Pollen and Spores Morphology

Pollen morphology is one of the important tools for taxonomic studies and helps in the identification of medicinal plants. Pollen characterization of four species of Jatropha viz., Jatropha gossypifolia, Jatropha integerrima, Jatropha multifida, and Jatropha podagrica. collected from Greater Hyderabad of Telangana State, India during 2022-23 was carried out by using Light Microscope (LM). The pollen types looked similar but varied in size and shape. The pollen grains are spheroidal to circular, isopolar and radially symmetrical. Grains are inapertutate/omniaperturate with surface showing crotonoid pattern. The plants studied in the present work were known for their medicinal use having antiinflammatory, antidiarrheal, antiophidian, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial, healing, antianemic, antidiabetic, and antihemorrhagic activities and most important in traditional system of medicine.

Pollen morphology is one of the important tools for the taxonomic studies and helps in the identification of medicinal plants. Pollen characterization of three species of Ocimum viz., Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum gratissimum, and Ocimum basilicum collected from Telangana region of South India during 2022 was carried out by using Light Microscope (LM). The pollen grains showed variations in size, shape, with amb spheroidal to ellipsoidal. All the species had hexacolpate pollen grains. The exine is subtectate and sporoderm ornamentation is reticulate with variations in heterobrochate conditions. The lumina varied from penta, hexa, polygonal to irregular form. The plants studied in the present work were known for their medicinal use having antibacterial and antiviral properties and most important in traditional system of medicine.

Medicinal plants play a major role in traditional system of medicine and they form a large group of economically important plants that provide the basic raw material for indigenous pharmaceuticals. Identification of the authentic original medicinal plants is utmost important for the preparation of genuine crude/raw drugs. Pollen morphology is one of the important tool for the taxonomic studies and helps in the identification of medicinal plants. Pollen characterization of five medicinal/drug yielding plants viz., Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum, Ricinus cummunis, Syzygiam cumini, and Citrus limon collected from Telangana region of South India during 2021-2022 was carried out by using Light Microscope (LM). The different species of palynotaxa showed great morphological diversity. The pollen grains showed variations in size, shape, apertural pattern and sporoderm ornamentation. The apertural pattern include tricolporate and tetracolporate forms which are of compound type. Pollen of Carum copticum, Coriandrum sativum, Ricinus communis, and Syzygium cumini, are tricolporate and Citrus limon showed tetracolporate apertural type. The exine ornamentation diversity is indicated by reticulate, psilate, and microreticulate pattern. The plants studied in the present work were known for their medicinal use in traditional system of medicine.

Productive apiaries and apicultural research for high quality and quantity of honey depend on melliferous plant variety. This study uses light microscopy to explore the palyno-taxonomic significance of bee forage plants in selected taxa from North Waziristan. Both quantitative and qualitative pollen characteristics were analyzed to aid in taxonomic identification. Key quantitative traits measured include polar and equatorial diameters, P/E ratio, exine thickness, and colpi dimensions. The largest pollen diameter was recorded in Senna italica 39.90 μm, while the smallest was in Verbesina encelioides 19.16 μm. The highest exine thickness was observed in Catharanthus roseus (2.95 μm), and the lowest in Nerium oleander 1.12 μm. The highest P/E ratio of 2.1 was found in Launaea procumbens. Pollen shape varied across species, with the most common type being oblate-spheroidal, followed by

Plant pollens and fungal spores are massively produced in natural habitats and large-scaled agricultural areas, and the airborne transported biomass can be accumulated on relatively large crop surfaces. A pollen grain contains a specific chemical composition in quantity and quality, highly varied among plant species. So, the accumulated pollens could provide a species-specific nutrient supply for the initial fungal development in a pollen trap. Thus, this could increase the variation of the pathogen infection risk in certain plants due to selection mechanisms such as host-pathogen coevolution, crop breeding or pollination type. However, the role of the pollen-stimulated spore germination and the species-specific differences in the pollen-spore interferences is still less understood. Therefore, we performed a multispecies experimental comparison (including 20 plant species) to test the role of the taxon-specific attributes (i.e. host?pathogen compatibility, cultivation, pollination type and pollen size) in the dose and temporal response of the spore germination in Botrytis cinerea. We found a strong pollen-stimulating effect on spore germination; however, the triggering effect highly varied among plant species and differed between specific functional categories across temporal and concentration gradients. Specifically, the B. cinerea hosts, the non-cultivated plants and species with larger pollen size, increased the spore germination's stimulation effects, but not the pollination type. The systematic taxonomic and functional differences might reflect indirectly the diversity of the pollens' chemical profile (i.e. composition matrix or specific trigger molecules) which different selection mechanisms might shape. In the crop-pathogen interactions, the pollen-stimulation effect could play an essential role in early fungal development.

Keragaman genetik makhluk hidup dapat dicandra melalui kenampakan morfologis. Salah satu karakter yang yang berperan penting adalah karakter serbuk sari pada tumbuhan. Serbuk sari yang kecil dapat diamati menggunakan mikroskop. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) menghasilkan gambar yang lebih jelas dan akurat. Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakter mikromorfologis kacang kratok (Phaseolus lunatus L.) dan pemanfaatannya sebagai salah satu media belajar biologi SMA. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang mendeskripsikan hasil penelitian berdasarkan beberapa literatur. Obyek kajian penelitian ini meliputi unit serbuk sari, bentuk serbuk sari, ukuran serbuk sari, apertura dan ornamentasi eksin. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kacang kratok dikategorikan sebagai tumbuhan dengan serbuk sari tipe monad, bentuk subspheroidal, ukuran medium, trikolporat, dan ornamentasi eksin retikulat. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu media belajar Sekolah Menengah Atas. ©2016 dipublikasikan oleh Bio-Edu.

