Policy Design Theory

According to a European Commission public consultation, the greatest barrier to the better use of design in Europe is the lack of understanding among policy-makers. Academics have provided evidence of the impact of design on economic performance; however design, unlike innovation, is not well integrated into policy. This raises the question: How can academic evidence make a more compelling case for policy-makers to integrate design into innovation policy? This research seeks to develop a framework to benchmark policies for design in Denmark, Estonia, Finland and the UK and compare what data should be collected against data that is currently available. Ultimately, this research seeks to further develop the emergent field of research in design policy and provide practical policy insight.

This article examines the proposal suggesting that policy designs are consistent with the social construction of target groups. Associated with policy design theory, the proposal pessimistically suggests that underprivileged citizens will be targeted with policies that do little to help them, creating a vicious circle of degenerative politics. This article argues that the prevalence of degenerative politics depends on policy styles. Significant where the adversarial style prevails, degenerative politics is less common in consensual systems. This proposal is examined through a systematic content analysis of action plans to reduce poverty in Newfoundland and Quebec.

Copyright © 2018. Copyright in each paper on this conference proceedings is the property of the author(s). Permission is granted to reproduce copies of these works for purposes relevant to the above conference, provided that the author(s), source and copyright notice are included on each copy. For other uses, including extended quotation, please contact the author(s). Design in Action: Understanding the Drivers and Barriers to Strategic Use of Design for Innovation Jea Hoo NA, Martyn EVANS , Emilene ZITKUS, Anna WHICHER and Andrew WALTERS a Manchester School of Art, Manchester Metropolitan University; b PDR, Cardiff Metropolitan University

This article examines the proposal suggesting that policy designs are consistent with the social construction of target groups. Associated with policy design theory, the proposal pessimistically suggests that underprivileged citizens will be targeted with policies that do little to help them, creating a vicious circle of degenerative politics. This article argues that the prevalence of degenerative politics depends on policy styles. Significant where the adversarial style prevails, degenerative politics is less common in consensual systems. This proposal is examined through a systematic content analysis of action plans to reduce poverty in Newfoundland and Quebec.

Design Management The author analyzes in the paper the role of creativity and design in innovations, with emphasis on three theoretical models linking creativity, design and innovations. The effective use of design is linked to design management. The concept of design management relates to certain management activities, methods and skills that are required to optimize and manage design processes. The objective of Design management is the creation of synergy between the creative realm and the business realm. Factors influencing the level of design management are analyzed and suggestions for incorporating design as strategic function are outlined.

The paper discusses the connections between social innovation and design practice/research outlining possible challenges for innovating in the service field. Social Innovation is one of the most promising frameworks for delivering service innovation that is receiving increasing attention from governments, academy, and businesses alike. Design is described as a privileged path to innovation, because it can establish a link with creativity and outline more efficient processes. The paper aims to provide a platform for discussion and learning that can ground a connection between the two topics. Moreover, it offers a critique of what has been achieved while highlighting the main questions for future development.

Policy instruments can help put climate adaptation plans into action. Here, we propose a method for the systematic assessment and selection of policy instruments for stimulating adaptation action. The multidisciplinary set of six assessment criteria is derived from economics, policy, and legal studies. These criteria are specified for the purpose of climate adaptation by taking into account four challenges to the governance of climate adaptation: uncertainty, spatial diversity, controversy, and social complexity. The six criteria and four challenges are integrated into a step-wise method that enables the selection of instruments starting from a generic assessment and ending with a specific assessment of policy instrument mixes for the stimulation of a specific adaptation measure. We then apply the method to three examples of adaptation measures. The method's merits lie in enabling deliberate choices through a holistic and comprehensive set of adaptation specific criteria, as well as deliberative choices by offering a stepwise method that structures an informed dialog on instrument selection. Although the method was created and applied by scientific experts, policy-makers can also use the method.

