Polish Language

Od lat dziewięćdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku sukcesywnie rozwija się w polskim literaturoznawstwie refleksja dotycząca specyfiki twórczości kobiet. Obejmuje ona szerokie spektrum problemów: od podejmowanych tematów, przez odrębność języka, po postrzeganie ciała czy kulturowych ról. Wyodrębnienie krytyki feministycznej, czerpiącej z nurtu rozwijającego się w badaniach amerykańskich i zachodnioeuropejskich, przynosi w Polsce ważne ujęcia tych zagadnień, między innymi w publikacjach Ewy Kraskowskiej, Ingi Iwasiów, Grażyny Borkowskiej, Anny Nasiłowskiej i Moniki Świerkosz. Obszernie komentowane są książki eseistyczne inspirowane nurtem feministycznym, jak na przykład Marii Janion Kobiety i duch inności czy Jolanty Brach-Czainy Szczeliny istnienia i Błony umysłu. Obecność women's studies i gender studies w polskich uczelniach, w naukowym dyskursie prowokuje także do rozważań, w jaki sposób wykorzystanie perspektywy płciowej zmienia badania literaturoznawcze1. Do stawiania pytań i rozwijania refleksji na temat twórczości kobiet, zasadności samych kategorii i do definiowania pojęć skłania oczywiście również intensywna obecność autorek na rynku wydawniczym. Pozostawiając na boku kwestie uniwersalności tego zjawiska, wybraliśmy zawężoną perspektywę. Chcemy bliżej przyjrzeć się twórczości autorek współczesnych w Polsce i Czechach, stawiając sobie pytanie, w jakim stopniu bliskość doświadczeń historycznych i kulturowych wpływać może na kształt literatury. Warte zbadania wydało nam się to, czy i jakie punkty wspólne można odnaleźć, oraz rozważenie, jakie mogą być przyczyny podobieństw i różnic. Rozpoczynamy od artykułu Bernadetty Darskiej Mapowanie prozy kobiet, czyli o spotkaniach ponad podziałami i o (nie)rozmijaniu się dróg. Kilka refleksji o twórczości polskich i czeskich autorek. Autorka odnajduje możliwe zbieżności

This article will explore the translational treatment of conceptual metaphors in a parallel corpus of American self-help texts on marriage relationships and their Arabic translations. The focus here on conceptual metaphors is primarily motivated by the need for a definitive account of the challenges posed by such metaphors in translation, the sorts of procedures used to handle them, and the actual factors contributing to the ease or difficulty of their translation. These issues have not been adequately addressed in previous analyses, which have concentrated largely on individual metaphorical expressions rather than on concepts that give rise to them. Little information was therefore available on the translation of different kinds of conceptual metaphors that characterize a particular discourse. This study introduces a detailed and replicable methodology for researching conceptual metaphor within the context of a parallel corpus from a descriptive perspective.

Artykuł składa się z dwóch komplementarnych części: opracowanego (zgodnie z zasadami krytyki genetycznej) i opatrzonego komentarzem wcześniej niepublikowanego domowego rękopisu Oli Watowej, odnalezionego w archiwum, oraz wprowadzenia zawierającego filologiczno-teoretyczny komentarz. Rękopis, spisany w ciągu kilku zimowych dni zasługuje na uwagę z wielu powodów: (1) ma wartość świadectwa, gdyż stanowi zapis osobistych refleksji autorki i ważną część jej biografii; (2) dokumentuje genezę książki wspomnieniowej Wszystko co najważniejsze. Rozmowy z Jackiem Trznadlem; (3) ukazuje Watową w innym niż dotąd świetle – jako osobę stającą się samodzielną autorką; (4) jest interesujący także pod względem formalnym – rozpoczyna się komunikatem do adresatki, co sugeruje, że mamy do czynienia z brudnopisem listu, a następnie przekształca się w dziennik pisarki. Joanna, do której skierowane są pierwsze słowa, okazuje się jedynie kreacją artystyczną, dlatego artykuł poświęca szczególną uwagę statusowi gatunkowemu tego tekstu.

Human communication research has discovered and tested various facets of interpersonal interactions, but there are currently no empirical variables of data that show how individuals finish these 'transactions'. A descriptive qualitative method was applied in this study through controlled observation to elicit farewell expressions of fifty-two persons who were about to split with their loved ones or colleagues at public transport interchanges with the aims to investigate what are the farewell expressions that uttered when people are about to depart and explain how they utter the expressions. It was found that most people would feel sad if they were separated from the person they love, and 40.4% of respondents expressed their sadness upon saying goodbye. It was concluded that most people showed sad farewell expressions when they were ready to leave, and that not all farewells must show with sad or upset expressions. The results are interpreted suggesting the existence of certain normative characteristics to terminate behaviors and also identify what seem to be the unique communicative functions of farewell.

Bilingual dictionaries are used for various reasons. One of the reasons is to fi nd out what the particular word means using its equivalent in the target language. What is of great importance here, is that sometimes the meaning itselfexpressed lexicographically -provides not enough information that is necessary to fully understand the particular word. Although it appears that the isolated meaning of the word is clear and understandable, its constitutional and contextual meaning in specifi c linguistic environment becomes unclear, confusing or misunderstood. Th is can be observed especially when the word and its meaning are unique and characteristic for the particular culture. Th is article focuses on the use of the language which is specifi c for the given cultural group. Th e phenomena of both the bond existing between culture and language as well as the use of the language within the culture are expounded upon and explored on the example of the words welcome and goodnight. Th e article investigates whether and to what extend bilingual dictionaries include in their microstructure the information concerning the cultural aspects of the use of the linguistic entity. Th e short characteristic of bilingual dictionaries and the assessment of the culturespecifi c phenomena serve as the theoretical background for the subject under investigation.