The study compares the course of the spore season of Alternaria in Bialystok, Cracow, Olsztyn, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, and Wroclaw in 2020. The investigations were conducted using the volumetric method. Alternaria spore season was defined as the period in which 90% of the annual total catch occurred. The Alternaria season started first in Bialystok on May 19th and lasted on June 28th in Wroclaw. The highest airborne concentration of 1052 Alternaria spores/m3 was noted in Wroclaw on July 30th. The highest annual sum of Alternaria spores (SPI) was observed in Warsaw (19 390 spores) and the lowest in Bialystok (5769 spores). Most days, the threshold concentration inducing symptoms in allergic persons occurred in Piotrkow Trybunalski, Szczecin, and Warsaw.

Besides the well-established healthy properties of pollen, Palynology and apiculture are of extreme importance to avoid hard and fast unbalances in our ecosystems. To support such disciplines computer vision comes to aleviate tedious recognition tasks. In this paper we present an applied study of the state of the art in pattern recognition techniques to describe, analyze, and classify pollen grains in an extensive dataset specifically collected (15 types, 120 samples/type). We also propose a novel contour-inner segmentation of grains, improving 50% of accuracy. In addition to published morphological, statistical, and textural descriptors, we introduce a new descriptor to measure the grain's contour profile and a logGabor implementation not tested before for this purpose. We found a significant improvement for certain combinations of descriptors, providing an overall accuracy above 99%. Finally,

The palynology of the South American taxa Argyrochosma chilensis (J. Re  my) Windham, A. nivea (Poir.) Windham, var. nivea, var. ava (Hook.) Ponce, var. tenera (Hook. ex Gillies) Ponce and A. stuebeliana (Hieron.) Windham; N. sulphure a (Cav.) J. Sm. and N. galapagensi s Weath. & Svenson has been investigated. These species show diVerences in spore size, shape, sporoderm thickness and structure. In both genera, the exospore is psilate and the perispore has either cristate-reticulated or reticulated ornamentation, with a complex structure and strati cation. The perispore presents several characteristics useful in establishing diVerences valuable for taxonomic purposes. The investigated species of Argyrochosma have a perispore with a middle stratum composed of radial rodlets, and an outer continuous stratum, which bears the elements of the sculpture. These are independent of the inner structure. The spores of the investigated Notholaena species have a thick, complex, three-strati ed perispore, with an outer discontinuous stratum. The middle stratum is composed of threads rami ed at several levels and laterally fused. The elements of the sculpture show continuity with those of the structure. Granular material of sporopolleninous composition lls the lumina at the surface. Abnormal spores and 32 spores per sporangium were frequent in specimens of A. nivea var. nivea and N. sulphure a.

The currents study evaluated the morphology (apperture, size, perine structures and surface ornamentation) of treated spores of 45 selected fern species from the Western Ghats of India, using Scanning Electron Microspcopy (SEM). Twenty-six species of fern spores were trilete type, while 19 of them had monolete aperture types. The size of the spore were found to be highly variable (20X20µm to 60X60µm) with an average mean spore size of 44 µmX38µm. Furthermore the spores were found to have a highly diverse perine ornementaion with 11 different types of perine structures. Gammate and psilate type of perine ornamentation, and Globose and ellipsoidal spore shape were found to be the most common within the studies fern spore samples. The variability found in the spore ultrastructure and perispore ornamentation of the selected pteridophytes species reflects the morphological differences observed in the sporophyte. The spores could be an important source of characteristics with systematic value in fern taxonomy.The spore morphology of the examined pteridophytes studied common, endemic or otherwise will find a significant role in future taxonomic surveys, and other morphology, Palynology, discrimination, and identification studies of pteridophytes in the Western Ghats.

The spore morphology and wall ultrastructure of Microlepia speluncae and Pteridium arachnoideum from the Paranaense Province were analyzed with LM, SEM and TEM and a comparative analysis was carried out. In both species the spores are covered by a three-dimensional network of threads branched and fused, tangentially arranged to the surface, and some free-end threads are also seen. The species were differentiated by morphology and the frequency of threads fusion and the networks distribution on the surface of the spores. In both species the exospore is two-layered in section, both layers are traversed by single or branched channels. The perispore is three-layered in section: the inner layer is adhered to the exospore, the middle layer is formed of a three-dimensional network of threads and the outer layer is discontinuous. The perispore ultrastructure of Microlepia speluncae was interpreted as formed of helical subunits displayed around a central channel. The spore morphology and perispore ultrastructure allow differentiating Microlepia from Pteridium but also to the other Dennstaedtiaceae genera that grow in the Paranaense Province. The results obtained allow establishing relationships that let us recognize different groups and gave a new reference to get a better knowledge of the family.

