Population Trends

Background: The conservation status of the common European adder (Vipera berus) in Sweden is ambiguous. While the species is officially classified as "Least Concern" (LC) on the national Red List, localised reports and long-term studies suggest significant population declines, creating a need for a consolidated evidence summary. Objective: To systematically review and synthesise available scientific and official evidence to determine the overall population trend for the adder in Sweden and to identify the principal drivers behind this trend, with a specific focus on habitat, urbanisation, and procreation. Method: A rapid review of the literature was conducted using a defined Boolean search strategy across academic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed), preprint servers (bioRxiv), government archives, and citizen science portals. The research question was structured using the PECO framework. The search yielded 255 initial hits, which, after screening, resulted in 12 core sources for inclusion. Evidence was weighted using a four-level hierarchy to assess its robustness. The rapid nature of this review carries an inherent risk of time bias, as studies published after the search date are not included.

An Imam-led Community: Demographics, Social Cohesion, and the Authority of Cape Muslim Leaders in 19th-Century Colonial Cape Town



ABSTRACT
This subsection analyses an 1839 community census, meticulously compiled by Imams in colonial Cape Town, to highlight the profound social and administrative authority of Muslim religious leaders. The data, which meticulously records the number of men, women, and children within each Imam’s congregation, transcends a simple demographic survey. It reveals a highly organized, cohesive, and self-governing community led by a hierarchy of spiritual leaders. By contextualizing the census within the broader colonial landscape, this study argues that the Imams’ census-taking was a strategic act of self-determination, a means of asserting communal autonomy and constructing a parallel power structure that prioritized religious and social bonds over colonial control.
Key Words:
Imam; demographics; social cohesion; British colonial Cape Town; colonial landscape; communal autonomy; power structure; social bonds; census-taking; self-governing community, and hierarchy of spiritual leaders.

Polygamy movement that often discredits women is increasingly taking a place in modern urban society. Polygamy has existed before Islam coming and became a legal practice which powered by the Quran after Islam coming. However, global values influence the mindset about polygamy such as Liberalist who totally reject polygamy whereas Muslims themselves (moderates and progressives) offer new ideas to tighten practice of it. Globalization not only brings view-contra but also reinforce polygamy such as Muslims urban (tend to be puritans) which developed due to the advance of technology and information that brings of textual and instant views on the Quran. Differences understanding in the community, have diverse implications for the perspective of gender equality, specifically power relations of male and female. This study aims to find out how the relation men's power over women in polygamy based on various views of the various groups above with using method literature study. Based on ...

environment, development This study investigates the implications of population dynamics on development in Iringa Municipality Tanzania. A total of 209 respondents were involved in this study. The study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques in collecting and analyzing data where household surveys, in-depth interviews, field observations, Focus Group Discussions and documentary review were used as data gathering techniques. Descriptive statistics and content analysis have been used in analyzing and presenting the collected data. The study findings reveal that Iringa Municipality is experiencing an increase in population as per study time frame (1990 to 2019) has been triggered by inmigration though increased birth rates and reduced mortality rates cannot be neglected. The study further revealed that population growth in the Municipality has positively resulted to increased income levels, market expansion, improvement of social services, increased savings and investments, increased skilled workforce as well as increased urbanization. However, negatively, population growth has triggered high commodity prices, increased rental bills, the spread of diseases, a high number of street children and increase of delinquency behaviours. The study concludes that there is an increase in population associated with in-migration in Iringa Municipality which has brought both positive and negative effects on economic development. It is recommended to use the existing opportunity of population growth for economic development meanwhile, finding out measures which are associated with negative effects of population growth to achieve sustainable development.

