Post Disaster Recovery

The construction industry plays a pivotal role in post disaster recovery of communities by leading reconstruction efforts. The industry however faces several challenges in the events of disasters which has adverse impact on the industry. The aim of the study was to identify the problems encountered in the Ghanaian construction investigate natural disaster management in the Ghanaian construction industry. The objectives were to identify the problems encountered in the Ghanaian construction industry post natural disasters, to identify strategies to mitigate the problems encountered, and to identify strategies to enhance the resilience of the Ghanaian construction industry towards responding to natural disasters. The study adopted a deductive approach and a quantitative method. The study also adopted a survey strategy by means of a questionnaire survey administered to construction professionals in Ghana’s capital city, Accra.

Relative Importance Index was employed as the analysis technique to rank the various factors. From the results, the most significant problems encountered in the Ghanaian construction industry post natural disasters were cost overruns in projects, psychological problems among the construction workforce due to uncertainty of contracts and job insecurity, and logistics problems. Other problems encountered included schedule overrun and damage to materials and machinery on site.

Further, From the results of the study, the most significant strategies were
proper identification of major hazards and planning the effective methods to get project back on track, conducting team performance training to improve workers’ behavioral attitudes to enhance production and collaboration of employees post-disasters and the use of simulation
software to predict the nature and extent of damage on site in the event of wind-induced disasters to better prepare sites for disasters and minimize damage. Other strategies identified were the use of Radio frequency Identification (RFID) to track and locate materials hidden after disasters and the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) to help heavy equipment mitigate navigation and spatial problems during debris clearing. Finally, the main strategies were encouraging the construction sector to be more flexible to change, for instance, encouraging the identification of business risks in a disaster event and undertaking scenario planning, using flexible networks and partnerships, improvement in the construction industry's disaster preparedness training, particularly with regard to their crucial role in recovery and reconstruction and promoting effective leadership, alliances, and cooperation both inside the
industry and across sector and government boundaries.

Other strategies to improve the resilience of the construction industry were multi-stakeholder approach between policy makers, researchers, educators and industry practitioners in identifying knowledge gaps of construction professionals for effective disaster response, and improvements in the education and awareness creation of the essential role of the construction sector in recovery and reconstruction at multi-governmental and international levels.

This study reconstructs a microhistory of Barangay Talustusan in Naval, Biliran, by focusing on memory as a central lens for understanding community life and survival. While existing provincial histories highlight political and administrative developments, they often overlook the lived experiences of ordinary residents. Using oral history interviews, focus group discussions, and archival research, this study documents narratives of elders, middle-aged adults, and youth to uncover strategies of resilience in times of war, natural disasters, and livelihood challenges. Findings reveal that survival in Talustusan has been shaped by cooperation, faith-based rituals, and adaptive livelihood practices, while intergenerational transmission of memory reflects both continuity and change. The analysis shows that collective memory not only preserves the community's past but also strengthens its cultural identity and resilience in the present. This micro historical account contributes to the broader field of Philippine memory studies by demonstrating how small-scale histories enrich the understanding of local heritage and national narratives.

Post-disaster waste management is one of the most important operational management systems that have been developed to help affected communities recover and restore conditions back to a stable situation after a disaster. An effective post-disaster waste management strategy still needs to be further developed for optimum efficiency. Hence, this paper aims to present the developed system of post-disaster waste supply chain management strategy (PWSCM) along with the integrated decision-making system for the on-site and off-site separation of recyclable materials. A mathematical model of mixed-integer linear programming is proposed in which the objective aims are to minimize the financial effects through assessment of the fixed costs and variable costs, RSR (Reduction, Separation and Recycling) costs, and the penalty costs associated with the negative environmental and human effects of post-disaster scenarios and to maximize revenue from any sellable waste. The proposed model considers all networks in the debris operation process that consists of waste collection and separation sites, processing and recycling sites, disposal sites and market sites. Moreover, the RSR technologies have also been considered in the proposed model. Due to the limitations of competence of an exact solution method for such a large problem, this study also presents two effective metaheuristic approaches with particular encoding and decoding schemes; Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Differential Evolution (DE) to solve PWSCM. Finally, the numerical tests for PWSCM improvement will be discussed. The performance of the proposed PWSCM improvement system was superior to both the on-site separation model and the off-site separation model.

Generally, the activities of post-disaster waste management usually produce high carbon emissions, which can cause damage to the environment. However, the issue of carbon emissions in the post-disaster waste supply chain is neglected. Hence, this paper aims to propose a mixed-integer linear programming model to address the post-disaster waste processing supply chain network design problem with the consideration of a carbon tax policy. The proposed model is developed based on the concept of a mixed strategy of waste separation to reduce carbon emissions. Not only the carbon emission perspective but also the financial perspective for post-disaster waste supply chain management is determined in the objective function. The proposed model was verified and validated by employing a numerical example based on realistic data. Based on the numerical example, the results show that the implementation of a carbon tax policy with the mixed strategy for waste separation can reduce carbon emissions in the post-disaster waste supply chain efficiently. c

Post-disaster waste management is one of the most crucial tasks in the recovery phase of the disaster cycle, and it was created to assist affected communities in returning to a stable state following a disaster. To develop an efficient post-disaster waste management strategy, this study presents a multiobjective two-stage stochastic mixed integer linear programming model for post-disaster waste management. The proposed mathematical model was developed based on a mixed strategy of on-site and off-site waste separation in the supply chain. This study aims to minimize not only the total cost and the environmental impact to provide waste flow decisions and choose collection and separation sites, recycling sites, landfill sites, and incineration sites throughout the supply chain under the uncertain situation. To solve a multi-objective problem, a normalized weighted sum method is used to find the solution. A numerical case based on realistic data is presented to validate and verify the proposed model. Based on the numerical example, the results demonstrated that the implementation of the mixed strategy for waste separation with the consideration of uncertain situations can reduce the total cost, balance the environmental impact, and determine the unexpected situation in the post-disaster waste supply chain efficiently.

