-wearable activity trackers. We screened articles for inclusion and, for the included studies, reported data on the studies’ setting and population, outcome measured, and risk of bias. Results A total of 65 articles were included in our review. Accuracy was assessed for 14 different outcomes, which can be classified in the following categories: count of specific activities (includ...

Evidence of a high or increasing incidence of childhood onset bipolar disorder in the United States (US) has been viewed skeptically. Here we review evidence that childhood onsets of bipolar disorder are more common in the US than in Europe, treatment delays are longer, and illness course is more adverse and difficult. Epidemiological data and studies of offspring at high risk also support these findings. In our cohort of outpatients with bipolar disorder, two of the major vulnerability factors for early onset - genetics and environmental adversity in childhood - were also greater in the US than in Europe. An increased familial loading for multiple psychiatric disorders was apparent in 4 generations of the family members of the patients from the US, and that familial burden was linked to early onset bipolar disorder. Since both early onset and treatment delay are risk factors for a poor outcome in adulthood, new clinical, research, and public health initiatives are needed to begin t...

For all the behind-the-scenes work that was vital to making the workshop happen and run smoothly we would like to thank Petra Bongartz, Jan Boyes, Jenny Edwards, Sam Finn and Katy Miller. Thanks also to Tessa Lewin for documenting the symposium so creatively. Photo credits-front cover and p21: Henry Armas; all other photos are by Tessa Lewin except pp18 and 19: Jerker Edström. This publication was designed and produced by Barbara Cheney and printed by Warwick Printing Ltd. ISBN 13: 978 1 85864 675 81 Contents 1 An introduction What inspired the symposium? Who was there? What do we mean by 'masculinities'? Symposium participants Why is it important to understand masculinities? 2 The process Day 1 Exploring gender, power and change Exploring the personal and political in participants' own lives Concerns from the field Some notes on masculinities Day 2 Learning from change Hard Talk: learning from practice Learning from the expertise in the room: discussing the papers Forming 'affinity groups' Days 3 and 4 Making change: strategies and opportunities; tools and alliances Affinity group work What do I/we do now? Final reflections, inspirations and appreciations 3 New thinking, new possibilities Beyond gender myths and binaries: the search for a new language Dispelling these binaries Heteronormativity: an alternative articulating principle? Male bodies and sexualities Pressure to conform and perform Creating spaces for honest communication Putting emotions back into the picture Sexuality and development: how would we like to see this relationship changing? Politicising Masculinities: Beyond the Personal Shaping policies, transforming institutions Working with uniformed services Linking gender justice with economic justice Working on key institutions in male socialisation Engaging with the political process Community mobilisation, activism and movement building: towards a gender-just world Strategies for action: opportunities and challenges 4 Where to now?

At a time when there is a severe dearth of men centric versions of intimate partner violence and the perpetuation of the same by men shows anomalous surge around the world, it is essential to investigate the predictive factors of the same with its intricacies from perpetrators perspectives too. Understanding the factors instrumental in making perpetrators of violence, especially when violence on women is the demonstration of men's failure to appreciate the inherent poise and parity of women, can enable us to have policy interventions to involve men as a part of solution in our efforts towards combating all forms of violence, resulted from aggressive masculinity with gender stereotypes, which sanctions use of violence as well as a sense of entitlement over women. This study attempts to encapsulate the links between IPV perpetration and perpetrators' attitude towards gender equality, childhood gender inequity & violence experiences and explores the associations between education, age, occupation and income of perpetrators on IPV. A quantitative research design was followed in this study where 1600 men from four different districts, having different gender equality and development indices, within Gujarat, India were selected by proportionate random sampling. The results of this study vividly demonstrate the ubiquity of IPV, a petrifying crime pervasive around the world. It also underlines how strong and deeply rooted patriarchal attitudes internalised within men are intricately linked to their inclination towards IPV. Childhood gender inequity, as well as violence experiences of men, is also emerged as a set of proximate factors found to be significantly correlated with their propensity to be violent towards women. This study immensely contributes towards policy recommendations which will help generations to disapprove of violence on women and grow up with gender equity attitudes.

It is well established that people with diabetes are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with those without diabetes. Although the protective role of aspirin in secondary prevention is well documented, its role in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes, after the results of major clinical trials and meta-analyses, is unclear. The observed discrepancies might be explained in part in terms of the differences between the background cardiovascular risks, follow-up periods, age and gender of the study populations. Recently, the results of the ASCEND trial in people with diabetes documented the cardiovascular benefit of aspirin for primary prevention, but with an increased risk of bleeding that might outweigh the observed cardiovascular benefit. Therefore, current guidelines recommend its use for primary prevention in people with and without diabetes under specific circumstances. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the existing literature data regarding the place that aspirin has in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes.