Framework PAG. 03 Design Policies Repository. PAG. 13 DeEP Mind Map. PAG. 07 Contents n 1 °" Which role for design in collaborative policymaking?" Research Paper PAG. 09 EDITORIAL Design is becoming a strategic lever for innovation policies in Europe. Together with innovation, it is feeding the sustainable development of private and public sectors for increasing competitiveness, growth and jobs. In particular, the European Commission has promoted the EDII Initiative to support the uptake of design culture and through this nurture the EU socio-economical capital. DeEP -Design in European Policies, is one of the funded EDII projects focused on mainstreaming an evaluation culture within design policies. This stands on multiple souls: the link between design and innovation, the awareness around design policies, and the reinforcement of a policy evaluation culture. As part of this, the forecast scenario envisions tools to orienteer policy makers in their future tasks, helping them understand the potential of design in business innovation. The complex path envisioned will surely take longer than a two-years project to be fulfilled. Nevertheless, we wish for this to be the first step toward a design-driven funding/evaluation system, based on radical efficiency, open data, and transparency. DeEP envisions an open, shared, transparent, generative policy evaluation system for design policies. This is our overarching challenge driving an exciting research journey that we hope will ultimately aim at more effective policymaking.

por abrirnos sus puertas y brindarnos su apoyo. Al ingeniero Carlos Alberto Buriticá Noreña, director de este trabajo, por compartirnos sus conocimientos, brindarnos su apoyo, su experiencia y su confianza. A Liliana Bueno López, analista del laboratorio, por brindarnos su apoyo, conocimiento, cariño, y confianza. Además por su permanente disponibilidad para hacer posible la realización de este proyecto. Juan David A mi compañera de trabajo de grado: por confiar en mí, por tanto cariño y tantos momentos que compartimos durante la realización del presente trabajo. A mis amigas: Natalia, Alexandra y Carolina por ser lo mejor que me pasó durante la carrera y por ser ejemplo de vida para crecer profesionalmente y como persona. Adriana A mis amigos del alma: Natalia, Juanda, Paola, Carolina, por darle más sentido a mi existencia y hacerla más dignificante con sus presencias. A mi prima cristina por su amor y por ser mi ejemplo de vida. A Cruz Helena, por su inmenso cariño, apoyo y acompañamiento, por ser una mujer excepcional que ha llenado mi vida de luz. A Alexander, mi Belli, por ser un hombre extraordinario, por su apoyo, perseverancia y su inmenso amor, que ha transformado y llenado mi vida de vida, luz y felicidad.

Across OECD countries, education choice is proliferating as parents seek and governments permit choice both inside and outside public education systems. The movement of students out of the common public school, however, varies significantly across jurisdictions and sociodemographic characteristics such as race and class. This variation in individual decision making and macro policy outcomes directs us to theorise about the relationship between parental preferences, government responses, and policy outcomes. We map the interplay between the demand for choice, institutional responses, and policy feedback effects that lead to four major policy outcomes: partially attenuated governance, hyper choice, partial accommodation within the public system, and non-accommodation that leads parents to withdraw from the public education system. We apply this framework to understanding variation in patterns of school choice in Canadian provinces and conclude by outlining some ways in which our framework can be used to understand school choice outcomes cross-nationally.

In this paper we present the idea of connecting co-design approaches and techniques to the process of policy formation. The objective is to explore the possibilities to co-design policies (making policies together), through a better understanding of the policy formation cycle and analysing the new roles, competencies, skills, and tools that could support such process. Acknowledging the recent interests of the European Commission, the paper focuses on the European policy formation cycle, comparing the current practices to an ongoing initiative which is investigated as a case-study of collaborative policy making (an example of policy co-design). Both the case-study analysis and the literature research are integrated with governmental documents, reports, and initiatives that support the relevance and interest on this topic. The analysis highlights a context where the idea of collaborative policy making is just now emerging. Three main reflections are proposed throughout the paper to further the contribution of design research to policy making: (a) the issues to be considered for citizens' participation in policy formation through design, (b) the inclusion of co-design approaches for policymaking, (c) the possibility to include participative processes in the emerging field of design policies. The authors want to contribute to the current debate on policies and collaborative models, to suggest alternative paths for exploring the connection between design research/practice and policy making practice. Moreover an explicit reflection on these topics aims at contributing to the wider ongoing European initiatives (European Design Innovation Initiative and EDII Leadership Board 1). The idea of collaborative policy making is proposed both to promote the co-design of policies (general field) and to craft the future of policy making and design policies through collaborative practices (disciplinary field).

