Physical Education Sport

IntroductionCerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive disorder occurring in early brain development that results in abnormal movement and posture (Rosenbaum et al., 2007). The main features of participants with CP are impaired movement and posture that involves gait and upper body coordination as well as problems with balance and psychological problems such as negative emotional image and low self-esteem (Fairhurst, 2012; Graham & Selber, 2003; Krigger, 2006; Murphy & Such-Neibar, 2003; Reddihough & Collins, 2003; Rapp & Torres, 2000; Sandstrom, 2007; Steenbergen & Utley, 2005). Spastic Hemiplegia (SH) is type of CP that affects partially or totally only one half molecule of the body and common problems for those with SH include motor difficulties, such as small stride length, asymmetric walking, slowness, and reduced ability to coordinate movements, which affects the posture and walking as well as symmetrical proper use of the trunk and upper-extremity (Boyd et al., 2010; Kulak & So...

An early detection of possible disorders mainly in preschool children could help the prediction of disorders relating to learning disabilities and problems in school performance. For this reason in the present study investigated the reliability of DESK 3-6 for children 3-years old of age through the use of methods such are internal consistency reliability, test-retest and Cronbach‘s alpha, as well as check its suitability on a different sample. Participants were 383 preschool children (207 boys and 176 girls) with ages ranging from 36 to 47 months. The Dortmund Developmental Screening for Preschools was used. Results revealed that the original version of DESK 3-6 for children 3-years olds of age shows problems in internal consistency, adequate Cronbach alpha and test-retest coefficients.

This article provides a brief review over the state of art concerning some factors that influence physical fitness levels in children, namely the role of body fat, physical activity and somatotype, and how physical fitness might be improved, particularly in terms of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. The major research conclusions can be summarized as follows: (i) there are significant and positive associations between physical activity levels and physical fitness; (ii) there is a negative relationship between body fat and performances on both endurance and weight-bearing tasks, whereas flexibility does not seem to differ significantly between overweight or obese children and normal-weight peers. Absolute handgrip strength appears to be better in obese children; (iii) by prepuberty there already exists a fairly stable somatotype; (iv) Endomorphic is a limiting factor in body propulsion and lifting tasks. Mesomorphic is positively associated with strength and motor performance in general. The associations for ectomorphic were the inverse of those for endomorphic and mesomorphic; (v) the boys are superior in tasks that require strength, speed and endurance, and the girls on tasks with a predominance of balance, coordination and flexibility; (vi) the girls have higher levels of body fat than boys; (vii) the boys have higher and consistent levels of physical activity than the girls; (viii) with an intensive training stimulus prepubescent children show improvements in aerobic capacity compared with controls of the same maturation; and (ix) strength training can be an effective and safe way for enhancing muscle strength in prepubescent children.

IntroductionIn the last few decades there has been an observable decrease in physical activity and, with that, an increased level of sedentariness among children (Doak et al., 2006). Contributing to this fact is that only a small percentage of school-aged children meet the recommended amount of sixty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day (Mackintosh et al., 2011).This trend has been an important public health concern in several aspects (Zhdanova et. al. 2015). It has been understood that the obesity level of school-aged children is one major concern for most societies in Europe (Chekhovska, 2015). It is reported that around 17% of 2-19-year-old children had a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile, while 32% were overweight or obese (Ogden et al., 2010).The increasing level of obesity along with the decreasing level of physical activity not only poses serious health risks, but has been also shown to negatively affect the quality and development of ...

Purpose: development and experimental verification of the technique of using the coordination (high-speed) ladder to improve the technical skills and psychophysiological functions of young volleyball players. Material and methods.Participants: 24 volleyball players from the Municipal Institution "Complex Children's and Youth Sports School No. 8 (14-16 years); 12 athletes entered the control group, 12 in the experimental group. The experiment was conducted during 3 month in the preparatory period at the stage of basic training of the third year of training. The experimental group trained with a coordinating ladder. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, psychophysiological testing was conducted. The following tests were used: the parameters of a simple and complex reaction in various modes of signal feeding, indicators of efficiency and the nervous system were determined. Intergroup and intra-group differences in the tests were determined. Results.The constructio...

The application of various training models to improve football technical skills has been widely researched. However, the holistic training model approach that is adjusted based on the category of player development stages is still rarely studied in depth. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of holistic training models on improving football technical skills, especially passing, dribbling, and shooting. This research is an experimental study involving two treatment groups, namely the holistic training group and the conventional training group. The holistic training model was designed by integrating physical, technical, tactical, and mental aspects. The study subjects consisted of 60 boys (aged 8-11 years) from a football school who were recruited randomly and divided into two groups: holistic group (n 1 =30; age 9.13±0.90 years) and conventional group (n 2 =30; age 9.40±0.89 years). The training program lasted for ±8 weeks with a frequency of three times per week. The holistic training consisted of five main components: warm-up, introductory skills, component skills, games, and cool-down. Data were collected through passing, dribbling, and shooting skill tests during the pretest and post-test. The results of the analysis showed that both holistic and conventional training models had a significant effect on improving football technical skills (p<0.05). However, the overall skill improvement was higher in the group that followed the holistic training model (p<0.05). In conclusion, the holistic training model can be used to improve football technique skills in children in the introductory stage age. Future research requires comprehensive measurements such as physical, mental, and other aspects.

The aim of the study was to analyse the evolution of the financial solvency and viability of the fitness sector during the economic crisis and the tax change in Spain. An analysis of the operating reports of sport centre companies that operated in the Spanish fitness sector from 2004 to 2013 was analysed in function of the size of the company, observing the possible economic crisis repercussions, the increase of VAT or the polarization of the sector. More uniform tendencies were found in micro and small companies during the period time studied, showing a general increment in the financial problems at medium term. Meanwhile, the big companies show much more variability, showing how the surrounding problems affect in different ways both small and big companies in the fitness sector.

