Phonological Rule

The major interest of this research is to concentrate on the production of the /l/ sound in the English and Arabic languages and the allophones of this sound. This research also pays attention to the articulatory criteria of this sound in different phonetic environments of the word structures. The research shows the major and considerable contributions of the Ancient Arab linguists and their ideas about the phonetic properties of speech sounds with reference to the modern period descriptions. The allophonic variance in pronunciation of the speech sound is dominant feature in the languages of the world which are varied in the phonological environments and in testing their phonological structures. The phonological components are used to indicate the meaning of the words accurately. The phonological arrangements try to mention the fundamental variance at the phonetic side, the meaning of the same phonological structures can appear as extremely different of the phonetic styles. Hence, the conditions that languages permit numerous and different utterance for one phoneme are generally described as (The Allophonic Variant). The research contains Praat Programme figures which display the allophones of /l/ in the two languages.

Resumo: O presente artigo consiste em uma versão ampliada de estudos fonológicos anteriores da língua Arara (Karib). O quadro de segmentos fonêmicos é revisado à luz de discussões fomentadas por um maior volume de dados e interações morfofonológicas. A assimilação é o principal processo fonológico encontrado na língua. Fenômenos ainda não descritos no dialeto em estudo, como o ablaut e a elisão, são apresentados. Os dados são provenientes de trabalho de campo realizado principalmente entre os Arara, cujo dialeto é falado na aldeia Cachoeira Seca do Iriri, no estado do Pará, Brasil.

Objective: The present case study aims to report on the consonant repertoire during the pre-linguistic and first linguistic stage of a Greek-Cypriot speaking child bilaterally implanted with multichannel Cochlear Implants (CIs). Background: Children with Hearing Loss (HL) produce canonical babble later, and consonantal inventories of HL children are smaller. However, the consonant repertoire of CI Greek-speaking children has not been examined thus far and research on types of consonantal errors during phonological acquisition is scant. Clinical Case: A pre-linguistically deaf child (CY, 7;0 years old) received the first CI at 7 months of age, but the external part of the device was fitted at 2;7 years. An investigation of the child’s speech at 7;0 years was conducted through auditory analysis. The child’s canonical utterances were transcribed in IPA and his consonants were classified into subcategories, depending on articulation place, articulation manner and resonance. Regarding pl...

This paper examined a phonological study of consonants and vowels phonemic merger in Hausa. The main objective of this research is to examine how phonological and morphological rules trigger phonemic merger of certain consonants and vowels phonemes in particular phonetic environments of a word as phonetic and phonemic entity, on the assumption that, phonological and morphological rules relate an underlying structure to its phonetic representation. The study employed generative phonological framework in the analysis of the data so that we can establish the set of rules that describe the changes of the underlying structure when they occur in speech. Also, for the data collection an ethnographic communication method is adopted. The findings of the research discovered three phonological processes that motivate consonants and vowels phonemic merger in Hausa. The identified phonological processes are: palatalization, rhotacization and deletion motivating phonemic merger. In addition, it i...

The production of phonological patterns is a very complicated process especially when alveolar consonant sounds are pronounced in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The toddlers ageing 2-3 years as well as the language handicaps find it more complicated to cope with this sound process. The present study on toddlers aims at investigating the alveolar consonant sounds in keeping with single word production. The Iowa Test of Consonant Perception by Jason Geller was implemented to investigate sound productions in the perspective of Substitution Process proposed by Burnthal and Rankson (2004). Non-probabilistic Sample of twenty-five toddlers was given 125 words; a five-word set to every toddler to pronounce repeating at least five times at the top of his voice the articulators at length. Data was collected by means of informants’ close observations. The comparison between the pronunciation of original words and that of produced words with their phonetic transcription provided evidenc...

Salah satu akibat dari kontak bahasa adalah terdapatnya kosakata serapan dalam sebuah bahasa. Sebenarnya, tidak mudah bagi kita untuk menentukan apakah sebuah kata merupakan kosakata serapan atau tidak. Hal itu disebabkan karena sebagian kata-kata asing itu telah lama diserap, dan frekuensi pemakaiannya sangat tinggi sehingga tidak terasa lagi sebagai kata-kata asing, terlebih lagi, jika kata-kata itu sudah mengalami perubahan bentuk. Dalam bahasa Jawa banyak sekali terdapat kosakata serapan terutama (dan paling banyak) berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta, dan penelitian mengenai hal tersebut juga sudah banyak dilakukan sebelumnya. Meskipun begitu, belum ada satupun penelitian terdahulu yang membahas perubahan fonologis dari kosakata serapan Sansekerta yang menggunakan analisis fitur distingtif dalam kajian fonologi generatif seperti dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitan ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses perubahan bunyi kosakata Sansekerta beserta kaidah-kaidahnya, dan faktor penyebab ...