Dealing with gender and identity has become very popular in a lot of academic disciplines. The mere number of articles and papers published each year suggests that trying to give a detailed and exhaustive overview of gender studies would be a futile endeavour. In the Interdisciplinary Bibliography on Language, Gender and Sexuality from 2000 till 2011, Motschenbacher (2012) tries to represent the state of gender studies as comprehensively as possible. In spite of the 3.454 listed positions -primarily monographs, edited volumes/proceedings, and papers -we may, however, legitimately doubt that this definitely praiseworthy, extensive, and interdisciplinary Sisyphus project really contains the (complete) research from the period 2000-2011. Motschenbacher's bibliography -and this merits our appreciation -reflects the broad scope of gender research. It shows the development, dimensions, and effects on and within this research area during the past few years and illustrates the significance of gender research in a lot of (sub)disciplines. Furthermore, an extensive representation of gender research seems to be problematic because of the great variety of research approaches, research fields, research possibilities, and relevant questions in each (sub)discipline. Within a single academic discipline, we may observe such a great diversity of gender research that it would be a challenge to create a comprehensive portrait of the state and development of gender studies. Today, gender linguistics is an established subdiscipline within linguistics. Yet, its history differs tremendously across nations and cultures. In English, American, or German studies, for example, the subdiscipline gender linguistics -at the beginning: feminist linguistics -was established in the (late) 1970s. In Slavonic studies, in contrast, "concrete", "real", and "researchrelevant" gender linguistics -a discipline "in its own right" -cannot be found until considerably later. In Russian studies, for instance, gender

Ideologia p ci w jednoj zycznych s ownikach j zyka polskiego Wprowadzenie S ownik nazw e skich polszczyzny S ownik nazw e skich polszczyzny pod redakcj Agnieszki Ma ochy-Krupy (2015) jest warto ciow prac wzbogacaj c polsk leksykografi -zarówno z punktu widzenia bada leksykograficznych, jak i urozmaicenia oferty dost pnych na rynku s owników. Praca ta mo e by wykorzystywana jako kompendium wiedzy, jednak jej g ównym atutem jest zebrana ilustracja materia owa. S ownik "gromadzi u ycia nazw e skich od po owy XIX wieku do wspó czesno ci" (Ma ocha-Krupa 2015, 11) 1 , które pochodz z dzie literackich, prasy, radia, telewizji, portali i forów internetowych oraz korespondencji elektronicznej (Ma ocha-Krupa 2015, 12). Poszczególne nazwy e skie nie zosta y w aden sposób poddane normatywnej klasyfikacji ani ocenie pod wzgl dem ich u yteczno ci. Celem dzie a jest przede wszystkim: [obiektywne] ukazanie bogactwa nazw feminatywnych, ich ró norodnoci, ujawniaj cej si niekiedy zmiennej warto ci stylistycznej, szczególnie 1 S ownik rozumiany jest z jednej strony jako skarbnica "tego, co zapomniane, co przesz o ju do historii, z drugiej -rejestruje to, co w j zyku najnowsze, a dotychczas nieskodyfikowane z rozmaitych wzgl dów, cz sto wynikaj cych z leksykograficznych za o e twórców innych dzie s ownikarskich" (Ma ocha-Krupa 2015, 11).

Polish in the light of grammaticalization theoryThe paper is concerned with grammaticalization, a type of language change whereby lexical items, in specifi contexts, come to serve grammatical functions, and grammatical items acquire new grammatical functions. The aim is twofold: to shed light at the main properties of grammaticalization, and to demonstrate its applicability to Polish data. Some prominent examples in Polish are discussed: the grammaticalization of modals, imperative and avertive constructions. The paper closes with a non-exhaustive list of leads for further research into grammaticalization in Polish.

In this thesis, the influence of culture and social organisation on language and interaction was explored. The areas of interaction that were focused on are the microsociology of questioning and requesting interaction occurring in everyday, informal conversations of ǂĀkhoe Haiǀǀom speakers as well as a language specific communication form called ǂgona: a type of conspicuous standing with the aim of making oneself available to be shared with. The findings were compared to what is known about (American) English interaction, and explanations were given for the commonalities and differences from a cultural perspective.
The overall conclusions of this thesis are threefold. First, I have shown that culture can drive the choice for a grammatical form of an utterance (for example open questions vs. closed questions) as well as the choice of action (for example requesting vs. ǂgona). ǂĀkhoe speakers have a preference for indirect questioning forms in keeping with other aspects of their culture. The form requests take is related to a culturally motivated categorisation of goods and products. The higher the imposition of the request, which is related to the properties of the object requested, the more indirect the request. Moreover, the language specific ǂgona behaviour is inextricably linked and would not exist without ǂĀkhoe specific categorisation of goods, settlement patterns and sharing obligations. The second overall conclusion is that despite these clear influences of the culture and social organisation on language use, the basic structure of interaction is not directly influenced, and this structure of interaction as it was laid out by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974) is universal, as long as one includes physical communication along with the verbal communication. And finally, this work shows that these basics of human interaction are present even in very divergent cultures. Not only are they present in large-scale, industrialized, sedentary, hierarchical cultures, but they are also present in small-scale, nomadic, egalitarian cultures.

