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Figure 1 - Spores of Microlepia speluncae with LM (a-c) and SEM (d-i). a. Spore in proximal view. Scale bar = 10 um. b. Spore in distal view. Scale bar = 10 pm. ¢e. Spore in equatorial view. Scale bar = 10 um. d. S pore in proximal view. The spore surface bears a three-dimensional network of branching threads. Spheroids are observed (arrow) Scale bar = 10 um. e. Detail of the proximal view. The laesurae are partially covered of threads. An irregular surface below the = 6 um. f. Spore in distal view. The ornamentation is formed of a three-dimensiona threads network is observed (circle). Scale bar network of fused and ramified thread (circle). Some threads, oriented perpendicular to the surface are evident, which are higher on the spore sides (arrows). Scale bar = 10 pm. g. Detail of the distal surface, formed of threads tangentially (circle) and perpendicular (arrow) oriented. Some of the last ones are fused at the top to form spinules (arrowhead). Scale bar = 6 um. h. Spore in d istal view. A granular layer covers the threads background, and only the perpendicular threads can be observed (arrow). Threads tangentially oriented to the spore surface are only visible where the granular layer is not present (circle). i. Detail of the distal surfac are evident (arrow). Scale bar = 5 um. e. The tips of the threads tangentially oriented

Figure 1 - Spores of Microlepia speluncae with LM (a-c) and SEM (d-i). a. Spore in proximal view. Scale bar = 10 um. b. Spore in distal view. Scale bar = 10 pm. ¢e. Spore in equatorial view. Scale bar = 10 um. d. S pore in proximal view. The spore surface bears a three-dimensional network of branching threads. Spheroids are observed (arrow) Scale bar = 10 um. e. Detail of the proximal view. The laesurae are partially covered of threads. An irregular surface below the = 6 um. f. Spore in distal view. The ornamentation is formed of a three-dimensiona threads network is observed (circle). Scale bar network of fused and ramified thread (circle). Some threads, oriented perpendicular to the surface are evident, which are higher on the spore sides (arrows). Scale bar = 10 pm. g. Detail of the distal surface, formed of threads tangentially (circle) and perpendicular (arrow) oriented. Some of the last ones are fused at the top to form spinules (arrowhead). Scale bar = 6 um. h. Spore in d istal view. A granular layer covers the threads background, and only the perpendicular threads can be observed (arrow). Threads tangentially oriented to the spore surface are only visible where the granular layer is not present (circle). i. Detail of the distal surfac are evident (arrow). Scale bar = 5 um. e. The tips of the threads tangentially oriented

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Figure 2 - Spores of Pteridium arachnoideum with LM (a-c) and SEM (d-g). a. Spore in proximal view. Scale bar = 10 um. b. Spore in distal view. Scale bar = 10 um. ec. Spore in equatorial view. Scale bar = 10 pm. d. Spore in proximal view. Short threads with spinulate tips (arrow) are fused to form agglomerations (circle). The ornamentation covers the laesura (arrowhead). Scale bar = 10 um. e. Spore in distal view. The threads (arrows) are distributed at random on the spore surface and areas with big agglomerations of them are observed (circle). Scale bar = 5 um. f. Surface detail in proximal view. Fused threads (arrow) form agglomerations (circle). Scale bar = 5 um. g. Detail of the surface in distal view. The threads are ramified and fused to form a massive network (arrow). Dispersed spheroids are observed (circle) Scale bar = 2 um.
Figure 2 - Spores of Pteridium arachnoideum with LM (a-c) and SEM (d-g). a. Spore in proximal view. Scale bar = 10 um. b. Spore in distal view. Scale bar = 10 um. ec. Spore in equatorial view. Scale bar = 10 pm. d. Spore in proximal view. Short threads with spinulate tips (arrow) are fused to form agglomerations (circle). The ornamentation covers the laesura (arrowhead). Scale bar = 10 um. e. Spore in distal view. The threads (arrows) are distributed at random on the spore surface and areas with big agglomerations of them are observed (circle). Scale bar = 5 um. f. Surface detail in proximal view. Fused threads (arrow) form agglomerations (circle). Scale bar = 5 um. g. Detail of the surface in distal view. The threads are ramified and fused to form a massive network (arrow). Dispersed spheroids are observed (circle) Scale bar = 2 um.