In this conference paper, we assess the progress in post-disaster recovery by analysing 4349 tweets posted between 4th and 10th April 2019 that we collected around the 10th anniversary of the earthquake in L'Aquila. Text data collected from social media is unstructured; therefore, we need to use natural language processing techniques such as topic and sentiment analysis to extract meaningful information to assess recovery. Sentiment Analysis (SA), or opinion mining, classifies people's opinions, expressed in written text, into a specific polarity, i.e. positive, negative or neutral. Topic Analysis (TA) classifies data into recurrent themes or topics users address in their posts. These analyses can be done at the tweet or sentence level, and the classification into polarities and topics can be done manually or automated. We analysed a sample of 10% of tweets covering 24 hours daily. The SA and TA were performed at both levels, and the classification was done manually. The SA at the tweet level indicates that most of the posts were classified into neutral polarity, followed closely by positive and negative. Similar results were obtained from the SA analysis at the sentence level, only with variation in percentages of the sentence classified into each polarity. The TA at the tweet and sentence levels indicate that the most frequently addressed topics by users at both levels were commemoration actions, restoration, reconstruction, governance, and distress. The SA per topics at the tweet level indicates that the topics with neutral polarity are critical infrastructure, commemoration actions, and seismic information. Topics with positive polarity are cultural heritage, early recovery, emergency response, lifelines, preparedness, restoration, solidarity messages/actions and urban facilities, which are considered successful aspects of the recovery process in this methodology. Topics with negative polarity are building damages, construction practices, depopulation and displacement, distress, governance, injuries and casualties, intensity, prevention, and reconstruction, considered the failures of the process. We also conducted a two-tailed Pearson correlation analysis between polarity and topics of tweets for each day, which confirmed, in most cases, the results of the SA for each topic at the tweet level. According to the methodology applied, we can conclude that the perception of the recovery of L'Aquila by the 10th anniversary is mainly neutral.

We propose a Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) Bio-Parts Metadata Validation System, a decentralized framework designed to standardize synthetic biology part metadata while dynamically adhering to regional regulatory constraints. The system merges a permissioned blockchain with smart contracts that encode compliance rules, thereby guaranteeing metadata integrity across jurisdictions in the absence of centralized oversight. Our method adopts a Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus mechanism, with nodes acting as research institutions or manufacturers verifying metadata blocks against regulatory smart contracts, which enforce rules specific to jurisdictions, including EU Directive 2001/18/EC or NIH standards for CRISPR-Cas9 alterations. Furthermore, the framework introduces a tokenized incentivization mechanism to reward compliant submissions, which encourages participation and preserves auditability. The proposed method connects legacy bioparts registries (for instance, iGEM's Registry) and contemporary AI-driven design tools by means of REST APIs, which results in uninterrupted metadata submission and pre-validation. Validated blocks are then propagated to distributed bioproduction hubs, where biosafety levels and containment protocols are auto-configured based on on-chain metadata. Additionally, the system employs Hyperledger Fabric for rapid consensus and Chainlink oracles to obtain real-time regulatory updates, thereby achieving adaptability to changing GMO legislation. This work distinctively harmonizes technical agreement, regulatory coordination, and financial motivations while tackling essential interoperability obstacles in worldwide synthetic biology partnerships. The framework's importance stems from its capacity to align metadata standardization with legal adherence, thus supporting scalable, auditable, and regulation-conscious bioparts exchange internationally.

It was one of the biggest natural disasters of the century. The tsunami's unprecedented destruction of the area attracted the biggest influx ever of international aid and highlighted the nearly non-existent social service system at local levels. The abundance of international aid served as an impetus for the Indonesian government to review their social service system. This is the first time that resources from international aid in Indonesia were allocated for professionalization of social workers. This dissertation utilizes a qualitative narrative analysis to explore the questions: How do Indonesian social workers understand and express their experience of the social work professionalization process post-2004 tsunami? How do they interpret the process of professionalization? How do the systems available influence their professional interpretation of the experience and affect their strategies to gain public recognition and resources to claim professional jurisdiction in a society? Interviews were conducted of fifteen Indonesian social workers who were involved in the 2004 tsunami recovery efforts and are still active in the social work professionalization efforts today. The findings show that the international aid and 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia was the impetus for professionalization of social work in Indonesia. This study explores how Indonesian social workers understand and interpret their experience during the tsunami 2004 recovery efforts using Abbott's system of professions concepts to frame the professionalization process as impacted by international aid during the 2004 tsunami. The b findings revolve around formal public recognition, community sanction and a systematic knowledge base in Indonesia's social work professionalization process.

It was one of the biggest natural disasters of the century. The tsunami's unprecedented destruction of the area attracted the biggest influx ever of international aid and highlighted the nearly non-existent social service system at local levels. The abundance of international aid served as an impetus for the Indonesian government to review their social service system. This is the first time that resources from international aid in Indonesia were allocated for professionalization of social workers. This dissertation utilizes a qualitative narrative analysis to explore the questions: How do Indonesian social workers understand and express their experience of the social work professionalization process post-2004 tsunami? How do they interpret the process of professionalization? How do the systems available influence their professional interpretation of the experience and affect their strategies to gain public recognition and resources to claim professional jurisdiction in a society? Interviews were conducted of fifteen Indonesian social workers who were involved in the 2004 tsunami recovery efforts and are still active in the social work professionalization efforts today. The findings show that the international aid and 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia was the impetus for professionalization of social work in Indonesia. This study explores how Indonesian social workers understand and interpret their experience during the tsunami 2004 recovery efforts using Abbott's system of professions concepts to frame the professionalization process as impacted by international aid during the 2004 tsunami. The b findings revolve around formal public recognition, community sanction and a systematic knowledge base in Indonesia's social work professionalization process.