Wie VakTaal leest, kon haar bijdragen niet missen; ze gaven altijd leuke inkijkjes op onverwachte taalverschijnselen. Haar laatste column in VakTaal (2024, nr. 2) werd onbedoeld voorspellend: "We hebben het contact met andere mensen erg nodig; dit maakt van ons sociale wezens. Het is mooi meegenomen als we zelf kunnen beslissen wie we al dan niet willen spreken of zien. Het probleem begint wanneer de ander het niet wil-of niet kan. Als onze dierbaren doodgaan, is het verhaal nog anders: in het echt kunnen we weinig, maar we kunnen met hen nog altijd blijven praten. De verbinding is dus bewaard, alleen heeft ze voortaan een andere, niet eerder gekende vorm. Ik wens u van harte dat u nooit zelf een weggenomen verbinding moet meemaken." Einde citaat. Precies dit laatste is nu ons met haar overkomen: op 27 mei 2025 vertrok dr. hab. Agata Kowalska-Szubert, prof. UWr. [Universiteit van Wrocław] naar het hiernamaals. Agata werd op 4 februari 1968 geboren in Wrocław als jongere dochter van de landbouwingenieur Ryszard Kowalski en de lerares Joanna Kowalska (geb. Szybalska). Na het lyceum in Strzelin ging zij in 1986 Duitse filologie studeren bij de Universiteit van Wrocław. Tijdens haar studie maakte ze kennis met het Nederlands, een taal waarvoor zij een levenslange liefde zou opvatten. Ze specialiseerde zich onder leiding van Stanisław Prędota in deze taal en sloot haar studie op 24 juni 1991 cum laude af. Direct bij het begin van het volgende academiejaar, op 1 oktober 1991, ging zij als assistent doceren aan haar alma mater, bij de vakgroep Nederlandse filologie 'Erasmus van Rotterdam'. Tegelijkertijd begon zij zich voor haar doctorale studie te verdiepen in de Nederlandse fraseologie, wat haar onderzoeksterrein werd. Ongeveer vijf jaar later, op 12 juni 1996, verdedigde zij haar dissertatie De kool en de geit. Nederlandse vaste verbindingen met een dier-of plantelement, overigens niet te Wrocław, maar aan de oudste universiteit van Nederland, te Leiden, met niemand minder dan Piet van Sterkenburg als haar promotor. In de commissie zaten onder anderen Cor van Bree en Jos Wilmots, die beiden tot haar academische vriendenkring gingen behoren. Op dat moment had zij tevens twee belangrijke mijlpalen

O objeto desta tese é a língua polonesa falada pelos polono-descendentes em duas colônias em Campo Largo (PR): a Col. Dom Pedro II e a Col. Revier. O problema central é a variação diatópica, levando em conta a topodinâmica da variação da língua emigrada entre as prováveis matrizes de origem no antigo território polonês, no final do século XIX, e duas comunidades na região Sul do Brasil. A hipótese, que subjaz a investigação aqui proposta, é de que, apesar da proximidade geográfica das duas colônias fundadas no ano de 1876, exista a variação diatópica associada à origem geográfica dos primeiros imigrantes das duas comunidades, sendo possível distinguir variantes chamadas aqui de [+galicianas] e [+prussianas]. Assim, o objetivo principal
é identificar e descrever, com base nas variáveis escolhidas, a variação da língua polonesa falada nessas duas colônias, segundo os fatores históricos, sociais e ideológicos que tiveram impacto na manutenção ou substituição das variantes originais. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, a tese tem como base teórico metodológica as seguintes áreas: Dialetologia, Dialetologia Pluridimensional e Relacional, Contato Intervarietal e Linguístico, bem como a Sociolinguística. A
investigação dos aspectos mais sutis, referentes às relações espaciais e sociais localmente relevantes, baseia-se nos estudos de espaço e ideologias linguísticas, entre outros. Em termos metodológicos, a principal ferramenta da pesquisa é a entrevista que consiste em um questionário lexical e uma conversa semidirigida, aplicada em 58 participantes da pesquisa, divididos entre duas colônias. 48 entrevistados pertencem à amostra principal, enquanto 10 pessoas, nascidas em
outras comunidades, formam o grupo de controle.  No total, foram submetidas à análise quantitativa 22 variáveis lexicais, 4 fonético-fonológicas e 4 morfossintáticas, das quais todas demonstraram a relevância da variação diatópica e diatópica-cinética.
Esta última é inferida com base na autoidentificação das pessoas entrevistadas como <galicianas= ou <prussianas=, rótulos comumente usados nas comunidades e referentes à origem geográfica de seus antepassados. A análise das variações diageracional e diagenérica não demonstrou relevância desses aspectos, embora o
número menor dos dados fornecidos pelas gerações mais novas, principalmente na Col. Revier, possa apontar para um processo de substituição linguística da língua polonesa pelo português nas colônias sob estudo. Apesar da proximidade das duas comunidades, que propicia o nivelamento dialetal, a análise quantitativa demonstrou
níveis muito baixos de convergência entre as variedades originalmente trazidas das terras polonesas. A análise qualitativa dos relatos dos entrevistados desvelou a relevância da variação linguística no sentido de pertencimento a um grupo (galiciano ou prussiano), construído historicamente e ressignificado localmente pelos
entrevistados. A formação de uma autoidentificação em oposição ao outro, acentuada pelas diferenças linguísticas e as condições topográficas da região, criaram um solo fértil para as relações complexas entre as duas colônias, entrelaças com hierarquias das variedades linguísticas presentes na região. Assim, a relativa estabilidade das variantes originais ocorreu apesar da diferença de privilégio atribuído às variedades e
ao status socioeconômico de seus falantes, o que pode ter sido causado pelo processo gradual de substituição do polonês pelo português, o qual suplantou o processo da convergência dialetal.

Obstruents in Russian have been claimed to assimilate in voicing in clusters when a sonorant consonant intervenes, e.g. ot mgly [dmg] ' from the haze '. This phenomenon ('sonorant transparency to voice assimilation ') is controversial : it is claimed to be a phonological rule of fast speech by some linguists, while its existence is denied by others. Previous studies have shown that voicing in presonorant obstruents (C1) in Russian is consistent with that of prevocalic obstruents in slow speech ; however, no research has examined whether voicing in presonorant obstruents changes either as a function of the voicing of the rightmost (C2) obstruent in a cluster or in faster speech. This paper presents experimental results supporting the claim that the voicing of C2 obstruents does not affect voicing in presonorant C1 obstruents in slow or fast speech. The results suggest that obstruents do not assimilate through a sonorant in obstruent-sonorant-obstruent clusters in Russian.

Podczas gdy uniwersyteckie nauczanie języka
i kultury polskiej we Francji pozostaje marginalne,
na wcześniejszych etapach kształcenia działają prężnie sekcje polskie. Utworzone w kilku prestiżowych
placówkach w ramach dwustronnych porozumień z Polską – oferują pełny dwujęzyczny program kształcenia. W artykule przedstawiono genezę i sposób funkcjonowania sekcji oraz wyzwania,
jakie przed nimi stoją.