Abstrak-Iklim merupakan suatu kondisi rata-rata cuaca di suatu daerah dengan jangka waktu yang relatif panjang. Iklim dapat mempengaruhi vegetasi yang berkembang di suatu daerah dalam interval waktu tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perubahan iklim dan kelembaban yang berlangsung pada waktu Holosen di daerah Danau Bandung dan lingkungan di sekitarnya melalui analisis polen. Sampel diambil menggunakan bor tanah di kedalaman 172,5-52,5 cm pada litologi penyusun yang diinterpretasi sebagai endapan Danau Bandung Purba. Sebanyak 24 contoh di kedalaman 172,5-52-5 cm telah dilakukan analisis. Perubahan iklim dan kelembaban Danau Bandung Purba disintesis dengan membandingkan kuantitas polen, spora dan endapannya. Dijumpai empat periode perubahan iklim dalam lima interval iklim pada endapan gambut yang dicirikan oleh polen montane forest seperti Podocarpaceae, dan Pinaceae, polen lowland forest seperti Commelinaceae, Moraceae, spora dari Famili Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae, dan Dennstaedtiaceae, dengan Gramineae di daerah penelitian.

The phylogenetic positions of Cheilanthes hieronymi and C. poeppigiana are tested using DNA sequences of plastid matK and rbcL markers. These South American species are historically linked to Cheilanthes marginata, now transferred to the new genus Gaga. The results showed that C. hieronymi and C. poeppigiana are located outside Gaga. The study corroborated that the morphological similarities between the two species and the genus Gaga were resulted from convergences.

of sporoderm structure were found: C. squamosa group, and a typically cheilanthoid structure with diverse sculptures in the rest of the species of Cheilanthes, i.e., C. bonariensis, C. buchtienii, C. cf. cucullans. C. obducta, and C. volcanensis. Sporophytic features such as hairs with "tongue and groove" wall cells and dixylic vascular strands are also mentioned in C. obducta. Similar spore characteristics are correlated with sporophyte morphology in some of the recognized groups. Spore-size differences, abnormalities in spore type, abortion and number of spores per sporangium (16, 32) suggest polyploidy and/or apogamy in some specimens of C. buchtienii, C. obducta, and C. squamosa, and in all The present paper is the second in a series of studies on cheilanthoid ferns prehminary to an ongoing project, "Atlas of Spores of Pteridophyta of Northwestern Argentina" (Morbelli, in prep.). Perispore structure and stratification offer some interesting substructures and variations. Previous papers (Ranker, 1989; Tryon and Lugardon, 1991) have shown that detailed analysis of the exospore and perispore can provide valuable information in cheilanthoid ferns. The aim of these papers is to characterize each species of the region from the palynological point of view and to assess whether spore morphology is useful in the systematics of the group. When necessary, sporophytic features are included for comparative analysis of species groups. Methods In the first part of this study (Morbelli and Michelena, 1989), the following species of Cheilanthes were treated: C. marginata Kunth, C. micropteris Sw., C. myriophylla Desv., C. notholaenoides (Desv.) Weath., C. pilosa Goldm., C. poeppigiana Mett. ex Kuhn, and C. pruinata Kaulf. The present paper includes the species previously recognized as part of Notholaena (Tryon, 1956; de la Sota, 1977) and later placed into Cheilanthes (Tryon and Tryon, 1982) and Astrolepis (Benham and Windham, 1992). The following taxa were analyzed:

Myrsine, a genus in the family Primulaceae, includes closely related species whose taxonomic identification is difficult. Morphological analysis of pollen grains has provided key information for the classification of Primulaceae, helping clarify the taxonomy of several genera, subgenera, and species. However, a detailed study of pollen morphology in Myrsine was still lacking. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential of pollen characters to be used for the specific delimitation of Myrsine. Acetolyzed pollen grains were examined using light microscopy and non-acetolyzed pollen grains were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains and monads of all analyzed species were isopolar, small to medium in size, and prolate spheroidal, subprolate, or prolate in shape, with (3)-4-colporate apertures, regular colpi or loxocolpi, and reticulate-granulate, granulate, rugulate-granulate, or microreticulate exine. Species considered difficult to identify based on other morphological traits were successfully distinguished using quantitative and qualitative pollen characters, confirming the importance of pollen morphology as a source of taxonomic information. Also, Myrsine stands out among genera of the subfamily Myrsinoideae because it shows great interspecific pollen variation, including two class sizes of pollen grains, three types of exine ornamentation, and exclusive loxocolporate pollen with inconspicuous endoapertures. This is the first report of loxocolporate pollen in Primulaceae.

Pollen morphology of nine taxa of Globba (Globba leucantha, G. patens, G. variabilis, G. hasseltii,, G. fecunda, G. atrosanguinea, G. aurantiaca, G. multifolia dan G. Paniculata) that collected from various fi elds in the regions of West Sumatra were examined. Four diagnostic characteristics (pollen types, shapes, apertures and ornamentations) were examined and photographed by scanning electron microscopes (SEM). There was variation of pollen characteristics between nine species of West Sumatran Globba. The pollen shape of fi ve Globba species (G. leuchanta, G. fecunda, G. atrosanguinea) was oblate. The spheroidal shapes were detected at G. variabilis, G. hasseltii dan G. multifolia. The unique prolete shape only detected at Globba patens. For aperture characteristics, the existence aperture were detected at pollens of four species (G. leuchanta G. patens G. atrosanguinea and G. aurantiaca) but was not detected at pollens of G. variabilis, G. hasseltii G. fecunda, G. multifolia, and G. paniculata. Four types of exine ornamentation characters were detected namely: echinate-retikulate at G. leuchanta, G. fecunda, and G. atrosanguinea; echinate-granulate at G. patens, G. hasseltii, G. multifolia, G. aurantiaca, and unique echinate-perforate and echinate-psilate were detected at G. variabilis and G. paniculata, respectively. All nine West Sumatran Globba species have the spina with variation in length (1.17 to 2.10 μm). These palynological data appear to be informative and useful for distingusing among species of Globba and for elucidating among Globba species.

