Plant and Soil Relations

Some minerals, like gypsum, hold water in their crystalline structure. Although still unexplored, the use of such crystallization water by organisms would point to a completely new water source for life, critical under dry conditions. Here we use the fact that the isotopic composition of free water differs from gypsum crystallization water to show that plants can use crystallization water from the gypsum structure. The composition of the xylem sap of gypsum plants during summer shows closer values to gypsum crystallization water than to free soil water. Crystallization water represents a significant water source for organisms growing on gypsum, especially during summer, when it accounts for 70-90% of the water used by shallow-rooted plants. Given the widespread occurrence of gypsum in dry lands throughout the Earth and in Mars, these results may have important implications for arid land reclamation and exobiology.

Trabzon kenti yerleþim alanlarýnda yürütülen bu çalýþmada, konut ve site bahçelerinin mevcut odunsu bitki türleri tespit edilerek çeþitli peyzajda kullaným özeliklerine (estetik ve görsel, fonksiyonel, sosyokültürel ve ekolojik) göre deðerlendirmeleri yapýlmýþtýr. Örnekler, kent dokusu (doku1, doku2, doku3) ve konut yaþý (< 10 yýl, 10< yýl >50 ve >50 yýl) parametrelerine göre seçilerek toplam 125 bahçede çalýþma yürütülmüþtür. Araþtýrmada yerinde inceleme, ölçüm, fotoðraflama ve örnek toplama yapýlmýþtýr. Veri deðerlendirme aþamasýnda bulunma yüzdesi en fazla olan ilk 10 bitki türü istatistiðe tabi tutularak bu türlerin peyzajda kullaným tercihi analizleri yapýlmýþtýr. Çalýþmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Trabzon kenti konut ve site bahçelerinin bitki tür çeþitliliði açýsýndan toplam 232 takson ile önemli bir deðerde olduðu, egzotik türlerin yoðun kullanýldýðý, incelenen parametreler ile karþýlaþýlan türler arasýnda anlamlý bir iliþki olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Peyzajda kullaným tercihleri açýsýndan bitkilerin estetik özelliklerinden meyve, form, doku ve koku, fonksiyonel özelliklerinden yönlendirme, perdeleme, vurgu, ekolojik özelliklerinden hava kirliliði ve tuza toleranslý olma ile yöresel olma özellikleri ön plana çýkmaktadýr. Bu çalýþma ile yerleþim alanlarýnda karþýlaþýlan bitki türlerinin peyzajda kullaným özelliklerinin belirlenmesinin kentsel peyzaj alanlarýnda yapýlacak bitkilendirme çalýþmalarýna ýþýk tutmasý amaçlanmaktadýr.

Morphology and seed germination of Reseda lutea L. (Resedaceae), which is distributed naturally in Turkey, were investigated. Germination trial was observed at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C. In laboratory conditions at 25°C, 87% of the seeds of R. lutea germinated, while in soil conditions, the best germination rate was only 23%, achieved with seeds sowed at 10 mm depth. The results of germination under different light conditions showed that the germination rate at 25°C in continuous darkness was 87%, 76% with 6 hours of light, 67% with 12 hours of light, 52% with 18 hours of light and 42% with continuous light. Measurements of samples collected from different localities showed that the length of the plant is inversely proportional to the altitude.

Bu çalýþmada, kama diþli boy birleþtirmelerde aðaç türü, diþ tipi ve tutkal çeþidinin çekme direncine etkileri araþtýrýlmýþtýr. Bu amaçla mobilya endüstrisinde yaygýn olarak kullanýlan Doðu kayýný (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), sarýçam (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), sapsýz meþe (Quercus petraea Lipsky) odunlarýndan hazýrlanan deney örneklerine 10 mm sivri diþ ve 10 mm trapez diþ profilleri açýlmýþtýr. Diþli birleþtirmeler klebit 303 ve kleiberit 305 tutkalý ile yapýþtýrýlmýþtýr. Hazýrlanan 120 adet deney örneðine DIN 53255'e göre çekme deneyi uygulanmýþtýr. Sonuç olarak, en yüksek çekme direnci, klebit 303 tutkalý ile yapýþtýrýlan 10 mm sivri diþli birleþmiþ Doðu kayýný odununda belirlenmiþtir.