W artykule prześledzono losy Wojciecha Jaruzelskiego od narodzin do śmierci. Skupiono się przede wszystkim na opisie momentów dla niego przełomowych, czyli okupacji, powojniu i latach, w których sprawował władzę. Dla części uczestników współczesnej debaty publicznej polityk ten był „sowieckim patriotą”, dla innych odwrotnie – „patriotą polskim”. Moralno-środowiskowy terror obu perspektyw powoduje, że materialna przeszłość jest odczytywana jako kamuflaż sporów o dziś; obie strony oczekują, że fakty powinny być traktowane jako pożyteczny budulec własnej optyki, a nie jako obiektywny i neutralny element przeszłości. W niniejszym artykule starano się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego tak się dzieje, i wyjść poza te dwie pozanaukowe narracje.

EN: The article examines phraseological units containing the lexemes powietrze and воздух (Eng. Air) in Polish and Russian languages, reconstructing a fragment of the linguistic picture of air. The study encompassed 51 units and was conducted based on lexicographic analysis, supplemented by a survey and corpus analysis. The concept of phraseological equivalents was employed for comparative analysis. Common features of the phraseology in both languages include the perception of air as an essential element for life, its connection to open space, the possibility of pollution, and its role as a synonym for emptiness or a harbinger of change. Polish phraseology additionally emphasizes the freshness, invisibility, and potential harmfulness of air, while Russian phraseology highlights its association with closeness. The analysis reveals, on the one hand, universal elements of the picture of air in both languages, and on the other, their cultural specificity.

PL: Artykuł analizuje frazeologizmy zawierający leksemy powietrze i воздух w językach polskim i rosyjskim, rekonstruując fragment językowego obrazu powietrza. Badaniem objęto 51 jednostek i przeprowadzono je w oparciu o analizę leksykograficzną, a także wspierająco – badania ankietowe i analizę korpusową, a do charakterystyki porównawczej zastosowano koncepcję ekwiwalentów frazeologicznych, Wspólne cechy frazeologii obu języków obejmują powietrze jako element niezbędny do życia, związek z otwartą przestrzenią, możliwość zanieczyszczenia oraz synonimu pustki lub zwiastuna zmian. Frazeologia polska dodatkowo podkreśla świeżość, niewidzialność i potencjalną zabójczość powietrza, natomiast rosyjska akcentuje jego związek z bliskością. Analiza wskazuje z jednej strony na uniwersalne elementy obrazu powietrza w obu językach, z drugiej zaś na jego specyfikę kulturową.

1. Se poate vorbi despre două aspecte ale problemei sugerate de titlul comunicării noastre. Primul aspect este ilustrat de istoria disciplinei. În încercarea sa de a se autodefini, toponomastica a pendulat între istorie, geografie şi lingvistică. Vasile Frăţilă (1985: 1) remarca faptul că începutul cercetărilor toponomastice româneşti, din prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, stă sub semnul unei discipline mai curând auxiliare în raport cu celelalte ştiinţe, în speţă cu istoria, geografia şi lingvistica. Istorici precum A.D. Xenopol, D. Onciul, Vasile Pârvan, Nicolae Iorga au ilustrat acest stadiu de ancilla historiae al ştiinţei în discuţie. În consecinţă, problema vechimii şi continuităţii românilor în diverse părţi ale spaţiului carpato-danubiano-pontic a atras interesul iniţial pentru studiul toponimiei vechi şi actuale din acest spaţiu. Menţionăm câteva preocupări în această direcţie din zorii disciplinei, ilustrate chiar de lingvişti: N. Densusianu cu a sa Dacia preistorică ...

An ausgewählten ‚Jahres-und Jahrhundertwörtern' soll gezeigt werden, inwiefern die Wörter schlaglichtartig das Denken, Fühlen und Wollen einer Sprachgemeinschaft zu einer bestimmten Zeit widerspiegeln." 15 Die Unentbehrlichkeit der Existenz des richtigen Wortes in Bezug auf den menschlichen Fortschritt -allgemein, also übereinzelsprachlich gesehen -hebt der polnische Wissenschaftler und Schriftsteller Janusz Leon Wiśniewski 16 in seinem Artikel mit dem sehr kennzeichnenden Titel Von der Magie des Wortes (in polnischer Originalfassung O zachwycie słowem) hervor, in dem er auf einer Raum-Zeit-Achse von zwölf Jahrhunderten dies zusammenzufassen versucht, wenn er behauptet: "Ohne Worte wären die Ideen nicht geboren worden, die dazu geführt haben, dass zwischen der Erfindung des Wurfspeeres und der Einrichtung einer Raumstation im All gerade mal zwölftausend Jahre vergangen sind. Aber es ist nicht die Sprache als Träger des Fortschritts, die den Menschen so verzaubert. Das Magische an den Worten [und auch an den Wörtern; Anm. des Verfassers] ist, dass wir durch sie erleben. Und wir durch sie anderen Erlebnisse mitteilen können. Seit der Erfindung des Mainzers Gutenberg vor mehr als sechshundert Jahren konnten Raum und Zeit Hörer, Sprecher und miteinander Kommunizierende trennen. […] Durch den Gebrauch von 32 Buchstaben [es geht um den Umfang des polnischen Alphabets;;der Umfang von Buchstaben variiert von Sprache zu Sprache; Anm. des Verfassers] 17 kann man unendlich viele Worte [und auch Wörter; Anm. des Verfassers] aufschreiben und verewigen. […] Die Faszination des Wortes in Linguistik an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Martin-

This article deals with Slavic and Baltic instantiations of grammatical haplology, i.e., situations where two constructions 'share' a grammatical marker. In addition to haplology of reflexive clitics, an analogous case of haplology of irrealis markers is examined. The article further explores the potential of the notion of grammatical diplology, referring to situations where (as a result of oscillation in the choice of a host rather than of redundant marking) two instantiations of a grammatical affix are licenced by the same construction.