Bu makalede, afet anlarında trafik güvenliğinin hayati rolü ele alınmakta; deprem, sel, yangın, heyelan gibi afet türlerine göre karşılaşılan riskler analiz edilmekte ve Türkiye'deki mevcut uygulamalar değerlendirilmektedir. Aynı zamanda afet öncesi hazırlıklar, müdahale aşamasındaki trafik yönetimi sorunları ve afet sonrası iyileştirme çalışmaları için öneriler sunulmaktadır. Çalışma, afet anında ulaşımın güvenliği ve etkinliğiyle doğrudan bağlantılı olan çok disiplinli bir bakış açısını yansıtmaktadır.

This study aims to analyze the disaster management strategy in Cianjur Regency following the 2022 earthquake. The research employs a literature review method using secondary data from official reports by BNPB, BPBD, as well as relevant scientific journals and publications. The findings indicate that post-disaster management strategies in Cianjur were carried out in three main phases: emergency response, rehabilitation and reconstruction, and mitigation and preparedness. While initial response efforts were swift, challenges remain in inter-agency coordination, uneven distribution of aid, limited psychosocial recovery, and lack of community involvement in recovery processes. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening a participatory disaster management system, integrating disaster risk reduction (PRB) into regional development planning, and enhancing disaster literacy to build long-term resilience.

Earthquakes are the most destructive natural disasters, which result in massive loss of life, infrastructure damages and financial losses. Earthquake-induced building damage detection is a very important step after earthquakes since earthquake-induced building damage is one of the most critical threats to cities and countries in terms of the area of damage, rate of collapsed buildings, the damage grade near the epicenters and also building damage types for all constructions. Van-Ercis (Turkey) earthquake (Mw= 7.1) was occurred on October 23th, 2011; at 10:41 UTC (13:41 local time) centered at 38.75 N 43.36 E that places the epicenter about 30 kilometers northern part of the city of Van. It is recorded that, 604 people died and approximately 4000 buildings collapsed or seriously damaged by the earthquake. <br><br> In this study, high-resolution satellite images of Van-Ercis, acquired by Quickbird-2 (© Digital Globe Inc.) after the earthquake, were used to detect the debri...

The Act Number 6 of 2014 about Village has consequences for allocating village finances through village funds to the Village Government. However, the large amount of financial allocation also creates a risk of fraud. The data from the Ministry of Home Affairs from 2016-2021, shows indications of a significant increase the number of cases of village financial fraud. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the implementation of the village financial management supervision policies and programs by Cianjur District Inspectorate. The qualitative approach was used through interviews with Inspectors, Program Planners, Evaluators, Auxiliary Inspectors, Auditors and Supervisors of Local Government Affairs. Field observations in villages that have received supervision. The results showed that the Cianjur District Inspectorate was not optimal in its internal supervision through village financial management. This is due to the lack of number of human resources and there is no indicator to measure the success of village financial supervision programs. Meanwhile, other supervision methods such as advisory services, monitoring, evaluation, and review have not been able to be implemented. The recommendation from the results of this study is the need for the Cianjur District Inspectorate to innovate the supervision program through a combination of supervision in the current year (such as monitoring and evaluation) and risk-based post-audit and using the village financial supervision information system.

This study aims to assess the Gürcükapı Urban Transformation Project from a multidimensional perspective, focusing on the perceptions of property owners. The research examines various aspects, including identity, accessibility, equity, participation, diversity, environmental sensitivity, economic benefits, workplace features, and quality of life. In this study, a descriptive and cross-sectional research design was used to examine the beneficiaries' perceptions of the Gürcükapı Urban Transformation Project from a multidimensional perspective, with data collected through surveys and open-ended questions. Data collected from a survey of thirty-one property owners sheds light on how different dimensions of the transformation process were perceived. The results indicate that the project has been particularly successful in areas such as identity, accessibility, and equity, with high satisfaction observed regarding the preservation of local heritage and design compatible with the environment. However, there are identified areas for improvement, particularly in participation, economic benefits, and quality of life. The study suggests that future projects should be designed in a more inclusive and balanced manner. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners.

El notariado capitalino ha sido fundamental en la reconstrucción de la Ciudad de México, participando activamente en la regularización de inmuebles tras los sismos ocurridos en 1985 y 2017. El presente artículo analiza su función social en la protección del patrimonio, destacando su colaboración con autoridades para agilizar trámites, formalizar propiedades, regularizar situaciones jurídicas y brindar certeza jurídica a las personas damnificadas. Se examinan los instrumentos legales, de consolidación institucional y de modelaje desde una perspectiva de gobernanza local. En relación con lo anterior, se reflexiona sobre los desafíos en la regulación de inmuebles y la importancia del notariado en la recuperación urbana y la estabilidad patrimonial.