Some minerals, like gypsum, hold water in their crystalline structure. Although still unexplored, the use of such crystallization water by organisms would point to a completely new water source for life, critical under dry conditions. Here we use the fact that the isotopic composition of free water differs from gypsum crystallization water to show that plants can use crystallization water from the gypsum structure. The composition of the xylem sap of gypsum plants during summer shows closer values to gypsum crystallization water than to free soil water. Crystallization water represents a significant water source for organisms growing on gypsum, especially during summer, when it accounts for 70-90% of the water used by shallow-rooted plants. Given the widespread occurrence of gypsum in dry lands throughout the Earth and in Mars, these results may have important implications for arid land reclamation and exobiology.

Ailanthus altissima Miller (Simaroubaceae)] yaprak, genç sürgün ve üreme organlarý(çiçek-meyve) Nitrat Redüktaz Aktivitesi (NRA) araþtýrýldý. Bitki organlarýndaki NRA deðerlerine göre türler arasýnda anlamlý fark tespit edildi (P<0.05). Araþtýrýlan türlerin çoðunda yaprak nitrat redüktaz aktivitesi yüksek olmasýna karþýn nitratýn çoðunlukla indirgendiði bitki kýsýmlarýnýn türe özgü olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Paliurus spina-christi türünde nitrat çoðunlukla yapraklarda indirgenirken (NRA: 2.74 ± 0.60 mmol NO 2 g-1 KM. saat-1), Jasminum fruticans'ta üreme organlarýnda indirgenmektedir (NRA: 1.53 ± 0.32 mmol NO 2 g-1 KM. saat-1). Çalý türlerinin yapraklarýndaki nitrat redüktaz aktivitesi ile topraklarýndaki aktüel NO 3 içeriði arasýnda anlamlý bir korelasyon tespit edilmemesine karþýn (P>0.05) genç sürgün ve çiçek-meyve kýsýmlarýnýn NRA'sý ile topraktaki nitrat içeriði arasýnda anlamlý pozitif iliþki tespit edilmiþtir (P<0.05).

Ailanthus altissima Miller (Simaroubaceae)] yaprak, genç sürgün ve üreme organlarý(çiçek-meyve) Nitrat Redüktaz Aktivitesi (NRA) araþtýrýldý. Bitki organlarýndaki NRA deðerlerine göre türler arasýnda anlamlý fark tespit edildi (P<0.05). Araþtýrýlan türlerin çoðunda yaprak nitrat redüktaz aktivitesi yüksek olmasýna karþýn nitratýn çoðunlukla indirgendiði bitki kýsýmlarýnýn türe özgü olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Paliurus spina-christi türünde nitrat çoðunlukla yapraklarda indirgenirken (NRA: 2.74 ± 0.60 mmol NO 2 g-1 KM. saat-1), Jasminum fruticans'ta üreme organlarýnda indirgenmektedir (NRA: 1.53 ± 0.32 mmol NO 2 g-1 KM. saat-1). Çalý türlerinin yapraklarýndaki nitrat redüktaz aktivitesi ile topraklarýndaki aktüel NO 3 içeriði arasýnda anlamlý bir korelasyon tespit edilmemesine karþýn (P>0.05) genç sürgün ve çiçek-meyve kýsýmlarýnýn NRA'sý ile topraktaki nitrat içeriði arasýnda anlamlý pozitif iliþki tespit edilmiþtir (P<0.05).