The 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan exposed the extreme vulnerability of women, who became primary targets of gendered violence amidst the chaos. Women suffered extensively—physically, psychologically, and emotionally—during the communal riots, facing abduction, rape, mutilation, and public humiliation. Many were driven to suicide in an attempt to preserve their families' honour and personal dignity. The traumatic impact of Partition on women was marked by the widespread infliction of patriarchal oppression, subjugation, and gender-based injustice, often at the hands of both strangers and their own male kin and community members. Women's bodies were transformed into battlegrounds, mutilated, violated, and impregnated with religious symbols, reducing them to instruments of political and religious aggression. The Partition did not merely divide a nation but unleashed a tide of bloodshed, destruction, and dehumanization—especially for women, who were relegated to the margins as the "other." While religious ideologies often exalted women as divine figures, the socio-political reality was one of brutal subordination and silencing within a deeply patriarchal order. This paper explores the entrenched patriarchal norms and the gendered violence experienced by women during the Partition. It examines the cruelty inflicted not only by male aggressors but also by institutional forces, including state authorities, who often dehumanized and objectified women even after their recovery.

This study aimed to describe and analyze the trend in the rates of Family Health Strategy (FHS) oral health teams from 2001 to 2021. The 5,560 municipalities existing in Brazil in 2002 were included in this ecological study. The data were extracted from the government portal e-Gestor Atenção Básica (e-Manager Primary Care), which offers access to various health information systems. The rate of oral health teams per 100,000 inhabitants/year was considered as the dependent variable. Rate of family health teams, Brazilian macroregion, population size, GDP per capita, and the implementation of the Brazilian National Oral Health Policy in 2004 and Constitutional Amendment n. 95 in 2016 were chosen as independent variables. A generalized linear regression model was used with the Prais-Winsten method. Teams steadily grew throughout the period, but such increase gradually decelerated over time. Rates went from 1.9 in 2001 to 29 oral health teams per 100,000 inhabitants in 2021, a total growth of 27.1. After 2004, teams increased by 1.8 teams per 100,000 inhabitants (95%CI: 1.7; 2.0). After 2016, annual growth showed an average reduction of 0.5 (95%CI: -0.6; -0.3). Municipalities with smaller populations, lower GDP per capita, and those in the Brazilian Northeast showed increase rates above the average trend (32.9, 16.2, and 33.6, respectively). FHS oral health teams have grown in regions with greater social need for services. Further studies are needed to investigate other factors that influence the variation in the historical series of oral family health.

Main carer interview 13,287 13,177 (99.2%) Resident partner interview 10,153 8,814 (86.8%) Child cognitive assessments 13,469 13,235 (98.3%) Child physical measurements 13,469 13,259 (98.4%) Child self-completion questionnaire 13,469 13,160 (97.7%) Consent to teacher survey in England and Wales only 10,652 9,981 (93.7%) Consent to DWP data linkage (main carer) 13,287 11,680 (87.9%) Consent to DWP data linkage (partner) 8,814 7,748 (87.9%) Teacher survey in England and Wales 9,610 7,430 (77.3%) Note: Further information can be found in the Millennium Cohort Study Fifth Sweep (MCS5)

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

"The world is not sliding, but galloping into a new transnational dystopia. .. The internet, our greatest tool of emancipation, has been transformed into the most dangerous facilitator of totalitarianism we have ever seen. The Internet is a threat to human civilization." Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet, Julian Assange

The Ojude Oba festival is an important cultural festival in Ijebu ode, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. It is an event held annually that spotlights the rich cultural heritage and traditions of the Ijebu people. Ojude Oba festival through music, dance, and pageantry highlights traditional
institutions, community cohesion, and cultural preservation. It promotes social bonding, cultural exchange, community development, and economic growth, while attracting tourists and generating revenue for local businesses. This study employed a qualitative research method,
utilizing ethnographic methods i.e participant observation, interviews, and focus group discussions to gather information from Ijebu ode residents, festival organizers, and tourists on Ojude Oba festival. The study found that the festival significantly promotes cultural heritage,
community development, and economic growth. It provides a platform for social bonding, cultural exchange, and community development while generating revenue for local businesses. The Ojude Oba festival is vital to Ijebu ode‘s because it promotes community development,
cultural preservation, and economic growth. The paper recommends that government and stakeholders should be more involved and support the festival and harness economic benefits through tourism development and infrastructure improvement.

