Postwar reconstruction

The analysis will compare the conflicts in the Balkans of the 1990s and the war in Eastern Ukraine: their causes, historical background, political and economic context. It will also demonstrate how the mechanisms for the Balkan conflicts' resolution may be applied in resolving the conflict in Ukraine. In addition, it will provide recommendations regarding policies and peace roadmap to be implemented in Ukraine.

Giovedì 25 settembre 2025 II sessione, 9.00-13.00 Military Justice between Social History and Gender History / Giustizia militare tra storia sociale e storia di genere Chair/presiede Maria Di Massa (Istituto piemontese per la storia della Resistenza e dell'età contemporanea "Giorgio Agosti", Torino)

Sri Lanka is taking forward a number of reform processes, including setting up of the institutional framework and policies required for its peacebuilding and transitional justice process. Long-term peace in Sri Lanka will require the creation of political, legal, educational, and cultural institutions that will foster a pluralistic and multiethnic environment. Education is one of the key factors for promoting peace and reconciliation. It is important to recognize that the relationship between education and violent conflict is highly complex and that education systems can be both 'victim' and 'perpetrator' of war and conflict. Sri Lanka's aspiration to rise from the conflict depends on how skilled and versatile its people are for analyzing and resolving conflict as well as promoting peace within their communities.

The higher education systems in post-conflict states have the potential to contribute towards more effective post-war reconstruction and recovery. Higher education should be conceptualized as an important pillar of recovery; the capacity of domestic higher education sectors in post-conflict contexts is an often under-recognized and under-utilized resource of considerable potential value that can connect to a wide range of reconstruction and recovery processes and effectively drive post-conflict recovery and transitions. Given the under-theorized and under-studied nature of higher education and post conflict recovery Loyola Campus: Higher Education at the margins attempts to fill the gap. Loyola Campus believe that in Sri Lanka in the post-war context scenario education plays a crucial role in creating a culture of peace and healing the wounds of war and peacebuilding that is inclusive and socially just. Promoting research, development and innovation will be essential to expand knowledge and technology-intensive industries and services to meet Sri Lanka's aspirations to become a peaceful and reconciled nation.

The National Policy on Education for Social Cohesion (2008) has highlighted two other key pre-conditions that together can result in substantial change towards peace and reconciliation, namely curriculum revisions and school to university level models aimed at strengthening competencies among young Sri Lankans for analyzing and resolving conflict as well as promoting peace within their communities. Moreover, the report points out that, while there were many initiatives that had happened over the years bringing together students from different backgrounds, little had been documented about the effectiveness of such programmes. The policy also notes that the Ministry of Education has to (i) revise and implement school curricula that strengthen the development of competencies related to the conflict resolution, conflict prevention and promotion of peace, (ii) enhance the capacities of principals, teachers and school communities to prevent and resolve conflict and promote peace and (iii) strengthen systems for research, monitoring and evaluation to inform relevant policies and programmes.
The significance of Loyola campus journal is that it will strengthen and inform relevant policies to promote reconciliation and social cohesion. It will inform programs towards promoting peace through Education: a. Establish a research and information management hub. b. Develop an Education for Social Cohesion research strategy and capacity for implementing it through relevant stakeholder institutions. c. Develop dissemination strategy and establish network among similar research initiatives in other countries. The research effort will also compliment the exiting work done on Education for Social Cohesion and Peace. It aims to influence policies to revise and implement to strengthen the development of competencies related to the conflict resolution, conflict prevention and promotion of peace and develop a system for research, monitoring and evaluation.

This paper aims to examine the figure of Giorgio Fernandez (Palermo, 1920-2020) in the professional milieu of Palermo engineer, trained during the Fascism and active in the subsequent dense phases of urban development between the post-war reconstruction and the economic boom period, particularly considering his contribution in residential complexes design. Fernandez graduated in 1942 at the Faculty of Engineering of Palermo, city to which he remained deeply attached for a hundred of years. It is here where he spent all his life and he almost exclusively carried out his rich professional activity, completely documented by Fernandez Professional Archive, declared of historical interest in 2014, and presented in a recent monographic publication for the first time (Manzo, 2020). He designed a large number of interventions both on urban and architectural scale, as well as many interior and furnishing projects. Focusing on the most important part of his career related to housing means reflecting on the role of the Palermo engineering school had in experimenting with new technologies, architectural expressions and structural solutions, in an attempt to outline a different perspective of observation of the urban history of Palermo common known as ‘il Sacco’. Closely linked to the new private entrepreneurial middle- class, the residential buildings he designed since the early 1950s are a testimony of his personal architectural research, constantly intertwined with different categories of professionals based in Palermo: artists, artisans, upholsterers, as well as, for example, marine engineers, who collaborated in the developing of a special-purpose formwork for the structural pillar of a residential complex in Piazza Vittorio Veneto (1969). At the same time, Fernandez was inspired by the contemporary national experiences, and in particular by Milanese colleagues, managing to keep up with the times regarding spatial solutions and use of innovative materials, including a mosaic designed by Gio Ponti used for the façade cladding of his well-known 1964 project: Palazzo AR at the corner of via Roma and via Amari.