This study was carried out during 2012-2015. Our aim was to determine the soil-plant relationships of Cirsium cassium distributed in Hatay province of Turkey. This local endemic species was collected from three different localities in Hatay. The analysis of soil samples revealed that this endemic plant prefers clayey-loam, nonsaline, slightly alkaline soils with a high lime content. The nitrogen and potassium contents are of sufficient level but the soils are rich in phosphorus. Analysis of root, stem and leaf shows that nitrogen and phosphorus are below normal values in all plant organs; sodium is above the normal value in all plant parts. The potassium is below normal values in root and stem, but above normal values in leaf.

Trees modify the physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil underneath. Here we present results for seven tree species planted at a site that was contaminated by a mine spill – after which soil was cleaned up and remediated – and later was afforested. We studied the chemical composition (24 elements) in five ecosystem compartments (leaves, forest floor, roots, topsoil and deep soil). The variation in chemical concentration was highest at the level of canopy leaves and lowest at deep soil. The identity of tree species significantly affected the composition of all elements in the canopies but none in the deep soil underneath. Although the observed tree effects on topsoil chemistry were weak, the footprint is expected to be reinforced with age of the plantation, contributing to the phytostabilization of contaminating elements and to the carbon sequestration.

Ailanthus altissima Miller (Simaroubaceae)] yaprak, genç sürgün ve üreme organlarý(çiçek-meyve) Nitrat Redüktaz Aktivitesi (NRA) araþtýrýldý. Bitki organlarýndaki NRA deðerlerine göre türler arasýnda anlamlý fark tespit edildi (P<0.05). Araþtýrýlan türlerin çoðunda yaprak nitrat redüktaz aktivitesi yüksek olmasýna karþýn nitratýn çoðunlukla indirgendiði bitki kýsýmlarýnýn türe özgü olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Paliurus spina-christi türünde nitrat çoðunlukla yapraklarda indirgenirken (NRA: 2.74 ± 0.60 mmol NO 2 g-1 KM. saat-1), Jasminum fruticans'ta üreme organlarýnda indirgenmektedir (NRA: 1.53 ± 0.32 mmol NO 2 g-1 KM. saat-1). Çalý türlerinin yapraklarýndaki nitrat redüktaz aktivitesi ile topraklarýndaki aktüel NO 3 içeriði arasýnda anlamlý bir korelasyon tespit edilmemesine karþýn (P>0.05) genç sürgün ve çiçek-meyve kýsýmlarýnýn NRA'sý ile topraktaki nitrat içeriði arasýnda anlamlý pozitif iliþki tespit edilmiþtir (P<0.05).

Trees modify the physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil underneath. Here we present results for seven tree species planted at a site that was contaminated by a mine spill – after which soil was cleaned up and remediated – and later was afforested. We studied the chemical composition (24 elements) in five ecosys- tem compartments (leaves, forest floor, roots, topsoil and deep soil). The variation in chemical concentration was highest at the level of canopy leaves and lowest at deep soil. The identity of tree species significantly affected the composition of all elements in the canopies but none in the deep soil underneath. Although the observed tree effects on topsoil chemistry were weak, the footprint is expected to be reinforced with age of the plantation, contributing to the phytostabilization of contaminating elements and to the carbon sequestration.

In this study, the aim is to derive some water-based wood surface dyes which are extracted from different trees and herbaceous plants. For this purpose, wood specimens were prepared from yellow pine (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus orientalis). The extracts for dyings were derived from walnut (Juglans regia) shells skins, oleander (Nerium oleander), saffron (Crocus sativus) and madder root (Rubia tinctorium). After the application of dyes derived from plant extracts, the color value of the wood surface was determined according to the ISO 2470 standard (CIELAB-1976-Commission International de I&#x27;Eclaireage). Results showed that, all of the dyes generated from natural plant extracts had aesthetic properties; thus, they could be utilized in wood-based furniture and decoration products finishing. Keywords: CIELAB-76, natural pigments, ISO 2470, wood painting.

