Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

The research paper explores potential erickshaw enhancements in Bangladesh, a rapidly growing market that offers employment and transportation. However, the industry faces challenges in stability and security, particularly in uneven terrains. Factors such as weight distribution, tire quality, suspension characteristics, brake performance, and road conditions can influence instability. To address these issues, improvements in vehicle design, maintenance procedures, and training protocols can be made. The center of gravity (CG), a key parameter affecting stability, can be improved by lowering it, instructing drivers in safe driving techniques, and implementing maintenance schedules. Implementing these improvements can enhance the efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability of e-rickshaws, potentially increasing the dependability and sustainability of Bangladesh's transportation system.

The current energy side of the battery is indicating in a percentage level is called state of charge (SOC). Nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery. The chemical response at the positive electrode in nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries is like that in nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries, as both use nickel oxide hydroxide NiO(OH). However, while NiCd cells use cadmium, NiMH batteries feature a hydrogen-absorbing alloy in their negative electrodes. NiMH batteries provide two to three times the capacity and a significantly higher energy density compared to NiCd batteries of the same size. The research was mainly focused on the aspect of SoC of Ni-MH and Lion batteries with operation of an electric vehicle with total weights of 600 kg was investigated using MATLAB/Simulink.

Once clean, renewable energy sources are used to charge the batteries in electric vehicles (EVs), the vehicles can produce zero gas emissions, greatly improving the environment. EVs and other distributed energy storage devices can be used in a smart microgrid to deliver energy to the loads throughout highest times, reducing the impact of load shading and improving the quality of the electricity. To achieve these goals of energy balance between EVs, the grid, and renewable energy sources, an isolated hybrid multiport converter is required. This paper develops an optimized isolated multi-port DC-DC converter for controlling power flow in multiple directions in an EV. This converter contains a dc-dc unidirectional converter, a bidirectional dc-dc converter, a triple active bridge (TAB), and a multi-port dual active bridge converter. Additionally, the Optimal Controller (OC) is developed to manage the power between the EV and the battery. The power flow is achieved by using the Modified Coati Optimization Algorithm (MCOA). In the MCOA, the optimal gain parameter of the converter is selected. In the planned technique, a bidirectional DC-DC converter can be considered to interconnect the EV battery towards deliver bidirectional power flow ability with the battery. The proposed approach is executed in MATLAB, and presentations are assessed by considering performance measures. Moreover, it is contrasted with the traditional approaches of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO).

Respected Automobile Leaders, I write not as an entrepreneur seeking financial gain, but as an Indian citizen invested in the future of practical, sustainable mobility. I wish to share a concept that, if engineered as a production program, could significantly lower running costs for Indian families and fleets while reducing emissions and range anxiety. The proposal is simple in spirit and rigorous in execution: integrate a strong hybrid petrol-electric powertrain with a factory-engineered CNG mode, and add a low-profile solar roof for auxiliary charging. The result is a flexible, resilient, India-first solution that combines three energy sources in one large-SUV platform: electric for urban efficiency, CNG for the lowest rupee-per-kilometre where available, and petrol for nationwide coverage and performance. Solar provides incremental but continuous energy that reduces parasitic loads and engine-on events.

At present scenario, globally commonly used transportation system are based on IC Engine based vehicles which affects environment due to emission of greenhouse gases. due to the systematic approach for electric transportation system towards green transportation and reducing the crucial issues of global climate changes are the initiative for saving the environment. In recent years the transport industry has become very popular with Electrical Vehicles (EVs). Due to its recent development which will likely to replace the ordinary IC Engine based vehicle in near future to save the nature against the pollution. In this paper, present EV subsystems and its configurations, components of EV are discussed. This paper focus on reviewing the present scenario of EV, latest development of EV and challenges, opportunities for effective deployment of EVs are highlighted. Also there is scope for effective implementation of smart grid technology in EV, grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid, vehicle to home as well as home to vehicle technology along with renewable power incorporation connectivity to EVs and Grid framework and future study developments are also underlined. The paper is intended to include the latest technology and new solutions for future production of electrical vehicles in order to lead to future research into this area. Keywords-EV subsystems , Electric vehicles (EVs), components and its configurations, challenges and opportunities of EVs, smart grid , V to G, integration of RES, Strategies for development of EVs I.