This article examines how the biomedical industrial complex has ensnared social work within a foreign conceptual and practice model that distracts clinical social workers from the special assistance that they can provide for people with mental distress and misbehavior. We discuss: (1) social work's assimilation of psychiatric perspectives and practices during its pursuit of professional status; (2) the persistence of psychiatric hospitalization despite its coercive methods, high cost, and doubtful efficacy; (3) the increasing reliance on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, despite its widely acknowledged scientific frailty; and (4) the questionable contributions of psychoactive drugs to clinical mental health outcomes and their vast profits for the pharmaceutical industry, using antipsychotic drugs as a case example. We review a number of promising social work interventions overshadowed by the biomedical approach. We urge social work and other helping professions to exercise intellectual independence from the reigning paternalistic drug-centered biomedical ideology in mental health and to rededicate themselves to the supportive, educative, and problem-solving methods unique to their disciplines.

Children and young people have become one of the most important populations for the prevention of gender-based violence. The unacceptably high rates of gender-based violence, in particular, violence against women and their children, are well established and there is a clear opportunity to change the story for future generations via the education system. There is no single cause of gender-based violence, however, the latest international evidence shows that it is primarily driven by a range of social norms, institutional structures, and organizational or community practices relating to gender inequality. Gender inequality manifests in every aspect of life, from our relationships through to our institutions, including schools. Shifting the pattern of violence will require cultural transformation- and new research shows that this change is possible. Governments have seized this opportunity, and through the Australian Curriculum, schools have been directed to consider their role in the ...

Engaging with men is an essential effort towards preventing violence in our communities. At the same time, violent behaviours are deeply embedded into our societies and construct what it means to be ‘masculine’ in a way that naturalises it. Getting men into a space to challenge their behaviours can therefore be a challenge. In this article, we discuss the findings from a recent study with designers designing to tackle intimate partner violence. We focus on four participants' experiences of developing design interventions to engage men in violence prevention. The findings highlight strategies that engage with men in a dialectical space of critical reflection and implementing alternative behaviours. It brings key considerations for designers to think about when counteracting the normalisation of violence (or other behaviours) and community acceptance.

Violence against women is globally prevalent and harmful to women's health and well-being. Younger women are at higher risk of abuse, especially those from non-urban areas who may face specific barriers to disclosure and support. The aim of this review was to map the breadth and nature of the "violence against women" literature particular to young non-urban Australian women and identify research gaps to inform future research with young people. A comprehensive scoping review methodology, as outlined by Arksey and O'Malley, was adopted. English language, peer-reviewed articles were identified from five databases between January 2000 and July 2015. Grey literature was also examined. Inclusion criteria for the review included young women (15-24 years) from non-urban areas of Australia. Twenty-four full-text articles were included in this review. Themes identified include prevalence and type of abuse, experiences and response to violence, and the consequences of abuse. Recommendations from the review which are relevant to a global audience include the need for improved service access, improved data collection on the prevalence of violence, and a focus on more research with young women in non-urban areas. There is limited research on violence against young women living in non-urban areas of Australia. Evidence to date consists of predominantly quantitative data generated from general population surveys. There is a lack of qualitative research on this topic, and we argue that more is needed to gain a better understanding of the violence that young women experience.

Violence can be prevented Violence permeates and profoundly affects almost every aspect of our lives in South Africa. It poses a significant threat to the overall health and well-being of our nation and has a negative impact on development. Major strides are being made internationally in how to best respond to provide services for survivors of violence, particularly in the field of gender-based violence. 1 There is, however, an urgent need to complement what is being done in the field of response with primary prevention programming. Violence can be prevented. Limited evidence on what works to prevent violence before it occurs and the capacity to develop and deliver evidence-based programmes have been major barriers to the prevention agenda-but this is changing. South Africa is leading the way in building evidence for the primary prevention of violence in low-and middle-income countries, particularly in the area of gender-based violence. Promising

This report examines how violence against women specifically affects children and young people. It looks at the nature of violence they experience in their homes and their own relationships, its impacts, and the priorities for action if efforts to prevent violence among, and protect, young people are to be successful.It is widely recognised that violence against women is a significant problem affecting as many as one in three women in Australia. This widespread violence has impacts more widely on families and communities throughout our society.