The use of increasingly diverse exotic ornamental plants in urban open green spaces has led to more heterogeneous urban landscapes. The studies on ecological effects of these plants on the existing soil properties and on long-term impact on urban ecosystems are insufficient. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of certain exotic plants on the properties of the soil properties where they were planted in a case of a public area. In the study, Karadeniz Technical University campus (Trabzon, Turkey), where exotic ornamental plants were used extensively, was selected as the sample. Three-replicate soil samples were obtained from the areas where 20 exotic woody plant species which were planted in the sample area more than 20 years ago and were the most prevalent species in the area and unplanted control areas. Certain physical and chemical properties of the soil samples such as texture (sand, clay, dust), soil reaction (pH), organic matter, total nitrogen, salinity, total lime content and potassium intake were analyzed in the laboratory. The study findings demonstrated that there were significant differences between the properties of the soil where exotic plant species were planted and the soil properties in unplanted control areas (p <0.05 and p> 0.01). In particular, it was observed that exotic plants induced a significant increase in total nitrogen, potassium intake and organic matter content. Therefore, consideration of the effects of exotic species on certain physical and chemical soil properties in landscape planting may be beneficial for more successful plant selection and sustainable designs. The present study findings are expected to contribute to expanding the present knowledge on the interactions between exotic species and soil properties planted in urban areas.

This study was undertaken with an aim to put forth soil-plant relations of Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler (Anacardiaceae) distributed in West Anatolia. The soil analysis data shows that this taxon generally grows on different kinds of soils with clayey-loam and loamy texture and neutral in reaction. CaCO3, and organic matter contents vary between 0.1-29.09 % and 0.31-5.44 % respectively. Results obtained from soil and plant analysis have been statistically verified.

The autecological features of Reseda luteola L. (Resedaceae) distributed in western Anatolia (Turkey) showed that the species generally prefers loamy soil to various mixtures of sand, clay and loam. Soil samples are not saline and neutral to moderately alkaline. Their concentration of calcium carbonate, nitrogen, and phosphorus varies greatly, while they are deficient in potassium. Chemical analysis of plant samples showed that the phosphorus content is high, while nitrogen, calcium and potassium varies within normal levels. A regression analysis indicated a positive relation between concentration of nitrogen in plant tissues and calcium carbonate in the ground.

This study has been undertaken with an aim of putting forward soil–plant interactions of Rumex obtusifolius subsp. subalpinus (Polygonaceae) distributed in Western Anatolian part of Turkey. The soil analysis data showed that this plant prefers sandy-clayey-loam, loamy, clayey-loam soils. The clay texture is slightly alkaline and neutral by nature. It prefers non-saline and slightly saline soils. Calcium carbonate and nitrogen contents of the soils vary, but phosphorus and potassium contents are low. The plant analysis data showed that phosphorus content was generally, but nitrogen and potassium contents were always within normal levels. While calcium carbonate content was generally below the normal levels. As a result of the regression analysis, a negative relation between plant potassium and soil pH, and a positive relation between plant calcium and soil total soluble salts were observed.

This paper covers studies on the ecology of Spartium junceum one of the economically important dye plants in Turkiye. It is typical Mediterranean element distributed Widely in West Anatolia. The perennial shrub is studded With golden yellow flowers in summer all along the coast and gives a beautiful look to the area. Stems and flowers are used as dyeing material by the carpet industry. Plants prefer soils with clayey-loam and loamy texture. Total salt content varies between 0.017-0.160% and CaC03 lies around 0.40-26.09%. Results obtained from soil analysis have been correlated with the plant analysis data statistically.