Electric vehicles (EVs) present an efficient solution for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancing grid power quality. They offer multiple advantages over traditional internal combustion engines (ICEs), including lower emissions, reduced dependance on oil, higher energy efficiency, quieter operation, zero emissions, and improved air quality by minimizing the release of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere. However, there is a lack of literature that comprehensively reviews the factors that can facilitate the assimilation of EV technology. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of EV technologies, focusing on the growth of global EV adoption and the various types of EVs, including all-EVs and hybrid EVs (HEVs). The comparative analysis of different HEV technologies is presented, covering full HEVs, mild HEVs, and plug-in HEVs (PHEVs). The paper also discusses the different classifications of HEVs based on electrification level and energy source, along with a comparative analysis of their configurations. Furthermore, the EV architecture is examined, with a specific focus on electric motors, battery management systems (BMSs), batteries, and charging technologies, including conductive and wireless charging systems. The challenges in EV charging and the associated charging standards are also addressed. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for the advancement of EV technologies and infrastructure to overcome the significant barriers to rapid EV adoption, while demonstrating how smart grid technologies enhance EV charging efficiency, grid resilience, and energy sustainability.

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) represents a global effort to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental impact. A core component of EVs is the electric motor system, which replaces the internal combustion engine. This paper explores the architecture, motor types, control strategies, and current challenges in EV motor systems.

Electric Vehicles (Evs) have enlarged significant popularity owing to their environmental benefits and the enhancing demand for sustainable transportation. Integrating renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems for EV charging improves the sustainability and cost effectiveness of overall system. For improving the overall performance and reliability of EV charging systems, an effectual continuous charging of EV batteries is crucial. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel topology to optimal EV charging by utilizing an integrated SEPIC-Cuk converter with energy management system. The integrated SEPIC-Cuk converter is developed for enhancing the voltage obtained from PV, which offers high voltage gain with reduced component count. Moreover, to control the converter operation, the Chaotic dragon fly optimization (CDO) based PI controller is used, it provide the stable output voltage with better convergence speed and robustness. The battery system gets charged by the PV system for EV charging and the bidirectional converter is employed for both charging and discharging purpose as per the battery needs. Additionally, the excess energy obtained from the PV system after supplying enough power to the battery is deliver to the grid system through single VSI. During unavailable power from PV, the grid flows in bidirectional for charging the battery, thus continuous power supply is fed to battery system. To validate the effectiveness of the developed system it is executed in MATLAB/Simulink and the comparative analysis is made over with the traditional topologies for showing the prominence of the proposed work. The outcomes illustrates that the proposed converter approach has high voltage gain ratio of 1:10, high efficiency of 97.42% as well as minimized THD value of 2.42%. Thereby, this research contributes to the ongoing efforts in developing advanced charging solutions with energy management system.

The performance analysis based on the experimental results has been carried out. The test rig comprised of a conventional internal combustion engine coupled with a hydraulic dynamometer, a D.C. series motor (torquer), an alternator and a battery pack. The rig was specially constructed so as to obtain purely mechanical, electrical and hybrid mode of operation. The engine overall performance map and transmission efficiency were obtained. The torquer, alternator, planetary gear train and battery performance have been determined. The tests were conducted under the hybrid mode whereby the engine fed both the dynamometer representing traction load and the alternator applied to charge the battery or to change the speed through the dynamometer.

Analisa os impactos que a introducao dos carros puramente eletricos na frota de veiculos leves brasileira, em substituicao aos carros movidos a combustiveis fosseis, traria para o setor eletrico. Os problemas ambientais e a relevância do setor de transportes nas emissoes de gases estufa fazem do carro eletrico uma maneira de reduzir o nivel de emissoes associadas as atividades de transporte. Nesse contexto, nos ultimos anos, diversas montadoras ao redor do mundo tem intensificado a busca pelo desenvolvimento desta tecnologia. No entanto, embora seja considerada uma tecnologia limpa e capaz de mitigar os problemas ambientais, sua disseminacao e timida. Como sera visto ao longo do trabalho, ha diversas barreiras que limitam sua utilizacao mais ampla. Entre elas podemos citar a falta de infra-estrutura de recarga, o alto preco de aquisicao, a baixa autonomia e a falta de incentivos tributarios. Foram utilizados neste trabalho dados fornecidos pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema, Agencia ...