Two conflicting masculine norms of reputation and respectability coexisted in the lives of boys and men depending on the reference group (male peers vs. community and family). Both types of masculinities endorsed violence against women by placing masculinity in a position of power. n Reputational masculine norms ("cool masculinity") included becoming sexually active by age 18, being attracted to women, and having high sexual stamina while respectable masculinity ("responsible masculinity") was marked by a man's ability to find a female partner, get married, and have children. n Boys and young men who participated in a gendertransformative program expressed gender-equitable beliefs and attitudes, suggesting the effectiveness of the gender-transformative programming.

Telemedicine has been used to remotely diagnose and treat patients, yet previously applied telemonitoring approaches have been fraught with adherence issues. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the adherence rates using a consumer-grade continuous-time heart rate and activity tracker in a mid-risk cardiovascular patient population. As a secondary analysis, we show the ability to utilize the information provided by this device to identify information about a patient's state by correlating tracker information with patient-reported outcome survey scores. We showed that using continuous-time activity trackers with heart rate monitors can be effective in a telemonitoring application, as patients had a high level of adherence (90.0% median usage) and low attrition (0.09% decrease per day) over a 90-day period. Furthermore, data collected correlated significantly with clinically relevant patient surveys (r2=0.15 for PROMIS global health scores, p < .00001), and therefore ...

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This study examined how group composition influences students' level of satisfaction with a dating violence and sexual assault prevention program. A 10-to 12-session program was presented to 396 urban African American middle school students in mixedand same-gender groups. Both males and females were significantly more satisfied with the mixed-gender program than the same-gender program; females in both programs were significantly more satisfied than the males in both programs. Students especially liked the class activities, discussion, and teacher involvement in the program. The study findings support the importance of taking group composition and gender into consideration, as well as, students' reactions and recommendations when developing prevention programs for young adolescents.

Activity trackers are widely used to measure daily physical activity. Many devices have been shown to measure steps more accurately at higher intensities, however, it is also important to determine the accuracy of these new devices at measuring steps while walking at a pace similar to that used during most daily activities. PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of 6 popular activity trackers at measuring steps while walking on a treadmill. METHODS: Twenty-six college students (Mean±SD; 22.1±3.7yrs; 25.1±4.0kg/m 2 ; 13 male) walked 500 steps at 3mph on a treadmill while wearing 6 different activity trackers (Pedometer, Fitbit Blaze, Charge HR, Alta, Flex, Zip, One). The Charge HR was placed two fingers above the right wrist while the Flex was next to the wrist bone. The Blaze was placed two fingers above the left wrist while the Alta was next to the wrist bone. The Fitbit Zip and the One were aligned with the hipbone on the left and right waistband respectively. Steps were counted by a trained researcher using a hand tally counter. Missing values were replaced with the mean value for that device. Step counts were correlated between Fitbit devices and the pedometer and tally counter using Pearson correlations. Significance was set at p<0.05. Mean bias scores were calculated between the step counts for each device and the tally counter. Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) values were also calculated for each device relative to the tally counter. RESULTS: Fitbit Zip and One were significantly correlated with the tally counter (r=0.50, p<0.05; r=0.68, p<0.01, respectively) while the other devices were not significantly correlated. Mean bias and MAPE values were as follows:

The purpose of this evaluation was to explore the experience of the residents of Knowsley of the community NHS health checks. A qualitative research strategy was utilised. It was evident from the evaluation that NHS Knowsley had been successful in engaging people ...

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) Expert Group Meeting - Strategies for implementing the recommendations from the Secretary-General&#x27;s Study on Violence against Women with Particular Emphasis on the Role of National ...

The concept of attitudes has been an important component of campaigns to address men's violence against women. Attitudes have been examined in relation to men's perpetration of violence, women's experience of violence and community and institutional responses. In this article we argue that there has not been sufficient interrogation of the limitations of attitudes in understanding and addressing men's violence. We propose a social constructionist approach to attitudes and emphasise the need to locate attitudes within the context of familial, organisational, community and social norms which support violence against women. Furthermore, we argue that to prevent violence against women, we must develop interventions beyond cultural and attitudinal change to encompass changes in structural relations and social practices.