The problem in this research is that the physical condition of soccer players is not yet fully understood, such as their endurance, speed, or other physical characteristics. Therefore, further research is needed to assess and analyze the extent of these soccer players' physical condition. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with a survey approach. The sample in this research was 30 young soccer players. The instruments used were 1) yoyo intermittent recovery test to measure endurance, 2) sprint 30 m to measure speed, 3) standing broad jump to measure leg muscle explosive power, and 4) Illinois agility run test to measure agility. The collected data will be analysed using statistical techniques with SPSS 26 and Microsoft Excel software. From the data analysis that has been carried out, it was obtained that: 1) endurance with an average VO 2 Max of 47.08 is in the poor category, 2) speed with an average time of 4.27 seconds is in the good category, 3) leg muscles explosive power with an average jump of 2.35 m is in the moderate category, and 4) agility with an average time of 17.31 seconds is in the moderate category. The results of this study generally indicate that the physical condition of the players is still not in accordance with the standards of physical condition of soccer players required. Coaches must improve the physical condition of the players so that they can compete at a higher level. This data can be a reference for coaches to design and compile more effective training programs. The right training program will help improve the physical condition of the players.

Fundamental movement skills are described as the most important aspect of human movement in early childhood, as well as the most important prerequisite for later involvement in sport.Aim:The main purpose of this research was to determine the differences in FMS among eight-year-old children participants of different sports activities.Methods:The sample consisted of 60 students: football school (N = 20), gymnastics school (N = 20) and universal sports school (N = 20). Children were tested using the Test of Gross Motor Development -2 (TGMD-2). Differences between the three examined groups were tested by analysis of variance with a post-hoc Tukey test. Results: It is possible to conclude that all three sports activities that children are engaged in develop their fundamental movement skills on a high level. Based on the overall TGMD-2 test results, it is not possible to discuss which sport is developing overall skills on a higher level, because significant differences have not been found. However, by analysing locomotor-and object-control subtests, obvious advantage of gymnasts in locomotor skills, and footballers and participants of the universal sports school in manipulative skills is significantly visible. Conclusions: To gain even better insight in which sport or sports discipline best develops fundamental skills in children, it would be important to analyse an even larger sample of subjects of different basic sports in future research.

The delimiters are the most important tools, widely used in training and tests soccer, because they embodies the dimensions of the surface and the role of defender in major of the exercises for Soccer. That literature review 90% of soccer books use the smallest delimiters (plate) and 100% of our young soccer Algerians coaches (under 15 year) composed their sessions. from that the objective of our study focuses on the different forms and volumes of these last lend, based on these differences our hypothesis confirms that they affected the information (indicators from the external environment) and qualities coordinators during the change of direction (obstruction of the upper body player). Our experience is based on a practical protocol of Vankersschaver Jacques1982 from his study entitled &quot;Role of Visual Index and Cognitive Process in the Acquisition of a Gesture Football Technique”. Were we have introducing the different kinds of delimiters (fig1) and the inactive player to dete...

The continuous decline in physical activity and the increase in sedentariness also seen in preschoolers contributes to the increased risk of non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, type II diabetes, cancer in future adults. What are the possibilities for implementing children's physical activity? Can a playground contribute to the implementation of physical activity and motor and cognitive skills in kindergarten children? Research is carried out at the Parco Giochi Primo Sport 0246 in Treviso to evaluate the most effective teaching methodology to promote new motor learning in a difficult task and cognitive processes (executive functions). The combination of structured activity and free play, with the support (scaffolding) of a motor educator in a very difficult motor task, is more effective than free play activities alone.

While many cases of cheating, corruption and doping taint the sports movement, virtual communities interact about the lack of reference to Olympism in the communication of the sporting sphere. In France, the institutions of the sports movement seem to refuse to display any reference to the Olympic values and virtual communities debate about this absence. The adopted research device calls for an analysis of the institutional sites of sport and reinforced by a series of semi-structured interviews conducted online. The origin of this lack of reference to Olympism seems to come from a controversy: Institutions no longer display these values that have become ambiguous in the current context of deviance, whereas virtual communities largely subscribe to a virtuous representation of Olympic sport and valuing these values appears to them as a protective measure of the sports movement.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the results of experimental study of the social expectations of holders of Master’s Degree in Pedagogy (Master of education / M.Ed.) (n=102). The psychological and pedagogical experiment was used in the study. The results are: significant positive changes in awareness indicator about the expected course of events (.004**; p≤.01); expected attitudes towards participants in interpersonal interaction (.008**; p≤.01); expected performance (.018**; p≤.01). The efficiency of the developed program was experimentally confirmed.

Bracken-for their encouragement, support and guidance throughout the process of completing my thesis. First, I would like to extend a special thank you to Dr. Rudd who served as my advisor and thesis chair. Dr. Rudd, your encouragement, high expectations and belief in my abilities were invaluable. Whenever I felt overwhelmed with this process, you held my hand and guided me through, providing me the reassurance I needed to press forward to completion. You are not only an amazing professor and scholar, but a wonderful human being as well, and I can't thank you enough for the significant role you played in my reaching this milestone in my academic career. I would also like to thank Dr. Regoeczi for unselfishly sharing her methodology expertise and wisdom. You pushed me to explore various analyses and dig deep to uncover the significance of the data I collected. Because of your availability and willingness to answer multiple questions and assist me through complex analyses, I am now a better researcher and I thank you. Dr. Bracken, your high expectations forced me to stretch beyond my comfort zone and strive for perfection. Your professionalism and attention to detail are unmatched, and I thank you for helping my thesis reach a level of quality that I couldn't have been more proud of.