This paper examines the geopolitical implications of negotiations between the United States of America (USA), Russia, and Ukraine regarding the possibility of territorial border changes, taking into account not only the bilateral dimension of the talks but also their transnational effects on the international system. Meetings between U.S. President Donald Trump and his counterparts Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelensky are not merely isolated diplomatic events but moments that could determine the principles on which a new global security architecture will be built. Any precedent created in Ukraine through border adjustments will not be limited to the post-Soviet space but risks having direct consequences for Southeastern Europe, particularly Kosovo, which remains one of the most fragile cases in the postwar order in Southeastern Europe. From a historical and political perspective, this study emphasizes that borders are not absolute and are often the product of temporary power balances among international actors. The historical experience of Southeastern Europe-from the London Conference in 1913, the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, to imposed agreements such as the Dayton Accords-shows that changes in global balances and the relations of major powers have been directly reflected in the region. If Ukraine becomes a case study for border adjustment through agreements mediated by major powers, then Kosovo and the wider Southeastern Europe risk becoming involved in a new cycle of pressure for "territorial compromise." In this context, analyzing the geopolitical implications takes on particular importance, as it concerns not only international law and state sovereignty but also the perception of local and regional actors regarding the legitimacy of the international order. Any border movement in Ukraine would send a clear message that international agreements and guarantees are temporary, weakening the trust of smaller actors in the power of treaties and increasing their dependence on the patronage of major powers. This would translate into rising tensions, weakened security guarantees, and greater opportunities for interference by external actors such as Russia, which already has a pronounced influence in Serbia and the wider Southeastern European region.

This paper aims to observe the competition for Lot U of Secondigliano’s housing plan (1965) in a monographic approach, tracing the history of a design competition as a way to explore a significant cultural shift in Italian architecture during the second half of the Twentieth century, on both theoretical and professional aspects. Although this competition has been little examined in existing studies, it offers a rich field of experimentation on a national scale, showcasing various urban project models and the potential mobilization of freelance professionals. Due to the lack of a specific archive, the description is retraced on the intersection of the national and local regulatory frameworks, the competition notice, and a sample of neighborhood design proposals. Although never realized, those proposals can serve as point to observe the contribution of Italian architects to the international debate on urban design, particularly concerning the application of Law 167 of 1962.

Ever since the late 1950s, planners have lured large firms to lagging regions with the expectation that they will trigger local industrial activity. According to the literatures on unbalanced growth, growth poles, foreign direct investment, and global commodity chains, large firms can dynamize lagging economies by creating a market for inputs, which then stimulates and fortifies local suppliers. Yet in practice, many national and regional development efforts centered on attracting large firms have not elicited this hoped for, backward linkage effect. This study researches why large firms arriving to lagging regions seldom induce local suppliers, and how they can. Existing studies relate linkage behavior to firm-specific or industry-specific variables. This research differs in looking at the process through which large firms develop links to local suppliers. Specifically, this study traces the evolution of backward linkages in Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela, where more than 100 small and medium metalworking firms developed to supply the large steel firm Siderdrgica del Orinoco (SIDOR) with maintenance, parts and equipment. Research of other steel-centered cases in lagging regions reveals that this linkage effect is uncommon. When it happens, local suppliers tend to disappear following their client firm's restructuring. In contrast, Ciudad Guayana's metalworking firms successfully survived SIDOR's 1997 privatization to a foreign multinational, and head regional development efforts there today. Two main findings emerge from this study. First, backward linkages do not occur automatically, for large firms arriving to lagging regions tend to resist local procurement. In Ciudad Guayana, both foreign firms and state-owned enterprises charged with regional development exhibited this resistance towards local suppliers. Second, local suppliers can build customer-supplier relations to these large, potential customers despite their initial resistance. To do so, local suppliers must simultaneously address the demand-side and supply-side difficulties that inhibit localized linkages. Local suppliers must convince potential customers to procure locally, and at the same time facilitate local firms' investment in upgrading. This work requires significant collective action, mediation, and embeddedness on the part of local suppliers' business organizations. Luckily, the case of Ciudad Guayana shows how local suppliers may develop these abilities within the process of building backward linkages itself.