Design is becoming a strategic lever for innovation policies in Europe. Together with innovation, it is feeding the sustainable development of private and public sectors for increasing competitiveness, growth and jobs. In particular, the European Commission has promoted the EDII Initiative to support the uptake of design culture and through this nurture the EU socio-economical capital. DeEP-Design in European Policies, is one of the funded EDII projects focused on mainstreaming an evaluation culture within design policies. This stands on multiple souls: the link between design and innovation, the awareness around design policies, and the reinforcement of a policy evaluation culture. As part of this, the forecast scenario envisions tools to orienteer policy makers in their future tasks, helping them understand the potential of design in business innovation. The complex path envisioned will surely take longer than a two-years project to be fulfilled. Nevertheless, we wish for this to be the first step toward a design-driven funding/evaluation system, based on radical efficiency, open data, and transparency. DeEP envisions an open, shared, transparent, generative policy evaluation system for design policies. This is our overarching challenge driving an exciting research journey that we hope will ultimately aim at more effective policymaking.

This case paper describes the role of Malardalen Industrial Technology Center, an industry support organisation in Sweden and the way its collaborative innovation support is operated. Three programmes where representatives from academia support industrial companies are studied. The coordinating organisation act as a developed collaboration research centre. This is important for action learning and group development. It is beneficial for the university and companies with a strong programme collaboration with researchers and students.

Almost three decades after De Beus' statement, we can say that the field of comparison in areas such as political science and public administration has increased considerably, with many groups concerned with improving methods and questions of comparison. However, while we have witnessed an increase in comparative perspectives both in political science and public administration, the same cannot be said about the field of policy analysis. Actually, during the period in question, this area was still trying to establish itself as a field, with its own community, journals, methods, and research questions. Until recently, the field of public policy analysis was subordinated to political science and public administration. The distinction of this field as an interdisciplinary one is relatively new, as it is its institutionalization-the international association of public policy-IPPA-was created in 2014. In 2013 we had the first international conference of public policy.

Design is of increasing importance both in firms, but also to the nation. Previous studies of the value of design have failed to propose a reliable approach to capturing design expenditure. This study proposes a model of design expenditure, developed from literature and exploratory cases. This model will be used as the basis of a survey of spend on design in the UK.

Almost three decades after De Beus' statement, we can say that the field of comparison in areas such as political science and public administration has increased considerably, with many groups concerned with improving methods and questions of comparison. However, while we have witnessed an increase in comparative perspectives both in political science and public administration, the same cannot be said about the field of policy analysis. Actually, during the period in question, this area was still trying to establish itself as a field, with its own community, journals, methods, and research questions. Until recently, the field of public policy analysis was subordinated to political science and public administration. The distinction of this field as an interdisciplinary one is relatively new, as it is its institutionalization-the international association of public policy-IPPA-was created in 2014. In 2013 we had the first international conference of public policy.

This Fall Issue will discuss about the power of technology and Internet. Innovation is taking place everywhere through new and emerging technologies changing the way we think, live, breathe, travel, and do shopping to name a few areas. Funny enough is that some of us believe that the most important technologies are on the market available to please customers and users, and nothing more important will show up later. We, as humans, systematically underestimate the power of technology and its impact on daily life. There are several well-known quotations from very smart people which have turned ridiculous after some time by basically shifting initial assumptions into market knowledge. Whatever is too expensive and complex today becomes a commodity in no time and shortly after doesn’t bring competitive advantage any longer (the S-curve effect, see e.g Bayus, 1998 or Rogers, 1962, for different explanations). Several notable studies illustrate (like the well cited and used BCG tools) how ...