With the advancement in 21st Century, there has been increase in usage of Oil and Gas leading to problems like Global Warming, climate change, shortage of crude oil, etc. Due to these reasons Automobile Companies have started doing research for making Hybrid Techonolgy usable into the daily life. The Paper starts from brief history about Hybrid Technology and also some brief introduction on it. Paper will also discuss the technologies used in the making of Hybrid Cars such as "Hybrid Solar Vehicle", "Hybrid Electric Vehicle" and "Plug In hybrid electric vehicles". Our Paper is based on the explanation of such technologies, their function, drawback of this technology, efficiency of Hybrid Cars, Case studies on the present commercial hybrid cars such as Toyota Prius series, Astrolab etc and the fuels and raw materials used in the Hybrid Cars. Paper concludes on the advantages and dis-advantages of Hybrid Cars and how this technology will take over the world in future and would become the alternative for Petrol and Diesel Cars.

Due to expensiveness of PHEV batteries, the dimensioning of the batteries is very important. We derive the marginally optimal size from a consumer economics perspective and show that a crucial factor for optimal size and profitability is the marginal annual recharging frequency. We apply the analysis to a small set of Swedish vehicle movement data and demonstrate that the resulting optimal battery is highly dependent on the specific movement pattern of the individual car. We conclude that it is now urgent for the continued development, planning, and estimates of proliferation and impact of PHEVs, that statistical data, today mostly lacking, for the movement patterns of individual vehicles are assembled.

This paper describes the creation of novel propulsion system architectures using algebraic design techniques. The objective is to create novel arrangements comprised of one or more planetary gear sets, an internal combustion engine, a pair of motor-generators and several torque-transmitting mechanisms (clutches and brakes). The algebraic design procedure represents the planetary gear sets, fixed interconnections, clutches/brakes, and motor-generator sets as algebraic constraints. Appropriate subsets of constraint equations are solved to identify viable propulsion system designs. We have used the above design approach to create several novel candidate multi-speed transmissions as well as electrically-variable transmission concepts.

Maximizing the efficiency in transport vehicles will be a necessity. This may be realized by introducing a power electronic conversion between the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the wheels. Hence the ICE may be used at its maximal efficiency point. One still can choose the kind of fuel: liquid or gas hydrocarbons, hydrogen, alcohol. The ICE delivers electrical power by means of a high efficiency generator and rectifier Further on one can recover electrical energy from the exhaust thermal power by means of a bottom cycle. A solution is to use an organic rankine cycle for this. The motion itself is done by high efficiency converters and permanent magnet motors. One can reduce gear losses while using direct drive wheel motors. In ships one can also optimise the propeller and the number of propellers.

With its potential to improve fuel efficiency and contribute to a more sustainable energy future, electric cars will be an integral part of the transportation system of the future. For the time being, this industry is using traditional boost converters. A proposal for an interleaved boost converter for EVs is made in this article. When contrasted with the Classic boost converter, the suggested one produces higher-quality results. In this proposed work, we use a two-phase boost converter to lower the output waveform's ripple current, which is often rather significant in boost converters. It is suggested to use an Interleaved Boost Converter with MPPT to maintain a steady DC output voltage from PV systems. Electric vehicle propulsion performance and system current ripple are both enhanced by the suggested integrated circuit. A comparison was made between the traditional boost converter and the proposed converter. The simulation is conducted in MATLAB/SIMULINK, considering different irradiance and temperature values. A prototype for a 1kW PV system with a resistive load is then created. To ensure the precision and efficiency of the suggested approaches, we provide simulation and experimental findings.

In this research work a six–phase BLDC Hub motor designed, developed by using an existing 3–phase BLDC Hub motor material. This conversion orients towards design modifications in the stator winding layout, the number of phases, the number of hall-sensors, placement of hall-sensors and stator winding commutation. Also, a new controller is designed to commutate the six-phase stator winding. The rotor is kept the same without any modification in geometry and number of magnets. The existing 3–phase BLDC Hub motor, which is used in two – wheel EV application, has 48 slots and 52 magnets and a concentrated double layer winding layout is observed in it. This paper presents a novel direct approach for the conversion of the existing 3–phase BLDC Hub motor to a six–phase BLDC Hub motor. Using this proposed approach, a six-phase winding layout is designed and developed for the existing 48 slots stator of the BLDC Hub motor. This approach reduces the number of iterations to determine the proper phase sequence and phase offset among the phase windings compared to regular Cros’ method. In this work, first the existing 3–phase BLDC Hub motor is dismantled, and its stator is rewound with the six – phase winding layout, which is determined by author’s presented direct approach. The winding was designed in such a way to keep the stator slot fill factor in practical limits. Six hall-sensors placed in the stator slots to identify the position of the rotor. Secondly, a new controller is designed to run the developed six-phase BLDC Hub motor. Six-phase and 3–phase BLDC Hub motors are loaded at common load conditions, for performance comparison, and experimental results of both the motors presented. The results show that the six-phase BLDC Hub motor performs better than the existing 3–phase BLDC Hub motor. Hence, this work proves that the conversion of existing 3–phase BLDC Hub motor to a six–phase BLDC Hub motor is viable and can be adopted commercially.