Cross-border crimes refer to those crimes that are committed across international borders. The perpetrators of such crimes often work in synergy on both sides of the border. This poses a serious security threat to the countries where the crimes are committed. In the African context
these crimes are frequently committed due to natural and human factors. The current study sets out to identify the common cross-border crimes committed across the Garoua-Boulai/Baboua border and in the town of Garoa-Boulai by nationals from the CAR (Central African Republic) and its security implications on Cameroon. The CAR has witnessed a series of socio-political crises since independence and thus many of its nationals sought refuge in major Cameroonian
towns in the East and Northern regions. The paper utilized primary sources which included oral interviews and secondary sources mainly articles in journals and published books complemented the information. The descriptive historical approach was employed in the analysis. The study submits that the vastness of the border between Cameroon and CAR is responsible for the crossborder crimes. The insecurity in CAR led to illegal migration into Cameroon and some of these migrants are involved in crimes in the town of Garoua-Boulai and across both borders, with negative effects on Cameroon‘s national security. The study recommends strategies that should be taken by the Cameroonian government to ensure a secured border town.

The role of women in decolonization in Nigeria has not received the scholarly attention that it deserves. The political administration which the colonial authorities introduced, gave women little right to participate in the political system especially in southeastern Nigeria, and that soon
led to trouble. Under the colonial government women were unable to air their grievances through the media that existed in the traditional society. No female officials were chosen to be part of the native authority. This is despite the fact that women constituted and were recognised
amongst various Nigeria people as constituting a very vital factor not only in the making of their indigenous cultures and institutions, but also in determining some of the ways in which we reacted, responded and adjusted to the challenges of European rule. The women did not take
kindly to novel development and thus took up arms against the British authority. Data gathered from primary and secondary sources were analysed qualitatively using a historical approach which revealed that despite the above enumerated positive trends, there are some key issues which need to be addressed for women to fully partake in decision making in the structures of power. The issue of adequate representation and visibility of women in leadership and decision -
making still remains a major gap.

Education is an important aspect of human society that has link with all sectors and facets of life. The study examined the impacts of school dropout on human security in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study utilized the life chance theory to explore the impact of school dropout on
human security in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was adopted for the study which involved stages namely electoral wards, villages/communities, houses, household
and individual/respondent. The instrument of data collection utilized for the study was questionnaire. The questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively using the ordinary least square regression. Findings of the study established that social stigma, criminal tendencies, risky
behaviour and unemployable have significant impact on school dropout and human security in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. On the basis of these findings, the study recommends that access to educational facilities and services should be expanded to cover all only children of school age in
Nasarawa State and Nigeria in general and Government, the communities and NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs) including religious bodies should collectively consider security as the responsibility of all. Also, the government should ensure compulsory basic and free education at the primary and secondary school levels. At the level of the higher institutions, the government should subsidize the cost of educational fees. With reduced school fees, every child will have equal opportunities to attend schools.

This research examines culture as a strategic instrument for conflict de-escalation and peace sustainability in Nigeria, a nation beset by complex ethno-religious diversity and repetitive communal conflict. Rooted in Johan Galtung‘s Theory of Positive Peace, this work focuses on transforming structural and cultural violence in a quest for justice, equity, and reconciliation. The research critically examines how indigenous mechanisms mediate tensions and promote social
cohesion beyond ceremonial roles. Using a qualitative approach, drawing upon secondary data analysis from extant literature, historical case studies, policy reports, and cultural accounts, including witness testimonies, traditional rulership roles, communal ritualism, and indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms, the work establishes that cultural outputs, storytelling, proverbs, ritualism and festivals act as informal, yet powerful, instruments for promoting empathy,
reconciliation, and a sense of shared identity. Traditional authorities, grounded in local tradition, social memory, and restorative justice mechanisms focused more on healing than punishment.
The work, however, finds disconnection between these grassroots mechanisms and official peace architectures, aggravated by policy marginalization, intergenerational disconnections, and official-people pluralism. The work recommends institutional mainstreaming of indigenous practices in national peace architecture, investment in traditional leaders‘ capacity building, and hybrid peace-building models blending localism with formality. These are strategies crucial for
constructing Nigeria's culturally relatable and long-lasting peace architecture amidst a fragmented society.