PDR will continue to work with the Welsh Government and Scottish Enterprise to support them in implementing some of the recommendations. The workshops were also video recorded and the film is available from the PDR website. ' A more systematic use of design as a tool for usercentred and market-driven innovation in all sectors of the economy, complementary to R&D, would improve European competitiveness.' 2 " Design is a recognised factor for innovation in Wales and this research by PDR has enabled us to identify ways in which design can play a more effective role in Welsh Government innovation programmes." ' We found the methodology for the research a really useful way of gaining insight from different stakeholders and we will explore how to take some of the proposals forward.'

The contemporary technological advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) enable the employment of non-traditional data sources (e.g. satellite data, sensors, cell phone networks data, social media, etc.) in different aspects of the public sphere. Datafication is changing the relationship between governments and citizens, and the way governments address policy problems. Nowadays, policy-makers are urged to harness data for policies and public service design, while answering at the same time the demand for citizen engagement; as a consequence, innovative government/governance models appeared to connect these two instances. Although it is not a new concept, the model of Anticipatory Governance is particularly worth considering in light of contemporary data availability. Predictive analytics based on data increasingly realizes predictions for public action, although it presents many controversial implications (e.g. the epistemology of data evidence, public trust a...

This paper contains the theoretical underpinnings for a radical new model of government called a PURE DIGITAL DEMOCRACY (PDD). In a PDD, the physical legislative and executive branches of government are both effectively replaced with virtual versions (i.e. a software platform) upon which millions of volunteer citizens, with the help of an empowered bureaucracy, collectively carry out the roles presently carried out by their political representatives (i.e. the politicians). Put differently, in a PDD, politicians, political parties and the election cycle are all made redundant and the government effectively becomes a single, massive, ongoing, online collaboration project that any citizen is allowed to participate in at any time however much they please. A defining principle of the new model is that all political power, with the exception of the judiciary, is spread evenly amongst the populace so that every single citizen has exactly the same capacity as every other citizen to participate in every decision of government at every point in the decision’s decision-making process. In other words, the distribution of political power within the PDD system is absolutely flat. The model is also pure in two senses: it is purely digital in that all non-bureaucratic decision-making processes take place in an online environment and it is purely (or rather fully) democratic in that all political power, with the exception of the judiciary, is ultimately held by the people, not just in principle but in actuality.

In theory, the PDD model possesses no less than 37 MAJOR advantages over existing representative models of governments while possessing zero major disadvantages.

All up, the PDD model of government appears to be nothing short of the ULTIMATE FORM OF GOVERNMENT. Consequently, given the overwhelming number of major advantages it appears to have over existing models of government as well as the increasingly dismal state of representative governments around the world, it is highly recommended that the software platform needed to underpin the new model be designed, developed and ready to deploy as soon as possible. Such a platform, if properly built, will fundamentally change the way in which human societies are governed for the better and establish for the first time in human history societies in which the common folk would not be looked down upon by or subject to the whims of a haughty ruling elite class. Such a platform will not only likely go down as the crowning achievement of the ICT revolution, it will likely go down as one of the greatest achievements in the history of human civilisation and mark the dawn of a new age of humanity.

The reason for uploading this paper is so that academics can critique the theory and back its feasibility as obtaining such critiques is a prerequisite to actually securing funding to build the software platform that will ultimately underpin the PDD model.