The aim of the article is an empirical study of the influence of dispositional optimism on the psychological meaning parameters of the athletes&#39;competitiveness of women&#39;s youth handball teams Study participants: women&#39;s youth handball teams (n = 61) The handball players are representatives of five national teams from different regions of Ukraine They are regular participants in the competitions of the Championship of Ukraine (Junior League) Methods Standardized and adapted psychodiagnostic methods, correlation analysis, comparative analysis using f - Fisher&#39;s angular transformation criterion are applied Results The components of competitiveness of young female handball players are determined and grounded: motivational, regulatory, personal It is established that the average viability indicators in the group of women&#39;s handball players exceed the average normative values, which points out at the ability to overcome difficult, stressful situations in training and c...

Contemporary marine education tends to have been using navigation simulators enabling cadets to be trained for any unlikely event. These issues are sure to be in the sector with high demand focusing on safety. Thus, they would be extremely beneficial for marine industry. The proposed study aims to identify seafarer fatigue during the maneuver carrying out according to circumstantial evidence and, as a result, the influence of this phenomenon on the trajectory formation of transition or maneuver experiences. In addition to it, the method of cadet posture identification is generally revealed. To summarize all this information exo – back spine and an automated system are proposed to be used. The study provides the mechanism formation of spatial trajectory taking into account the identification of fatigue indicators. This issue will, eventually, benefit into reducing risks of accidents. Besides, a formal description of perception and decision-making processes being performed by the cade...

The article considers the main characteristics of the types of tactical thinking of football players. The aim of the article is empirical research and theoretical substantiation the operational elements of tactical thinking of football players in the main game roles. Differences in the main indicators of tactical thinking of football players of different game roles have been determined. Participants of the research are: 72 football players were involved as subjects. The footballers represented four teams from different regions of Ukraine: “Naftovyk-Okhtyrka” Football Club (Okhtyrka, Ukraine), “TSK Agribusiness” Football Club (Romny, Ukraine), “Romny” Football Club (Romny, Ukraine), “Crystal Football Club” (Kherson, Ukraine). The following psychodiagnostic techniques with experimental scales were used: “Study of the profile of athletes’ thinking”, “Prediction ability” by L. Regush. Empirical results of the research of tactical thinking are presented. According to the results of empir...

The application of psychological strategies to improve performance in sports has developed significantly over the past few decades. Nowadays, coaches are beginning to realize the significance of psychological factors in enhancing player's performance. However, determining the magnitude of the impact of psychological factors in a soccer game may assist in developing player's capacity to perform. This study aims to determine the role of psychological factors on the performance of elite soccer players. We enrolled elite players competing in the Malaysian Super League with a mean age of ± 25 years. Psychological constructs questionnaire proposed by PSIS-R-5 was administered to the players, and the scores of each player were recorded. We analyzed the performances of the players for eight weeks. A standard multiple regression was performed at p ≤ 0.05 alpha levels with the motivation, confidence, anxiety control, mental preparation, team emphasis, concentration and cognition as (IVs) to predict performance (DV). A Noteworthy regression equation was found (F (7, 12) = 15.109, P < .001) with R² of .90 indicating that the model has approximately accounted for the total of 90% variability. Although correlations were found. 57, .14, .88, .71, .65, .76 and .42 respectively between the (IVs) and the (DV), none of the (IVs) is a predictor of the (DV) (P > 0.05). Based on the results of this analysis, it is tempting to conclude that, despite the correlation between psychological factors and performance, psychological factors alone could not determine the performance of elite soccer players.

Purpose: As an innovative approach to financing projects and research, crowdfunding allows interested individuals and members of the scientific community to directly support research projects and help promote and develop scientific activities. The current study was conducted to identify the consequences of financial crowdsourcing on Iranian football clubs using a content analysis approach. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data collection method and was conducted with a content analysis approach. The statistical population of this research includes presidents and vice presidents of the football federation, the country's football league, presidents of football boards, managing directors, and board members of football clubs in the provinces, selected using purposeful and snowball sampling, continuing until theoretical saturation was reached. Moreover, 15 interviews were conducted. Research data analysis was performed using MAXQDA2020 software. In this research, to check the validity of the methods of validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability and to calculate reliability, the process of agreement between coders and determination of Fleiss' kappa coefficient was used. Findings: The benefits of financial crowdsourcing include 90 sub-themes grouped into three main themes: organizational, social, and individual consequences. Originality: In general, crowdfunding, as an innovative and practical approach, can significantly increase financial resources for football clubs. It can also provide a space for creating economic innovations in sports and football. This research emphasizes the importance and value of collective investment in promoting the sports and financial sector of society and its role in fostering development and progress in this field.

Background: Relatively few studies have provided information about coaches’ verbal aggressiveness in PE context and sport settings generally. These findings revealed with consistency the negative outcomes of verbal aggression in instructor-student relationship. Nevertheless, the perceived coaches’ verbal aggressiveness has not been related to athletes’ intrinsic-extrinsic motivation in basketball team sport. Aims: To examine how coaches’ verbal aggressiveness, as perceived by the athletes of basketball team sport, is related to athletes’ intrinsic-extrinsic motivation. Method: One hundred eighty basketball athletes (144 boys and 36 girls), 15-19 of age (M=15.74, SD=1.22) completed two questionnaires, during their training sessions from Athens, Thessaloniki and Trikala region. All participants were asked to retrieve from their memory their experiences from a specific training session that they took part previously in order to fill in the questionnaires. The 8-item Verbal Aggressivene...

