Pollution Risk

Il presente lavoro presenta una descrizione della cartografia di rischio idrogeologico all'inquinamento prodotta in questi anni in Sicilia Occidentale, ricercando le possibili correlazioni tra i diversi parametri interessati. saranno quindi oggetto di confronto la vulnerabilità intrinseca, la qualità delle acque sotterranee e l'indice di pericolo territoriale all'inquinamento. In particolare sono stati oggetto di indagine quei settori costieri dove la prossimità -con le zone in esame -di unità carbonatiche, fortemente permeabili per fessurazione e carsismo, ha condizionato sia il regime delle acque sotterranee nelle piane alluvionali, sia la loro qualità. Saranno quindi esaminate le piane di Carini e di Palermo, con particolare riferimento alle rispettive porzioni settentrionali. I numerosi dati territoriali raccolti nei database informatizzati sono stati sottoposti a successive elaborazioni, consentendo un raffronto sia spaziale, sia temporale tra aree con differenti caratteristiche composizionali delle acque. This paper presents an overview of the hydrogeological risk mapping performed in Western Sicily in the last years, investigating the possible correlations among the different considered parameters. More in detail, comparisons will be executed among intrinsic vulnerability, groundwater quality and territorial pollution risk. In particular, Authors describe coastal sectors where outcroppings of close permeable karst conditioned groundwater regime as well as its quality. In particular, the Carini and Palermo plains will be discussed, with particular reference to their Northern sectors. The numerous territorial data, collected and organized in georeference databases, have been conveniently elaborated, allowing spatial and temporal comparisons among areas with different chemical compositions of groundwater. In questi ultimi anni la cartografia ha conosciuto aspetti innovativi, alla ricerca di rappresentazioni sintetiche del territorio che presentassero un'immediata utilità. Tutte le carte territoriali contenenti esaurienti descrizioni di tutti gli elementi, ad esempio d'interesse idrogeologico, potevano infatti apparire troppo complesse per una rapida consultazione. Una svolta decisiva avvenne tra la fine degli anni '80 ed i primi anni '90, durante i quali si avviò un processo di raccolta ed elaborazione, sintetizzandole, di numerosissime informazioni, al fine di produrre un nuovo modello di cartografia parametrica e di sintesi. Il presente contributo intende presentare i più recenti risultati dell'impegno profuso in tale

Assessment of groundwater contamination potential was carried out in Babati, Manyara, Tanzania. Diazotization, cadmium reduction, ascorbic acid, ion selective electrode and membrane filtration analytical methods were used, respectively, for nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, fluoride and microbial investigations. Fecal coliforms (FC) and high NO3 concentrations were present in wells less than 30 m deep. The maximum FC level was 280 CFU/100 ml, and the nitrate (NO3) ranged from 1.1 to 357.7 mg-NO3/l. In boreholes, nitrate concentrations ranged from 2.3 to 32.6 mg-NO3/l, below both national and WHO standards, and were all free of fecal coliform. Other parameters were all within recommended limits for all wells tested. Evaluation of the potential contamination pathways revealed that the shallow well depths ranged from 1.2 to 26.67 m – median 9 m (N = 366): 70% were unlined and 19% were uncovered. About 74% of the wells were within 30 m of sanitation facilities, of which 60% were traditional ...

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is one of the antibiotics most commonly detected in aquatic and terrestrial environments and is still widely used, especially in low income countries. SMX is assumed to be highly mobile in soils due to its intrinsic molecular properties. Ten soils with contrasting properties and representative of the catchment soil types and land uses were collected throughout the watershed, which undergoes very rapid urban development. SMX displacement experiments were carried out in repacked columns of the 10 soils to explore SMX reactive transfer (mobility and reactivity) in order to assess the contamination risk of water resources in the context of the Bolivian Altiplano. Relevant sorption processes were identified by modelling (HYDRUS-1D) considering different sorption concepts. SMX mobility was best simulated when considering irreversible sorption as well as instantaneous and rate-limited reversible sorption, depending on the soil type. SMX mobility appeared lower in soils located upstream of the watershed (organic and acidic soils-Regosol) in relation with a higher adsorption capacity compared to the soils located downstream (lower organic carbon content-Cambisol). By combining soil column experiments and soil profiles description, this study suggests that SMX can be classified as a moderately to highly mobile compound in the studied watershed, depending principally on soil properties such as pH and OC. Potential risks of surface and groundwater pollution by SMX were thus identified in the lower part of the studied catchment, threatening Lake Titicaca water quality.

Assessment of groundwater contamination potential was carried out in Babati, Manyara, Tanzania. Diazotization, cadmium reduction, ascorbic acid, ion selective electrode and membrane filtration analytical methods were used, respectively, for nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, fluoride and microbial investigations. Fecal coliforms (FC) and high NO3 concentrations were present in wells less than 30 m deep. The maximum FC level was 280 CFU/100 ml, and the nitrate (NO3) ranged from 1.1 to 357.7 mg-NO3/l. In boreholes, nitrate concentrations ranged from 2.3 to 32.6 mg-NO3/l, below both national and WHO standards, and were all free of fecal coliform. Other parameters were all within recommended limits for all wells tested. Evaluation of the potential contamination pathways revealed that the shallow well depths ranged from 1.2 to 26.67 m – median 9 m (N = 366): 70% were unlined and 19% were uncovered. About 74% of the wells were within 30 m of sanitation facilities, of which 60% were traditional ...