Kurutulup toz haline getirilen bitki, soxhlet cihazýnda n-bütanol ve etil alkol (60-80 o C)'de 12 saat ekstraksiyona tabi tutulmuþ ve whatman no:4 ile filtre edildikten sonra 70 o C'de buharlaþtýrýlmýþtýr. Antimikrobiyal aktivitenin tespiti için ekstrenin farklý konsantrasyonlarý çukur ve disk diffüzyon yöntemiyle bakterilere ve mayalara karþý denenmiþtir. Asphodelus aestivus ekstresi (çiçek, meyve ve tüm bitki)'nin ortalama 2-15 mm arasýnda deðiþen deðerlerde antimikrobiyal aktiviteye sahip olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Etil alkolle elde edilen ekstre daha yüksek inhibisyon göstermiþtir. Ayný ham ekstre konsantrasyonlarý göz önünde bulundurulduðunda çukur diffüzyon inhibisyon sonuçlarý, disk diffüzyon yöntemi sonuçlarýndan ortalama olarak biraz daha yüksek bulunmuþtur. Ýnhibisyonun yüksek görüldüðü bazý test organizmalarýna karþý MIC deðerleri makrobroth yöntemiyle belirlenmiþ olup, 36-90 mg/mL arasýnda deðiþmektedir. Ayrýca test organizmalarýnýn ticari antibiyotiklere karþý duyarlýlýklarý belirlenerek bir karþýlaþtýrma yapýlmýþtýr.

Plant parts were powdered, extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with n-butanol and ethanol (60-80oC) for 12 h, filtered using Whatman filter paper no:4 and the filtrate was then evaporated at 70oC. For determination of antimicrobial activity, different concentrations of crude extract tested against bacteria and yeasts by both well and disk diffusion method. Results showed that the Asphodelus aestivus extract

In this study, the aim is to derive some water-based wood surface dyes which are extracted from different trees and herbaceous plants. For this purpose, wood specimens were prepared from yellow pine (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus orientalis). The extracts for dyings were derived from walnut (Juglans regia) shells skins, oleander (Nerium oleander), saffron (Crocus sativus) and madder root (Rubia tinctorium). After the application of dyes derived from plant extracts, the color value of the wood surface was determined according to the ISO 2470 standard (CIELAB-1976-Commission International de I&#x27;Eclaireage). Results showed that, all of the dyes generated from natural plant extracts had aesthetic properties; thus, they could be utilized in wood-based furniture and decoration products finishing. Keywords: CIELAB-76, natural pigments, ISO 2470, wood painting.

Trees modify the physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil underneath. Here we present
results for seven tree species planted at a site that was contaminated by a mine spill – after which soil was cleaned
up and remediated – and later was afforested. We studied the chemical composition (24 elements) in five ecosys-
tem compartments (leaves, forest floor, roots, topsoil and deep soil). The variation in chemical concentration was
highest at the level of canopy leaves and lowest at deep soil. The identity of tree species significantly affected
the composition of all elements in the canopies but none in the deep soil underneath. Although the observed
tree effects on topsoil chemistry were weak, the footprint is expected to be reinforced with age of the plantation,
contributing to the phytostabilization of contaminating elements and to the carbon sequestration.

This study was undertaken with the aim of illuminating the soil-plant interactions of Pistacia lentiscus L., which is a Mediterranean sclerophylleous coastal zone plant in the Western Anatolian part of Turkey. The soil analysis data showed that this plant grows on different kinds of soils such as sandy-clayey-loam, clayey-loam, sandy-loam and loamy texture. Soils are not saline, with pH moderately and slightly alkaline. This species prefers soils with low phosphorus and potassium contents, but with different calcium carbonate and nitrogen contents. Three negative linear correlations were observed between plant calcium and soil pH, plant nitrogen and soil calcium carbonate, plant potassium and soil calcium carbonate.