The motivation of this research is epenthesis, an important Urdu phonological phenomenon. Presently, this work deals with the phonological rules for understanding the role of epenthesis and re-syllabification in Urdu content words, at larger scale, in speech of Pakistani Urdu speakers. The 10 hours audio-corpus has become the source of motivation for the current study due to its multiple pronunciations , . That annotated speech data has multiple information i.e., same parts-of speech (POS), spellings and meanings but different pronunciations which ultimately becomes the cause of re-syllabification at different places and contexts. Therefore, that annotated speech corpus is used as baseline of this research , but the selected words' list includes only those words which have different pronunciations occurred due to the epenthesis. Later this list has been shared and asked to record by 29 native Urdu speakers in Pakistan. Thus, data analysis has confirmed different reasons for causing epenthesis in Urdu; (i) contextual variations, (ii) inter-speaker variations, (iii) stress variations, (iv) multilingual effect, etc. All these variations become the reasons for alternative pronunciations. It is also confirmed that alternative pronunciations are present in the speech data of all speakers but a speaker can use a single pronunciation at a time. Therefore, all different pronunciations have attained the status of alternative pronunciations in Pakistani Urdu.

Language is one of the most important and difficult for young children in communication. Most children learn to talk in the years before school entry. The objective of this study is the writer tries to investigate and identify the phonological system made by children 3 years to 5 years old. The writer use descriptive qualitative analysis in order to figure out and identify the form of phonological and semantic system made by children at the age 3-5 years old. The writer use observation and interview in collecting the data. The research finding in this study were there are omission that can be seen in phonological system on children at the age 3-4 years, the consonant sound of /k/, /t/, /r/, and /s/ and there also replacement sound occurs in pronunciation made by the age 3-4 years such sound letter /c/ with /s/ and letter sound consonant /r/ with /l/. At the age of 5 years, the sound of consonant has been seen more clearly in the pronunciation of words. They have been able to recogni...

This paper critically reviews S. J. Keyser and Paul Kiparsky's “Syllable Structure in Finnish Phonology” (1984). We also treat Finnish morphophonemics using a CV-tier analysis, but account for forms that their method fails on. We posit six stem types in the verbal lexicon and derive the forms of all inflections of all types with just twelve morphophonemic rules. After the stems are modified and suffixes (and person/number endings) are attached, a single, general, phonological rule of Consonant Gradation applies postlexically. To develop a general theory from our analysis, we consider restrictions on rules which may alter stems: lexical rules apply to stems before affixation and only to the final segments of stems; only post-lexical phonological rules apply to affixes. We eliminate all morphological conditions on individual rules and extrinsic ordering conditions.

عبيد، باجاس محي الدين 2025، تحليل التداخل الصوتي للغة الجاوية في اللغة العربية في أنشطة بحث مسائل في المعهد دار الهُدى فونوروجو، على هذ البحث العلمي. قسم تعليم اللغة العربية، كلية التربية وعلم التعليم، الجامعة الاسلامية الحكومية فونوروجو، المشرف أحمد بصرى، ماجستير.
الكلمات الأساسية: التداخل الصوتي، اللغة العربية، اللغة الجاوية، بحث مسائل، مدرسة دار الهُدى
التداخل اللغوي هو شكل من أشكال الانحراف في استخدام اللغة، وينشأ نتيجة تأثير نظام اللغة الأولى على اللغة الثانية، وغالبًا ما يؤدي هذا إلى قواعد أو بنية اللغة المستخدمة. ومن أكثر أشكال التداخل شيوعًا هو التداخل الصوتي، خصوصًا في سياق الثنائية اللغوية في البيئة التعليمية في المعاهد الإسلامية. وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى وصف أشكال التداخل الصوتي من اللغة العربية إلى اللغة الجاوية كما يظهر في نشاط بحث المسائل في معهد دار الهدى مايَك فونوروجو. كما تهدف إلى تحديد أنماط الحروف الساكنة التي تؤثر على حدوث هذا التداخل والعوامل المسببة له.
يهدف هذا البحث إلى وصف ثلاثة جوانب رئيسية، وهي:  1. أشكال التداخل الصوتي في كلام الطلبة عند عرض الحجج في منتدى "بحث المسائل"، 2. أنماط نطق الحروف الصامتة في اللغة العربية المتأثرة بنظام الأصوات في اللغة الجاوية، 3. العوامل المؤدية إلى حدوث هذا التداخل الصوتي. من خلال دراسة هذه الجوانب الثلاثة، يُرجى من هذا البحث أن يُسهم في تطوير استراتيجيات تعليم اللغة العربية لتكون أكثر تكيُّفًا مع واقع ازدواجية اللغة لدى الطلبة.
وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي النوعي مع التحليل اللغوي، لا سيما في مجال الصوتي 
والتداخل اللغوي. تم جمع البيانات من خلال الملاحظة المباشرة، والمقابلات شبه المنظمة، وتقنية المقابلة المباشرة دون تسجيل صوتي بسبب قيود التصاريح. المقارنة النظام الصوتي للغتين العربية والجاوية بشكل منهجي. ومن خلال هذا المنهج، أمكن تحليل أشكال التداخل مثل استبدال الفونيمات، حذف الأصوات، وتكييف النطق بصورة مخالفة لقواعد اللغة العربية.
تُظهر نتائجُ هذا البحث ما يلي:١ .إنّ التداخل الصوتي للغة العربية في اللغة الجاوية من قِبَل المشاركين في منتدى "بحث المسائل" يشمل استبدال الفونيمات، والحذف، وتبسيط الأصوات، وذلك نتيجة لتأثير نظام الأصوات في اللغة الأم، ٢ .إنّ الصوتين الساكنين /ذ/ [ð] و/ع/ [ʕ] اللذين لا يوجدان في اللغة الجاوية يُنطقان بـ[d] و[a]، مما يدل على تكييف في النطق بسبب اختلاف النظام الفونولوجي، ٣ .إنّ هذا التداخل يتأثر ببيئة التعلم، وهيمنة اللغة الأم، وطريقة التعليم التي لا تركز على الجوانب الصوتي، مما يستدعي وجود استراتيجيات تعليمية أكثر اعتمادًا على الفونيتكا.