For several decades, optical networks, due to their high capacity and long-distance transmission range, have been used as the major communication technology to serve network traffic, especially in the core and metro segments of communication networks. Unfortunately, our society has often experienced how the correct functioning of these critical infrastructures can be substantially hindered by massive failures triggered by natural disasters, weather-related disruptions and malicious human activities. In this position paper, we discuss the impact on optical networks of all major classes of disaster events mentioned above, and we overview recent relevant techniques that have been proposed to increase the disaster resilience of optical networks against the various classes of disaster events. We start by presenting some proactive methods to be applied before the occurrence of a disaster. Then we move our focus also on other preparedness methods that can be executed in the (typically short) time frame between the occurrence of an early alert of an incoming disaster and the time a disaster actually hits the network. Finally, we discuss reactive procedures that allow performing post-disaster recovery operations effectively. The analysis of disaster resilience mechanisms provided in this paper covers both wired and optical wireless communication infrastructures and also contains explicit remarks covering the role of emerging technologies (e.g., fixed-mobile convergence in the 5G era and beyond) in disaster resilience.

The 2010 Haiti earthquake stands as one of the most catastrophic events in terms of loss of life and destruction. Following an earthquake, there is an urgent demand for information. Regrettably, few studies have tracked the progress of the post-disaster recovery, leaving this phase poorly understood. In previous years, data were exclusively collected through on-site missions, but today, social media (SM) has enhanced earthquake reconnaissance teams' capacity to collect data beyond the emergency phase. However, text data from SM is unstructured, making it necessary to use natural language processing techniques to extract meaningful information. Sentiment analysis (SA), which classifies people's opinions into positive, negative, or neutral polarity, is a promising tool for understanding earthquake recovery. For the purposes of this paper, we conduct SA at the tweet level on data collected around the tenth anniversary of the earthquake using human expertise to fine-tune automatic classification methods. We conclude that the anniversary date is the best time to collect data. In our sample, 56.3% of the tweets in the sample were classified as negative, followed by positive (27.3%), neutral (8.2%), and unrelated (8.1%). In our study, we conclude that the assessment of the recovery progress based on data collected from Twitter is negative. The automatic method for SA with the highest accuracy is 'btweet'. The assessment result must be validated by stakeholders.

On 10 January 2011 the town of Grantham, Queensland (Australia) was inundated with a flash flood; 12 of the town's 370 residents drowned. Grantham was one of more than 70 communities and 200,000 people in Queensland affected by flooding in December 2010 and January 2011. More than three-quarters of Queensland was declared a flood disaster zone, there were 35 deaths, and the overall costs were $AUD2.38 billion ($USD2.4 billion). After extensive consultation with the community, a decision was made to relocate the town in March 2011. We focus on the unusual and even rare decision to relocate Grantham. The Lockyer Valley Regional Council (LVRC) SOMEBODY acquired a 377-hectare (932 acres) site to enable a voluntary swap of equivalent-sized lots. In addition planning regulations were set aside to streamline the relocation of a portion of the town. We review the natural hazard literature on community relocation, state and local government documents on Grantham, and reports and newspaper articles about the flood. We compliment these reviews with interviews of key stakeholders. We document the process of community relocation, assess the relocation process in Grantham against best practice, question whether the process of community relocation is scalable, and examine whether the Grantham relocation is an example of good planning or good politics. AND-what did you find? Just the messages for practice or interim findings that led to the practice messages? Key messages for practice; We believe that community relocation (albeit a small one) is possible and can be done quickly-some Grantham residents moved into their new relocated homes in December 2012 -11 months after the flood. We also conclude that existing planning regulations can be a hindrance to quick action while political leadership, particularly at the local level, is key to implementing the relocation.

This thesis investigated how post-disaster aid influenced the identity formation of families originally residing in Zone 7, Barangay Carmen, who were resettled to Xavier Ecoville in Barangay Lumbia following Tropical Storm Washi (Typhoon Sendong) in 2011. As the first university-led resettlement project globally, Xavier Ecoville provided a unique context to explore aid interventions’ long-term social and spatial impacts. This study seeks to understand the long-term identity formation process of survivors from 2018 to 2025, by examining the negotiations between aid recipients and providers after the disaster. Rather than examining negotiation broadly, the research focused on how these negotiations were concretely expressed through how housing beneficiaries appropriated and altered the spaces within their homes. The study analyzed how these spatial adaptations reflected a deeper settlement process, one that encompasses not only physical relocation but also economic, political, social, spiritual, and emotional dimensions of being “settled.”
Findings suggested that beneficiaries’ sense of settlement and identity was significantly shaped by the degree of agency they could exercise. The more control recipients gain over decisions about their living environments, the stronger their sense of ownership, autonomy, and belonging. This research contributes to broader discussions on participatory development, post-disaster recovery, and identity reconstruction, highlighting the importance of integrating recipient agencies into aid frameworks to foster more holistic and sustainable resettlement outcomes.