A roadmap for 'new policy design' studies now exists in the orientation which has emerged in recent years towards the formulation of complex policy mixes. The new design orientation focuses on bundles or portfolios of tools and the interactive effects which occur when multiple tools are used over time in policy packages designed to address multiple goals, and upon more complex multi-policy and multi-level design contexts. This review article examines the differences between the 'old' instrument orientation and the 'new' design one, setting out the current research agenda in this field and its rationale. keywords: public policy • policy design • policy tools • policy instruments • governance

The concept of Design System can be considered a model that gathers in a single map the dimensions, actors and interrelations a round the Design sector that take place in a delimited territory. Visual interpretations help to graphically represent complex concepts, such as the Design System. Many authors make use of visual interpretations to explain and disseminate their proposals of Design System models.

This poster presents Canary lslands Design System graphic model as a result of captu ring the dimensions, actors and interrelations considered part of the system in the Archipelago and it compares various proposals far visual interpretations of the System Design according to its morphology, objective and visualization strategy.

The success of events like the Milano Design Week that radiate out from the shared interest in design, above all outside the stands of the institutionalized Trade Fair is an example of a collective experiences that have grown in scale, participation and importance with great speed in recent years, as they are evolving in the same direction as the post-fordist economy, where added value is obtained from cultural and linguistic elements incorporated into physical merchandise rather than from its materials and manufacturers.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the exploration of crowdsourcing's usage in the public sector by tracings its conceptual structure, application's advantages and potential adoption from the government's or the citizen's side. Design/methodology/approach-A systematic narrative literature review is the suggested method, which captures the latest trends of crowdsourcing by diving the existing bibliography into thematic categories and analyzing the findings. Findings-The study resulted in the suggestion of new elements for the definition of crowdsourcing, including privacy, big data, political will and other important aspects. Moreover, the current academic work discusses the advantages of crowdsourcing in the public sector such as cost reduction, decision making, public issues monitoring in real time, etc. At last, this paper argues about the adoption of crowdsourcing and the obvious issues such as lack of trust, crowdsourcing's importance for the public servants and other serious subjects. Originality/value-The value of the study lies in the fact that it helps the decision makers to outsource the information seeking process for new ideas and services to the public. This is a guide for those who wish to minimize the cost of information management, with the help of volunteers who contribute to the public governance.

Todo país industrializado o en vías de desarrollo cuenta con infinidad de procesos industriales, de máquinas, sistemas y aplicaciones que utilizan la combustión. La contaminación atmosférica representa un impacto ambiental no deseado, que se genera en las plantas productivas y en los procesos industriales, motivo por el cual se le han dedicado equipos, instalaciones y métodos de gestión para evitarla o intentar controlarla dentro de determinados límites. La Normatividad Mexicana especifica los niveles máximos permisibles de emisión a la atmosfera en función de cada tipo de actividad y equipo (NOM-085-SEMARNAT-2011 y NOM-043-SEMARNAT-1993). La metodología radicará en la investigación documental con el propósito de homologar la documentación y procedimientos basados en la esquematización de la Norma Mexicana (NMX) y en los requisitos del personal, instalaciones, métodos, equipos, la trazabilidad, muestreo, control y aseguramiento de la calidad que se establecen en los mismos métodos de ensayo./Every industrialized or developing country has countless industrial processes, machines, systems and applications that use combustion. Air pollution represents an unwanted environmental impact, which is generated in production plants and industrial processes, which is why equipment, facilities and management methods have been dedicated to avoiding it or trying to control it within certain limits. The Mexican Regulations specify the maximum permissible levels of emission into the atmosphere based on each type of activity and equipment (NOM-085-SEMARNAT-2011 and NOM-043-SEMARNAT-1993). The methodology will be based on documentary research in order to standardize the documentation and procedures based on the schematization of the Mexican Standard (NMX) and on the requirements of personnel, facilities, methods, equipment, traceability, sampling, control and assurance of the quality established in the same test methods.

Este dossier busca contestar las siguientes preguntas: ¿Qué aporta el diseño de políticas a la articulación entre la teoría y la práctica? ¿Cuál es el fundamento metodológico de las diferentes teorías de diseño de políticas? ¿Cómo se complementan y dialogan estas teorías? ¿Cuáles son los temas pendientes de la agenda de investigación en el diseño de políticas para América Latina?