This  study  aims  to  put  forth  soil-plant  interactions  of  Arbutus  andrachne  and  Arbutus unedo  in  West  Anatolia.  Soil  analysis  showed  that  these  taxa  grow  on  different  kinds  of  soils  with  sandy-clayey-loam,  clayey-loam,  and  loamy  textures.  Soils  in  general  are  not  saline  but  neutral,  slightly  to  moderately  alkaline,  moderate  to  rich  in  nitrogen,  and  have  low  levels  of  phosphorus  and  potassium.  The  soils  differ  in  their  calcium  carbonate  content.  Regression  analysis  showed  a  negative  relationship  between  plant  potassium  and  total  soluble  soil  salts,  plant  potassium  and  soil  nitrogen,  but  a  positive  relationship  between  plant  calcium  and  soil  potassium in A. unedo. In A. andrachne a positive relationship exists between plant calcium and soil potassium.

The aim of the study is to show some of the most common and popular plants used as raw in some traditional handicrafts in Balkan countries, in relation to the natural plant resources and national traditions. The information is gathered largely from literature, analyzing the findings in the existing ethnographic collections as well as field collected data and interviewed during field survey conducted during 2006-2007 more than 50 local informants using non-structured interviews. Arundo donax, Cannabis sativa, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Fagus orientalis, Morus alba, Phragmites australis, Salix spp., Typha angustifolia, Urtica dioica, Vitex agnus-castus were found to be commonly used in the manufacturing of wood articles, mats & rugs making, basketry and fibers producing.

The investigat ion presents the results of our study concerning some soil- plant interactions of Rubus canescens DC. (Rosaceae), which is important because of its edible fruits and medicinal value throughout Turkey. Samples collected from thirty different localities in West Anatolia were analysed. Soil analysis showed that this tax.on grows on different kinds of soils with sandy-clayey-loam, clayey-loam, sandy-loam, and loamy textures. Soils in general are not saline but neutral, slightly to moderately alkaline, differ in their calcium carbonate and nitrogen contents, and have low levels of phosphorus and potassium. Plant analysis showed that this taxon has low levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, and generally below the average levels of calcium. Regression analysis showed two negative correlations between plant potassium and soil phosphorus, and plant phosphorus and soil potassium.

This study was undertaken with the aim of examining the soil-plant interactions of Cistus creticus L. and Cistus salviifolius L. in West Anatolia. The soil analysis data showed that these plants grow in different kinds of soils with sandy-clayey-loam, clayey-loam and loamy texture. The soils in general are not saline but are moderately and slightly alkaline, being rich in nitrogen and having a low level of phosphorus and potassium. They are unaffected by the calcium carbonate content in soils. A negative relation was observed in C. creticus after regression analysis between plant calcium and soil phosphorus, plant calcium and soil salts, but a positive relation between plant calcium and soil calcium carbonate. In C. salviifolius, there was a positive relation between plant calcium and soil pH.

This study was undertaken with an aim to put forth soil characteristics and soil-plant relations of Quercus ithaburensis Decne subsp. macrolepis(Kotschy) Hedge et Yalt. (Fagaceae) (valonia oak) distributed in West Anatolia. The soil analysis data shows that this taxon generally grows on different kinds of soils with sandy-clayey-loam and sandy-loam; non-salinity, moderately alkaline, moderate in nitrogen, inadequate level of phosphorus, any level of calcium carbonate and potassium content. Also results obtained from soil and plant analysis have been statistically compared and investigated.

The aim of this study was to determine the autecological characteristics of Reseda lutea L. (Resedaceae) distributed in Western Anatolia. The chemical and physical analysis was carried out on soil and plant samples collected from 54 different localities in Western Anatolia. The results show that the plant generally prefers sandy-loam and sandy-clayey-loam textural soils, with a slightly alkaline or medium alkaline pH. They prefer non-saline, calcareous soils which are poor in potassium and phosphorus, but the nitrogen content of the soils was found to vary greatly. The soil and plant analysis results were evaluated statistically and correlations were established.

This study covers the investigation of the soil-plant relations of Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae), a typical element of Mediterranean macchia vegetation. Soils collected from 38 different localities in West Anatolia were analysed together with the V. agnus-castus plants from the same localities. This plant was observed to generally prefer loamy-textured, neutral and slightly alkaline soils, poor in calcium carbonate, containing varying amounts of organic matter, being rich or very rich in nitrogen, rich in phosphorus and deficient in potassium. They grow on nonsaline soils. The relations between the results of soil and plant analysis were tested statistically, and correlation coefficient and regression curves determined.