Green construction atau konstruksi hijau merupakan sebuah gerakan berkelanjutan yang mencitacitakan terciptanya konstruksi dari tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pemakaian produk konstruksi yang ramah lingkungan. Dalam hal ini tahap pelaksanaan berperan penting terhadap suatu proses kegiatan proyek konstruksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat penerapan green construction pada proyek konstruksi dan faktor apa yang menjadi kendala paling dominan dalam penerapan green construction pada proyek konstruksi gedung di Kabupaten Badung, Bali. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuisioner yang didapat dari 48 responden yang diambil dari perusahaan konstruksi yang sedang melaksanakan proyek konstruksi gedung tahun pelaksanaan 2012-2014 serta bernilai proyek menengah ke atas di Kabupaten Badung, Bali. Metode analisis data yang digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat penerapan green construction adalah statistik deskriptif dan untuk faktor kendala paling dominan dalam penerapan green construction menggunakan sistem ranking dari skor tertinggi sampai yang terendah pada setiap faktor. Hasil analisis menunjukkan tingkat penerapan green construction pada proyek konstruksi gedung di Kabupaten Badung sebesar 65,14% termasuk kategori baik (61%-80%). Faktor 1 (Sumber dan Siklus Material) menjadi faktor yang paling besar diterapakan dengan penerapan 73,25%, dikategorikan baik (61%-80%), sedangkan faktor 4 (E siensi Air) menjadi faktor paling kecil diterapkan dengan penerapan 50,10%, dikategorikan sedang (41%-60%). Untuk urutan peringkat faktor kendala paling dominan dalam penerapan green construction adalah sebagai berikut: peringkat 1 (skor 211) adalah faktor biaya, peringkat 2 (skor 200) faktor membangun kesadaran green construction, peringkat 3 (skor 197) faktor pemilihan material yang ramah lingkungan, peringkat 4 (skor 185) faktor pembuatan disain yang e sien, dan peringkat 5 (skor 179) adalah faktor peraturan pemerintah. Dengan demikian, mencermati dari hasil penelitian ini maka diharapkan kontraktor dapat berperan lebih aktif dalam meningkatkan penerapan green construction pada setiap pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi di Kabupaten Badung pada khususnya dan di propinsi Bali pada umumnya.

Resettlement programmes have been implemented to relocate people from hazard areas to other safe places. Generally, resettlement programmes consist of several activities upon locations through time. However, the resettlement activities have never been analysed explicitly through these conditions. The lack of this knowledge causes many problems in considering the appropriate places for relocating people. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the resettlement activities and some considered factors by interviewing different roles of people in a hazard community. A case study of Ban Nam Ko sub-district is used to gain the knowledge of resettlement activities in more details. The explored results are presented as some significant milestones and descriptions to explain the resettlement activities. This study is beneficial to the relevant organisations to use the results in planning the places for each resettlement phase through time in order to avoid those inappropriate functions of places.

Debris flow is a destructive disaster causing tragic loss and damages to vulnerable people and their properties in many regions around the world. According an impact of this disaster, hazard areas are submerged in mud and debris causing enormous difficulties to all relevant organisations and affected people to access over the hazard community. Although an inaccessibility is one of the major problems considered to be solved in an urgent stage, the lack of a comprehensive study in activities of involved people through time line since the disaster occurrence causes a difficulty to plan the feasible solution to overcome those problems effectively. Therefore, this paper presents the existing knowledge in several activities related to accessibilities in hazard areas. Additionally, the initial findings derived from interviews conducted as a part of a doctoral research are determined showing real activities related to accessibilities in a study area of Thailand where was attacked by a major debris-flow event in 2001. Regarding the explored acitivities, this study aims to introduce a potential solution to overcome the inaccessibility problems in hazard areas by applying spatial analysis techniques. This solution presents a new method of an optimum balance between the explored problems from the interviews of affected people and the practices conducted by the local government to solve the inaccessibility in the hazard area. Some suggestions are addressed at the end of the paper to propose some additional practices with some considered factors for the spatial database design.

The tourism industry is profoundly influenced by various external factors, including pandemics, natural disasters, geopolitical tensions, economic crises, and climate change. Each of these factors presents unique challenges, necessitating tailored risk management strategies. This study investigates the impact of natural hazards on highland destinations, using the Shovi landslide that occurred in August 2023 in Georgia as a case study. Given the vulnerability of highland regions to natural disasters, a comprehensive analysis is essential. This research employs a triangulation methodology that combines a systematic literature review, statistical data analysis, and an online questionnaire to assess tourists' perceptions of safety and their behavioural responses following the landslide. Findings indicate that natural disasters have multidimensional impacts—financial, infrastructural, human, and environmental—significantly affecting the tourism industry. The study highlights the necessity of effective management and mitigation strategies to bolster tourism resilience in the region. By situating the Shovi landslide within the broader context of highland tourism, this research contributes to the academic discourse on disaster impacts and recovery. It identifies critical gaps in the literature and offers empirical evidence for developing crisis management frameworks tailored to highland destinations. This study aims to advance understanding of the interplay between natural disasters and tourism dynamics, providing a foundation for future scholarly inquiry in this field.

This study aims to explore how the concepts of precaution, reliance on Allah (tawakkul), and a sense of responsibility, as understood in Islamic belief, are reflected in individuals’ lives when faced with natural disasters. The study, conducted using a scale with individuals from various regions of Türkiye who have experienced earthquakes, seeks to determine the impact of these concepts on their sense of responsibility. A quantitative method was used to assess how precaution and tawakkul influence the sense of responsibility during natural disasters. Data were collected from 405 participants using the Responsibility Sense and Behavior Scale, Disaster Preparedness Scale and Reliance on Allah (Tawakkul) Scale, which included 53 questions. Participants were also asked about their experiences with natural disasters to analyze their attitudes toward precaution, tawakkul, and responsibility. The results show that while individuals in Türkiye demonstrate high levels of tawakkul—entrusting outcomes to Allah after fulfilling their responsibilities—their disaster preparedness and precautionary measures remain low, regardless of personal experience with disasters. This study is one of the first to empirically examine the intersection of Islamic concepts and disaster preparedness. It contributes to the literature by evaluating whether reliance on Allah enhances or hinders disaster readiness. The findings highlight the need for educational initiatives that align religious teachings with risk mitigation strategies.