This study examines both head and non-head elements that play an important role in the lexicalization of motion events and provides a typological overview of the event integration of motion in Bačka-Srem Ruthenian. This study examines lexicalization patterns of path expressions and encoding of self-motion and caused-motion expressions in the concerned language. The first part of this paper analyzes the basic variations of path expressions in Bačka-Srem Ruthenian and points out that prepositions are the most common way to express the path phases and directionality, while adverbs and verbal prefixes play an additional role. The second part investigates the lexicalization patterns of self-motion expressions in Bačka-Srem Ruthenian. In that language, the manner-conflating verbs are the basic pattern for the lexicalization of self-motion events and occupy a large part of the self-motion verbs, while the path-conflating verbs are less common and less frequently used with verbal prefixes due to semantic restrictions. The final part investigates the lexicalization patterns of caused-motion expressions in Bačka-Srem Ruthenian. Although certain verbs incorporate directionality into their verb roots, way-of-causation verbs are the fundamental pattern for the lexicalization of motion events. There are not any verbs that encode a source or a goal of motion into the head, unlike self-motion verbs, and only a small number of caused-motion verbs encode a manner of motion.

Данная работа посвящена краткому обзору некоторых работ кадемика Милки Ивич в чести 100-летия со дня её рождения. Как уже известно, академик Милка Ивич занималась обширными темами, охватывающими не только сербскохорватский/сербский, но и другие славянские и индоевропейские языки. Её главные научные достижения подробно рассмотрены в книге Лингвистика Милки Ивич (2008), но мы попытаемся указать на некоторые другие спекты ее работ, касающихся имен существительных и глаголов, в астности, категорий числа, грамматического рода и глагольного вида. Особое внимание мы уделим следующим преимуществам: (1) работы академика Милки Ивич служат образцом для подражания при анализе того или иного явления в других славянских и неславянских языках; (2) ее работы можно применить в обучении сербскому языку как иностранному, так как они нам дают адекватные ответы на вопросы по сербской грамматике, которые часто возникают у иностранных учащихся при изучении сербского.

This paper deals with differences in perspectives focusing on the role of the outsider perspective in the linguistic study of Bačka-Srem Ruthenian. The main aims of this paper are (1) to shortly introduce the current situation of the language in question and the different perspectives held by scholars and researchers in Bačka-Srem Ruthenian Studies and (2) to discuss the role of the outsider perspective in the linguistic genesis of Bačka-Srem Ruthenian studies. The discussion confirms that the differences in perspectives have a certain influence on the scholarly attitude to the same question making it difficult to draw pertinent conclusions.

Wypad na Truskaw jest uznawany za jedno z nielicznych zwycięstw Grupy AK Kampinos, choć faktycznie przyczynił się do jej hekatomby miesiąc później. Ów mit rozwijały zgodnie polskie opracowania i monografie w czasach PRL oraz od 1989 roku. Podwyższanie rozmiarów tej „wiktorii” było bezkrytyczne przyjmowane przez stronę weteranów nocnego starcia, jak i historyków. Nikt nie wpadł na pomysł przebadania dokumentów niemieckich nie tylko z zasobu Bundesarchiv, ale też tych czekających w Polsce.
[The raid on Truskaw (2.09.1944) is considered one of the few victories of the AK Kampinos Group, although it actually contributed to its hecatomb a month later. This myth was consistently developed by Polish memoirs, studies and monographs during the communist era and since 1989. The exaggeration of this "victory" was uncritically accepted by veterans of the night clash and historians alike. No one thought to examine German documents, not only from the Bundesarchiv, but also those awaiting them in Poland]

Żaden fragment tej publikacji nie może być reprodukowany, umieszczany w systemach przechowywania informacji lub przekazywany w jakiejkolwiek formie -elektronicznej, mechanicznej, fotokopii czy innych reprodukcji -bez zgody posiadacza praw autorskich.

In this paper we describe the construction of a parallel corpus between the standard and a non-standard language variety, specifically standard Austrian German and Viennese dialect. The resulting parallel corpus is used for statistical machine translation (SMT) from the standard to the non-standard variety. The main challenges to our task are data scarcity and the lack of an authoritative orthography. We started with the generation of a base corpus of manually transcribed and translated data from spoken text encoded in a specifically developed orthography. This data is used to train a first phrasebased SMT. To deal with out-of-vocabulary items we exploit the strong proximity between source and target variety with a backoff strategy that uses character-level models. To arrive at the necessary size for a corpus to be used for SMT, we employ a boot-strapping approach. Integrating additional available sources (comparable corpora, such as Wikipedia) necessitates to identify parallel sent...

In 1950, Trybuna Ludu (People’s Tribune), the official newspaper of the ruling communist party in Poland, published an article entitled “Incredible Crime of the American Imperialists” about how American planes dropped a “significant amount” of the potato bug (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) on the territory of the German Democratic Republic. That was the beginning of the “environmental” Cold-War propaganda that would last for two decades. The role of an imperialistic saboteur responsible for food shortages and famine was imposed on the potato bug. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the epistemic figurations, or certain regularities in the thought typical of a given period, and the identification of discursive formations of the hegemonic discourse in reference to the most popular environmental topic in post-war Poland. The propaganda which grounded the figure of a “pest” as a threat for safety and health in the collective mind will be discussed in three sequences of similar structure...

The paper examines the use of normative term “barbarism” in the works published in linguistic journals Naš jezik (1932–2022) and Poradnik językowy (1901–2022). By comparing all the issues of Serbian and Polish journals, it can be concluded that they expressed puristic attitudes and expelled foreign words, which were stigmatized as barbarisms, particularly in the first half of the 20th century. The authors often used this term (Polish “barbaryzm” – Serbian “varvarizam”) until the 1960s and 1970s, while in contemporary texts, the term is rarely used. The excerpted material indicates that linguistic purism reached more extensive and extreme dimensions in Polish articles than in Serbian, which contradicts the stance presented in Serbian linguistics that Serbian language culture, regarding the acceptance of foreign words, is similar to Polish.