In today's pollen morphological studies, distinction between the two aperture types, namely, porate and pororate is obscured by generalised use of the former in defining a more or less isodiametric aperture. Present study points out the precise dimensional differences and incongruence between the ecto and endoapertures (representing pore and ora respectively) which in turn dictates the true apertural nature, whether it is 'porate' or 'pororate'. In this work, pollen morphology of 10 eastern Himalayan species were studied; among them six species hitherto known for having porate condition (simple aperturate) are actually found pororate (compound aperturate) in nature. We also observed pororate condition in Symplocaceae which was known to have either porate or colporate pollens till date. Therefore, pororate aperture is now found in Cannabaceae, Urticaceae and Symplocaceae. Occurrence this apertural condition in the nine studied species reflects their most advanced/climax stage of aperture evolution. Thus, our observation deviates considerably from available information on pollen apertures of the studied plant families and consequent change in the systematic and phylogenetic interpretation of the studied species is suggested.

The study compares the yew and juniper pollen seasons in Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Cracow, Lublin, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, and Wroclaw in 2020. The investigations were conducted using the volumetric method. The yew and juniper season started in all measurement sites between February 2nd (Szczecin) and March 2nd (Lublin). The peak values of seasonal pollen count occurred between February 23rd (in Szczecin) and March 28th. The highest daily pollen count was recorded in Lublin (867 grains/m3) and the lowest pollen count in Bialystok (45 grains/m3). The highest annual totals were recorded in Lublin and Wroclaw. Most days, with a concentration equal to or above 50 grains/m3, causing symptoms in allergic patients were recorded in Lublin and Warsaw.

Pollen morphology of nine taxa of Globba (Globba leucantha, G. patens, G. variabilis, G. hasseltii,, G. fecunda, G. atrosanguinea, G. aurantiaca, G. multifolia dan G. Paniculata) that collected from various fi elds in the regions of West Sumatra were examined. Four diagnostic characteristics (pollen types, shapes, apertures and ornamentations) were examined and photographed by scanning electron microscopes (SEM). There was variation of pollen characteristics between nine species of West Sumatran Globba. The pollen shape of fi ve Globba species (G. leuchanta, G. fecunda, G. atrosanguinea) was oblate. The spheroidal shapes were detected at G. variabilis, G. hasseltii dan G. multifolia. The unique prolete shape only detected at Globba patens. For aperture characteristics, the existence aperture were detected at pollens of four species (G. leuchanta G. patens G. atrosanguinea and G. aurantiaca) but was not detected at pollens of G. variabilis, G. hasseltii G. fecunda, G. multifolia, and G. paniculata. Four types of exine ornamentation characters were detected namely: echinate-retikulate at G. leuchanta, G. fecunda, and G. atrosanguinea; echinate-granulate at G. patens, G. hasseltii, G. multifolia, G. aurantiaca, and unique echinate-perforate and echinate-psilate were detected at G. variabilis and G. paniculata, respectively. All nine West Sumatran Globba species have the spina with variation in length (1.17 to 2.10 μm). These palynological data appear to be informative and useful for distingusing among species of Globba and for elucidating among Globba species.

This research aimed to know the characteristic and viability of 38 frangipani varieties’ pollen (Plumeria spp.) in Bali. The observation of pollen’s character used acetolysis method, whereas the observation of pollen’s viability used 1 % color of aniline blue. The measurement was done by micrometry. The result of the observation toward 38 frangipani varieties showed the variety of the length of polar axis between 36,48 ± 4,91 – 57,87 ± 3,89 µm, diameter of equatorial  between 30,18 ± 4,64 – 55,24 ± 5,52 µm, index P/E between 0,85 ± 0,10 – 1,42 ± 0,13, and also pollen’s viability in the amount of 21,51 %. The highest percentage of pollen’s viability was found in variety of P. alba L. 'Snow White' in the amount of 42,31 whereas the lowest was found in variety of P. rubra L. 'Red Ajanta'. Based on index P/E, the pollen of frangipani could be divided into group subpheroidal to prolat. Based on the length of polar axis, the pollen of frangipani could be divided into group...

The study compares the course of the spore season of Alternaria in Bialystok, Cracow, Olsztyn, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, and Wroclaw in 2020. The investigations were conducted using the volumetric method. Alternaria spore season was defined as the period in which 90% of the annual total catch occurred. The Alternaria season started first in Bialystok on May 19th and lasted on June 28th in Wroclaw. The highest airborne concentration of 1052 Alternaria spores/m3 was noted in Wroclaw on July 30th. The highest annual sum of Alternaria spores (SPI) was observed in Warsaw (19 390 spores) and the lowest in Bialystok (5769 spores). Most days, the threshold concentration inducing symptoms in allergic persons occurred in Piotrkow Trybunalski, Szczecin, and Warsaw.