Ecosystems typically encounter gradual processes induced by environmental and human activity that affect their structure and components. However, they can also experience sudden impacts or catastrophes that significantly disrupt their equilibrium and create resilience challenges. Investigating the frontiers of resilience-in both human and ecological contexts-is a critical research area in environmental and social change (Douabul, 2024). The consequences of the environmental disaster in Iraq are enormous, particularly regarding the loss of life and the extent of destruction. Ongoing environmental disasters in Iraq significantly impact various issues, including the degradation of the environment and the economy. Iraq faces both artificial and natural disasters that impose unprecedented responsibilities on the global community. Water scarcity, floods, excessive sedimentation, droughts, moisture loss, and desertification are environmental challenges confronting Iraq due to climate change. The deteriorating conditions post-2003 have transformed Iraq from a stable country into one rife with crises. Iraq has managed to evade the attention of the international community. Many believe that prioritizing reconstruction, security, and peace is essential; however, for this to occur, issues relating to the environment, land, water management, air pollution, and urban planning must first be addressed. Iraq has become one of the most polluted countries on the planet, posing a significant environmental threat to life.

As an additional project, I translated poems of over twenty poets, include John Keats, Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, W.H. Auden, W.B. Yeats, W.H. Auden, Wallace Stevens,  Robert Frost, e.e. Cummings, Robert Lowell, Dylan Thomas, and others, as supplementary reading material for my Chinese translation of Elizabeth Bishop’s book, “Prose”.

The inherent characteristics of blockchain, including immutability, self-execution, and the removal of intermediaries, consistently generate increasing interest in its applications within the telecom sector, making it an exciting area for investment. This literature review aims to explore a promising research area known as blockchain interoperability. Interoperability seeks to connect two or more independent blockchains to effectively exchange information. Through leveraging the interoperability features of blockchain, independent telecom networks can seamlessly share information with other mobile, fixed, and nextgeneration networks. This results in improved security and efficiency, cost savings, and an enhanced customer experience. This study reviews highly cited research papers in the literature to assess blockchain's relevance to telecom use cases for interoperability. Additionally, it presents prominent interoperability solutions and identifies essential requirements for the successful implementation of blockchain interoperability in the telecom sector. The findings highlight key research gaps and future directions for the adoption of blockchain in telecommunications, particularly for the forthcoming sixth generation (6G).

This paper examines the nature of the feminization of agriculture, and factors influencing the phenomenon in citrus producing pocket areas of Sindhuli district in Central Nepal. Presenting the intra-household division of work in agriculture among better-off family members in rural farms, emerging themes from narratives of women farmers’ lived-experience as farmers are discussed. Based on the narratives, this paper explores how household members’ everyday lifestyles regarding agriculture and non-agriculture shape their lives differently. Outlining the problematic of gendered agricultural engagement, three in-depth case analyses of farm families have been presented through data collected from narratives and participant observation as part of ethnographic study. These case studies highlight how women attribute economic and noneconomic rationales for their life choices, using agency as an analytical lens. Finally, given the choice dilemma individuals face to reshape their lives, this pa...

| repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Pada bab ini akan dipaparkan beberapa aspek terkait metodologi dalam penelitian yang akan dilakukan. Diantaranya lokasi dan subjek penelitian, metode dan desain penelitian, variabel penelitia dan yakni resiliensi; perceived social support; dan posttraumatic growth, prosedur pengumpulan data, serta teknik analisis data untuk menjawab hipotesis penelitian.

Selain memicu dampak negatif, bencana alam sebagai salah satu peristiwa traumatik juga bisa mendorong perkembangan individu yang mengarah pada perubahan positif, hal ini dikenal dengan posttraumatic growth. Beberapa studi mengemukakan jika perubahan ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa konstruk psikologis, diantaranya resiliensi serta perceived social support. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek moderasi dari perceived social support pada pengaruh resiliensi terhadap posttraumatic growth. Dengan menggunakan teknik conveience sampling, penelitian ini dilakukan kepada 82 penyintas erupsi Gunung Merapi di Kecamatan Cangkringan, DIY Yogyakarta. Data diperoleh melalui instrumen Connor Davidson-Resilience Scale 10 (CD-RISC 10) dalam mengukur resiliensi, Multiple Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) dalam mengukur perceived social support, dan instrumen Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) dalam mengukur posttraumatic growth. Ketiga instrumen penelitian telah diuji serta memenuh...

Nowadays, scientific experiments are conducted collaboratively. In collaborative scientific experiments, we must consider aspects such as interoperability, privacy, and trust in shared data to allow the reproducibility of the results. A critical aspect associated with a scientific process is its provenance information, which can be defined as the origin or lineage of the data that helps understand the scientific experiment results. Another concern when conducting collaborative experiments is confidentiality, considering that only authorized personnel can share or view results. In this paper, we propose BlockFlow, a blockchain-based architecture, to bring reliability to the collaborative research, considering the capture, storage, and analysis of provenance data related to a scientific ecosystem platform (E-SECO).

Through ethnographic fieldwork and analysis of policy documents about private housing reconstruction in the wake of Nepal's devastating 2015 earthquakes, we show how the contemporary "house," "household," and "home" are key sites of regulation for the state, as well as for the development and humanitarian organizations that work within it. Our discussion lays bare a more general set of questions about the relationships between these categories that remain unresolved in the anthropological literature, as well as in domains of policy practice that build on it. The experience of postearthquake reconstruction in Nepal has highlighted conceptual limitations in the existing legal definitions of ownership and residence and challenged people's sense of belonging at the affective level. This is in part due to conditions of high mobility that affect patterns of kinship and sociality and demand an understanding of infrastructure as process. We propose a tripartite analytical framework that recognizes the relational complexities between the concepts of "house," "household," and "home" and argue that careful attention to their definitions in both anthropological and policy contexts matters because those terminologies drive processes of change that may begin in moments of natural disaster but extend far beyond that temporal horizon to reconfigure lives. For example, a garment becomes a real garment only in the act of being worn; a house where no one lives is in fact not a real house. (Karl Marx, Grundrisse, 1993 [1939])