Sex. Petronius Probus was the most powerful senator of the second half of the 4th century AD. In less than 20 years, between 368 and 385 AD, he held the praetorian prefecture of Italy-Africa and Illyricum four times. Valentinian I, an Augustus who was decentralised to Trier, had conflicting relations with Rome’s senatorial aristocracy. His sons, Gratian and Valentinian II, were much weaker than their father. Probus was the leader of a part of the Roman aristocracy resident in Rome and Italy who had decided to support the two young Augusti. The Valentinian dynasty sought and found in Probus and his vast entourage decisive political support during the years of the Gothic crisis and the usurpation of Maximus (376-388 AD). The duties of the praetorian prefect in the administrative system of the Late Empire favoured the political efficiency of the senator-prefect’s collaborators.

“ਮੇਰੀ ਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਕੁੱਖ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਰ ਸੀ!
 ਮੈਂ ਭੀ ਤਾਂ ਇਕ ਇਨਸਾਨ ਹਾਂ ,
 ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਟੱਕਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਸ ਸੱਟ ਦਾ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ ਹਾਂ ,
 ਉਸ ਹਾਦਸੇ ਦਾ ਚਿੰਨ ਹਾਂ ,
 ਜੋ ਮਾਂ ਮੇਰੀ ਦੇ ਮੱਥੇ ਉੱਤੇ ਲੱਗਣਾ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਸੀ…..”

“When they forced my mother’s womb; I came as every child must come; [but] I’m the mark of that wound of freedom that has seared my mother’s face…”  - Excerpt from Majboor by Amrita Pritam

About 83,000 women were abducted during the Partition of Colonial India in 1947, highlighting how women’s bodies, especially their honour, become contested sites of power, rendering them the most vulnerable during wars. This vulnerability has led to the internalisation of trauma: visible in the scarcity of female voices in 1947 testimonies.
Understanding this silence today is especially difficult as firsthand accounts are dwindling fast, increasing reliance on intergenerational memories and Partition literature. Amongst Partition writers, one author who has not been as widely studied as her contemporaries is Amrita Pritam (1919-2005). Most known for ‘Pinjar’ and ‘Aaj Ankhan Waris Shah Nu’, Pritam gives agency to the silent – the women – by letting them unfold the narratives of their trauma. Employing Pritam’s literature and testimonies personally collected, this paper aims to investigate how abducted women embodied their trauma and passed it on through generations.
Keywords: Partition — trauma — testimonies — Amrita Pritam

This paper is prompted by the widespread acceptance that the rates of inter-county and inter-state migration have been falling in the USA and sets itself the task of examining whether this decline in migration intensities is also the case in the UK. It uses the inter-area migration matrices available for England and Wales from the National Health Service Central Register (NHSCR) which provides continuous monitoring since the 1970s by broad age group. The main methodological challenge, arising from changes in the geography of health areas for which the inter-area flows are given, is addressed by adopting the lowest common denominator of 80 areas. Care is also taken to allow for the effect of business cycles in producing short-term fluctuations on migration rates and to isolate the effect of a sharp rise in rates for 16-24 year olds in the 1990s, which is presumed to be related to the expansion of the university sector. The findings suggest that, unlike for the USA, there has not been...

Expectations of migration and mobility steadily increasing in the longer term, which have a long currency in migration theory and related social science, are at odds with the latest US research showing a marked decline in internal migration rates. Given the similarity in demographic, economic and social trends between the USA and the UK, this paper reports the results of research that investigates whether the latter has been experienced any similar change in more recent decades. Using the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (ONS-LS) of linked census records, it examines the evidence provided by its 10-year migration indicator, with particular attention to a comparison of the first and latest decades available, 1971-1981 and 2001-2011. This suggests that, as in the USA, there has been a marked reduction in the level of shorter-distance (less than 10km) moving that has involved almost all types of people. In contrast to this and to US experience, however, the propensity ...