Morphology and seed germination of Reseda lutea L. (Resedaceae), which is distributed
naturally in Turkey, were investigated. Germination trial was observed at 10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 35 and 40 °C. In laboratory conditions at 25 °C, 87% of the seeds of R. lutea germinated, while in soil conditions, the best germination rate was only 23%, achieved with seeds sowed at 10 mm depth. The results of germination under different light conditions showed that the germination rate at 25 °C in continuous darkness was 87%, 76% with 6 hours of light, 67% with 12 hours of light, 52% with 18 hours of light and 42% with continuous light. Measurements of samples collected from different localities showed that the length of the plant is inversely proportional to the altitude.

Trabzon kenti yerleþim alanlarýnda yürütülen bu çalýþmada, konut ve site bahçelerinin mevcut odunsu bitki türleri tespit edilerek çeþitli peyzajda kullaným özeliklerine (estetik ve görsel, fonksiyonel, sosyokültürel ve ekolojik) göre deðerlendirmeleri yapýlmýþtýr. Örnekler, kent dokusu (doku1, doku2, doku3 ) ve konut yaþý (< 10 yýl, 10< yýl >50 ve >50 yýl ) parametrelerine göre seçilerek toplam 125 bahçede çalýþma yürütülmüþtür. Araþtýrmada yerinde inceleme, ölçüm, fotoðraflama ve örnek toplama yapýlmýþtýr. Veri deðerlendirme aþamasýnda bulunma yüzdesi en fazla olan ilk 10 bitki türü istatistiðe tabi tutularak bu türlerin peyzajda kullaným tercihi analizleri yapýlmýþtýr. Çalýþmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Trabzon kenti konut ve site bahçelerinin bitki tür çeþitliliði açýsýndan toplam 232 takson ile önemli bir deðerde olduðu, egzotik türlerin yoðun kullanýldýðý, incelenen parametreler ile karþýlaþýlan türler arasýnda anlamlý bir iliþki olduðu belirlenmiþtir. Peyzajda kullaným tercihleri açýsýndan bitkilerin estetik özelliklerinden meyve, form, doku ve koku, fonksiyonel özelliklerinden yönlendirme, perdeleme, vurgu, ekolojik özelliklerinden hava kirliliði ve tuza toleranslý olma ile yöresel olma özellikleri ön plana çýkmaktadýr. Bu çalýþma ile yerleþim alanlarýnda karþýlaþýlan bitki türlerinin peyzajda kullaným özelliklerinin belirlenmesinin kentsel peyzaj alanlarýnda yapýlacak bitkilendirme çalýþmalarýna ýþýk tutmasý amaçlanmaktadýr. Abstract In this study, existing vascular plant species were determined and evaluated according to plant characteristics (esthetic & visual, functional, socio-cultural and ecological characteristics) in gardens of both detached house and site in the residential areas in the city center of Trabzon. Total of 125 sample gardens were surveyed with respect to different house age type (<10, 10-50 and >50 years) and housing density types (high, medium and low density type). During the study, the plants were pictured, measured, and sampled for species identification. We analyzed only the first 10 species that are most abundant for landscape preferences for each residential type. The study results showed that the gardens of detached house and site have an important floristic diversity with 232 plant taxa. In addition, it was determined that the non-native species are used widely in the study area and there is a significant relationship between plant species and the parameters used. According to our results; fruiting, form, texture and scent for the aestheticvisual characteristics; direction, screening and accent for the functional characteristics and tolerance of air pollution and salinity in ecological characteristics along with the regional integrity came into prominence for landscape preferences based on the species characteristics. Our aim at this study was to determine plant species characteristics and their usage area in residential areas in order to help planting design in urban landscapes.