An electric scooter, as one type of Lightweight vehicles technology, is a motorized vehicle designed for short-distance travel and recreational purposes. It is powered by an electric motor and typically has a rechargeable battery that provides sufficient power to operate the vehicle. Electric scooters are similar to traditional scooters but are much quieter, eco-friendly, and more energy-efficient. They are commonly used as an alternative mode of transportation for commuting, sightseeing, and recreational activities. This work presents an experimental implementation of speed stabilizer of electric scooter. In fact, a constant speed function might be required in a specific case in the operation of the scooter. A Field Oriented Control (FOC) method was chosen to control the speed of 3-phase Brushless DC motor of the scooter using a PIC16F873A Microcontroller through a Driver circuit. The control algorithm is designed to produce pulse width modulation (PWM) signal with the PID controller of the pulse bandwidth equipped with this Microcontroller and compared to the return pulse of the speed sensor in order to create and apply a closed back-feed system for good stability performance of scooter speed at different load values. The results obtained from this work show that the possibility of obtaining a wide range of control of the speed of the scooter at different loads with high reliability.

The paper studies the merits of a 1-∅ induction motor powered by a Trina Solar's module TSM-250PA05.08 that employs the perturbs and observes (P&O) technique, utilizing two types of controllers, FOC and DTC. The merits of the two types of controllers were studied according to the results of the electromagnetic torque (Te), the currents of the main winding Ia and auxiliary winding Ib, and the Speed of a rotor. The results showed that both controllers' electromagnetic torque and speed rotor are very close. The results also showed distortions in the main and auxiliary winding currents when using the DTC controller. In contrast, when utilizing FOC, the results demonstrate smoother waveforms for main and auxiliary winding curves. Regarding response time, DTC achieves a faster rise time for Te and Ib than FOC. Also, concerning settling time, DTC achieves a faster settling time than FOC.

The paper studies the merits of a 1-∅ induction motor powered by a Trina Solar's module TSM-250PA05.08 that employs the perturbs and observes (P&O) technique, utilizing two types of controllers, FOC and DTC. The merits of the two types of controllers were studied according to the results of the electromagnetic torque (Te), the currents of the main winding Ia and auxiliary winding Ib, and the Speed of a rotor. The results showed that both controllers' electromagnetic torque and speed rotor are very close. The results also showed distortions in the main and auxiliary winding currents when using the DTC controller. In contrast, when utilizing FOC, the results demonstrate smoother waveforms for main and auxiliary winding curves. Regarding response time, DTC achieves a faster rise time for Te and Ib than FOC. Also, concerning settling time, DTC achieves a faster settling time than FOC.

The rapid expansion of the automotive sector promising this technology is going forward and deeply ingrained in human society. Without a doubt, the unpredictable and erratic charging demands of these devices would have an impact on the power grid's scheduling and optimal performance, which may be seen as a new issue. This research introduces an efficient energy management system for hybrid renewable energy in AC/DC microgrids, including electric vehicle (EV) renewable microgrids, utilizing sources such as solar and wind energy. These systems offer promising solutions for enhancing security, reliability, and efficiency in power systems, with the added benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed optimization approach utilizes Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA) Golden Jackal Optimization (GJO) called Advanced HBA (AHBA) for voltage and power control in hybrid AC/DC microgrids with EVs. This approach addresses challenges faced by existing control methods, such as instability and complexity, by simplifying control through AHBA and facilitating efficient power sharing. Additionally, the suggested technique, which is intended for microgrids with different power profiles, streamlines electric car power references using separate inputs via AHBA. MATLAB simulations of a small-scale hybrid AC/DC microgrid is used to validate the proposed Energy Management System (EMS). The proposed approach achieves an efficiency of 99.023%.