Almost immediately after the Arab uprisings began, there was debate over the role and influence of social media in the overthrow of Tunisian president Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali and the imminent coup of Mubarak. In covering what some deemed the Facebook or Twitter revolutions, the media focused heavily on young protesters mobilizing in the streets in political opposition, smartphones in hand. And since then, the violent and sectarian unrest in Syria has brought increased attention to the role of citizen journalism. Social media indeed played a part in the Arab uprisings. Networks formed online were crucial in organizing a core group of activists. Civil society leaders in Arab countries emphasized the role of "the internet, mobile phones, and social media" in the protests. Additionally, digital media has been used by Arabs to exercise freedom of speech and as a space for civic engagement. This paper aims to demonstrate why the role of social media in the Arab Spring cannot be disregarded. This paper does not argue that social media caused the Arab Spring but was an essential tool impacting the way in which the Arab Spring occurred. Social media as a tool had positive and negative impacts on the Arab Spring shaping different outcomes in different regions. Egypt and Tunisia fall under the regions where social media proved to be more efficient and who experienced more positive than negative impacts. The rest of the regions including Libya, Yemen, Algeria, Bahrain and Syria were shown to benefit less from social media whose functions backfired due to high government intervention. Special emphasis will be on the impact of Tunisia's uprising.

Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and r...

Even though cohabitation has become more prevalent in the last few decades, the majority of the adult population is married, and marriage is associated with a number of factors, such as educational outcom and health. Understanding the marrie population is also an important part of understanding partnering behaviour and family formation and dissolution. The length of marriages and whether they are ended by death or divorce is therefore of interest t demographers and policy maker

Esta influencia, que no necesariamente tiene que haber llegado directamente de obras originales griegas, sino también de otros autores, compilaciones y traducciones al latín, se manifiesta tanto en el contenido como en la expresión formal de algunas curae del Herbario. En este sentido, en varios casos es posible detectar fuentes griegas que ofrecen elementos similares a los de esta obra.

A diferencia del mundo desarrollado, donde la cohabitación ha logrado visibilidad social -y académicasolamente en las dos últimas décadas (Bumpass, Sweet y Cherlin, 1991) y donde aparece enmarcada dentro del conjunto de transformaciones familiares ligadas a la segunda transición demográfica (van de , las uniones consensuales han sido un componente esencial del sistema familiar latinoamericano durante siglos (Naciones Unidas, 1990). Además de reflejar una herencia histórica y cultural que se remonta a la época colonial (Lavrin, 1989;, periodo en el que la imposición del modelo católico de matrimonio sólo logró un éxito parcial -por la heterogeneidad cultural y étnica de la población y los códigos endogámicos vigentes (Nazzari, 1996)-, también es probable que la amplia presencia de uniones consensuales en la región esté vinculada a las condiciones socioeconómicas contemporáneas (Tapinos, Mason y Bravo, 1997). A diferencia de muchos países desarrollados, donde las uniones informales surgieron entre las capas sociales urbanas y con mayor nivel educativo, en Latinoamérica, esta modalidad de unión es más frecuente en los estratos sociales más desfavorecidos, entre otras razones porque no requiere ningún trámite y porque implica menos costes, tanto a corto plazo -por la ausencia de

We analyzed changes in abundance of terrestrial birds on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, for a 32 year period during which 3 major hurricanes occurred. Using 1987 as a baseline year, because it followed a 27 year hiatus when no major hurricanes hit the island, we assessed the impact of hurricanes on vegetation structure and bird populations. Bird abundance was determined for 25 m radius circular plots that were surveyed each year of the study along the same transects. Percent cover of trees, shrubs, and herbs was measured in each plot in 1987, 1990, and 2019. All of the survey plots were in moist forest or dry woodland in Virgin Islands National Park. Of 13 common birds, 5 did not show marked and consistent declines in abundance following hurricanes even though the structure of vegetation on the island was heavily modified by storms. Three of these species are insectivores. Seven species declined or showed habitat shifts following Hurricane Hugo in 1989, but 5 of these populations subsequently increased and most recovered to close to their 1987 abundance during the 1990s. Six of these 7 species also declined or showed habitat shifts following Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. The most marked declines in the aftermath of hurricanes in both 1989 and 2017 were for frugivores and nectarivores, especially hummingbirds. Most common bird species in Virgin Islands National Park were either resistant to the effects of severe hurricanes or resilient in the decade following a hurricane. However, more research is needed to assess the status of vulnerable species such as hummingbirds and rare resident species (Bridled Quail-Dove [Geotrygon mystacea] and Puerto Rican Flycatcher [Myiarchus antillarum]).

Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and r...