Cet ouvrage collectif interroge pour la première fois les interactions entre le Mouvement Croix-Rouge et le communisme — en tant qu’idéologie, organisation politique et régime — dans une histoire globale de l’humanitaire, privilégiant une approche sociale et politique des acteurs et des actrices, qui furent impliquées dans cette dynamique d’opposition et de collaboration

This article analyzes the recent political and strategic transformations in Ukraine following the appointment of Prime Minister Yulia Svyrydenko in July 2025. It explores key developments, including a landmark U.S.-Ukraine drone manufacturing agreement, major fiscal reforms, a comprehensive audit of public finances, and a reshuffle of top-level government positions. The article highlights the implications of these shifts on Ukraine’s defense modernization, economic restructuring, and international alignment—particularly with the United States and the European Union. Special attention is given to the evolving roles of Denys Shmyhal as incoming Defense Minister and Oleksiy Sobolev as Economy Minister. The analysis situates these changes within the broader context of Ukraine’s wartime governance, foreign policy, and resilience strategy.

Keywords: Ukraine government 2025, Yulia Svyrydenko, Denys Shmyhal, drone deal, U.S.-Ukraine defense cooperation, fiscal audit, economic reform, wartime cabinet, international partnerships, strategic realignment

Between 1970 and 1990 the prewar districts of Dutch cities underwent an unparalleled process of renewal. What began as ‘building for the neighbourhood’ in protest against extensive demolition has now come to be known as ‘city renewal’. Large numbers of affordable dwellings and social facilities were created. However, businesses often disappeared, the quality of public space did not always improve and districts sometimes became isolated from the rest of the city. Since 1990 some of the old city renewal districts have taken off again and become popular (and expensive) housing districts. But others still have problems despite the renewal. The design studies in this book show how economic activity, infrastructure and public space can be the keys to new strategies for improving city districts. Four ‘problem districts’ have been chosen as testing grounds: Leiden’s Havenkwartier, The Hague’s Schilderswijk, Rotterdam’s Feijenoord and Amsterdam’s Indische Buurt. Three essays describe the his...

The article deals with food profiteering in the Bohemian Lands after the declaration of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The new state faced a disintegrated society in which various units continued to fight each other for an advantage in the food market. While food shortages persisted, the Czechoslovak authorities had to deal with a situation in which food rationing laws had lost some of their power to distinguish between the legal and the criminal. Moreover, collective ideas about what was right and wrong, about the victims and perpetrators of food profiteering, and of whom to punish and how, varied according to the different social and ethnic affiliations of the population. Political instrumentalization of such ideas jeopardized the postwar consolidation based on the promise of a better future. Thus, the introduction of food profiteering courts with lay judges was an attempt to institutionalize conflicts over food profiteering and to reduce the impacts of the atomization of society until the economic situation improved.

Riproporre il tratto critico e contemporaneistico di Berenson, motivato da passioni civili, "militanti" appunto, significa per me rinnovare il confronto con l'arte contemporanea oggi, saggiando indirizzi, prospettive, "discorsi" attuali. Significa cioè scrivere un testo a sua volta "militante", senza chiudere Berenson nell'affettuosa ricostruzione antiquaria e nell'immobile quiete del Grande Maestro.

The Institute for Global Prosperity (IGP) at UCL is dedicated to rethinking what prosperity means in the 21st century, moving beyond traditional economic measures like GDP to focus on human flourishing, social cohesion, and planetary sustainability. With a commitment to innovative, transdisciplinary research, the IGP works with governments, businesses, and civil society to develop new models for a fairer, more resilient global future. About Fast Forward 2030 Fast Forward 2030 is a network of impact entrepreneurs hosted by the UCL Institute for Global Prosperity (IGP) to encourage transformative enterprises that challenge the status quo and deliver sustainability and prosperity for all.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate to what extent consociationalism has been adopted in post-war, post-conflict countries that suffer from deep division within their societies. Despite criticisms of whether the mechanism is beneficial in less democratic societies, the tool is strongly recommended for divided multi-ethnic societies as an attempt to solve the tension between conflicted actors.