Periodization represents an optimal modality for organizing training programs in athletes, recreational and rehabilitative practitioners. The selected procedure, however, should be based on the athlete's age, level of performance, specific goals or competition characteristics. A common theme throughout all periodization paradigms is the requirement to manipulate the entire program variables (intensity, volume, frequency, recovery periods and exercise selection) in order to progress from general to a more sport-specific training, dissipate fatigue and reduce the risk of injury. Although further scientific evidences are required, the understanding of periodization methodology including the appropriate procedure for designing sessions, microcycles and mesocycles is of paramount importance.

The goal of this study is to evaluate how instructional leadership, teacher efficacy, and school climate influence students' academic performance. The study included 381 teachers from six divisions in Sarawak, Malaysia. This study used a cross-sectional survey approach. Questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents. For descriptive analysis, SPSS version 26.0 was utilised, while SmartPLS 3.0 was employed for partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis. By focusing on secondary school teachers, the paper adds new knowledge to literature. Surprisingly, the results of the investigation revealed that principals' instructional leadership and school climate had no substantial impact on student academic performance. Meanwhile, it was discovered that teacher efficacy has a considerable impact on student academic performance, implying that teacher efficacy is a predictor of student academic performance. Furthermore, teacher experience was not a significant moderator variable. Future research should focus on principals' self-assessment of instructional leadership and the moderating effect of school climate on student performance. The ramifications of the disparity between Asian instructional leadership and western literature should also be investigated.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have provided controversal results on the development of the skills of decision making skill and skill execution when tactical models of the teaching of a game were used. The purpose of the study was to examine the eff ects of two diff erent combined technical-tactical instructional models on the development of decision making skill and ball skill execution during a soccer match in female students. METHODS: Two groups of female students aged 20.9 ± 0.7 years underwent the 5 week soccer training intervention, consisting of two 90 min. training units a week, based on the technical-tactical model with an emphasis on orientation to tactical and technical skills, respectively (CTA and CTE students, respectively). Before and after the intervention, studentsʼ decision making skill and ball skill execution in a match were assessed from videorecords of matches using the Soccer Performance Observation System (SPOS). In addition, the Soccer skill test battery was used to assess the ball skills under control environment. The Skill Execution Index (SEI) after intervention in both CTA and CTE students (0.58 ± 0.15 and 0.65 ± 0.11) found using SPOS were signifi cantly higher in comparison to SEI before the intervention (0.46 ± 0.13 and 0.50 ± 0.09; p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Similarly, the Decision Making Index (DMI) was signifi cantly enhanced after intervention in the cases of both CTA students (from 0.70 ± 0.14 to 0.81 ± 0.12, p < 0.05) and CTE students (from 0.65 ± 0.11 to 0.75 ± 0.12, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that instructional models with both dominant tactical tasks and dominant technical tasks can result in the signifi cant improvement of both decision making and skill execution performance in young adult subjects. The study suggested that both decision making in game situations and ball skill execution can be developed through implicit learning.

This study has used network measures to classify the children interactions in playground. The variance of network processes between genders was tested. Five girls and boys (n = 10; 4.6 0.6 years old) were observed. Statistical procedures has revealed significant differences between genders in IDC (p = 0.027; ES = 0.476; moderate effect) and BC (p = 0.011; ES = 0.576; moderate effect). Results revealed a greater cooperation process between boys.

The aim of this pilot study was propose a set of network methods to measure the specific properties of football teams. These metrics were organized on "meso" and "micro" analysis levels. Five official matches of the same team on the First Portuguese Football League were analyzed. An overall of 577 offensive plays were analyzed from the five matches. From the adjacency matrices developed per each offensive play it were computed the scaled connectivity, the clustering coefficient and the centroid significance and centroid conformity. Results showed that the highest values of scaled connectivity were found in lateral defenders and central and midfielder players and the lowest values were found in the striker and goalkeeper. The highest values of clustering coefficient were generally found in midfielders and forwards. In addition, the centroid results showed that lateral and central defenders tend to be the centroid players in the attacking process. In sum, this study showed that network metrics can be a powerful tool to help coaches to understanding the specific team's properties, thus supporting decision-making and improving sports training based on match analysis.

This is a paper about gymnastics and a primordial form of geological knowledge. It pursues an interpretation of gymnastics, broadly defined, as a philosophy that interrogates what the Earth is. The goal is to reconstruct the epistemic implications of gymnastic practice in order to understand the evolution of animal motility as a prototypical form of geological knowledge. Since gravity is a global medium through which planets act on their creatures, vectors that are diametrically opposed to Earth's exertion of gravity contain an epistemic quality. Vertical movements test what the Earth is by opposing it, forming what might accurately be called a negative geology in contrast to the positive knowledge created by the Earth sciences. By reconstructing the imaginative geography at the root of the gymnast's anti-planetary practice, a whole range of other human and animal behaviors are brought into the fold of a single struggle against the Earth which comprises an ongoing process of discovery.