PS: Shape in polar view; ES: Shape in equatorial view; PD: polar diameter; DE: Equatorial diameter; >: Mayor; <: Minor. Characteristics of Micolepia speluncae and Pteridium arachnoideum spores. TABLE I Sporoderm ultrastructure The exospore of Microlepia speluncae and Pteridi-
PS: Shape in polar view; ES: Shape in equatorial view; PD: polar diameter; DE: Equatorial diameter; >: Mayor; <: Minor. Characteristics of Micolepia speluncae and Pteridium arachnoideum spores. TABLE I Sporoderm ultrastructure The exospore of Microlepia speluncae and Pteridi-
Figure 3 - Spores of Microlepia speluncae with TEM (a-b, d-e, g) and SEM (ce, f). a. In this picture, the inner exospore (iE) is thin, with a homogeneous structure and low electron-density. Spheroids with the same ultrastructure and electron-density than perispore are observed (asterisk). Outer exospore (0E), inner perispore (iP), medium perispore (mP), outer perispore (oP). Scale bar = 0.4 um. b. Section through the sporoderm, where: (0E,, shows short channels, fissures and cavities filled with an electron-dense material; and (oE, is thicker than the inner one, with irregular outer margin and homogeneous structure. The perispore (P) is formed of threads tangential (arrows) and perpendicular oriented (arrowheads). Scale bar = 0.4 um. ec. Sporoderm fracture with SEM. The Perispore (P) threads cover the exospore (E). Scale bar = 1 tum. d. Section through the lesurae. In the inner stratum fissures and cavities filled with an electron-dense material (arrow) are present (oE,). The outer stratum (oE,) is thicker than oE,, with ar irregular margin, homogeneous structure, and has channels (arrowhead). The inner perispore (iP) is thin; the middle perispore (mP) has threads with a central core and peripheral area more electron-denser than middle area (scheme). Scale bar = 0.4 um. e. The medium layer (mP) forms a three-dimensional network of threads. The outer layer (oP), is discontinuous; low electron-dense and shows an homogeneous structure. Threads can be fused at the tip (circle). Exospore (E). Scale bar = 0.1 pm. f. The threads of the ornamentation are fused and form a tangential network (arrowhead), with some perpendicular elements (arrows). The perpendicular threads could fuse at the top forming spinules (circles) Scale bar = 2 um. g. Section through the sporoderm at a spore corner. The threads (arrow) have a central core and a periphery more electron-denser than the medium area (scheme). Some threads are fused (arrowhead). Scale bar = 0.4 um. P = Perispore.