The aim of this thesis is to explore what we can learn from the Somalian and Iraqi experiences, both of which have adopted this mechanism. To be able to answer these questions, our primary research question guiding this thesis is: How does power sharing exhibit the advantages that it is claimed to have for peaceful democratic post-conflict development in Iraq and Somalia? This thesis is hinged on two theories, consociationalism theory and path dependency theory. An abductive method, such as structured focused comparison, has been used. The data collection was done by purposive sampling method, using primary sources of data. Structured interviews were carried out with six key informants from Somalia and six from Iraq, representing a unique perspective of the clans and ethnicities in each country. To triangulate the data, secondary sources were conducted as empirical data. The study established that consociationalism as a power-sharing mechanism has increased identity conflicts, raised sectarian values in Iraq and empowered clannism in Somalia. The study also showed that consociationalism as a power-sharing tool has not been fully adopted in either of the two countries; rather, a semi-consociationalism has been practised. This has resulted in the exclusion of marginalised groups such as young people, women and minorities in both countries. The mechanism has led to the post-conflict elite perceiving themselves as heroes of the new system rather than finding a solution for common interest in post-conflict reconstruction. Furthermore, factors such as security gaps, the presence of extremist groups, corruption and external interventions have impacted the efforts of consolidating peace and development in Iraq and Somalia.

Since the classical work of Samuel Huntington tilted the Third Wave of Democratisation, the question of how a country becomes a democracy and why others do not have been of interest to social scientists, notably political scientists. With more than three decades since the publication of this seminal work, empirical research has focused on several regions in the world and have provided various explanation for why some countries transition to democracy and why other fail. Along these lines, this thesis attempt to study the future of democracy by focusing on an intriguing case (e.g., Iraq), a country known to have a diverse ethnic and sectarian composition, conflict-ridden but also vital to the global war against terrorism. Thus, the thesis is guided by the question, "How have foreign state actors and domestic factors affected the democratic process in Iraq, 2014-2023?" The thesis uses qualitative research methods such as process tracing and semi-structured interviews to answer this question.

Paternalistic measures to fashion the parameters of children's socialization and protect, or revise, the content oftheir education have been at the forefront ofpolitical and pedagogic concerns in Central Europe from as early as the Enlightenment. Particularly after the Ausgleich in Austria-Hungary (1867) and German unification (1871), liberal-minded and conservative theorists, politicians, and bureaucrats began to reconsider not only approaches to teaching the liberal arts or technical skills; they also turned their attention to areas deemed central to the socialization of minors. Paramount in the latter respect were the introduction of suitable civics instruction for future citizen-subjects and a renewed interest in how young people might use their free time most constructively in order to become law-abiding and productive members of society. Since the 1980s, important contributions from a number of social historians and historical anthropologists have expanded our understanding of the history of children's socialization in Europe and, particularly, within Central Europe.1 This body of scholarship suggests that, since the 1860s-1 870s, authorities in Germany and Austria-Hungary became increasingly preoccupied with formal and extracurricular education-a concern related to a host of significant developments that introduced unprecedented social and political tensions. These included: the issue of centralized authority versus regional or ethnic particularism; the dislocation ofrural village and small-town dwellers associated with accelerated industrialization and a more pronounced degree of class stratification; the gradual emergence of democratic participation; and, by the turn of the century, the formation of populist Christian-oriented and social democratic political organizations with agendas that either reinforced or challenged prevailing relationships of power. Such later nineteenth-century transformations brought with them new pedagogical challenges to the socialization of minors. Throughout the prolonged and tumultuous period of international and civil war, changes of regime and political radicalization, and the

This observation, registered by Marianne Enigl and Herbert Lackner, points to an incontestable and compelling feature of contemporary Austrian political culture: during the 1980s and 1990s, the first meaningful steps toward an Austrian Vergangenheitsbewältigung developed out of a discussion of Austrians' military service during the Nazi era and its highly problematic association with wartime atrocities and genocide. Exploration of this important theme had been avoided throughout the period of the Second Republic by a carefully cultivated expression of public memory. The inherent tension between the internationally sanctioned notion of Austrian victimization during the Nazi years and the pride of many Austrian veterans in having performed their soldierly duties (Wehrpflichterfüllung) had been a taboo subject.