Purpose: In this study, according to the genders of the spectators coming to the football games organized in stadiums; the purpose of the study is to identify the stakeholders' interest in the level of satisfaction with socio-cultural activities. Method: The research is limited to three football matches played in stadiums of Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, Beşiktaş and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality sports clubs during the 2012-2013 season.Considering the difficulties in using time, cost and scales, the study was limited to 1025 spectators in the implementation of the study. Our research model is descriptive research model. In this model, the investigator observes the events and does not make any changes in the events while doing his work. In other words, it tries to examine and identify the events.To collect data in order to determine the behaviors of the spectators watching football matches in the stadiums, expectations and satisfaction levels from stadium services; 13 questionnaires were prepared in stadiums with a total of 32 questions that will determine the socio-cultural activities and 19 of which will determine the socio-economic levels and attitudes of consumers.The universe of the study is the spectators, whose age is 15 and above, coming to the stadium in Turkey Super League football match while 1025 spectators, who come to Atatürk Olympic Stadium, İnönü Stadium, Şükrü Saraçoğlu Stadium and Turk Telekom Arena Stadium in Istanbul to watch the football match, create the sampling. The reliability of this measurement tool is calculated by various methods, and the most common method is the internal consistency method.The Cronbach Alpha reliability criterion calculated using this method was used in our study.The Cronbach Alpha value is a coefficient ranging from 0 to 1, and as the number approaches 1, the reliability of the scale is considered high. The reliability of the Stadium Marketer and Customer Satisfaction Scale was calculated as 0.91 in pilot practice with 306 spectators. Findings:According to the findings of the research, female spectators reported about arranging more sociocultural events in stadiums compared to male spectators. In addition, female spectators request stadiums to be used for multi-purpose purposes in sports rather than football matches. Discussion and Results: In 13 variable data collection studies on socio-cultural activities carried out in stadiums, there is 1 variant interest between the participants' thoughts and their demographic characteristics and their gender, and 12 variables are of no interest.In other words, the opinions of the participants on the socio-cultural activities of the stadiums differ according to the genders of the participants. However, although the gender of the participants varies in 12 variants, there is no change in their views. Accordingly, the features of the stadiums are more likely to meet the expectations of male spectators, which in a sense makes the spectator "masculine". The increased activation of comfort, safety and other sports branches, along with socio-cultural events to be promoted in the stadium, suggests that the stadiums will attract more female spectator. In this respect, hooliganism and slopping over -especially in football-can be avoided, so it is expected that sporting events would be more enjoyable.

The purpose of this scientific work is to define the dependency level of knowledge in the period of health promotion, the peculiarities of life style, pupils' state of health at the age of 7 -9 after recovering from respiratory diseases against the background of seasonal viral infections of upper respiratory tracts. The parents' opinions, some indicators of the state of the circulatory system and the respiratory system and the medical documentation of 553 pupils from different Kyiv secondary schools (Obolon district) were analyzed and 538 pupils in cities of Szczecin (West Pomerania province) and Konin (Wielkopolska province). The dependence's assessment of

The purpose of this scientific work is to define the dependency level of knowledge in the period of health promotion, the peculiarities of life style, pupils' state of health at the age of 7 -9 after recovering from respiratory diseases against the background of seasonal viral infections of upper respiratory tracts. The parents' opinions, some indicators of the state of the circulatory system and the respiratory system and the medical documentation of 553 pupils from different Kyiv secondary schools (Obolon district) were analyzed and 538 pupils in cities of Szczecin (West Pomerania province) and Konin (Wielkopolska province). The dependence's assessment of

recherche action collaborative a été menée avec 26 adolescents du Nouveau-Brunswick dans le but de cerner leurs choix en matière d'alimentation et d'activité physique ainsi que les facteurs qui les influencent. L'analyse des entrevues individuelles et de groupe ainsi que du journal réflexif des élèves montre que la santé, pour ceux-ci, se définit comme le résultat d'un ensemble de choix. Pour eux, il est donc possible d'exercer un certain contrôle sur sa santé, en choisissant de mieux manger, de mieux dormir et de pratiquer plus d'activité physique. Les principaux facteurs qui influencent leurs choix en matière d'alimentation et d'activité physique sont les amis, les objectifs fixés par leur entraîneur sportif, la capacité à faire des choix conscients par rapport à leur santé, la fréquence des fêtes et des activités spéciales et les émissions de télévision. Au quotidien, les adolescents utilisent aussi diverses stratégies (comme planifier d'avance les repas et les activités physiques) pour essayer de mieux manger et de pratiquer davantage d'activités physiques, mais ils persévèrent rarement, faute de support et de latitude dans leurs choix.

The abrupt transition from traditional face-to-face to online instruction due to the Covid-19 pandemic created challenges in the teaching-learning process. This quantitative study aimed to examine the relationship between physical exercise, socio-emotional skills, and academic productivity. The study used adapted research questionnaires to fit the context. Linear regression analysis was employed to describe the possible existing relationships between the identified variables, as well as to determine the direction and magnitude of such relationships. It was discovered that the overall levels of students' physical exercise, socio-emotional skills, and academic activity were high, indicating that these three variables were significantly observed by the college students. Among the five indicators of physical exercise, preventive health received the highest mean. In the variable of socio-emotional skills, both self-awareness and responsible decision-making had the highest means. Additionally, among all domains of academic productivity, the interaction process received the highest mean. After thorough investigation, the null hypothesis (p<0.05) was rejected. The study demonstrated that physical exercise and socio-emotional skills were significant predictors of students' academic productivity. This finding highlighted the direct impact that these factors had on enhancing students' academic productivity. Physical exercise contributed to improved cognitive function, concentration, and overall mental health, which in turn supported better learning outcomes. Meanwhile, socio-emotional skills, such as emotional regulation, selfawareness, and interpersonal skills, were essential for managing stress, fostering positive relationships, and maintaining motivation. By emphasizing the importance of both physical activity and socio-emotional development, the study underscored the need for educational strategies that integrated these elements to effectively boost students' academic success.