Introduction California Polytechnic State University has an earned reputation as a proponent of the hands-on, laboratory-based, learn-by-doing approach to education. We have also won a reputation as a college whose students are steeped in open-ended problems and underpinned by an understanding of design and the process of design. Design exposures for General Engineering students start in the second quarter of the freshman year. This early exposure is a retention tool, as it helps students begin to understand a facet of their professional life, and provides a glimpse at the world of the professional engineer. It provides a simple answer to the basic question “What will I do as an engineer?” Furthermore, the exposure provides connection to industry. The challenges students address in the class are components of problems provided by industry. This connection provides an answer to the question “What sort of companies will I work for?” In addition the exposure provides a segue to a conti...

доктор географічних наук, професор професор кафедри геодезії, землеустрою та земельного кадастру, Одеський державний аграрний університет, м. Одеса, Україна Проведені дослідження [1] виявили відсутність забруднення ґрунтів при підриві протитанкових мін та артилерійських снарядів. При цьому було зауважено, що значну небезпеку становлять так званні «потенційно токсичні елементи», якими є металеві і неметалеві рештки бойових засобів, що з часом, після відповідних хімічних та фізичних процесів і реакцій, можуть трансформуватися в токсичні сполуки. Так, дослідження військових полігонів засвідчило їхнє значне забрудненими токсичними сполуками, головним чином вибуховими речовинами та рештками боєприпасів, що містять шкідливі речовини, включаючи сурму (Sb), свинець (Pb), уран (U), 2 , 4-динітротолуол (ДНТ), 2, 4, 6-тринітротолуол (тротил), 1, 3, 5-тринітро-1,3,5-тріазациклогексан (RDX) та інші. Переважна більшість цих сполук є стійкими до біологічного розкладання, залишаються в біосфері, стаючи джерелом забруднення її компонентів [2]. Обстеження місця розриву бойової ракети (ймовірно крилатої ракети «Іскандер») в м. Одесі виявило значну кількість різноманітних її решток на поверхні ґрунту і в ґрунтовій масі вирви (рис.). Наявні рештки, у свою чергу, засвідчили складність дослідження їхньої потенційної небезпеки і необхідність міждисциплінарного підходу для ідентифікації і прогнозування рівня забруднення ґрунтів. Проблемними є такі питаннями: -недостатня інформація про специфічний хімічний склад бойових ракет; -складність ідентифікації токсичних елементів через їхнє нерівномірне розподілення в ґрунті і трансформацію під час вибуху; -оцінка довготривалого впливу решток бойових засобів на ґрунти; -розробка ефективних методів ремедіації, що відповідають локальним екологічним умовам. Сучасні бойові ракети мають складну конструкцію, яка включає метали, полімери, композитні матеріали та вибухові речовини. У разі вибуху ракети основними джерелами забруднення ґрунтів, яке може мати довготривалий характер, є залишки корпусу, ущільнювальних матеріалів, продуктів згоряння палива та решток вибухових речовин. Виявлені рештки ракети у вирві і на поверхні ґрунту включали стальні осколки, уламки алюмінієвих елементів ракети, дрібні мідні деталі, резину, обгорілу структуру, що нагадує тканину зі штучного волокна, в тому числі із полімерним покриттям, порошкоподібний матеріал білого кольору. Із відкритих джерел відомо, що основними матеріалами, що утворюються при розриві ракет, є:

We have known from the primary school age that West Bengal is one of the most densely populated states in India. The pressures of overpopulation, the shrinking market of Government jobs, the crowds of educated unemployed, unmarried and late married youth on the railway stations and the streets of capital make us wonder which way our present and future generations are heading. Over time people are becoming more and more economically conscious and their mentality is also changing, their concept of family planning is also changing.
At present, young men and women are not able to afford their socio-economic stability and are leaning towards small families to maintain their standard of living, as a result, the fertility rate is declining over the decades, couples are losing their fertility desire. Rural educated young male and female are migrating to the metropolitan city in search of employment, which has led to a change in the socio-economic structure of the urban centers.

This dissertation work will help to analyze how the socio-economic factors are influencing on childbearing and daughter expectations, as well as it will provide a holistic picture of the socio-economic conditions of the different districts of West Bengal as per the Census Data 2011.
The aim of this dissertation work is to understand the current mental state of young adults and their family planning concepts and to provide a general outline of future population structures which can contribute to make sustainable population policy in future. It may inspire social planners, demographers and policy makers for their further qualitative research on it.