The study of Malaysian English (ME) has gained significant attention due to its emergence as a distinct variety of World Englishes. However, while its lexical, phonological, and syntactical features are well recognised, the research still lacks scholarly attention, empirical exploration and longitudinal study. This paper focuses on the phonological features of Malaysian English described by previous researchers through comprehensive library research. The findings suggest that the phonological features of Malaysian English encompass three main areas which are vowels, consonants, and suprasegmentals. Nevertheless, this research also investigated the country's diverse ethnicities on the standardisation of Malaysian English as a unique World Englishes and its influence on the phonological features. Thus, several research endeavours have delved into the segmental and suprasegmental aspects of Malaysian English. These investigations have revealed that the accents' characteristics vary notably based on factors such as the speaker's cultural and linguistic background, as well as the specific variety of English they are acquiring.

This research work deciphers English loanwords adaptation in Khowar language. It explored that the selected words gone through different adaptable variations in terms of phonology when borrowed from English. Qualitative method is used in this study. Data was collected from real-life conversation of 20 Khowar native speakers in Pakistan. Participants were comprised of educated and non educated class of Khowar speakers. Findings of the study show that English loanwords went through different phonological processes such as epenthesis, substitution, deletion and addition when borrowed into Khowar. It is also discovered that the process of deletion is least occurred and substitution mostly occurred phenomenon. Furthermore, this study explored the reason poor pronunciation of English and way out solution to improve it.

we need to think that from where does the pattern come from? In Saraiki we address such questions in this article while taking into account the loanword grammar. This article is organised as follows: the next section briefly highlights the native phonology of Saraiki language which is the basic notion to understand the adaptation process from the donor to the receiver. Section

This study is a case study which describes the speech of three pre-school Nasiriya Iraqi Arabic children. The data of this study are collected through tape-recording them. Through the analysis, it is concluded that the phonetic processes which exist in the informants’ speech include assimilation, elision, gemination, nasalization and tafxiim and the main ones are sound shift and metathesis. It has been noted that the study informants pronounce some consonants which are difficult to be pronounced by other children living in the same city; those consonants are either regularly shifted to in the production of other consonants or as part of ordinary words containing such sounds. Sometimes, more than one process is available in the production of some words. The consonantal changes existing in the informants’ speech are many compared with the vocalic ones which are very few.

This paper critically reviews S. J. Keyser and Paul Kiparsky's “Syllable Structure in Finnish Phonology” (1984). We also treat Finnish morphophonemics using a CV-tier analysis, but account for forms that their method fails on. We posit six stem types in the verbal lexicon and derive the forms of all inflections of all types with just twelve morphophonemic rules. After the stems are modified and suffixes (and person/number endings) are attached, a single, general, phonological rule of Consonant Gradation applies postlexically. To develop a general theory from our analysis, we consider restrictions on rules which may alter stems: lexical rules apply to stems before affixation and only to the final segments of stems; only post-lexical phonological rules apply to affixes. We eliminate all morphological conditions on individual rules and extrinsic ordering conditions.