This paper discusses a special type of complement of perception verbs in Serbian, introduced by kako ('how'). Via a parallel corpus analysis, I compare the distribution of Serbian kako-clauses and English-ing forms. I show that two types of non-interrogative kako-clauses can be used in translations of English-ing forms, distinguished based on their formal and interpretive properties: 'eventive' and propositional kako-clauses. Eventive clauses focus on directly perceived events and cannot be negated or combined with epistemic verbs, while propositional clauses express beliefs or judgments and have a truth value. At a formal level, eventive clauses feature a null subject, while propositional clauses feature an overt nominative subject. I argue that this distinction is captured syntactically through the notion of phasehood, with only propositional clauses merging a full CP domain. Adopting the Form-Copy operation, I propose that eventive clauses lack a phase boundary, allowing for the deletion of a lower subject copy and yielding the observed case alternation and null embedded subject. This analysis offers a unified syntactic account of kako-complements and contributes to the typology of perception-based clause embedding.

The article deals with a segment of the cultural transfer that took place between Polish and South African poetry in the 1980s and 1990s. The analysis of the interactions between the actors and texts involved in this process allows for the identification of the stakes of the alliances formed between them, as well as the mutual projections and/or misunderstandings. The research focuses on interpretations of Zbigniew Herbert's poetry by Stephen Watson, a South African poet and essayist working on a model of poetry that would support the post-totalitarian transition of his national community. Through a close reading of Watson's texts, set within the broader context of the global reception of the so-called Polish school of poetry, the ideas activated in South African culture as a result of the transnational relationship with Poland will be identified and discussed.

Artykuł interpretuje zespół praktyk edytorskich, translatorskich i stricte autorskich Antoniego Langego jako działania na rzecz uświatowienia polskiej kultury, przyglądając się wykorzystywanym przez pisarza narzędziom modyfikacji czytelniczego imaginarium oraz stawiając pytanie o miejsce projektu Langego na mapie środkowoeuropejskiego modernizmu. Spośród kilkunastu tomów antologii opublikowanych w latach 1894-1921 przez autora Mirandy szczególna uwaga zostaje poświęcona serii Epos. Najznakomitsze poemata epickie wszystkich krajów i narodów oraz tomowi Dywan wschodni, jako zawierającym utwory prezentowane przez redaktora jako epitomiczne dla poszczególnych kultur. Analiza paratekstów, jakimi Lange opatrywał swoje antologie, pozwala na rozpoznanie tego, co w jego podejściu transkulturowe, a co pozwala odróżnić jego projekt od Miriamowskiej „Chimery”, stawiającej sobie za cel raczej europeizację kultury polskiej niż jej uświatowienie (rozumiane za Marko Juvanem). Ważnym kontekstem proponowanej interpretacji jest również koncepcja nowoczesnego eposu Franco Morettiego, jako gatunku, w którym funkcje tekstów świętych i epickich ulegają fuzji – bliskiej, jak sądzę, mechanizmowi uruchomionemu przez Langego w Polsce początku XX wieku w ramach rewizji lokalnego kanonu literatury.

Praca zawiera analizę porównawczą dwóch przekładów Dekalogu (Wj 20, 2-17; Pwt 5, 6-12) w piątym wydaniu Biblii Tysiąclecia. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie różnic między tymi tłumaczeniami, które nie wynikają z tekstu oryginalnego, lecz odzwierciedlają indywidualne preferencje tłumaczy. Podsumowanie pracy stanowi propozycja ujednolicenia fragmentów, których jedność wynika z tekstu oryginalnego.

Gură și gât sunt două cuvinte destul de apropiate din punct de vedere etimologic, datorită vecinătății anatomice a părților corpului pe care le denumesc. Gură este considerat, în general, în dicționarele românești, ca provenind din latinul gula "gâtlej, esofag; poftă mare de mâncare, lăcomie" (Pușcariu, 745; Candrea-Densușianu, 144; Scriban; DEX), iar în ceea ce-l privește pe gât, cei mai mulți lingviști îl derivă din sl. *glŭtŭ ,,înghiţitură" (Cihac, II, 117; Scriban; Șăineanu; DEX). Însă, în rândurile următoare, vom demonstra cu argumente convingătoare că cele două cuvinte au altă origine, și anume dacică. GURĂ-1. Cavitate din partea anterioară a capului la oameni și animale, care servește la ingestia alimentelor, iar în cazul oamenilor, și la vorbire. 2. Îmbucătură, sorbitură, înghițitură. 3. Sărut. 4. Deschizătură a unui lucru, obiect, a unei încăperi; intrare. Gura peșterii. Gura cuptorului. Gura pivniței. Gura unui vas, a unei sticle. 5. Loc unde o apă curgătoare se varsă în altă apă. 6. Gălăgie, țipăt, ceartă. 7. Vorbă, spusă, vorbire. ♦ Expr. Gura lumii = vorbe, bârfeli, intrigi. 8. Glas (de om sau de pasăre). 9. Scobitură. Gura tejghelei = scobitură în masa dulgherului în care se bagă și se prinde lemnul de prelucrat. 10. Gaură în care intră capătul unui obiect. 11. Partea ascuțită a unui obiect tăios; tăiș. Gura coasei. Gura secerii. ♦ Compuse. Gura-leului = plantă ornamentală cu flori de diverse culori, asemănătoare cu o gură care se cască, dacă le apeși la bază (Antirrhinum majus). ♦ Gura-mâței = linariță (Linaria vulgaris). Acest cuvânt a fost atestat pentru prima dată în Codicele Voronețean, un manuscris românesc religios din secolul al XVI-lea.

We aim to present a project called DICTIONE, the digitalization of the first Academic Dictionary written in the Romanian language, the Dicționariul limbei române (LM) by A. T. Laurian and I. C. Massim. LM was published in three volumes between 1873-1877, has 3600 pages and includes 70,000 headwords out of which over 20,000 words are the personal creation of the authors. This dictionary is unique in Romanian cultural history, due to the fact that the two lexicographers did not aim to illustrate the language vocabulary in a particular moment of its history, but instead intended to impose a certain direction to the language, beyond its use at that time. A novelty is the fact that the authors proposed new words which they attempted to popularize through this dictionary. The impact of this work on Romanian culture is a significant one: from more than 20,000 newly-created words, based on terms taken from Latin, most stayed in use and became neologisms. This fact led to the enrichment of Romanian terminology in many domains and to the modernization of the Romanian language at the same time as that of other European cultures.