A violence-prevention curriculum has been object of research on curriculum studies since several decades (Bergsgaard, 1997), but gender violence prevention had not yet received so much attention from this field of studies. In some countries, gender-based violence prevention is included in education for citizenship, in a wider view of education against gender stereotypes and prejudices (Andersson, 2012; Cox et al., 2010; Salcedo-Barrientos et al., 2012). Similarly, several studies have provided evidence about the role of schools in (re)producing masculinities and femininities (Mils 2001) as a cultural ground for gender and domestic violence. The role of school education as regulatory or emancipatory has also been discussed since the implementation of compulsory schooling when educators believed school education would liberate oppressed social groups (Ledwith, 2007; Sala, 2012). Nevertheless, less attention has been paid to teachers’ education on the subject and even less, how to inte...

Issue addressed: The determinants of individual and community mental health and well-being are diverse and many lie outside the sphere of action of the health sector. Developing the confidence and skills of these other sectors to contribute to improved mental health has been identified as a priority at State and national levels that requires the development of specific workforce capacity-building strategies. Methods: VicHealth developed and implemented a two-day short course to raise the capacity of organisations from a range of sectors to contribute to the mental health and well-being of communities. The model of this short course was constructed to reflect the diverse sectors targeted, which included health, local government, community arts, sport and recreation, justice, and education. Results: Evaluation of the two-year pilot program, with more than 1,000 participants, has identified a high degree of satisfaction with the content and delivery model of the course, with clear changes in knowledge, skills and practice having been achieved. Cross-sector understanding and collaborations between participants increased as a result of the course. Conclusions: Continuing demand for the course demonstrates clearly that mental health and well-being is relevant to the core business of a broad range of community and professional organisations. The course has increased the confidence and capacity of these sector representatives to take action on mental health as well as increased cross-sector dialogue and partnerships. The recruitment of trainers from diverse sectors was successful in promoting a key component of the program, which was the message that mental health promotion should be the business of all sectors.

Moving towards longer-term and ongoing funding for primary prevention programs and activities, so that funding terms reflect the time periods of the frameworks and plans under which they are funded (such as the 12-year period covered by the current National Plan), in order to support the sustained long-term work that these plans recognise to be necessary to prevent violence against women. • Increased attention to, and investment in, transforming systemic and structural forms of oppression and discrimination that intersect with sexism and gender inequality, to ensure prevention works for all women. • Establishing and strengthening policy, governance and coordination mechanisms across portfolios, within jurisdictions, and between levels of government, to support coordinated, holistic and more effective efforts across the country. • Responding to the correlation between attitudes supportive of violence against women and other types of discriminatory attitudes, such as racism. The persistence of these is of significant concern, and calls for greater leadership, investment and action. Preventing violence against women who experience multiple forms of oppression requires a greater focus on structural and systemic reform, in order to address all forms of oppression and discrimination. 1. Short-term or process-level change: the efforts that are being made to prevent violence against women, and the 'infrastructure', or systems, structures and human capacities that are being built and developed to support those primary prevention efforts. (In this report, we refer to these as the 'prevention foundations', which are the focus of Section 1). 2. Medium-term to long-term outcomes: positive change to the gendered drivers and reinforcing factors of violence against women, as measured at a whole-of-population level. These are the focus of Section 2 Part A of this report. 3. Long-term change: reductions in population-level prevalence rates of violence against women, which are the focus of Section 2 Part B of this report. This report operationalises Counting on change by presenting a picture of the current state (baseline) of progress towards primary prevention of violence against women in Australia and, where possible, analysing the degree, nature and process of change over this decade. Scope This first report tracking progress in the primary prevention of violence against women focuses on change over a significant decade in Australia's recent history-2009 to 2019. This scope deliberately corresponds to the decade in which Australia has had a National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010-2022 (the National Plan), and the decade during which momentum towards effective primary prevention has been building. The focus in this first report is less upon quantitative assessment of change based on narrow data points, and more about establishing a picture of social phenomena and their patterns of change or consistency in the decade under consideration, taking into account multiple points of comparable data wherever possible.