El dossier está compuesto por una introducción y cinco artículos que responden a las preguntas formuladas arriba. En ese sentido, los trabajos se complementan entre sí y configuran un conjunto articulado. Una versión inicial de estos artículos fue discutida en el seminario de políticas públicas comparadas de Flacso Ecuador y luego comentada por lectoras y lectores externos, especializados en el análisis de políticas públicas.

La literatura de diseño de políticas proporciona importantes recursos para analizar los procesos de las políticas públicas. Si bien uno de sus principales propósitos ha sido contribuir a mejorar la acción gubernamental, es evidente que aún existe una tensión entre la comprensión académica y la experiencia práctica de la administración pública. En cierto sentido, esta tensión se justifica por la polisemia del término, provocada por múltiples y dispersos acercamientos teóricos. El artículo pretende ordenar el conocimiento más relevante sobre el diseño de políticas y para ello se propone una clasificación de tres significados distintos del término y se explica tanto sus alcances, como sus limitaciones: el diseño como actividad tecnocrática o creativa, el diseño como teoría y el diseño como marco analítico. El documento desarrolla un análisis completo del concepto y presenta una agenda de investigación que muestra importantes signos de vitalidad y evolución progresiva.

The literature available on policy design provides important resources to analyze public policy processes. Although one of its main purposes has been to contribute in the enhancement of government action, it is clear that there is still a tension between academic understanding and the practical experience of public administration. To some extent, this tension is justified by the polysemy of the term (policy design) caused by multiple and scattered theoretical approaches. This article aims to order the most relevant knowledge about policy design making and for this purpose, a classification of three different meanings of the term is proposed and its scope and limitations are explained. Design as a technocratic or creative activity, design as theory and design as an analytical framework. Thus, the document develops a complete analysis of the concept and presents a research agenda that shows important signs of vitality and progressive evolution.

Current challenges in the ideation, decision-making and implementation of public policy have recently highlighted the gap between the traditional roles and processes adopted by public decision makers and their ability to solve large and undefined issues, pushing policy makers to examine whether/how to incorporate new sets of Pragmatic tools and approaches.
Service design practice is becoming increasingly involved in public sector innovation: for example, helping to translate strategic governmental plans into concrete actions for public governance and new systems of public services; supporting the establishment of a new connection with civil society to allow bottom-up initiatives and service opportunities to emerge; helping to make public services more transparent and accessible to citizens and stakeholders. However, the growth of many practical examples worldwide is not currently coupled by a consistent and systematic reflection – whether academic or practical – that can help support both the evolution of Government in practice, and the advancement of research.
In this positioning paper, we reflect on how selected papers have contributed to advance reflection on these topics. We also draw a larger picture to illustrate how design practice in Government is contributing to experimentation and advocacy. Finally, we reflect on a research agenda to advance both practice and research for Service Design in Government.

This article analyzes policy innovation in Colombia, through the adoption of a new centralized oil-rent management system in 2011, after 20 years of decentralized policies. Using a policy-design framework, we identify a causal mechanism linking the opening of a policy window to policy change as a combination of the emergence of a new policy network, the adoption of a new policy paradigm and the selection of a new instruments mix. Drawing on Bayesian statistics, the 11 tests conducted on the causal mechanism show the importance of State resources of information, authority, treasury and organization to assess the outcome of policy change.

Este artículo analiza la innovación de políticas públicas en Colombia, a través de la adopción de un nuevo sistema centralizado de manejo de rentas petroleras en 2011, tras veinte años de políticas descentralizadas
de regalías. Aplicando un marco analítico basado en el diseño de políticas, identificamos un mecanismo causal relacionando la apertura de una ventana de oportunidad con un cambio de políticas públicas, como resultado de una combinación de la aparición de una nueva red de política, la adopción de un nuevo paradigma de políticas y la selección de una nueva mezcla de instrumentos. Con base en las estadísticas bayesianas, las once pruebas aplicadas al mecanismo causal muestran la importancia de los recursos estatales de información, poder, hacienda y organización para explicar el cambio de políticas públicas.