The existing electric distribution system is under tremendous stress due to reasons like power efficacy & voltage profile, load growth, radial structure etc. Additionally, electric load demand due to PHEVs worsens the existing distribution system performance. Planning of DGs in distribution system is one of the potential solutions for improving existing distribution system performance without changing its infrastructure. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to determine the optimal way to allocate photovoltaic (PV) based distributed generators (DGs) inside radial distribution networks while taking into account the load demands of both conventional and PHEVs. In the study, three key technical metrics of the distribution network are improved via optimal planning of PV units: maximizing the voltage stability index, minimizing total voltage variation, and minimizing energy loss. Mathematically, weighted objective function is formulated for dealing the above-citied technical metrics. The weighted objective function is optimized using recently developed robust electric eel foraging optimization (EEFO) algorithm. The study first looks into how PHEV load demand affects the technical aspects of the distribution system. Subsequently, improvement of distribution system (accommodating both conventional and PHEVs load demand) performance via optimal planning PV units is discussed. IEEE-69 bus system is considered as a test system in this study. In addition, simulations utilising the differential evolution (DE) and grey wolf optimisation (GWO) methods are carried out in order to examine the robustness of the EEFO approach. The results of these comparisons are described in detail.

The noise and vibration behaviour of electric and hybrid vehicles is dramatically different from conventional vehicles. The noise and vibration mechanisms of the individual components (combustion engine, electric motor, transmission etc.) are known in principle, but an electric or hybrid powertrain features additional and different components as well as new operation modes compared to a conventional powertrain. This results in new interactions which are uncommon in this form for conventional vehicles. In the case of the electric traction, the electric motor becomes an important noise and vibrations source. Depending on the design of the motor, the electromagnetic (EM) pulses and corresponding torque pulses from the motor can be very strong. These can be radiated as noise directly from the motor housing and can also be transmitted structurally to the support structure through the motor mounts. However, the EM forces are generally lower than the combustion and reciprocating mass force...

After more than a century of ruling the roads, oil is starting to lose its dominance over the automobile industry due to increasing oil prices and depleting oil resources. In June 2018, India announced that it would end sales of gas and diesel cars by 2030. So there is no doubt that the electric vehicles are going to be next revolution in automobile industry. It is also estimated that the discovered oil resources have reserves only for the next 50 years. So we developed a guideline for converting IC engine vehicle to electric vehicle which would save the IC engine vehicles from going to scrap when all the oil resources get depleted and also save the cities from pollution.

The scientific paper presents a numerical simulation comparison study regarding fuel efficiency and emissions, of a hybrid vehicle, when altering temperatures values and state of charge of the energy storage system parameters from the initial conditions occurs, and the vehicle follows a standard test cycle (UDDS). The comparison study aims, the usage of the same vehicle with hybrid – parallel configuration.

Электромобил як навъи воситаи нақлиёти автомобилӣ ба ҳисоб рафта, бо як ё якчанд муҳаррикҳои барқӣ, ки аз манбаи мустақили энергияи барқ (батареяҳои аккумуляторӣ, ҳуҷайраҳои сўзишворӣ, суперконденсаторҳо ва ғайра) ё дугона - гибрид (муҳаррики барқӣ бо муҳаррики дарунсўз) кор мекунад. Дар мақола оид ба рушди нақлиёти барқӣ, сиёсати давлатӣ дар ин самт ва мушкилотҳои ҷойдошта, андеша ва пешниҳодҳо оварда шудаанд.

КАЛИДВОЖА:
БАРНОМАИ РУШДИ НАҚЛИЁТИ БАРқӢ, ЭЛЕКТРОМОБИЛ, ГИБРИД, PHEV, FCEV

Solar-driven electric vehicle (EV) charging stations have garnered considerable interest as an eco-friendly response to the escalating need for clean transportation. The incorporation of intelligent inverter control technology into these charging stations has demonstrated potential in fine-tuning power distribution and enhancing the overall efficacy of the charging procedure. This document offers a thorough assessment of the efficiency of smart inverter control in solarpowered EV charging stations. The investigation delves into the influence of smart inverter control on crucial performance metrics such as charging efficiency, grid integration, and costeffectiveness.