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) is the only species of the genus Gnetum that is quickly grown and cultivated in Indonesia. Melinjo is also an economically valuable plant, and the most famous product is emping as a potential small industrial sector commodity and brightly projected in the development of non-oil and gas exports. However, taxonomic studies of pollen morphology of Melinjo are rare, and the pollen fertility needs to study to increase Melinjo production and answer the demand for seeds.   Morphological characterization can be used for taxonomic studies such as The Pollen Dispersal Units (PDUs), polarity, shape, symmetry, apertura, and skulptur (ornamentation) (Hasanuddin, 2018). Melinjo pollen has a level of germination (if it did without treatment pra-germination) only 1 – 2% during six months, and reach 100% during 12 months (World Agroforesty, 2021). Further, if pollen is saved in an organic liquid, it can increase the level of germination during 11 weeks to reach 80,63% (Kai...

Melastoma L. is a type genus of Melastomataceae. Melastoma malabthricum is the type with the widest area of spread compared with other species in the genus Melastoma. This research aim to study pollen morphological ultrastructure of Melastoma. Research carried out with collecting species which include to Melastoma with survey methode. Pollen morphological ultrastructure observation used Scanning Electron Microscope Type JSM-IT-200. Pollen sample obtained from the flowers collection where not yet anthesis. In Laboratory  polen was fixation, dehidration and coating then observed with electrone microscope to taken pollen photo and identification. Two species are prolate spheroidal that are M. malabathricum dan M. tebauchina. Four species are oblate spheroidal that are M. setigerum, M. baccarianum, M.minahasae dan M. malabathricum var. malabathricum. The results scanning electron microscope from six species Melastoma seen only have aperture like a gap called colpus with amount variation...

The study compares the course of the spore season of Alternaria in Bialystok, Cracow, Olsztyn, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, and Wroclaw in 2020. The investigations were conducted using the volumetric method. Alternaria spore season was defined as the period in which 90% of the annual total catch occurred. The Alternaria season started first in Bialystok on May 19th and lasted on June 28th in Wroclaw. The highest airborne concentration of 1052 Alternaria spores/m3 was noted in Wroclaw on July 30th. The highest annual sum of Alternaria spores (SPI) was observed in Warsaw (19 390 spores) and the lowest in Bialystok (5769 spores). Most days, the threshold concentration inducing symptoms in allergic persons occurred in Piotrkow Trybunalski, Szczecin, and Warsaw.

Streszczenie: Celem pracy było porównanie wartości stężeń zarodników grzybów mikroskopowych z rodzaju Alternaria w 2014 r. w powietrzu Szczecina, Warszawy, Zielonej Góry, Białegostoku, Krakowa, Poznania i Lublina. Pomiary stężenia zarodników prowadzono metodą objętościową z zastosowaniem aparatu Burkard oraz Lanzoni 2000. Sezon zarodnikowy wyznaczono jako okres, w którym w powietrzu występuje 90% rocznej sumy zarodników grzybów z rodzaju Alternaria. Najwcześniej rozpoczął się on w Szczecinie (29 kwietnia), a w pozostałych miastach w ciągu następnych pięciu tygodni.

The spore morphology and wall ultrastructure of Microlepia speluncae and Pteridium arachnoideum from the Paranaense Province were analyzed with LM, SEM and TEM and a comparative analysis was carried out. In both species the spores are covered by a three-dimensional network of threads branched and fused, tangentially arranged to the surface, and some free-end threads are also seen. The species were differentiated by morphology and the frequency of threads fusion and the networks distribution on the surface of the spores. In both species the exospore is two-layered in section, both layers are traversed by single or branched channels. The perispore is three-layered in section: the inner layer is adhered to the exospore, the middle layer is formed of a three-dimensional network of threads and the outer layer is discontinuous. The perispore ultrastructure of Microlepia speluncae was interpreted as formed of helical subunits displayed around a central channel. The spore morphology and per...

Spores of Oedipodium griffithianum are studied under SEM and TEM, revealing a unique combination of characters: distinct trilete laesura, distal surface densely covered by club-shaped papillae often fused by their distal parts, perine mostly eroded and fallen off in the mature spores, and layer between exine and intine strongly variable in size and texture between distal and proximal hemisphere. This layer is homogeneous or occasionally totally absent at distal pole, lamellose in equatorial region in sections of fully developed spores, while indistinctly lamellose to homogeneous in a slightly premature spores; in the proximal hemisphere and in laesura it is thick and has complex structure. In somewhat premature spores an electron dense perine is observed upon exine, but it seems to easily fall off during spore maturation, so fully mature spores almost lack perine like in Bruchia brevifolia. Oedipodium is similar to Sphagnopsida in distinct laesura, unstable perine and complex multilaminate innermost layer of exine, a remnant of tripartite lamella. Резюме Споры Oedipodium griffithianum изучены с помощью сканирующего и трансмиссионного электронных микроскопов, что позволило выявить уникальную комбинацию признаков, включающую: хорошо выраженную трилетную лезуру на проксимальной полусфере; столбиковидную скульптуру дистальной полусферы, вершины столбиков часто сливаются в небольшие фрагменты сетчатой скульптуры; периспорий нестойкий, легко стирающийся по мере высыпания спор из коробочки, представлен электронно-темными гранулами, изменчивыми по размерам и форме; срединный слой (производное трехчастной пластинки, TPL) между экзоспорием и эндоспорием, который слабо представлен на дистальной полусфере, где он гомогенный, хорошо выражен в месте перехода на проксимальную полусферу. Здесь срединный слой имеет четкую мультиламеллятную структуру, а далее, на проксимальной стороне он становится сильно утолщенным, размыто-волокнистым и особо сложно устроенным под лезурой. У недоразвитых спор срединный слой в экваториальной части может не иметь отчетливых ламелл, а периспорий может быть богато представлен особенно на проксимальной полусфере. Споры Oedipodium напоминают споры Sphagnopsida хорошо развитой лезурой, нестойким периспорием и сложным ламеллатным строением внутреннего слоя экзины, производного TPL. С другой стороны, по участию в формировании скульптуры экзоспория и отсутствию периспория в зрелом состоянии Oedipodium имеет сходство с видами рода Bruchia.