this paper resumes an experience of evaluation, in a karst inland area of Sicily, of the danger contamination of groundwater characterizing the investigated territories, trying to connect them with the potential and real occurring menaces of pollution. a protection tool is conveniently represented by territory mapping performed in giS environment, collecting also records of contamination sources spread in the territory and through the application of special standards for the estimation of the various risk elements. the final proposal is to furnish a useful opportunity to local administrations (municipalities, provinces, regional governments) for a reliable policy and management of their territories: in fact, they can precautionarily select suitable zones to locate or also shift particular infrastructures or settlements (sewerage networks, landfills, industrial po-les…), with reference to dangerous events potentially occurring close to water supply sources. in this paper, a Sicily test-site will be depicted, located in the mountainous Sicani belt, where karst aquifers show till now a relative good groundwater quality, together with a likely danger of an increasing contamination risk. in the selected zone, a mapping of territorial danger has been performed in giS environment.

Recent dynamics in iron ore markets are driven by rapid changes in economic activities that affect commodity markets, trade flows, and shipping activities. Time series models for the relation between these variables in Southeast Asia and the Australasian region are supplemented with models for safety and pollution risk. Steel production in China, Japan, and South Korea is related to iron ore exports and vessel activity in Australia, with an estimated time lag of about two months. The Purchasing Manager Index, which is popular among traders as indicator of economic activity, is found to have predictive power both for steel production and for iron ore exports. The growth in economic activity and vessel movements is associated with significantly higher risks for ship accidents and pollution.

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is one of the antibiotics most commonly detected in aquatic and terrestrial environments and is still widely used, especially in low income countries. SMX is assumed to be highly mobile in soils due to its intrinsic molecular properties. Ten soils with contrasting properties and representative of the catchment soil types and land uses were collected throughout the watershed, which undergoes very rapid urban development. SMX displacement experiments were carried out in repacked columns of the 10 soils to explore SMX reactive transfer (mobility and reactivity) in order to assess the contamination risk of water resources in the context of the Bolivian Altiplano. Relevant sorption processes were identified by modelling (HYDRUS-1D) considering different sorption concepts. SMX mobility was best simulated when considering irreversible sorption as well as instantaneous and rate-limited reversible sorption, depending on the soil type. SMX mobility appeared lower in soils located upstream of the watershed (organic and acidic soils-Regosol) in relation with a higher adsorption capacity compared to the soils located downstream (lower organic carbon content-Cambisol). By combining soil column experiments and soil profiles description, this study suggests that SMX can be classified as a moderately to highly mobile compound in the studied watershed, depending principally on soil properties such as pH and OC. Potential risks of surface and groundwater pollution by SMX were thus identified in the lower part of the studied catchment, threatening Lake Titicaca water quality.

this paper resumes an experience of evaluation, in a karst inland area of Sicily, of the danger contamination of groundwater characterizing the investigated territories, trying to connect them with the potential and real occurring menaces of pollution. a protection tool is conveniently represented by territory mapping performed in giS environment, collecting also records of contamination sources spread in the territory and through the application of special standards for the estimation of the various risk elements. the final proposal is to furnish a useful opportunity to local administrations (municipalities, provinces, regional governments) for a reliable policy and management of their territories: in fact, they can precautionarily select suitable zones to locate or also shift particular infrastructures or settlements (sewerage networks, landfills, industrial po-les…), with reference to dangerous events potentially occurring close to water supply sources. in this paper, a Sicily test-site will be depicted, located in the mountainous Sicani belt, where karst aquifers show till now a relative good groundwater quality, together with a likely danger of an increasing contamination risk. in the selected zone, a mapping of territorial danger has been performed in giS environment.

This paper presents the technique of constructing models of behavior algorithms of radio electronic complex system using new scheme of paths method. This technique allows estimation of efficiency indexes of Radio Electronic Complex System taking into account behavior algorithm's features, hardware and software reliability and a presence of self-diagnostics procedure.

This paper resumes an experience of evaluation, in a karst
inland area of Sicily, of the danger contamination of groundwater characterizing the investigated territories, trying to
connect them with the potential and real occurring menaces of pollution. A protection tool is conveniently represented by territory mapping performed in GIS environment,
collecting also records of contamination sources spread
in the territory and through the application of special standards for the estimation of the various risk elements.
The final proposal is to furnish a useful opportunity to local
administrations (municipalities, provinces, regional governments) for a reliable policy and management of their
territories: in fact, they can precautionarily select suitable
zones to locate or also shift particular infrastructures or
settlements (sewerage networks, landfills, industrial poles…), with reference to dangerous events potentially occurring close to water supply sources. In this paper, a Sicily test-site will be depicted, located in the mountainous
Sicani belt, where karst aquifers show till now a relative
good groundwater quality, together with a likely danger of
an increasing contamination risk. In the selected zone, a
mapping of territorial danger has been performed in GIS
environment.

RIASSUNTO Il presente lavoro presenta una descrizione della cartografia di rischio idrogeologico all'inquinamento prodotta in questi anni in Sicilia Occidentale, ricercando le possibili correlazioni tra i diversi parametri interessati. saranno quindi oggetto di confronto la vulnerabilità ...

In many articles and publications in sub-surface sciences the terms probability, vulnerability and risk are used incorrectly and interchangeably (i.e. Dao and Peduzzi 2003;, Harter and Rollins 2008;, Wen et al. 2009, Jilali et al. 2015, Denner et al. 2015). This commentary illustrates the differences between vulnerability, probability and risk.