Solar-powered electric vehicle (EV) charging stations have gained significant attention as a sustainable solution to the growing demand for clean transportation. The integration of smart inverter control technology in these charging stations has shown promise in optimizing power flow and improving the overall efficiency of the charging process. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of smart inverter control for solar-powered EV charging stations. The study examines the impact of smart inverter control on key performance indicators, including charging efficiency, grid integration, and cost-effectiveness

Due to the fluctuated generation of Photovoltaic (PV) and stochastic charging and discharging schemes of electric vehicles (EVs), risky operational issues are observed in the medium-voltage distribution systems. Expected issues are excessive energy losses, voltage drop and voltage rise, and disruptions of operational boundaries in power distribution systems. To tackle these issues, we propose an optimization planning model in this paper for optimally allocate PV to accommodate EV charging stations in distribution systems. The proposed planning approach has the ability to determine the best PV locations and sizes to reduce the electrical energy losses in the distribution system, considering voltage and power flow boundaries. Consequently, the allocation problem of PV is created as a double-layer optimization model, which is solved by the gravitational search algorithm. To indicate the effectiveness of the proposed allocation approach of PV, different simulations are performed in the IEEE 69-bus distribution system. The computed results demonstrate that the proposed planning approach can optimally allocate multiple PV units while satisfying the EV charging requirements.

Due to the fluctuated generation of Photovoltaic (PV) and stochastic charging and discharging schemes of electric vehicles (EVs), risky operational issues are observed in the medium-voltage distribution systems. Expected issues are excessive energy losses, voltage drop and voltage rise, and disruptions of operational boundaries in power distribution systems. To tackle these issues, we propose an optimization planning model in this paper for optimally allocate PV to accommodate EV charging stations in distribution systems. The proposed planning approach has the ability to determine the best PV locations and sizes to reduce the electrical energy losses in the distribution system, considering voltage and power flow boundaries. Consequently, the allocation problem of PV is created as a double-layer optimization model, which is solved by the gravitational search algorithm. To indicate the effectiveness of the proposed allocation approach of PV, different simulations are performed in the IEEE 69-bus distribution system. The computed results demonstrate that the proposed planning approach can optimally allocate multiple PV units while satisfying the EV charging requirements.

The penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) has been increased throughout the world. The main characteristic of RESs is that their generating powers are intermittent and unpredictable. This paper presents an interval optimization method to optimally schedule electric vehicles (EV) with considering the uncertainty of RES generation and loads. For this purpose, the RES generation (including photovoltaic and wind power) and loads are considered as interval parameters, and the charging/discharging power of EV is expressed as an interval variable to be optimally computed. The capability of RES inverters to regulate voltages is also considered in the interval optimization model. The objective function is to minimize the network active power losses and total voltage magnitude deviation with considering overall system constraints. The proposed method is tested on a 33-bus distribution system with uncertain RESs and loads, and the optimal day-ahead scheduling of EV is performed. Different case studies are carried out to test the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is demonstrated that the proposed interval optimization method can accurately represent the uncertain problem, and it provides further information compared with the deterministic optimization.

The growth of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems has great impacts on several practical issues, such as voltage rise/drop and system efficiency. In this paper, a smart centralized control system (SCCS) is proposed for optimizing the performance of distribution systems without violating constraints. The SCCS manages the voltage control devices (VCDs) as well as dispatchable DG sources in a cooperative manner to guarantee security and optimality of system operation. A multi-objective function with adaptive weighting factors (WFs) is introduced, which involves active losses, reactive losses, and voltage deviations. The SCCS optimizes the real-time operation of distribution systems by following a smart strategy that optimally resets the WF values as a response for violating system constraints; hence, the distribution system security is enhanced. Comprehensive simulation studies and comparisons with a time series simulation of a 24-hour period are performed to demonstrate

This paper presents wind energy conversion system using CHB MLI and phase interleaved boost converter to overcome high voltage and current ripple. Developments in power electronics technology have a direct impact on advances in wind energy conversion systems. WECS output voltage may fluctuate depending on wind speed. For WECS to maintain a constant output voltage, a power converter is required. This paper explains how to configure a phase-interleaved boost converter and voltage controller to maintain a stable intermediate circuit voltage in the system. The proposed cascading H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHB MLI) converts DC/AC using a novel topology. Separate DC sources are not utilizing the suggested topology. Multi-level inverters are operated by specific harmonic disposal pulse width modulation, or SHE-PWM are utilized. PMSG voltage, CHB-MLI voltage, boost converter voltage and rotor speed have seven different levels of simulated waveforms. Among the many advantages of three-phase alternating DC-DC boost converters, that are high efficiency, fast dynamics and very low current ripple. The output voltage is increased to 400 V using a three-phase interleaving converter, which also maintains a higher efficiency of about 98%. DC-DC power converters have proven to be essential components of many applications and topologies. The interleaving technique is necessary to address the main disadvantages of DC-DC power converters: increased voltage, reduced efficiency, and rippled current. Interleaved boost converters have several advantages, including lower switching losses, lower voltage and current ripple, increased efficiency, and more. To improve the converter's overall functionality, the "n" parallel converter is connected through an interleaved boost converter. This paper presents a performance analysis of a multiphase alternating boost converter to reduce high voltage and current ripple. MATLAB/Simulink is used for analysis and simulation of phase-interleaved boost converters.