The spore morphology and wall ultrastructure of Microlepia speluncae and Pteridium arachnoideum from the Paranaense Province were analyzed with LM, SEM and TEM and a comparative analysis was carried out. In both species the spores are covered by a three-dimensional network of threads branched and fused, tangentially arranged to the surface, and some free-end threads are also seen. The species were differentiated by morphology and the frequency of threads fusion and the networks distribution on the surface of the spores. In both species the exospore is two-layered in section, both layers are traversed by single or branched channels. The perispore is three-layered in section: the inner layer is adhered to the exospore, the middle layer is formed of a three-dimensional network of threads and the outer layer is discontinuous. The perispore ultrastructure of Microlepia speluncae was interpreted as formed of helical subunits displayed around a central channel. The spore morphology and per...

Pollen and spore fossil of Pliocene sedimentary (Tapak Formation) have been used as a guidance for prediction (bioprediction) of climate change which happened at Pliocene age in Banyumas. Geomorphological and vegetation changes happenin conformity with climate changes. By knowing pollen and shpore fossils, we can know thetype of vegetation whichproduce it. Then pollen and shprore fossils which found widelyon the sedimentary rock is an exact way for tracing of climate change which had happened. The aimof this research is to explore bioprediction method base on polen andsphore data, to know morphological change which happened because of climate change on Plioceneage in Banyumas. This research consist of field and labolatory work. Field work is for taking rock sample andmaking stratigraphic collumn. Labolatory work consist of making plate from the samples using asetolisis methode, identification and clasification of fosils and palynology analisis. The result of the research show that t...

The settling velocity of diaspores is a key parameter for the measurement of dispersal ability in wind-dispersed plants and one of the most relevant parameters in explicit dispersal models, but remains largely undocumented in bryophytes. The settling velocities of moss spores were measured and it was determined whether settling velocities can be derived from spore diameter using Stokes' Law or if specific traits of spore ornamentation cause departures from theoretical expectations. A fall tower design combined with a high-speed camera was used to document spore settling velocities in nine moss species selected to cover the range of spore diameters within the group. Linear mixed effect models were employed to determine whether settling velocity can be predicted from spore diameter, taking specific variation in shape and surface roughness into account. Average settling velocity of moss spores ranged from 0·49 to 8·52 cm s(-1) There was a significant positive relationship between s...

The study compares the course of the spore season of Alternaria in Bialystok, Cracow, Olsztyn, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, and Wroclaw in 2020. The investigations were conducted using the volumetric method. Alternaria spore season was defined as the period in which 90% of the annual total catch occurred. The Alternaria season started first in Bialystok on May 19th and lasted on June 28th in Wroclaw. The highest airborne concentration of 1052 Alternaria spores/m3 was noted in Wroclaw on July 30th. The highest annual sum of Alternaria spores (SPI) was observed in Warsaw (19 390 spores) and the lowest in Bialystok (5769 spores). Most days, the threshold concentration inducing symptoms in allergic persons occurred in Piotrkow Trybunalski, Szczecin, and Warsaw.

Coleus scutellarioides is Labiatae. It have much varieties based on the leave shapes and colors. In the identification is not enough based on morpho-logical organ characters, but it can also based on the pollen morphology. The purpose of this study to determine the pollen morphology of seven varieties of Coleus scutellarioides. The research was conducted in the laboratory of Botany Department of Biology, State University of Padang, in April-May 2012. Seven varieties of Coleus used came from Padang Panjang and Lintau Buo. Pollen taken from bloomed flowers and it made be slides used acetolisis methods and 1% safranin staining method. Data were analyzed descriptively included pollen unit, polarity, symmetrically, size, shape, aperture, and the shape of pollen surface. The seven Coleus pollen varieties have similirity of the type of monad pollen unit, polarity isopolar type, radial symmetry, type colpate with 6 aperture located in the equatorial (Stephano), and reticulate surface-shaped...

The development of the Mekong River, although poorly constrained, plays a key role in our understanding of South China Sea drainage evolution. Here we attempt to improve our understanding of this evolution using a fungal spore record in the southwestern South China Sea at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1433. We present the variety of fungal morphologies extracted from the sediments and investigate their possible relationships with paleoenvironmental changes based on types, concentration and flux changes. Overall, > 30 morphologic types were found and are grouped into three basic assemblages: single-, double-and multi-celled spores. The spore fluxes continuously increase up-section, along with their diversity, although there are strong shorter fluctuations. One notable step in evolution is recorded at ca. 8 Ma. We argue that the trends in fungal flux are mainly linked to the strengthened terrestrial biomass input driven by tectonics rather than paleoclimate change and that this event is mainly linked to onset of the Mekong River in its present location.