Ebrû, erbabýnýn maharetli dokunuþlarýyla suda dans etmeye baþlayan renklerin kaðýt ile asýrlar süren bir aþk aktidir. Kavuþmanýn ve kaynaþmanýn coþkusunu taþýr yüreðinde, sevinci bulut olur akar gözlerinden ebrû teknesine, ardýndan da kaðýdýn özüne Eþsiz güzellikte bir sanat olan ebrû, geleneksel sanatlarýmýz içerisinde çok özel bir yere haizdir. Bu sanatýn ilk kez ne zaman, nerede ve kim tarafýndan yapýldýðý bilinmemektedir. Çünkü bu sanata ruhunu katan deðerli sanatkârlar, sanatý sadece güzellikleri vücuda getirmek olarak görmüþ ve kendi eserlerini varlýklarýndan soyutlayarak bir imza, bir tarih dahi býrakmadan fani dünyadan göçüp gitmiþlerdir. Ýçinde gizemli bir ahenk barýndýran ebrûya, Avrupada Türk kaðýdý denmesi bu sanatýn bir Türk sanatý olduðunu açýkça göstermektedir. Kâðýt süsleme sanatlarýnýn en önemlilerinden biri kabul edilen ebrû, hat sanatýnýn yazý zemininde, yazý kenarý süslemelerinde ve kitap ciltlerinde sýkça kullanýlmýþtýr. Geleneksel kullanýmlarýn dýþýnda günümüzde ebrû, kumaþ, çini, fayans, tuval ve cam gibi yüzeylere de baþarýyla uygulanabilmektedir. Geleneksel sanatlarýn yaþatýlmasý ve yaygýnlaþtýrýlmasý toplumun öz kimliðine dönmesinde önemli bir faktördür. Geçmiþin ýþýltýsýný ve sýrrýný baki tutmanýn bu anlamda çok önemli olduðunu düþünmekteyim. Ýstanbul Büyükþehir Belediyesi olarak ÝSMEK vasýtasýyla binlerce Ýstanbulluya ücretsiz sanat ve meslek eðitimleri vermekteyiz. Ýstanbullularý sanatýn binbir tonu ile buluþturan ÝSMEK, sadece bu eðitim döneminde 155 bin kursiyere eðitim olanaðý saðlamaktadýr. Þu ana kadar ÝSMEKten eðitim alanlarýn sayýsý ise yaklaþýk 380 bine ulaþmýþtýr. ÝSMEKte oldukça raðbet gören alanlardan olan geleneksel el sanatlarý ve bu sanatlar içerisinde de ebrû branþý pek çok Ýstanbullu tarafýndan severek icra edilmektedir. Bu vasýta ile hem manevi hazinelerimizden biri korunmakta hem de yapýlýþýndaki huzur ve sûkunet ruhlara ilaç olmaktadýr. Deðerli ustalarýmýz sayesinde bugünlere kadar ulaþan ebrû sanatýnýn bundan sonra da gelecek nesillere aktarýlmasýna bir ýþýk tutabilmek amacýyla ÝSMEK tarafýndan Ebrû Sanatý kitabý hazýrlanmýþ ve siz kýymetli sanatseverlerin beðenisine sunulmuþtur. Bu güzel çalýþmada emeði geçenleri tebrik ediyorum. Sanatla güzelleþecek bir gelecekte hep birlikte olmak dileðiyle diyorum 4

Studies on the germination of Asphodelus aestivus Brot. BIOTRONICS 15, 55-60, 1986. The seeds of Asphodelus aestivus; one of the economically important mediterranean elements; show a coat dormancy and do not germinate under normal conditions. They need a scarification treatment before left for germination. The pretreated seeds show maximum germination at 15°C and 6/18 h photoperiod. They are light sensitive and germinate best at the soil surface or 1 cm depth. The seeds are sensitive to higher salt concentrations too and germination decreases with an increase in the osmotic pressure.