Existing hybrid powertrain architectures, i.e., the connections from engine and motors to the vehicle output shaft, are designed for particular vehicle applications, e.g., passenger cars or city buses, to achieve good fuel economy. For effective electrification of new applications (e.g., heavy-duty trucks or racing cars), new architectures may need to be identified to accommodate the particular vehicle specifications and drive cycles. The exploration of feasible architectures is combinatorial in nature and is conventionally based on human intuition. We propose a mathematically rigorous algorithm to enumerate all feasible powertrain architectures, therefore enabling automated optimal powertrain design. The proposed method is general enough to account for single and multimode architectures as well as different number of planetary gears (PGs) and powertrain components. We demonstrate through case studies that our method can generate the complete sets of feasible designs, including the ...

The scientific paper presents a numerical simulation comparison study regarding fuel efficiency and emissions, of a hybrid vehicle, when altering temperatures values and state of charge of the energy storage system parameters from the initial conditions occurs, and the vehicle follows a standard test cycle (UDDS). The comparison study aims, the usage of the same vehicle with hybrid – parallel configuration.

Uncontrolled operation of distributed generation (DG) can cause interference with the operation of other equipment such as tap-changers, and non-optimal use of their capability. Thus, having an appropriate scheduling and control on DGs is a crucial issue for distribution system operators. In this paper, a linear multi-objective model for power distribution system scheduling that coordinates tap-changers, photovoltaics (PVs) and battery energy storage operation is proposed. Accordingly, tap-changers experience lower stress, batteries' state of charge is kept in suitable range and DGs are used more effectively. The objective functions of the proposed model encompass improving voltage profile, minimizing losses and peak load. Epsilon-constraint method is employed for solving the multi-objective problem, generating the Pareto set. A new decision-making method is proposed to select the preferred solution from the Pareto set. The 33-bus IEEE test system is used to test the performance...

Environment protection in Metro cities is a growing concern. Automobile sector play a very important role in the vision of green friendly environment. Continual reduction of reserve of fossil fuel and increased level of pollution has further forced to think of alternative is an electric vehicle. Mission 2030 for Government of India-"All vehicle will be Electric Vehicle" has given a boost to the E-vehicle and it will lead to generate cumulative savings of 846 million tons of CO2 over the total deployed vehicle's lifetime. Many corporates have already jumped to this sector as it is future of automobile sector. Now, electric vehicle is a reality and available for local public transportation. This paper covers an overview of the present status of electric vehicles in India with respect to technological growth. Key challenges faced by electric vehicle are also discussed.

The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on  still have been  producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity producti...

Due to the fact that the world's energy resources are declining, various alternative energy sources are being sought. One such source of energy is solar energy. However, due to the large size of solar photovoltaic panels, solar energy is not widely used in mobile vehicles. In some electric automobiles, solar energy is used as an additional energy source, yet usually the sun is not able to provide more than 15-20% of the energy needed for their propulsion. There are some experimental design solutions for water vessels that are propelled by solar energy only. A recumbent electric tricycle was designed, constructed and tested within the present research. The recumbent electric tricycle used a 330 W solar battery, which was designed as a tricycle roof. During the tests with the solar battery, the electric tricycle reached a maximum speed of 32 km h-1. On a sunny day in May under the conditions in Latvia, a distance of 50.20 km was experimentally covered without battery recharging, compared with a distance of 17.14 km covered without the use of a solar battery. By skilfully operating the solar electric tricycle and limiting the speed to 20 km h-1 on a sunny day, the expected distance covered could be unlimited. The acceleration and braking parameters of the solar electric tricycle were identified by using a scientific radar Stalker ATS.

As we all know that as the population is increasing day by day the vehicle users are also increasing and the number of vehicles are also increasing day by day. As we all know very well that vehicles run on petrol diesel CNG and LPG. This all fuels are the by-product of fossil fuel. As the number of vehicles increasing the use of fossil fuels are also increasing due to there the shortage of this fuel are seen in market and due to that the cost of that fuel is also increasing. Another disadvantage is that that after combustions of this fuel harmful gases are produce which cause air pollution. So we are going to introduce a hybrid two wheeler vehicle which will work on both fuel and electric power. In this we are going to attach motor directly with the gear box.