Nepal is vulnerable to different types of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, fire, drought, epidemic and others. The 2015 Nepal earthquake caused tremendous damage and loss. This catastrophic earthquake was followed by thousands of aftershocks. Thus,
people faced big or small impact on overall. The aim of the article is to identify the impact of devastating earthquake of 25th April and 12th May 2015 on Physical and socio-economic aspect of Nepal. Key infrastructure in the country such as schools, health facilities, accessible roads, temples and heritage sites have been severely damaged or destroyed across 14 most affected districts of Nepal. The catastrophe intensified the vulnerabilities of Nepalese food insecurity, public health risks, and the risks of sexual violence for women and children. The article is based on secondary information as published by different sources and review of international reports, academic articles, journals, etc. based on disaster sectors. Furthermore, the article updates on economic loss of Nepal due to earthquake and its impact on physical and socioeconomic
aspects. It reflects the historical background of the earthquake in Nepal and reviews to identify the impact of recent earthquake on people and properties. It also presents the loss on various sectors like social, productive, infrastructure and cross cutting sectors, which are indicator of Nepalese economy before and after earthquake. The article also further focuses on the estimated requirement of resources to reconstruct and recover the damaged and lost sectors. It concludes that the Nepal’s earthquake, 2015 has great shock on physical and socioeconomic
aspect of Nepal.
Keywords: Physical impact, Nepal, Disaster, Socio-economic, Earthquake, Women and Children

Please scroll down to see the English translation of the story. Since it was published in mainland China, the Chinese text appears first and is followed by the English translation.
Professor Du Lixia and I translated the following story in 2015 in Translators' Digest, a publication sponsored by the Shaanxi Translators Association. 
Talking Bull
Author: Hong Ke
Hong Ke (1962- ) was born in a village in the central plains of Shaanxi Province. After completing his university education in 1985, he first moved to Kuitun, Xinjiang and then to Baoji, Shaanxi. Currently, he is teaching at Shaanxi Normal University. The ten years Hong Ke spent in Xinjiang roaming across the Tianshan Mountains has inspired him to write The Tianshan Series, including novels, novelettes, and short stories. He has been granted a variety of literary awards.

per la cornice accademica e culturale entro cui abbiamo potuto sviluppare con entusiasmo le attività della rete e coltivare le relazioni con le istituzioni, le comunità e gli enti operanti in relazione al tema come il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile e gli Uffici Speciali di Ricostruzione. Ringraziamo inoltre tutti i partecipanti al ciclo di seminari: relatori, discussant e comunità di uditori, che con il loro contributo e le loro riflessioni continuano a nutrire un progetto condiviso che ci auguriamo possa continuare a crescere.

This study identified factors influencing family business survival using National Family Business Panel and Spatial Hazard Events and Losses data. Sustainable Family Business Theory guided the use of a parametric duration model of long-term survival. Community characteristics, family achievements, family processes during change, business and owner characteristics, and business processes during stability affected long-term survival. Economic vulnerability of rural counties, family income from business, hiring temporary help, business size, viewing business as a way of life, and owner experience were associated with increased duration of business survival. Being home-based, a female owner, and customer-focused were associated with decreased duration of survival. Some family processes and achievements increased the duration of business survival; none decreased it.

ABSTRACT : This research addresses the tsunami risk vulnerability of Sabang City, Aceh, which is located
near the Sumatran megathrust zone, one of the areas of highest seismic activity in the world. Sabang City is at
high risk of tsunamis, with most of its area falling within the high to very highrisk zone. Through a Geographic
Information System (GIS) approach, this study analyzed five main parameters: slope, elevation, land use,
distance from coastline and distance from river to map tsunami vulnerability and evacuation routes. The
analysis showed that more than half of Sabang City falls into the high and very high tsunami vulnerability
categories, emphasizing the importance of effective mitigation and preparedness strategies. The evacuation
route mapping produced in this study depicts five routes in Sabang City, Route 1 is the longest route, 35.21 km
long and passes through eight villages in the eastern part of the city. Route 2 is the shortest route with a length
of 0.85 km, located only in Iboih village in the northwest. Route 3 is 2.13km long and runs along the border
between BateeShok and Paya Seunara villages in the central and northern parts. Route 4 is 1.29km long and is
only found in Jaboi village in the southeast. Route 5 is 7.68 km long, passing through three villages (Keunekai,
Paya, and BateeShok) in the southern part of the city.

The hotels & resorts are crucial service providers. This industry plays a significant role in satisfying travellers. The primary focus of this study is on business recovery plans following natural disasters that impact hotels & resorts. Data was collected from 2023 to 2024. This paper discusses the steps taken by hotels and resorts to overcome the impact of natural disasters. Also, it focuses on the issues faced by hotels & resorts during natural disasters. The questionnaire is designed to cover business profiles and recovery plans. 150 hotels and resorts were selected for the study from The Nilgiris district (Ooty, Coonoor, Kotagiri, and Gudalur). Percentage analysis is used to find business profiles of hotels & resorts. The sum & mean were used to calculate business recovery plans. Chi-Square tests were applied to find the relationship between the nature of business with disasters frequently encountered. Garret Score was used to find issues faced by hotels & resorts. The analysis reveals a close relationship between the nature of hotels & resorts and the issues faced during natural disasters. This study highlights the importance of safety measures in hotels & resorts, which significantly impact visitor satisfaction during and after disaster. Government programs and service quality improvements are effective steps taken by the government, hotels and resorts to restore business operations following natural disaster.