Coleus scutellarioides is Labiatae. It have much varieties based on the leave shapes and colors. In the identification is not enough based on morpho-logical organ characters, but it can also based on the pollen morphology. The purpose of this study to determine the pollen morphology of seven varieties of Coleus scutellarioides. The research was conducted in the laboratory of Botany Department of Biology, State University of Padang, in April-May 2012. Seven varieties of Coleus used came from Padang Panjang and Lintau Buo. Pollen taken from bloomed flowers and it made be slides used acetolisis methods and 1% safranin staining method. Data were analyzed descriptively included pollen unit, polarity, symmetrically, size, shape, aperture, and the shape of pollen surface. The seven Coleus pollen varieties have similirity of the type of monad pollen unit, polarity isopolar type, radial symmetry, type colpate with 6 aperture located in the equatorial (Stephano), and reticulate surface-shaped...

The palynology of the South American taxa Argyrochosma chilensis (J. Re  my) Windham, A. nivea (Poir.) Windham, var. nivea, var. ava (Hook.) Ponce, var. tenera (Hook. ex Gillies) Ponce and A. stuebeliana (Hieron.) Windham; N. sulphure a (Cav.) J. Sm. and N. galapagensi s Weath. & Svenson has been investigated. These species show diVerences in spore size, shape, sporoderm thickness and structure. In both genera, the exospore is psilate and the perispore has either cristate-reticulated or reticulated ornamentation, with a complex structure and strati cation. The perispore presents several characteristics useful in establishing diVerences valuable for taxonomic purposes. The investigated species of Argyrochosma have a perispore with a middle stratum composed of radial rodlets, and an outer continuous stratum, which bears the elements of the sculpture. These are independent of the inner structure. The spores of the investigated Notholaena species have a thick, complex, three-strati ed perispore, with an outer discontinuous stratum. The middle stratum is composed of threads rami ed at several levels and laterally fused. The elements of the sculpture show continuity with those of the structure. Granular material of sporopolleninous composition lls the lumina at the surface. Abnormal spores and 32 spores per sporangium were frequent in specimens of A. nivea var. nivea and N. sulphure a.

Samples from outcrops of the Miocene Solimões and Barreiras formations from the central and coastal Amazon regions of Brazil were analyzed palynologically. Assemblages of fossil fungi were identified, and are described herein, and their relevance to paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic studies in tropical regions discussed. The fungal assemblage comprises four spore groups, 19 species belonging to 12 genera. Additionally, two new species are proposed. The samples from the Solimões Formation contain the following taxa:Mediaverrunites elsikii,Mediaverrunites mulleri,Monoporisporitessp.,Fusiformisporites crabbii, andMulticellites cingulatus. The presence of these suggests river channel margins colonized by freshwater vegetation, where seasonal fluctuations of water table and rainfall produce wetter substrates. The samples from the Barreiras Formation showed higher species and generic diversity than those from the Solimões Formation withHypoxylonites minutus,Hypoxylonsporites ater, Hypo...

The genus Tectaria can be distinguished by its erect rhizomes, blades simple to mostly pinnatifid or 1-2pinnate, veins netted, often with free, included sometimes forked veinlets, sori abaxial and rounded to oblong, rarely the sporangial in continuous marginal coenosori . It is a pantropical genus, about 230 species [2], mostly developed in Southeast Asia and adjacent Pacific islands; there are 25-30 species in America, mostly of South America. They generally live on limestone at low elevations, in wet forests. The aim of this work was to study the morphology of the spores of Tectaria athyrioides (Baker) C. Chr., T. draconoptera (D. C. Eaton) Copel., T. heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw., T. incisa Cav., T. aff. incisa Cav., T. junglandifolia (Baker) C. Chr., T. mexicana (Fée) C. V. Morton, T. panamensis (Hook.) R. M. Tryon & A. F. Tryon, T. rufovillosa (Rosenst.) C. Chr., T. transiens (C. V. Morton) A. R. Sm., and T. vivipara, as a contribution to the knowledge of the genus to ascertain its utility for the delimitation of close species.

The first Holocene record of the freshwater ascomycete Megalohypha aqua-dulces from the sediment core Kongor (NE Iran) is presented here. Based on the similarity of the spore morphology with the fossil form genus Fusiformisporites, we establish a link between extant and fossil taxa. Comparative analysis of morphological characteristics of fossil spores of Fusiformisporites indicates that several different fungal groups might be included in this form genus. At least five species of Fusiformisporites share similar morphology with spores of Megalohypha aqua-dulces: Fusiformisporites annafrancescae, Fusiformisporites crabbii, Fusiformisporites keralensis, Fusiformisporites paucistriatus, and Fusiformisporites pseudocrabbii. Based on Fusiformisporites, the evolution of Megalohypha aqua-dulces can be traced to the late Cretaceous, corresponding with diversification of the flowering plants and pointing to a co-evolution of both groups. Megalohypha aqua-dulces has a tropical to subtropical distribution but also occurs in the semi-arid steppe environments of Kongor together with other freshwater fungal genera such as Xylomyces, Dictyosporium, and Sporoschisma, which spores we describe here. The ecological requirements of Megalohypha indicate that its spores can be used for the palaeoecological sign of dead submerged wood as well as of tropical to subtropical conditions.