Activity trackers are widely used to measure daily physical activity. Many devices have been shown to measure steps more accurately at higher intensities, however, it is also important to determine the accuracy of these new devices at measuring steps while walking at a pace similar to that used during most daily activities. PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of 6 popular activity trackers at measuring steps while walking on a treadmill. METHODS: Twenty-six college students (Mean±SD; 22.1±3.7yrs; 25.1±4.0kg/m 2 ; 13 male) walked 500 steps at 3mph on a treadmill while wearing 6 different activity trackers (Pedometer, Fitbit Blaze, Charge HR, Alta, Flex, Zip, One). The Charge HR was placed two fingers above the right wrist while the Flex was next to the wrist bone. The Blaze was placed two fingers above the left wrist while the Alta was next to the wrist bone. The Fitbit Zip and the One were aligned with the hipbone on the left and right waistband respectively. Steps were counted by a trained researcher using a hand tally counter. Missing values were replaced with the mean value for that device. Step counts were correlated between Fitbit devices and the pedometer and tally counter using Pearson correlations. Significance was set at p<0.05. Mean bias scores were calculated between the step counts for each device and the tally counter. Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) values were also calculated for each device relative to the tally counter. RESULTS: Fitbit Zip and One were significantly correlated with the tally counter (r=0.50, p<0.05; r=0.68, p<0.01, respectively) while the other devices were not significantly correlated. Mean bias and MAPE values were as follows:

Provides reflections on Australia&#39;s efforts in primary prevention of violence against women and offers suggestions for the next steps to continue the momentum. Summary Australia has committed to a public health approach to preventing violence against women, transforming how policies and programming address this difficult social issue. The aim is to prevent the problem from occurring in the first place by directing policy and strategies towards changing the underlying causes, behaviours and attitudes that lead to the perpetration of violence against women. This Issues Paper provides reflections on Australia’s efforts in primary prevention of violence against women and offers suggestions for the next steps to continue the momentum. Key messages The public health approach to preventing violence against women is now a major influence on policy areas in Australia and internationally. Evidence about what works in prevention is still emerging and is currently quite disparate, due to th...

This report is intended to advance violence prevention efforts in schools in Victoria and around Australia. The report is designed to achieve the following goals: • to map the violence prevention, intervention and respectful relationships programs that are currently running in Victorian government secondary schools • to identify and explore best practice in violence prevention, intervention and respectful relationships education in schools in Victoria and elsewhere • to inform the development and implementation of violence prevention and respectful relationships policy and programming in Victoria • to increase DEECD&#39;s ability to respond more effectively to queries from other government departments, the media and the general public regarding the role of schools in violence prevention and the promotion of respectful relationships. The report focuses in particular on the prevention of forms of violence that occur in intimate and family relationships, including physical or sexual vi...

In-depth research on gender power and masculinity and various programmatic efforts to engage men have made it abundantly clear that men and boys must be an integral part of efforts to promote gender equality. This is especially relevant in India where caste class and linguistic ethnicity have tremendous influence on how men construct their sense of masculinity and define what it means to be a “real man” or what is expected of them. Recent research suggests that men’s attitudes and more broadly masculinity perpetuate son preference and to some extent intimate partner violence in India. With this in mind ICRW conducted research surveying a total of 9205 men and 3158 women aged 18-49 in the following seven states across India: Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Punjab and Haryana Odisha Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The study findings emphasize that in India masculinity i.e. men’s controlling behavior and gender inequitable attitudes strongly determines men’s preference for sons over daughters ...

Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex. Instead, it is a complex social system that structures the life experience of all human beings. This paper, the first in a Series of five papers, investigates the relationships between gender inequality, restrictive gender norms, and health and wellbeing. Building upon past work, we offer a consolidated conceptual framework that shows how individuals born biologically male or female develop into gendered beings, and how sexism and patriarchy intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as racism, classism, and homophobia, to structure pathways to poor health. We discuss the ample evidence showing the far-reaching consequences of these pathways, including how gender inequality and restrictive gender norms impact health through differential exposures, health-related behaviours and access to care, as well as how gender-biased health research and health-care systems reinforce and reproduce gender inequalities, with serious implications for health. The cumulative consequences of structured disadvantage, mediated through discriminatory laws, policies, and institutions, as well as diet, stress, substance use, and environmental toxins, have triggered important discussions about the role of social injustice in the creation and maintenance of health inequities, especially along racial and socioeconomic lines. This Series paper raises the parallel question of whether discrimination based on gender likewise becomes embodied, with negative consequences for health. For decades, advocates have worked to eliminate gender discrimination in global health, with only modest success. A new plan and new political commitment are needed if these global health aspirations and the wider Sustainable Development Goals of the UN are to be achieved.

Child abuse or maltreatment Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power (WHO, 1999). Child sexual abuse Contacts or interactions between a child and an older or more knowledgeable child or adult … when the child is being used as an object of gratification for an older child's or adult's sexual needs. These contacts or interactions are carried out against the child using force, trickery, bribes, threats or pressure (UNICEF, 2001).

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