The present study aims at investigating the sovereignty and Theo-democracy in Sayyid Abul-Aꜥla Mawdudi’s thought. The research method is descriptive-analytical and shows that Sayyid Abul-Aꜥla Mawdudi has founded his political theory on the divine absolute sovereignty, but along with the divine absolute sovereignty, it tries to use mechanisms such as caliphate and council to fix the people’s position in that theory. According to his theory, although sovereignty belongs specifically to God, the man can be enforcer of divine commands if he has the qualifications for divine caliphate. Accordingly, one cannot classify Mawdudi’s theory merely under the theories pertaining to theocracy. Mawdudi who was attentive of this fact, fabricated the term theo-democracy in addition to using theocracy. Altogether, we can consider Mawdudi’s view as the closest one to the Shiite view among the Sunnites’ views. This is while in the position of comparison, Mawdudi has not remained faithful to his own theoretical foundations.

The working papers are a series of manuscripts in their draft form. Please do not quote without obtaining the author's consent as these works are in their draft form. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and not necessarily endorsed by the School.

Les sources traitant du triomphe d'Honorius sur l'usurpateur Attale à Rome et du châtiment de celui-ci, probablement en 417 1 -sans doute l'ultime triomphe romain -sont maigres : un passage de la Chronique de Prosper Tiro, seul à évoquer la notion de triomphe, un passage de Philostorge (résumé par Photios) et un passage de Nicéphore Calliste (qui utilise Philostorge) et sans doute, comme je le proposerai infra, un texte d'Orose et un texte de Marcellinus Comes (qui utilise Orose), auxquels il faut ajouter un texte d'Olympiodore (résumé par Photios) relatif seulement à la mutilation infligée à Attale. Ces événements ont moins attiré l'attention de la recherche 2 que le triomphe précédent d'Honorius sur les Goths en 403, longuement évoqué par Claudien 3 . Ils n'en posent pas moins des problèmes importants et étroitement liés : celui de leur déroulement (parcours, participants, actes) et celui de leur signification (mise en scène du destin de la Ville de Rome et de celui de l'Empire après plusieurs années de troubles, et singularité du traitement réservé à Attale 4 ). Il s'agit là d'un moment à part « Ainsi donc Attale, comme une statue creuse du pouvoir impérial, fut emmené par les Goths jusque dans les Espagnes ; parti de là sur on ne sait quel navire, il fut pris en mer et conduit au comte Constance ; exhibé ensuite par l'empereur Honorius, il fut laissé en vie, la main tranchée. » Attalus in mari captus atque Honorio exhibitus truncata manu uitae relictus est. « Capturé en mer et exhibé par Honorius, Attale, la main tranchée, est laissé en vie. » Olympiodore (résumé par Photios) 13 : Ἔπειτα μετὰ χρόνον τινὰ βασιλεύει, εἶτα καθαιρεἶται. Καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ὕστερον ἐπὶ Ράβενναν παραγεγονὼς καὶ τοὺς τῆς δεξιᾶς χειρὸς δακτύλους, ἀκρωτηριασθεὶς ἐξωρίᾳ παραπέμπεται. « Plus tard, Attale redevint empereur et fut à nouveau déposé. Par la suite étant venu à Ravenne et les doigts de sa main droite ayant été coupés, il fut condamné à l'exil. » Les faits étabLis L'existence même du triomphe à Rome. Seul Prosper (qui donne la date de 417, infra) le dénomme comme tel et décrit Attale marchant devant le char de l'empereur, tout en ne montrant pas le reste de la cérémonie, ne mentionnant ni une humiliation d'Attale ni sa mutilation mais seulement son exil ; Philostorge et Nicéphore évoquent une cérémonie, une humiliation d'Attale et sa mutilation ; Orose et Marcellinus Comes se limitent à mentionner l'exhibition d'Attale puis 11. Orose, Histoires, VII, 42, 9. Je propose de modifier la traduction de Marie-Pierre Arnaud-Lindet (CUF-Les Belles Lettres, 1991), qui comprend « exhibé à l'empereur Honorius » pour imperatori Honorio exhibitus : je suggère de voir en imperatori Honorio un complément d'agent au datif (« exhibé par l'empereur Honorius »), qui peut se rencontrer à côté de la forme plus répandue ab + ablatif ; la traduction que je propose est identique à celle que je retiens pour la même expression chez Marcellinus Comes, qui suit Orose. 12. Marcellinus Comes, Chronique, a. 412. 13. Olympiodore, Fragment 14 (Blockley) (= Photios, Bibliothèque, 80).