This study uses qualitative methods to assess the effectiveness of Nepal's National Policy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2018) in the Sankhu area, a community particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. Focusing on the Shankharapur Municipality in the Kathmandu Valley, the examines the policy's impact on marginalized communities in the aftermath of the devastating 2015 earthquake. Comprehensive interviews were conducted with 30 participants, including earthquake survivors, local government officials, and community leaders. The analysis of these interviews revealed significant barriers to the policy's implementation. Notably, a lack of collaboration among various stakeholders involved in disaster management has hindered effective response and recovery efforts. The existing policy framework also fails to sufficiently address the unique needs of disadvantaged populations, potentially increasing their vulnerability during disasters. Moreover, the study identified that the rigidity of the current policy framework limits its adaptability to evolving disaster scenarios, further diminishing its effectiveness against future threats. Additionally, the findings indicate that inadequate community engagement strategies have weakened disaster preparedness and response mechanisms, ultimately limiting the overall impact of the policy. The study underscores the need for policy reforms that enhance Nepal's capacity to withstand natural disasters by addressing these critical areas for improvement.

Recommendations 1. The primary goal of recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction should be “building disasterresilient cities and communities with long term vision” to be better prepared against possible future disasters. 2. “Build Back Better” should include “rebuilding livelihoods,” “rebuilding economy” and “rebuilding regional communities,” as common paradigms to be shared by relevant stakeholders in the recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction process. 3. The process of recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction needs to be structured systematically. Indicators on “Build Back Better” need to be developed to measure the achievements and progress towards “building disaster-resilient cities and communities” and “rebuilding livelihoods, economy and regional communities”. Guidelines based on scientific evidence should be formulated, provided by multi and interdisciplinary perspectives of science. 4. Cities and communities need to continue their efforts for improving and renovat...

Recommendations 1. The primary goal of recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction should be “building disasterresilient cities and communities with long term vision” to be better prepared against possible future disasters. 2. “Build Back Better” should include “rebuilding livelihoods,” “rebuilding economy” and “rebuilding regional communities,” as common paradigms to be shared by relevant stakeholders in the recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction process. 3. The process of recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction needs to be structured systematically. Indicators on “Build Back Better” need to be developed to measure the achievements and progress towards “building disaster-resilient cities and communities” and “rebuilding livelihoods, economy and regional communities”. Guidelines based on scientific evidence should be formulated, provided by multi and interdisciplinary perspectives of science. 4. Cities and communities need to continue their efforts for improving and renovat...

Salam Village is one of the villages located in Karangpandan that has a lot of potential that can be developed into a tourist destination. According to the results of the discussions that have been conducted, the village government plans to pioneer and develop Salam Village into a tourist village that utilizes local potential and does not forget to observe to environmental conditions. However, until now it has not materialized due to some obstacles in the development process. In addition, in Salam Village there are also bamboo handicrafts that have the potential to be developed into a tourist attraction. The issue became the basis for the preparation of a report on the planning and development of Salam Village as a bamboo tourism village with an environtmentally friendly approach that focuses on the utilization of local potential. The concept of the tourist village intends to give knowledge to tourists about the various local potentials contained in Salam Village, especially on the ...

The Act Number 6 of 2014 about Village has consequences for allocating village finances through village funds to the Village Government. However,
the large amount of financial allocation also creates a risk of fraud. The data from the Ministry of Home Affairs from 2016–2021, shows indications of a significant increase the number of cases of village financial fraud. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the implementation of the village financial management supervision policies and programs by Cianjur District Inspectorate. The qualitative approach was used through interviews with Inspectors, Program Planners, Evaluators, Auxiliary Inspectors, Auditors and Supervisors of Local Government Affairs. Field observations in villages that have received supervision. The results
showed that the Cianjur District Inspectorate was not optimal in its internal supervision through village financial management. This is due to the lack of number of human resources and there is no indicator to measure the success of village financial supervision programs. Meanwhile, other supervision methods such as advisory services, monitoring, evaluation, and review have not been able to be implemented. The recommendation from the results of this study is the need for
the Cianjur District Inspectorate to innovate the supervision program through a combination of supervision in the current year (such as monitoring and evaluation) and risk-based post-audit and using the village financial supervision information system.

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) characteristics can contribute to several domains, such as Multi-agent Systems (MAS), facilitating the agreement between agents, managing trust relationships, and distributed scenarios. Some contributions to this integration are in the theoretical stage, and the few existing practical contributions have limitations and low performance. This work presents a MAS approach that can use digital assets as a factor of agreement in the relationship between cognitive agents using the Belief-Desire-Intention model. To validate the proposed methodology, we present the middleware Velluscinum that offers new internal actions to agents. The middleware was tested by adapting the Building-a-House classic example to cryptocurrency and agreements mediated by a distributed ledger.

Turkey, which has a surface area of 780 thousand square kilometers, is a country that is in the position of a bridge between the European and Asian continents, most of which is in the Asian continent. Due to its location, Turkey's territory is highly prone to natural disasters and has faced many disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides and avalanches. This high- risk geography has hosted major earthquakes, floods, landslides and avalanches every five years on average. Turkey, which has been exposed to disasters whose exact location, time and type cannot be determined, is in a constant state of change in terms of managing and improving the post-disaster crisis situation, especially in terms of physical, economic and social losses after these natural events. Especially social losses after disasters can be classified as losses that take longer to recover, require more labor and cause countries to spend more energy after the crisis compared to physical and economic losses. ...