The abrupt transition from traditional face-to-face to online instruction due to the Covid-19 pandemic created
challenges in the teaching-learning process. This quantitative study aimed to examine the relationship between
physical exercise, socio-emotional skills, and academic productivity. The study used adapted research
questionnaires to fit the context. Linear regression analysis was employed to describe the possible existing
relationships between the identified variables, as well as to determine the direction and magnitude of such
relationships. It was discovered that the overall levels of students’ physical exercise, socio-emotional skills, and
academic activity were high, indicating that these three variables were significantly observed by the college
students. Among the five indicators of physical exercise, preventive health received the highest mean. In the
variable of socio-emotional skills, both self-awareness and responsible decision-making had the highest means.
Additionally, among all domains of academic productivity, the interaction process received the highest mean.
After thorough investigation, the null hypothesis (p<0.05) was rejected. The study demonstrated that physical
exercise and socio-emotional skills were significant predictors of students' academic productivity. This finding
highlighted the direct impact that these factors had on enhancing students' academic productivity. Physical
exercise contributed to improved cognitive function, concentration, and overall mental health, which in turn
supported better learning outcomes. Meanwhile, socio-emotional skills, such as emotional regulation, selfawareness, and interpersonal skills, were essential for managing stress, fostering positive relationships, and
maintaining motivation. By emphasizing the importance of both physical activity and socio-emotional
development, the study underscored the need for educational strategies that integrated these elements to
effectively boost students' academic success.

The initial focus of this thesis is on mentors' professional knowledge base, and subsequently on the pedagogical strategies employed by mentors and their use, in so far as it occurs, of adult learning theories, which have been said to form the dominant conceptual framework for mentoring (Hansford etal., 2003: 10). These issues are considered important as, despite acknowledgement by the DfES in 2001 as to the relevance of theory in mentor training; in practice mentor training is often limited to familiarisation with government and Partnership requirements in order for them to undertake the assessment of student teachers. Consequently very little attention is given to learning theories within mentor training. Whilst connections between mentoring and learning theories exist in literature my research highlights that there is a potential dichotomy between the literature and practice of mentoring. It therefore considers the extent to which adult learning theories are actually used in current mentoring practice. In addition my research also looks at the way mentor teachers' pedagogic strategies are shaped by the context and purposes they are working within, and the role ascribed to them. My research is based upon an in depth Case Study of 20 mentors from one HEI Partnership. It utilises qualitative method tools, with the primary tools being observations and semistructured interviews. These tools assisted in progressively developing my research questions and conclusions as part of an inductive process. The results of my study show that the practice of mentors is largely influenced by their prior experience, primarily as teachers but also as student teachers; they see theory as having little Abstract influence on their practice. In addition my study indicates that few mentors are aware of learning theories or their principles. Nonetheless it indicates that the practice of most mentors includes the application of the principles of a number of adult learning theories. My research concludes that mentors use some of these principles through the development of their own personal construct theories, which in turn largely relies upon their prior experience, and through the framework provided by the HEI Partnership. Dedication DEDICATION IN MEMORY OF MY DAD RONALD PAINTER 22nd JUNE 1920 -6th JUNE 2003 My thanks and appreciation must go to my wonderful friends and colleagues here at the School of Education who gave me great support and encouragement throughout the course of my studies. I send my thanks to Abeya,

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the coaches' point of view on the rhythmic gymnasts' disordered eating behaviors, by focusing the attention on their knowledge of this problem, in relation to training and competition participation. The second aim is to assess if there is theoretical and/or practical collaboration between coaches and medical staff. Methods: One hundred and Sixty-nine rhythmic gymnastics coaches completed a 23 items questionnaire, based on the NCAA survey (National Collegiate Athletic Association). All the coaches had 15.2 ± 9.6 years of experience in coaching. Paired T-Test was used to compare the impact of disordered eating behaviors on health and performance and Chi-Squared analysis was used to compare different outputs obtained in the answers. Results: Coaches declared to have identified an average of 1.3 ± 1.7 symptomatic gymnasts during their careers, and 25% of them affirmed to have no good knowledge of the problem. Participants were informed that disordered eating behaviors may negatively influence both health and sport performance. About 88% of the coaches were aware that current eating disorders influence the decision to recruit an athlete. Ninety-one percent of the coaches never referred to a professional mental health. Conclusion: Coaches understood seriousness of the problem, even though the majority of the coaches did not refer to a therapist. It was recommended, instead, a multidisciplinary approach for a correct management, including coaches, psychologists and nutritionists.

International audiencePurpose: In the face of empiricism prevailing to set an ideal position in cycling, the present study aims to find whether interlimb coordination and muscular activation patterns would provide relevant parameters to characterise an optimal saddle height.Methods: Eighteen experimented bikers were asked to pedal at a rate of 90 rpm under three randomized experimental conditions: Usual Saddle Height (USH), Saddle Height plus (SHP) (leg fully extended, pedal down, ankle in a neutral position) and Saddle Height minus (SHM) (same saddle height difference applied inversely). From the 3D coordinates, the kinematics of ankle, knee and hip were computed and the relative phase between the joints periodic motion was assessed through a Continuous Relative Phase (CRP) algorithm. Muscular activity was recorded through a surface EMG system.Results: While the hip, the knee, and the ankle range of motion were affected by saddle height changes, CRP highlights modifications in inte...

have submitted a letter in response to our recent review [2] on the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and its application to training periodization. As Buckner et al. state, this topic deserves fair and thorough discussion from multiple perspectives, and we thank them for the opportunity to continue such dialogue. Their letter restates many of the points in their original reviews , which we addressed in our manuscript. Nevertheless, we will address the main points of their letter to provide further clarity on how the GAS does in fact serve as an appropriate mechanistic model to conceptualize training periodization.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sportspersonship orientation and empathy on Turkish male professional footballers. Using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale, the study found out that here was a positive correlation between the levels of "respect for social convention" and "fantasy", between "empathic concern" and "respect for social convention", "respect for rules and officials", "respect for one's full commitment", "respect for opponents". Moreover, "perspective taking" was positively associated with "respect for social convention", "respect for rules and officials" and "respect for opponents", which revealed that being empathic had a significant effect on sportspersonship.