Knowledge is identified as a critical factor for innovation. On the other side, knowledge creation takes place through investing on R&D activities and developing new products. Furthermore, not all types of R&D activities result in similar types of innovation. Indeed, investing on research activities result in radical innovation and investing on development activities concludein incremental innovation. Keeping a balance between these two kinds of innovation in products is critical to acquire competitive advantages. To investigate the dynamic-nature and complex relationship between knowledge creation and investing on R&D activities, presenting paper tried to study impacts of different investing policies on knowledge stockusing a systematic view. Hence, “system dynamics” which is an approach to study the complex system is used to model and simulate the presenting system. Beside, a case study was also presented to test applicable capability of the model. The simulation results showed th...

Slides presented during a debate with Ridvan Ayedemir on 14 April 2025, evaluating Islam and Christianity as civilizational frameworks. The analysis compares doctrinal ideals—Sharia and Biblical law—across five domains: worldview, moral anthropology, epistemology, social ethics, and institutional design.

No study has simultaneously compared attitudes of whites, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics toward intermarriage over time. This study offers a comparative analysis of the changes in attitudes of whites, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics toward intermarriage with different racial or ethnic groups in the twenty-first century, using nationally representative samples from General Social Surveys 2000–2018. Our trend analyses reveal that whites’ support for intermarriage with minorities has generally increased, albeit at a relatively lower level; blacks’ support for intermarriage with Asians, Hispanics, and whites has been quite stable at a relatively high level; Asians’ and Hispanics’ support for intermarriage with other minorities has generally shown an upswing trend with some minor fluctuations, but their support for intermarriage with whites has gone in the opposite direction with oscillations. The results of our generalized linear ordinal logistic regression models show that either includin...

Between the 4th and 5th centuries, Roman North Africa underwent one of the most significant and decisive religious changes in its history. Slowly, society as conceived by the founding fathers of the Principate system is cracking, giving way to a new model, that of a Christian world in the making. At the end of the political crises of the 3rd century, North Africa, like the rest of the Roman world, was seeking inspiration in Eastern cults, of which Christianity was just one. Its distinctive feature, however, is that it has emerged as the religion capable of giving new impetus and a new lease of life to a North African society in the throes of metamorphosis. Although the Edict of Thessalonica, promulgated by Emperor Theodosius I, is traditionally regarded by posterity as the great turning point in the relationship between pagans and Christians, it was only the culmination of a long and slow gestation period, in favor of a religion that was in turn persecuted, tolerated and then finally adopted and imposed. The anti-pagan violence that took place in North Africa of the Late Antiquity period was part of this dynamic, which involved both advances and retreats, sometimes federating in the name of a common thought that was gradually spreading, sometimes causing social disorder and the religious unrest so feared by the emperors and their high provincial officials.

Islamic historiography started evolving during the time of the rightly guided caliphs. However, it strongly emerged during the Umayyads' rule and reached its apogee during the Abbasid period. Similarly, the trend of compilation of Aḥādīth (traditions) was started during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him, his Progeny and Companions). However, that practice also reached its pinnacle during the time of the Abbasid caliphate. 'Urwah ibn az-Zubair (d. 712), therefore, is an important literary figure of early Islamic historiography as well as Tradition. Besides his intellectual prowess, he was a very devoted, pious, and intellectual personality. An axiological, analytical, and descriptive research approach has been applied in this study. This study explores and evaluates his literary contributions. Additionally, an effort has also been made to critically dissect his sīrah and ḥadīth work as well as his research methodology. The findings indicate that he may be considered among the pioneers of Islamic historiography and an impartial, upright, and honest historian.