Volkskunde stond sedert de recuperatiepogingen door de nazi’s vóór en tijdens Tweede Wereldoorlog in een kwaad daglicht. Clemens Trefois overleefde net als andere ideologisch-politieke collaborateurs de repressie en de epuratie niet helemaal ongeschonden, maar werd ook al vlug in heemkundige kringen heropgevist.
Interessant is natuurlijk hoe de ideologie en de tijdsgeest de inhoud van de volkskundige theorieën bepalen en hoe Clemens Trefois zijn opvattingen aanpaste aan die veranderingen.

Large-scale housing, land and property (HLP) restitution efforts for war-displaced populations face ongoing limitations in three key areas: legal frameworks, financing, and technology. These limitations have led to critical problems in managing population return, reconstruction and political and economic recovery; with particular concern on the emergence of exploitive agendas and social unrest. Ukraine's unfortunate war however presents the opportunity to examine significant advances in mitigating these limitations. Drawing on fieldwork in Ukraine and the author's experience in 23 war-affected countries, the article describes, 1) the socio-legal context and legislative timing of Ukraine's new Compensation Law; 2) the sources, monetization of HLP claims and remedies involved in financing restitution programmes; and 3) the restitution processing speed and social inclusion possible with Ukraine's approach to use of technology.

This paper investigates the role of parks and other green spaces within the framework of Stalinist urban planning in Poland and East Germany. The post-war reconstruction presented a unique opportunity to transform the “capitalist cities” into “socialist” ones. As this paper argues the presence of vegetation performed a significant and frequently overlooked role in this process.

This paper investigates the urban transformation of the historical centres in two East German towns (Neubrandenburg and Zerbst) and two Polish towns (Racibórz and Lubań) from the end of World War II until the late 1950s. It specifically explores changes in the urban form and function within these towns' historical cores, as evidenced by reconstruction projects. Despite a general reluctance for spatial restructuring, findings reveal moderate shifts in building typologies and significant alterations in the function of city centres.

The paper looks into the framing of war destruction of towns during the state socialist period. In particular, it inquires if and how such a calamity was integrated into the local history. Based on the textual (administrative files, urban history, guidebooks, press), cartographic and iconographic sources the paper proposes to look closer at strategies used to rationalize an urban catastrophe which resulted in polonisation of those towns. By bringing in the counterexamples from the GDR, the paper provides better understanding of the “socialist” urban history.

City maps are often designed to provide both an overview and orientation. During the Second World War, damage and destruction caused by heavy bombing made orientation increasingly difficult for residents, firefighters and administrators. The damage was therefore documented on city maps, which were then altered or overlaid to reflect further changes. After the war, they also provided existing residents and newcomers with a basis from which to start planning reconstruction. During this post-war period, in which territories were redistributed and borders shifted accordingly, many cities in Eastern Europe suddenly became part of a different country; maps expressed and emphasized territorial claims. New maps were drawn and printed accordingly. Their legends were translated. Reconstruction work shaped and transformed cities, often going far beyond just repairing the initial damage. Reconstruction plans, together with damage maps, provide multi-dimensional documentation of how war and the early post-war years shaped cities and the lives of their inhabitants.

Der Zweite Weltkrieg wirkte disruptiv auf die gebauten Strukturen deutscher und polnischer Städte. Die Disruption erschöpfte sich dabei nicht in den unmittelbaren Zerstörungen durch Kämpfe und Bombardements. Diese bereiteten vielmehr den Boden für stadtplanerische Neuerungen in der Nachkriegszeit. Planungsakteure – oft dieselben Personen wie vor dem Krieg – nutzten die Gelegenheit, lange gehegte Pläne umzusetzen: Luftig, sonnig und autofreundlich sollten die Städte endlich werden. Was umgesetzt wurde, hing von ideologischen Prioritäten ab – und vom verfügbaren Geld.

Großherzogin Charlotte wird während der Besatzung Luxemburgs im Zweiten Weltkrieg und darüber hinaus zu einem Symbol der Hoffnung und des Widerstandes. Im Exil in Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten baut sie Verbindungen zu den Alliierten auf und gibt der unterdrückten Bevölkerung in Luxemburg durch ihre Ansprachen moralischen Halt. Nach ihrer Rückkehr im April 1945 unterstützt sie die vom Krieg betroffene Bevölkerung. Die nach ihr benannte OEuvre Nationale de Secours Grande Duchesse Charlotte wird zu einem wichtigen Akteur des Wiederaufbaus.