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought many changes to athletes&#39; habits, such as being at home more often, overeating and reduced physical activity that may increase the risk of increased BMI in Rugby athletes during the pandemic. This may have a major impact on athlete&#39;s performance. Nutrition education interventions carried out during a pandemic must also change. Education that is usually done using the offline method must now also be modified into nutrition education using the online method. Nutrition education has been proven to increase knowledge and body mass index in athletes, but no one has compared body mass index from online and offline nutrition education. The aim of this study was to compare the body mass index of Rugby athletes in offline and online nutrition education. The author conducted offline nutrition educations in March 2019, and online nutrition educations in December 2020. After the end of the nutrition educations, the body mass index of Rugby athletes were...

Background: Relatively few studies have provided information about coaches’ verbal aggressiveness in PE context and sport settings generally. These findings revealed with consistency the negative outcomes of verbal aggression in instructor-student relationship. Nevertheless, the perceived coaches’ verbal aggressiveness has not been related to athletes’ intrinsic-extrinsic motivation in basketball team sport. Aims: To examine how coaches’ verbal aggressiveness, as perceived by the athletes of basketball team sport, is related to athletes’ intrinsic-extrinsic motivation. Method: One hundred eighty basketball athletes (144 boys and 36 girls), 15-19 of age (M=15.74, SD=1.22) completed two questionnaires, during their training sessions from Athens, Thessaloniki and Trikala region. All participants were asked to retrieve from their memory their experiences from a specific training session that they took part previously in order to fill in the questionnaires. The 8-item Verbal Aggressivene...

Problem Statement:The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in the life routines of preschool children, both during lockdown and post-lockdown periods Approach:An online survey completed by parents, in-loco assessment scales filled in by a researcherand semi-structured interviews with preschool teacherswere used to investigate the effects of the adjustments, which occurred in preschool children’s lives, in the lockdown and post lockdown periods Purpose:To characterize the levels of physical activity that Portuguese children had during the lockdown period and to understand what changed in their school routines in the post-lockdown period, regarding the organization of school spaces and routines Results:Parents reported that children aged 3 to 5spent most of their time during lockdownundertaking sedentary activities (72% of their daily activities) In the post-lockdown period,results indicate that in June there was an increase in the number of preschools with a poor quality of e...

The evaluation of body composition was performed on a sample of 152 female participants, aged 20-76, from Novi Sad, by applying a battery of 4 tests and an analyzer of bioelectrical impedance MALTRON 920. The participants were divided into five subsamples according to their age, one group for every decade. The division of participants according to their age groups was done in accordance with some earlier studies. Statistical methods, the Univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MANOVA) analyses of variance, determined that there were some statistically significant differences between all the age groups, not only in terms of individual, but also in terms of the mutual system of variables. The differences between the pairs of the majority of age groups were established by using the t-test and it confirmed the results of ANOVA and MANOVA methods.

In his training and experiential path, the physical education (PE) teacher will be considered qualified and “competent”, only when he/she will be able to affect positively and effectively the educational relationship with the students by helping and leading them towards the acquisition of that particular form of intelligence, which from now on, we will call “body-kinesthetic” or “motor” intelligence. For a long time now, the concept of &quot;competence&quot; has been adopted within various fields and referred to different dimensions to indicate the level of ability to do something. For this reason, it is currently challenging to provide a univocal definition of competence since its meaning varies according to the context and the topic of the discussion. From an educational perspective, the PE teacher’s competence should not simply indicate his basic knowledge, intended as the sum of specific and sectorial knowledges consolidated though the experience, nor his teaching skills, intend...

Children experiencing deficits in motor proficiency may have poor communication skills, low physical activity engagement, and difficulties on achieving academic success. Thus, the early assessment of deficits in motor proficiency allows planning an intervention that leads to the minimization of these deficits.Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present severalmotor deficits, such as balance, coordination, or strength combined with developmental delays in fine and gross motor proficiency. However, there are limited research have been conducted to examine motor proficiency in Portuguese children with ASD. This study was aimed to evaluate the motor proficiency of Portuguese children with ASD and comparewith motor proficiency of the typically developing children. The sample consisted of 10 children with ASD and 10 typical developing children with a mean age of 6.9 years. All children were assessed on their fine and gross motor proficiency using the Bruininks-OseretskyTest of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition (BOT-2). A significant difference was found between the groups (p = 0.02) on BOT-2 subtests. Children with ASD scored significantly lower (25.50 ± 14:34) than their typical developing peers (39.50 ± 11.26). Specifically, children with ASD scored poorly on fine motor precision (p=0:00), manual dexterity (p=0.02), balance (p=0.02), speed and agility (p=0.04), and strength (p=0.04) in comparison to the typically developing children. All typical developing children scored average in their motor proficiency performance whereas 80% children with ASD were categorized as below and very below average, with two children were within the average of motor proficiency. These findings suggest that more research is needed on investigation of motor delays in Portuguese children with ASD to develop interventions to improve motor proficiency in children with ASD.

IntroductionAutism is a neurodevelopmental condition clinically defined by impairments in communication and social interaction, which is characterized by repetitive and stereotyped restricted patterns of behavior, interests and activities (American Psychiatric Association, 2000 in Bradley, Caldwell and Underwood (2014). In many children who have autism spectrum disorders (ASD), motor and sensory difficulties are observed (Baranek, 2002). Several studies have also reported changes in the motor development profile of these children, which contribute to a lower physical fitness (Loh et al., 2007; Ozonoff et al., 2008; Pan, 2009; Fournier, Hass, Naik, Loadha, and Cauraugh, 2010).The strategies for the treatment of ASD focus primarily on cognitive stimulation, social and language development and also on the elimination of stereotyped movements (Koring et al., 2010; Sowa and Meulenbroek, 2012). Physical activity plays an important role in the quality of life of these individuals and has b...