We aim to present a project called DICTIONE, the digitalization of the first Academic Dictionary written in the Romanian language, the Dicționariul limbei române (LM) by A. T. Laurian and I. C. Massim. LM was published in three volumes between 1873-1877, has 3600 pages and includes 70,000 headwords out of which over 20,000 words are the personal creation of the authors. This dictionary is unique in Romanian cultural history, due to the fact that the two lexicographers did not aim to illustrate the language vocabulary in a particular moment of its history, but instead intended to impose a certain direction to the language, beyond its use at that time. A novelty is the fact that the authors proposed new words which they attempted to popularize through this dictionary. The impa ct of this work on Romanian culture is a significant one: from more than 20,000 newly-created words, based on terms taken from Latin, most stayed in use and became neologisms. This fact led to the enrichment of ...

We present the relation between assimilatory asyrnmetries in Central Catalan and the underspecified character of Coronal. We account for differences in the assimilatory behaviour of coronals by placing Lateral and Strident under Coronal. We assume that these features are dependents of Coronal and that this justifies the presence of the unmarked articulator in the underlying representations of sirident and lateral coronals. The assimilatory possibilities of centralised consonants in Alguerese Catalan force us to argue that Lateral and Strident are double-linked features. We consider an altemative analysis based on Configurational Constraints and we demonstrate that this analysis fails to capture the gliding processes which affect some complex segments in Majorcan Catalan and Occitan. The organisation of features allows us to provide a simple and unitary account, in this way the enrichrnent of the representations derives in a simplification d e component. Universal Grammar provides a markedness theory which supplies inforrnation as to which features are underspecifiable. In t h s way, the unmarked articulator node seems to be the Coronal one and thus it must be absent in underlying representations. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence in support of Underspecification theory and to use thls model to investigate the way a feature predicted to be absent in underlying representations can be active in the phonology of a language. In line with current phonological research, our proposa1 is consistent with the claim that the burden of explanation should be in the representational component rather than in the rule

CONSTANTIN-FLORENTIN GRĂDINARU COSMIN-ŞTEFAN BURLEANU Art. 13. -"Limba de stat, funcţionarea celorlalte limbi". "(1) Limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este limba moldovenească, funcţionând pe baza grafiei latine. (2). Statul recunoaşte şi protejează dreptul la păstrarea, la dezvoltarea şi la funcţionarea limbii ruse şi altor limbi vorbite pe teritoriul ţării. (3). Statul facilitează studierea limbilor de circulaţie internaţională. (4). Modul de funcţionare a limbilor pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova se stabileşte prin lege organică". Limba de stat în Republica Moldova este aşa -zisa limbă moldovenească, scrisă cu litere latine. Înainte de 01.09.1989 în Republica Socialistă Sovietică Moldovenească limba oficială era limba rusă. Limba aşazis moldovenească era limba populaţiei autohtone fiind tolerată. Scrierea se realiza cu ajutorul alfabetului chirilic. Nu există o limbă moldovenească, după cum nu există o limbă muntenească, oltenească sau ardelenească. Limba română are două mari dialecte: dialectul norddunărean sau dacoromân vorbit de toţi românii din nordul Dunării dar şi din Dobrogea (inclusiv Cadrilater) din valea Timocului şi din lunca Dunării (partea dreaptă, aflată pe teritoriul Serbiei şi Bulgariei) şi dialectul suddunărean care cuprinde: istro-română, megleno-română şi macedo-română sau aromână. În nordul Dunării şi în Dobrogea limba română propriu-zisăadică dialectul daco -româneste unitară existând mici diferenţe, denumite subdialecte sau graiuri. Aşa avem: graiul moldovenesc, graiul muntenesc, graiul oltenesc etc. Dar caracterul unitar al limbii române nu este afectat prin existenţa particularităţilor, a regionalismelor în limba noastră. De sute de ani, savanţii şi cărturarii au precizat caracterul unitar al limbii române. De altfel, autorităţile ungare, austriece şi respectiv austro-ungare (1867) niciodată nu au denumit

Adevărata bogăţie a unei limbi se manifestă in mare parte prin intermediul frazeologismelor sale. Frazeologismele reprezintă o parte componentă a oricărei lucrări artistice, cu atât mai mult a uneia dramatice. In lingvistica română, in mod special in textele dramatice, există tendinţa de a altera forma standard a frazeologismelor, intenţiile fiind diferite: fie pentru a produce umor, ironie, sarcasm etc., fie pentru a transmite informaţii incomode sau negative intr-un mod indirect. Deraierile frazeologicereprezintă un fenomen realizat constient de vorbitor, cu impact la nivel semantic si chiar la nivel pragmatic. In articolul de faţă vom incerca să urmărim consecinţele semantice si discursive pe care le antrenează prezenţa in textul dramatic basarabean a frazeologismelor deviante din punct de vedere semiotico-pragmatic. Cele mai des exploatate mecanisme ale deconstrucţiei frazeologismelor sunt substituţia si expansiunea frazeologică. PHRASEOLOGICAL DERAILMENTS IN DRAMATIC TEXTS OF B...

Celem artykułu jest refleksja nad tym, co na temat naszego postrzegania języka mogą nam powiedzieć obserwacje kodyfikowania błędów w różnych formach i w różnym czasie. Przedmiotem przeprowadzonego badania były dane na temat błędów w trzech typach przekazu-w słownikach, zasobach archiwalnych Q&A poradni językowych (internetowych) oraz na Instagramowych profilach tematycznych. Na podstawie zestawień ilościowych dotyczących poszczególnych kategorii błędów językowych omówiono zmienność w czasie wrażliwości użytkowników języka na różne typy błędów oraz funkcjonalną ważność odstępstw od normy w aspekcie kulturowym.