With the end of the war, Germany became a militarily occupied territory of the Allied powers. One of the consequences of this situation war the irrelevance of the apostolic nunciature, which lost its status as a diplomatic mission. However, the Holy See was able to maintain a form of 'presence' in the country through the Papal Mission in Kronberg, established in the fall of 1945. Heading this Vatican 'outpost' was, from the summer of 1946, the German-American Bishop Aloisius Muench, who also acted as liaison consultant for religious affairs to the US military government. This contribution examines Muench's activity until 1951, the year when the prelate was appointed as the first postwar apostolic nuncio in Germany and the Kronberg Mission could consequently be terminated.

https://www.viella.it/libro/9791254697481

The conditions prevailing in Warsaw in the aftermath of World War II were ones of urban and industrial ruination, material scarcity and resource depletion. The way in which such conditions led to the development of a distinct urban strategy of energy conservation during the reconstruction period is the core subject matter of this paper. The presented investigation commences with the analysis of various types of calculation through which architects and engineers tried to grapple with rubble – a defining material feature of Warsaw’s ruined landscape. This then leads into a highlighting of the development of embodied-coal calculations, with consideration given to their role in securing the support of the socialist government for the recycling of rubble in architecture. The resulting argument offers a new historical entry point into a discussion of the circular economy in architecture, by embedding rubble recycling in the energy landscape of postwar reconstruction in Europe.

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Gli anni successivi alla Seconda Guerra Mondiale sono associati all'alba di un periodo di sviluppo guidato dal miraggio di energia e risorse illimitate. Tuttavia, la realtà del dopoguerra era radicalmente diversa in tutto il mondo. Dopo l'occupazione tedesca a Varsavia e in tutta la Polonia, le condizioni prevalenti sono state caratterizzate da morte, rovina ed esaurimento. Il presente lavoro ripercorre il modo in cui, in un simile paesaggio urbano postbellico, si è sviluppato un paradigma di conservazione dell'energia, decisamente urbano. Questo paradigma è stato guidato dal riconoscimento dell'energia incarnata nelle macerie e attuato attraverso il loro riutilizzo nella ricostruzione della città. Attingendo ai materiali d'archivio originali, il documento rende conto della concettualizzazione e del calcolo dell'energia incarnata dalle macerie, nonché del loro ruolo nell'economia della ricostruzione postbellica. L'argomentazione che ne deriva contribuisce a una comprensione storicamente radicata della conservazione dell'energia incarnata, mostrando come il quadro dei paesaggi energetici possa favorire una prospettiva critica sugli attuali dibattiti sull'economia circolare in architettura.

La fabbrica di Merlo in Argentina (1954-61) rappresenta uno dei più significativi episodi nel rapporto di collaborazione di Marco Zanuso con Adriano Olivetti, industriale e innovatore promotore di un sistema utopistico ispirato agli ideali sociali della comunità. La sua visione della produzione industriale propone una concezione dell’impresa nella quale ambiente architettura e design sono integrati in una visione umanistica. Per rispondere alle esigenze di flessibilità funzionale di un ciclo produttivo di meccanica leggera – macchine da scrivere, calcolatrici a mano e elettriche – viene risolta da Zanuso realizzando un modulo strutturale di base che può essere ripetuto, consentendo l’aumento dello spazio disponibile. Zanuso progetta un elemento modulare, la trave circolare cava, lunga 42 metri, sostenuta da tre pilastri con uno sbalzo di tre metri che risolve anche il problema impiantistico. Gli aspetti multifunzionali del sistema strutturale soddisfano la possibilità di trasformazione dell’organizzazione del lavoro, creando unità indipendenti in uno spazio aperto. Zanuso denominando questo elemento “modulo oggetto” ne sottolinea la somiglianza a un prodotto di design. Il ruolo preminente degli impianti sia nella fabbrica di Merlo che in quella realizzata in Brasile a Gaurulhos (1954-1959) verrà riproposto anche nelle fabbriche italiane di Scarmagno Crema e Marcianise. La progettazione e realizzazione degli elementi strutturali in calcestruzzo armato fu complessa e richiese soluzioni specifiche, in particolare la piegatura dei ferri per la trave circolare. Accanto alla fabbrica e alla zona residenziale con i servizi per la comunità degli operai (abitazioni per operai e scuola) la presenza di Olivetti  è completata dal negozio di Buenos Aires progettato da Gae Aulenti nel 1968.  Il programma di conferenze che si svolge nel 1967 presso la scuola del quartiere Olivetti viene inaugurato nel 1967 da Jorge Luis Borges con una conferenza dedicata alla letteratura fantastica: una partecipazione prestigiosa che conferma la preminenza della dimensione culturale di Olivetti.