Effective policy mixes are expected to accommodate uncertainties in the future policy context by being flexible and adapt over time in expectation of a range of anticipated and unanticipated conditions. In response to shifts in the future policy context, while policy changes can manifest as increments to status quo over time, policymakers may also need to face the possibility of making major policy shifts to enable the transition into more appropriate policy regimes. In the context of socio-technical transitions, the switch to new policy alternatives can be facilitated by incorporating new policy actions into the suite of current policy strategies early on, which can also help accommodate the long lead-times on some decisions and actions. This paper is a conceptual piece that focuses on integrating policy design thinking into the crafting of conscious policy choices and mixes to enable socio-technical transitions while considering the likely changes in the future policy context.

Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policy-making, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policy-making, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing.

Abstract Two important challenges in policy design are better understanding of the design space and consideration of the temporal factors. Moreover, in recent years it has been demonstrated that understanding the complex interactions of policy measures can play an important role in policy design and analysis. In this paper, the advances made in conceptualization and application of networks to policy design in the past decade are highlighted. Specifically, the use of a network-centric policy design approach in better understanding the design space and temporal consequences of design choices are presented. Network-centric policy design approach has been used in classification, visualization, and analysis of the relations among policy measures as well as ranking of policy measures using their internal properties and interactions, and conducting sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, through use of a decision support system, network-centric approach facilitates ranking, visualization, and selection of policies using different sets of criteria, and exploring the potential for compromise in policy formulation. The advantage of the network-centric approach is providing the ability to go beyond visualizations and analysis of policies and piecemeal use of network concepts as a
tool for different policy design tasks to moving to a more integrated bottom–up approach to design. Furthermore, the computational advantages of the network-centric policy design in considering temporal factors such as policy sequencing and addressing issues such as layering, drift, policy failure, and delay are presented. Finally, some of the current challenges of network-centric design are discussed, and some potential avenues of exploration in policy design through use of computational methodologies, as well as possible integration with approaches from other disciplines, are highlighted.

A roadmap for 'new policy design' studies now exists in the orientation which has emerged in recent years towards the formulation of complex policy mixes. The new design orientation focuses on bundles or portfolios of tools and the interactive effects which occur when multiple tools are used over time in policy packages designed to address multiple goals, and upon more complex multi-policy and multi-level design contexts. This review article examines the differences between the 'old' instrument orientation and the 'new' design one, setting out the current research agenda in this field and its rationale. keywords: public policy • policy design • policy tools • policy instruments • governance

A roadmap for 'new policy design' studies now exists in the orientation which has emerged in recent years towards the formulation of complex policy mixes. The new design orientation focuses on bundles or portfolios of tools and the interactive effects which occur when multiple tools are used over time in policy packages designed to address multiple goals, and upon more complex multi-policy and multi-level design contexts. This review article examines the differences between the 'old' instrument orientation and the 'new' design one, setting out the current research agenda in this field and its rationale. key words public policy • policy design • policy tools • policy instruments • governance

A roadmap for 'new policy design' studies now exists in the orientation which has emerged in recent years towards the formulation of complex policy mixes. The new design orientation focuses on bundles or portfolios of tools and the interactive effects which occur when multiple tools are used over time in policy packages designed to address multiple goals, and upon more complex multi-policy and multi-level design contexts. This review article examines the differences between the 'old' instrument orientation and the 'new' design one, setting out the current research agenda in this field and its rationale.

Policy design is an area of study in the field of public policy with a curious intellectual history. It engendered a large literature in the 1980s and 1990s oriented to understanding design as both a process and an outcome with prominent figures in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia such as Lester Salamon,