Figure 3 - Spores of Microlepia speluncae with TEM (a-b, d-e, g) and SEM (ce, f). a. In this picture, the inner exospore (iE) is thin, with a homogeneous structure and low electron-density. Spheroids with the same ultrastructure and electron-density than perispore are observed (asterisk). Outer exospore (0E), inner perispore (iP), medium perispore (mP), outer perispore (oP). Scale bar = 0.4 um. b. Section through the sporoderm, where: (0E,, shows short channels, fissures and cavities filled with an electron-dense material; and (oE, is thicker than the inner one, with irregular outer margin and homogeneous structure. The perispore (P) is formed of threads tangential (arrows) and perpendicular oriented (arrowheads). Scale bar = 0.4 um. ec. Sporoderm fracture with SEM. The Perispore (P) threads cover the exospore (E). Scale bar = 1 tum. d. Section through the lesurae. In the inner stratum fissures and cavities filled with an electron-dense material (arrow) are present (oE,). The outer stratum (oE,) is thicker than oE,, with ar irregular margin, homogeneous structure, and has channels (arrowhead). The inner perispore (iP) is thin; the middle perispore (mP) has threads with a central core and peripheral area more electron-denser than middle area (scheme). Scale bar = 0.4 um. e. The medium layer (mP) forms a three-dimensional network of threads. The outer layer (oP), is discontinuous; low electron-dense and shows an homogeneous structure. Threads can be fused at the tip (circle). Exospore (E). Scale bar = 0.1 pm. f. The threads of the ornamentation are fused and form a tangential network (arrowhead), with some perpendicular elements (arrows). The perpendicular threads could fuse at the top forming spinules (circles) Scale bar = 2 um. g. Section through the sporoderm at a spore corner. The threads (arrow) have a central core and a periphery more electron-denser than the medium area (scheme). Some threads are fused (arrowhead). Scale bar = 0.4 um. P = Perispore.
Figure 4 - Spores of Pteridium arachnoideum with SEM (e) and TEM (a-d, f). a. The threads of perispore are fused in massive networks (asterisk). The inner exospore (iE) is thin, with homogeneous structure. The inner stratum of the outer exospore fissures and short, ramified channels (circle). The channels (arrows) of the outer stratum (oE,) are continuous with the (P). 2.3 min in Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.2 um. b. Section through the lesurae. The inner exospore (iE) can be seen at the lesura channels of the outer exospore are ramified (circle) and show continuity with that of the perispore (arrow). Perispore (P). Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.1 um. oE = outer exospore. c. The inner perispore (iP) is homogeneous and it is attached to the exos middle perispore (mP) is formed of threads. The threads (arrow) have verrucose margin, narrow and fused tips. The outer (oP) is discontinuous, with low electron-density. Exospore (E). 2.3 min in Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.5 um. d. Cavities filled with dense material are observed among threads in the network (arrow). Inner perispore (iP); middle perispore (mP); outer (oE,) has perispore base. The 5 min in pore. The perispore electron- perispore (oP); exospore (E). 2.3 min in Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.1 um. e. Wall fracture with SEM. Threads of perispore (P) cover the exospore (E). Scale bar = 0.2 um. f. Spheroids are observed in the perispore (arrow). They have a central core like exospore, which is covered by a substance similar to that of the perispore. Perispore (P). Exospore (E). 5 min in Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.2 um.
Figure 4 - Spores of Pteridium arachnoideum with SEM (e) and TEM (a-d, f). a. The threads of perispore are fused in massive networks (asterisk). The inner exospore (iE) is thin, with homogeneous structure. The inner stratum of the outer exospore fissures and short, ramified channels (circle). The channels (arrows) of the outer stratum (oE,) are continuous with the (P). 2.3 min in Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.2 um. b. Section through the lesurae. The inner exospore (iE) can be seen at the lesura channels of the outer exospore are ramified (circle) and show continuity with that of the perispore (arrow). Perispore (P). Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.1 um. oE = outer exospore. c. The inner perispore (iP) is homogeneous and it is attached to the exos middle perispore (mP) is formed of threads. The threads (arrow) have verrucose margin, narrow and fused tips. The outer (oP) is discontinuous, with low electron-density. Exospore (E). 2.3 min in Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.5 um. d. Cavities filled with dense material are observed among threads in the network (arrow). Inner perispore (iP); middle perispore (mP); outer (oE,) has perispore base. The 5 min in pore. The perispore electron- perispore (oP); exospore (E). 2.3 min in Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.1 um. e. Wall fracture with SEM. Threads of perispore (P) cover the exospore (E). Scale bar = 0.2 um. f. Spheroids are observed in the perispore (arrow). They have a central core like exospore, which is covered by a substance similar to that of the perispore. Perispore (P). Exospore (E). 5 min in Pb-c. Scale bar = 0.2 um.
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