The Merlo factory in Argentina (1954-61) undoubtely is one of the most relevant episodes in Marco Zanuso's collaboration with Adriano Olivetti, the Italian entepreneur and innovator who promoted the utopian system inspired by the social ideal of the community life. His vision of industrial production conveys the business concept towards the integration of environment architecture and design with an humanistic vision. The functional flexibility that a light mechanical production cycle – typewriters, hand and electric calculators– needs, pursued Zanuso to create a basic structural repeatable module, so that the available space could be increased. Zanuso designs a modular element, the 42-meter-long hollow circular beam, supported by three pillars, aimed to solve the plant collocation. The multifunctional aspects of the structural system satisfy the possibility of evolution of the working organization, creating independent units in an open space. Naming this element "object module" Zanuso emphasizes its similarity to a design product. The plant preminent role both in Argentina and Brazil (1954-1959) factories will be also be repeated in  factories built in Italy (Scarmagno, Crema, Marcianise). The design and construction of the reinforced concrete structural elements was complex and required specific solutions, in particular the folding of the irons for the circular beam. Alongside the factory and residential area with services for the workers community (school, sports facilities) Olivetti's presence in Argentina is complemented by the Buenos Aires store designed by Gae Aulenti in 1968. The conference program that took place in 1967 at the school in the Olivetti district was inaugurated in 1967 by Jorge Luis Borges with a conference dedicated to fantastic literature: a prestigious participation that confirms the priority of Olivetti's cultural dimension.

R onse beschikt over een aantal straten uit het interbellum die op heel korte tijd werden volgebouwd en die een vrij homogeen straatbeeld vertonen (Fostierlaan, Gefusilleerdenlaan, Léopold Sturbautstraat, Pierre D'Hauwerstraat en Hermes Van Wynghenestraat). Ook verspreid in de stad was er heel wat (ver)bouwactiviteit in de jaren 1920-1930-1940. Een eerste bouwpiek situeerde zich tussen 1925 en 1930. De grootste bouwactiviteit was echter zichtbaar aan het eind van de jaren 1930, met een uitloper in het begin van de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Het interbellum was een economische bloeiperiode voor de stad, veroorzaakt door de boomende textielindustrie. De economische voorspoed werd door veel Ronsenaars veruitwendigd door fraaie smeedijzeren deuren en hekken die aan de (bestaande) woningen werden aangebracht. De fototentoonstelling vormt een eerste verkenning van de smeedijzeren architecturale elementen uit het interbellum die in Ronse worden aangetroffen.

Archivio Cattaneo Editore direzione editoriale Damiano Cattaneo progetto grafico e impaginazione Giovanna Saladanna Nessuna parte di questo libro può essere riprodotta o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo elettronico, meccanico o altro senza l'autorizzazione scritta dei proprietari dei diritti e dell'editore. L'editore è a disposizione degli eventuali detentori di diritti che non sia stato possibile rintracciare. © Copyright Associazione Archivio Cattaneo Tutti i diritti riservati L'editore ringrazia: Corrado Tagliabue, per le elaborazioni digitali Lorenza Ceruti, per la campagna fotografica dello stato attuale Federica Novati e Ambra Salin, per la preziosa collaborazione Questo volume è pubblicato nel ricordo di Vito Latis e Carlo Bassi, gli amici più cari di Cesare Cattaneo. Un ricordo particolare all'ing. Luigi Origoni, nobilissima figura di tecnico schivo e competente, che affiancò Cesare Cattaneo, anche in altri importanti progetti: l'Istituto Provinciale di Igiene Sociale e l'Unione fascista Lavoratori dell'Industria. abbreviazioni: ACC: Archivio Cesare Cattaneo indice «Luci sulla scuola moderna»: Cesare Cattaneo e l'Asilo Giuseppe Garbagnati ad Asnago, 1935-1938 L'Asilo di Asnago nella complessità del razionalismo italiano L'Asilo Garbagnati ad Asnago, storia documentaria Scheda cronologica Abaco dei progetti e delle opere realizzate Relazione tecnica Pubblicazioni d'epoca Posa prima pietra e inaugurazione Asilo Elaborazioni digitali Documentazione fotografica dello stato attuale Scritti di Cesare Cattaneo Bibliografia essenziale

Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog was in Gent een Burgerlijke Beschermingsdienst tegen Luchtaanvallen (B.B.D.) actief. Deze vrijwilligersorganisatie werd gecontroleerd door de Duitse Bezetter. Vanaf 1942 opereerde ze ook ook in voormalige randgemeenten van Groot Gent, zoals de nieuwe fusiegemeente heette. Voor een huizenblok in Ledeberg, aan de Jacques Eggermontstraat, is een boekje met inlichtingenfiches uit 1944. Die bevat een fiche van elk huis, met informatie over de bewoners en een plattegrond van de gelijkvloerse verdieping met aanduiding van de huiselijke schuilplaats bij luchtalarm.

Важливість об’єктів відновлюваної енергетики для України на сьогодні є беззаперечною. Вона дає змогу диверсифікувати ризики від ракетних ударів російських агресорів на нашу енергетичну інфраструктуру, допоможе вирішити проблеми енергозабезпечення держави у повоєнний період. Під енергетичними ландшафтами варто розуміти геопростір, який можна виокремити за ознаками, що виникають у місцевостях освоєння природних енергетичних ресурсів. Вони займають різні форми і виглядають по різному. Виділяють вісім джерел енергії: м’язову силу, енергію біомаси, вітру, води, Сонця і геотермальну, викопне паливо та ядерну енергію. Нині держава входить до періоду декарбонізації енергетики, відродження відновлюваних джерел енергії. У повоєнний період перехід на використання відновлюваної енергетики продовжиться. Формування енергетичних ландшафтів можливе із врахуванням географічних чинників, які є провідними під час визначення місць будівництва об’єктів відновлюваної енергетики. Ще на етапі їх планування слід враховувати екологічні обмеження та окреслити екосистемні послуги території. У Львівській області найбільші за площею і потенціалом постмайнінгові території виникли у районах впливу сірчаних гірничо-хімічних підприємств. Власне вони виступили основою для появи нових енергетичних ландшафтів, які формуються довкола Яворівської і Роздільських водойм. Ландшафти сонячних електростанцій, що виникли в межах постмайнінгових геосистем мають власну специфіку функціонування: концентрують і перерозподіляють тепло та опади, активізують ерозійні процеси, змінюють інженерно-геологічні умови тощо. Це необхідно враховувати при проєктуванні і будівництві об’єктів відновлюваної енергетики.

Іванов Євген, Лопушанська Марія, Остап’юк Володимир. Відновлювана енергетика в Україні у повоєнний період: взаємодія людини та енергетичного ландшафту. Theoretical and applied aspects of sustainable development of Ukrainian regions: scientific monograph. Volume 1. Riga, Latvia : Baltija Publishing, 2025. P. 79–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-539-6-4

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World War II's military activities and the postwar devastation period destroyed many European cities and towns. One of the areas that was struck the most was former East Prussia, currently located in Poland and the Kaliningrad Region (the Russian Federation). In addition to the destruction of cities, which are strategically and economically important, small towns have also suffered. An example of such a town is Węgorzewo, where the scale of destruction of the prewar urban tissue exceeded 80%, and the old town's built-up area practically ceased to exist. This town magnifies most of the processes and spatial problems characteristic of Central and Eastern Europe's towns of the "metamorphic" type. Postwar zoning during the Polish People's Republic period, in the spirit of constructing a socialist town and bypassing the original spatial arrangement, brought about irreversible changes in the urban tissue. This was reflected in the break with the town's original layout and the creation of modernist buildings. The changes were solidified or even deepened during the economic and political transition of the 1990s in Poland. Today, decades after the end of World War II, despite taking corrective measures, the town is still facing the problem of spatial chaos. Its morphological and physiognomic manifestations in the lack of a central public space, the loss of its historic character, the disharmonization of the urban landscape, and the dispersed development are the main subjects of this article's analysis. This study uses a diverse methodological apparatus consisting of an analysis of the town's morphological transformations, an analysis of the physiognomy of the urban landscape and architecture, in situ studies, and an analysis of municipal documents and expert interviews. In the discussion, the study results are embedded in the context of the cases of other European cities and towns. The conclusions indicate the risks to the formation of spatial order in Węgorzewo and possible paths of action.