An ausgewählten ‚Jahres-und Jahrhundertwörtern' soll gezeigt werden, inwiefern die Wörter schlaglichtartig das Denken, Fühlen und Wollen einer Sprachgemeinschaft zu einer bestimmten Zeit widerspiegeln." 15 Die Unentbehrlichkeit der Existenz des richtigen Wortes in Bezug auf den menschlichen Fortschritt -allgemein, also übereinzelsprachlich gesehen -hebt der polnische Wissenschaftler und Schriftsteller Janusz Leon Wiśniewski 16 in seinem Artikel mit dem sehr kennzeichnenden Titel Von der Magie des Wortes (in polnischer Originalfassung O zachwycie słowem) hervor, in dem er auf einer Raum-Zeit-Achse von zwölf Jahrhunderten dies zusammenzufassen versucht, wenn er behauptet: "Ohne Worte wären die Ideen nicht geboren worden, die dazu geführt haben, dass zwischen der Erfindung des Wurfspeeres und der Einrichtung einer Raumstation im All gerade mal zwölftausend Jahre vergangen sind. Aber es ist nicht die Sprache als Träger des Fortschritts, die den Menschen so verzaubert. Das Magische an den Worten [und auch an den Wörtern; Anm. des Verfassers] ist, dass wir durch sie erleben. Und wir durch sie anderen Erlebnisse mitteilen können. Seit der Erfindung des Mainzers Gutenberg vor mehr als sechshundert Jahren konnten Raum und Zeit Hörer, Sprecher und miteinander Kommunizierende trennen. […] Durch den Gebrauch von 32 Buchstaben [es geht um den Umfang des polnischen Alphabets;;der Umfang von Buchstaben variiert von Sprache zu Sprache; Anm. des Verfassers] 17 kann man unendlich viele Worte [und auch Wörter; Anm. des Verfassers] aufschreiben und verewigen. […] Die Faszination des Wortes in Linguistik an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Martin-

Autor podkreśla znaczenie certyfikacji nie tylko jako instrumentu prawnego i administracyjnego, lecz przede wszystkim jako narzędzia promocji języka polskiego i polszczyzny w świecie. Wskazuje na dynamiczny wzrost liczby zdających egzamin państwowy – od ponad tysiąca osób w 2016 roku do blisko siedemnastu i pół tysiąca w roku 2023 – co dowodzi rosnącej potrzeby i rangi tego systemu. Wystąpienie zawiera wyrazy uznania dla osób zaangażowanych w przygotowanie, organizację i audyt egzaminów, a także szczególne podziękowania dla środowiska akademickiego i zespołu certyfikacji NAWA. Autor zwraca uwagę na rolę pionierów polskiej glottodydaktyki, zwłaszcza prof. Władysława Miodunki, oraz podkreśla konstytucyjny wymiar dbałości o język ojczysty jako dobro wspólne.

As I myself am not a big fan of extensive acknowledgements, I want to spare the reader long lists of fellow students, house animals, or hotshot phonologists and phoneticians to whom I talked for less than a minute. But there are some people I really want to thank here since they contributed to the development of this book. First of all, these are my two supervisors, Wim Zonneveld and Tracy Alan Hall. Both of them left me great freedom in my work, and thus gave me the opportunity to find my own way. I want to specifically thank Wim for plainly believing in me and always encouraging my ideas, and Tracy for teaching me how to conduct thorough, precise research and how to ask the right questions. Furthermore, I want to thank the members of my reading committee Colin Ewen, Vincent van Heuven, Janet Grijzenhout, René Kager, and Daan Wissing for their helpful comments. In addition, this thesis profitted strongly from the careful reading and thorough comments by Paul Boersma (I have to apologize to him for not having discussed my ideas with him until the last minute). I also want to thank Sabine Zerbian and Hristo Velkov for helping me with the literature and Jörg Dreyer for support in technical matters during my stays at the ZAS Berlin. A thank you goes out to Thorsten, who brought me to linguistics, though unintentionally and via detours. All other friends and colleagues (from Utrecht University, the ZAS Berlin, and the rest of the world) who are dear to me will be thanked in person for their social (and other) support! Lastly and most importantly I want to thank Paul for the happiness he has brought to my life outside of linguistics.

W latach osiemdziesiątych ośrodki władzy działały w sytu acji ciągłego dylematukonieczności inicjowania zmian i za grożeń, które one równocześnie wywoływały . Przy czym zagro żenia te były tym większe, im bardziej inicjowane zmiany były połowiczne i niekonsekwentnie wprowadzane. Ze szczególną mocą dylemat ten występował w działaniu PZPR. Obowiązywanie w dok trynie i w praktyce zasady "kierowniczej roli partii" oznacza ło, że partia niemalże całkowicie kontrolowała przebieg procesu decyzyjnego w systemie politycznym oraz przejmowała odpowiedzial ność za jego następstwa. Kształtowało to system, który można określić jako "państwo partyjne"1. Model taki był jedną z zasad niczych przyczyn występowania kryzysów w rozwoju Polski. W wa runkach kryzysu PZPR nie traciła bezpośredniego wpływu na for malne struktury i instytucje, ale zrywane były w znacznej mie rze jej więzi ze społeczeństwem, ze społeczną bazą, co ją wew nętrznie osłabiało, pogłębiając proces biurokratyzowania się. Ze względu na swą pozycję biurokratyczny aparat partii był prze ciwny takim zmianom, które ograniczały jego możliwości kontro lowania administracji gospodarczej. Potwierdzają to wyniki ba dań nad postawami liderów partyjnych szczebla wojewódzkiego.Ich

The paper reports on an investigation of wordmedial consonant clusters in English. Medial clusters are further subdivided into phonotactic on es, i.e. intramorphemic, and morphonotactic ones, which are morphologically complex – arising as a result of derivation or compounding. In this study we concentrate on morphonotactic clusters. We put forward the following hypothesis: since compounds may ultimately lose transparency and lexicalize, th medial clusters in compounds will tend to be relatively less marked than the medial clusters produced by derivation. In the latter, signalling a morphological boundary is a priority. In this approach, markedness is defined on the basis of the criteria of consonant description: manner and place of articulation (MoA and PoA) as well as the sonorant / obstruent distinction (S/O) between the neighbouring elements. The verification of this hypothesis has been conducted within the Beats & Binding phonotactics, which operates with the Net Auditory Distan...