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of a plyometrics program (twice weekly) of leg performance on male university soccer players. Thirteen subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1 served as a control group and participated in normal soccer training only. Group 2 served as a plyometrics training group and participated in both regular soccer training and a plyometrics training program. Pre- and post-training data was collected from subjects on a force plate performing counter-movement jumps. After three-weeks of training, both the control group and the plyometrics group showed improved velocity of center of mass (p&lt;0.05), however, the plyometrics group showed a greater improvement (p&lt;0.05) than the control group. It was concluded that an appropriate short-term plyometrics training program could enhance leg performance.

Mentoring relationships are socially constructed, and the power that mentors have and exercise within mentoring relationships can be helpful or hurtful to protégés. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to explore mentoring literature and models from the fields of adult education, general education, and human resource development, examining issues of power in mentoring within this literature. Ways of planning for and promoting mentoring programs that account for power differentials and enhance adult learning and development within mentoring are discussed. Mentoring relationships have been long defined by myths . Perhaps the most acknowledged root of the ideas and definitions surrounding the concept of mentor is the wellknown story from Greek mythology: Odysseus, leaving for battle, asked his female friend, the goddess of wisdom Athena, to take on the male form of Mentor to watch and guide his son Telemachus while he was away. Thus, a name was given for beneficial people in our lives, and the themes encompassing mentors as helpful teachers were brought into consciousness. These conceptions of mentors have continued through the centuries and are reflected in the many definitions of mentors and in expectations of mentoring relationships . Early research (i.e., ) and models (i.e., Roche 1979) for mentoring were based largely on white males, or it was assumed that the gender, race, class, ethnicity, ability, age, or sexual orientation of either mentors or protégés were not significant and therefore did not affect the quality of the interaction between mentor and protégés. Other longstanding research (for example, suggests two major types of mentoring relationships: informal, where protégés and mentors form a relationship based on mutual interests, or formal mentoring programs, which are usually structured by organizations and involve a more controlled company sponsored mentor/protégé matching process. Because informal mentoring relationships may be unavailable to members of historically marginalized groups, formal mentoring programs created by organizations have become a panacea to provide opportunities for mentoring, to achieve racial balance among executives, and to foster workplace learning. In spite of organizational good intentions, however, many formal mentoring programs planned by organizations are unsuccessful and fail to remove barriers to advancement for marginalized groups . Consequently, formal mentoring programs may not address the individual needs of the protégés, but instead reflect the power and interests inherent within organizations, and the interests of the organization may be served at the cost of employee or human interests . Marginality and issues of power may affect how protégés and mentors interact and negotiate their relationships, both internally and externally, and ultimately affect the success of formal mentoring programs. Johnson-Bailey and Cervero (2001, 2002) discuss mentoring as occurring on two dimensions: the internal dimension, which is the relationship between the mentor and protégé, and the external aspect that encompasses the mentoring pair and the sponsoring or host organization. Within both the internal and external dimensions, mentoring is a socially constructed power relationship, and the power that mentors have and exercise within mentoring relationships can be helpful or hurtful to protégés. The nature of mentoring relationships is that protégés have less power and may be vulnerable to the whims of their mentors and of the dominant culture within the sponsoring organization. For mentoring relationships to be successful and helpful to protégés, open discussions and negotiations of power and interests must take place among mentors, protégés, and the organizations in which mentoring relationships occur. However, as research has shown, this may not always be the case. Research shows that cross-race/cross-gender mentoring relationships can be problematic for protégés who are minorities. For example, African Americans may receive less psychosocial mentoring from cross-race mentors than they do from same-race mentors. People of color may perceive European American mentors as less helpful than a mentor of color (Harris 1999). Thomas (2001) found, some cross-race/cross-gender relationships can be positive relationships.

Introduction.Youth soccer imposes a series of high-intensity movements that require adequate levels of
explosive strength from the earliest categories of competition.The organization of training sessions is a very
timely issue in youth soccer because it requires careful analysis of modulating loads and managing the duration
of training sessions. For these reasons, the following should be sought: a) effective organizational solutions for
training the young player, and b) drills and loads that can meet the time allocated to training sessions.
Purpose.The purpose of the study is to analyse and understand the effects of integrative neuromuscular pitch
training on strength values and sprint performances in the young soccer players. Materials and methods.37
young male soccer players (all movement players) from youth national team in the 2020/21 season (14.31 ±
0.64 years, weight: 48.96± 6.72 kg; height: 161.1± 9.2 cm, age training: 8,1 ± 1,2 years) have been randomly
divided into Experimental Group, EG (n=17) and Control Group, CG (n=20). The EG completed a total of 16
training sessions directed at neuromuscular training on the pitch: two 30-minute sessions/week over a 8-week
period. The CG followed an identical training schedule, but training sessions consisted of soccer-specific drills only. The performances were assessed in the One-Leg Hop test, Side-Hop test, CounterMovement Jump
(CMJ),10 metres sprint test and 20 metres sprint test. Results.The data analysis returns the highlights significan
intergroup results (T0 vs T1): the One-Leg Hop test left limb (p = .05, d = -2,67), the Side test left (p= .0005, d= -6.40) and right limb (p= .0005, d= 5.32), the CMJ test ((p= .0005, d= -6.96), the 10 metres sprint test (p= .001,
d= -2.04) and the 20 metres sprint test (p= .001, d= -2.25). Conclusions.The integrative neuromuscular pitch training seem to respond effectively to two needs of the young soccer player: the lower limb strength values increase and the sprint performance increase.