This paper presents the development of a method to find optimal routes for cargo ships with three criteria: fuel consumption, safety, and required time. Unlike most previous works, operational data are used for the studies. In this study, we use data collected from a hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulator, with the plant model being a 3D dynamic model of a bulk carrier designed and programmed from 6 degrees of freedom (6-DOF) equations that can interact with forces and moments from the environmental disturbances. The dataset generated from the HIL simulator with various operating scenarios is used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) model. This predictive model then combines the A* algorithm, weather forecast data, ship parameters, and waypoint coordinates to find the optimal routes for ships before each voyage. The test results show that the proposed method works reliably, helping to improve fuel efficiency and enhance the safety of the ships.

The present research addresses the fuzzy charging and discharge control method for batteries made with lithium-ion utilized in EV applications. The proposed fuzzy-based solution takes into account available parameter to charge or discharge the store within the safe functioning area. To analyses and control battery performance, a variety of controlling methods have been used, but each has its own set of drawbacks, such as the inability to stop two charging conditions, the difficulty of the controller, the lengthy charge time. Due to the lack of mathematical calculations, a fuzzy controller is also simpler to construct, has less additional sensing components, and fewer deep discharging and overcharging protections, making it more efficient in terms of speed and complexity. The effectiveness of the suggested charging-discharging controller system is demonstrated through numerical simulations employing load demand and generation. Performance of the suggested controller is evaluated under simulated load conditions. The model's ability to regulate battery charging and discharging is confirmed by the trial's successful conclusion. The output shows that the battery's state of charge (SOC) never goes above the 20% to 80% safe range for that specific type. A new fuzzy model and an operational real-time system for regulating battery charging and discharging are the major results of this research.

The key issues of the 21st century are the combination of rising fuel prices, depletion of fossil fuels and increasing carbon dioxide pollution presents challenges to economies across the globe. The 60% petroleum is consumed by vehicles in the world. Every nation is looking into alternative options for energy efficient transportation solutions. Electric vehicles (EVs) segment is the only alternative for clean, efficient and eco-friendly urban transport system. Electric vehicles are being popular across the world but they are having some problems associated with driving range, energy storage system and stored energy management. This paper presents a new strategy of energy management between the battery and supercapacitors, renewable approaches to generate the electricity; new speed-torque control approach and an energy management system for electric vehicles.Electric drive is smooth, quiet also save a huge amount of running cost. Electric vehicles will also be helping the environment too through reduced carbon emission. The main contribution of this paper is focused on improvement in torque-speed performance and range extension of an electric vehicle.

A decade ago, electric vehicles (EV) made a boom in the automobile market, as they started to become a growing market section in the transportation space. The reasons behind the boom were to decrease environmental pollution by reducing the use of fossil fuels, lowering transportation operating costs, and increased general consumer interest in the new technology. This work generates a streamlined process for the design and simulation of motor transmissions with eight-link mechanisms. This procedure presents a wide range of motor transmissions such as 34 new clutchless systems and 34 new clutched systems. Two novel feasible motor transmissions of the design process are taken as a sample to dissect the working principle conjoined both power flow paths and operation modes. In addition, these designs are conducted for modeling and computer simulation procedures that obtain the results of the energy management strategy and operation mode variation.

Innovation is expected to drive the automotive industry in future as the policymakers and researchers are increasing the thrust on fuel efficiency and emissions than ever before to reconcile mobility and sustainability; mainly through technological improvements and new fuel variants leading to emergence of a spectacular new generation of automobiles. The growingconcern for the environment, fueled by the intrinsic and extrinsic measureshas brought in a radical shift, making the smart and evolved customer demand greener and environmental friendly technologies, in addition to better aesthetics with no tradeoff between performance and fuel efficiency [1]. In groove with the same, the research proposes conceptualization of an inventive air hybrid, integrating two technologically distinct power sources, a conventional petrol fueled engine and an air engine and delineates the associated rule based control strategy for their optimal blending and synergization. With the ideation of a simple and robust design of the air engine with electronically controlled features the concept air hybrid is envisioned to offer an exhilarating fuel efficient and environmentally benign performance over a variety of driving situations to trounce the age old engine driven rivals.