The currents study evaluated the morphology (apperture, size, perine structures and surface ornamentation) of treated spores of 45 selected fern species from the Western Ghats of India, using Scanning Electron Microspcopy (SEM). Twenty-six species of fern spores were trilete type, while 19 of them had monolete aperture types. The size of the spore were found to be highly variable (20X20µm to 60X60µm) with an average mean spore size of 44 µmX38µm. Further more the spores were found to have a highly diverse perine ornementaion with 11 different types of perine structures. Gammate and psilatetype of perine ornamentation,and Globose and ellipsoidal spore shape were found to be the most common within the studies fern spore samples.The variability found in the spore ultra structure and perispore ornamentation of the selected pteridophytes species reflects the morphological differences observed in the sporophyte. The spores could be an important source of characteristics with systematic va...

Almost all the species of the Chenopodiaceae family present in our flora flower from July–August to the autumn. Unfortunately, allergies do not take a vacation. Warm, dry July and August weather should limit pollen emissions. However, similarly to most plants in dry habitats, goosefoot are well adapted to such conditions and does not provide even a short reprieve to pollen allergic patients. However, goosefoot pollen does not have a very large allergenic significance; despite the long pollen season lasting about 3 months, pollen concentrations in the air are low and very rarely exceed the concentration of 30 grains/m3. This study compares Chenopodiaceae pollen seasons in Poland, Hungary and Slovakia in 2019. The investigations were carried out using the volumetric method (Hirst type pollen sampler). Seasonal pollen index was estimated as the sum of daily average pollen concentrations in the given season. The pollen season ranges from June to September, depending on the geographical ...

The aim of the study was to compare the concentration of Alternaria spores in the cities of Poznan, Bydgoszcz, Sosnowiec, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Olsztyn, Opole, Warsaw, Zielona Gora, Lublin and Szczecin in 2015. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Hirst). Alternaria season was defined as the period in which 90% of the annual total catch occurred. The Alternaria season started first in Bydgoszcz on the 27 th May and in the other cities it started during the next four weeks. The highest airborne concentration of 900 Alternaria spores × m-3 was noted in Lublin on the 4 th July.

The Acanthaceae is a large pantropical family of about 229 genera and nearly 3450 species. About 70 genera and 340 species have been reported from India. It represents a typical eurypalynous family showing a broad range of pollen morphotypes. Palynological observations were carried out of 14 species collected from various localities of Midnapore area of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal with the aim of improving knowledge of the palynology in this family. A significant number of species are also very potential bee plants and those are medicinally important too. Pollen morphological studies of the family are therefore very significant to identify the pollen grains present in honey samples and pollen pellets collected by honeybees.

The Acanthaceae is a large pantropical family of about 229 genera and nearly 3450 species. About 70 genera and 340 species have been reported from India. It represents a typical eurypalynous family showing a broad range of pollen morphotypes. Palynological observations were carried out of 14 species collected from various localities of Midnapore area of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal with the aim of improving knowledge of the palynology in this family. A significant number of species are also very potential bee plants and those are medicinally important too. Pollen morphological studies of the family are therefore very significant to identify the pollen grains present in honey samples and pollen pellets collected by honeybees.

The currents study evaluated the morphology (apperture, size, perine structures and surface ornamentation) of treated spores of 45 selected fern species from the Western Ghats of India, using Scanning Electron Microspcopy (SEM). Twenty-six species of fern spores were trilete type, while 19 of them had monolete aperture types. The size of the spore were found to be highly variable (20X20μm to 60X60μm) with an average mean spore size of 44 μmX38μm. Furthermore the spores were found to have a highly diverse perine ornementaion with 11 different types of perine structures. Gammate and psilate type of perine ornamentation, and Globose and ellipsoidal spore shape were found to be the most common within the studies fern spore samples. The variability found in the spore ultrastructure and perispore ornamentation of the selected pteridophytes species reflects the morphological differences observed in the sporophyte. The spores could be an important source of characteristics with systematic v...

The aim of the study was to compare the concentration of Alternaria spores in the cities of Poznan, Bydgoszcz, Sosnowiec, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Olsztyn, Opole, Warsaw, Zielona Gora, Lublin and Szczecin in 2015. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Hirst). Alternaria season was defined as the period in which 90% of the annual total catch occurred. The Alternaria season started first in Bydgoszcz on the 27 th May and in the other cities it started during the next four weeks. The highest airborne concentration of 900 Alternaria spores × m-3 was noted in Lublin on the 4 th July.

Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A.R. Sm. is considered the most widespread species in the genus. It has been recorded from south of Mexico to Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil. Here, we expand its distribution by reporting a new record from Salta province, Argentina, based on material that was previously misidentified as S. polystichum (Link) A.R. Sm. We compare the S. triseriale and S. polystichum with their relatives (S. attenuatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) A.R. Sm., and S. rex Schwartsb. & A.R. Sm.), providing photographs of the plants in the field, SEM images of the spores and light photos of the rhizome scales to discriminate S. rex from S. triseriale. In addition, distributional records are included.

4530 years. There are Arboreal Pollen (AP) i.e. Anonaceae 43.75% and Spores i.e. Polypodiaceae 33%, so it is interpreted as hot and wet climate, PMI = 118 and Diversity Index 2. Zone IV is the youngest layer of 2265now. It has the most dominant percentage of Arboreal Pollen (AP), Anonaceae as much as 44% and an increase in the presence of spores i.e. Acrostichum aureum taxes as much as 41.2%, PMI = 128.25 and has a Diversity Index of 1.