I n lexical decision experiments, subjects have difficulty in responding NO to non-words which are pronounced exactly like English words (e.g. BRANE). This does not necessarily imply that access to a lexical entry ever occurs via a phonological recoding of a visually-presented word. The phonological recoding procedure might be so slow that when the letter string presented is a word, access to its lexical entry via a visual representation is always achieved before phonological recoding is completed. If prelexical phonological recodings are produced by using grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules, such recodings can only occur for words which conform to these rules (regular words), since applications of the rules to words which do not conform to the rules (exception words) produce incorrect phonological representations. In two experiments, it was found that time to achieve lexical access (as measured by YES latency in a lexical decision task) was

In lexical decision experiments, subjects have difficulty in responding NO to non-words which are pronounced exactly like English words (e.g. BRANE). This does not necessarily imply that access to a lexical entry ever occurs via a phonological recoding of a visually-presented word. The phonological recoding procedure might be so slow that when the letter string presented is a word, access to its lexical entry via a visual representation is always achieved before phonological recoding is completed. If prelexical phonological recodings are produced by using grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules, such recodings can only occur for words which conform to these rules (regular words), since applications of the rules to words which do not conform to the rules (exception words) produce incorrect phonological representations. In two experiments, it was found that time to achieve lexical access (as measured by YES latency in a lexical decision task) was equivalent for regular words and excepti...

This study investigates the sociolinguistic dynamics between the Dhanni and Urdu languages in Pakistan, focusing on how Urdu impacts Dhanni. The study pursues a mixed-method research methodology to establish the subjects' language skills and use them in a home environment, work environment, social situations, and encounters. A sample of 150 adult participants has been used to complete structured questionnaires to gather the data. Demographic factors, English and Urdu fluency, and participants' views about the effect of Urdu on Dhanni are investigated in the study. Moreover, reliability and correlation were the differences in the use of the language and its proficiency, while 13 young participants claimed they spoke Urdu fluently. Therefore, all participants employ both languages at home, in professional settings, and with their friends; however, Urdu is mainly used with friends. Reacting to the influence of Urdu on Dhanni, the opinions are positive, neutral, and negative as described in the study. These outcomes enrich the knowledge of the interrelations between Dhanni and Urdu about the cultural and social context of language switch in bicultural populations.

This paper examines the onsetless syllable in Ẹdo and accounts for the emergence of the phenomenon in the phonological system of the language. The study analyses synchronic Ẹdo phonological data that were collected mainly from eighteen (18) native speakers of the language that were drawn from three Ẹdo speaking Local Government Areas in Edo State, Nigeria. The data were elicited by means of the University of Ibadan wordlist of four hundred basic items. The data were organized, verified and analyzed by means of careful observation that relied on the theoretical foundations of the CV-Phonology model. The study observes that the onsetless syllable is derived from the CV-syllable structure, which is primary, and that the derivation is a product of the CV-phonological rule that deletes the syllable initial C (i.e., the onset of the syllable). The paper concludes that the onsetless syllable is a secondary derivation from the CV-syllable structure in the language.

This paper examines some phonological processes observed in the Pig Latin; a linguistic game played in Akan, a Niger-Congo (Kwa) language. The Akan Pig Latin (henceforth APL), which is popularly known as Megesege is usually played among Akan youth. The purpose of this game varies from concealment to social identity establishment. This paper is a qualitative study of 200 stimuli of sentences in regular Akan constructions manipulated into the APL. The simple rule for playing the game is to syllabify an already existing word and to add a [CV] syllable to each of those segmented syllables. Through this manipulation of existing word, several phonological processes are observed including insertion, syllabification, palatalization etc. The paper presents a descriptive analysis of some of the processes and shows how the study of the APL can facilitate our understanding of the several phonological phenomena in Akan, even though it may display, in many parts, quite different patterns from wha...

OBJETIVO: conocer las características del desempeño fonológico en niños con fisura labiovelopalatina uni y bilateral, entre 3 y 4,11 años. MÉTODO: se evaluaron 39 pacientes con fisura labiovelopalatina tratada quirúrgicamente, los cuales fueron divididos en 4 grupos de estudio, según el tipo de fisura (uni o bilateral) y edad (3-3,11 años y 4-4,11 años). Para la determinación de la cantidad, tipo y frecuencia de procesos de simplificación fonológica en el grupo de estudio, se aplicó el Test de Procesos de simplificación fonológica (Chile). Los puntajes obtenidos fueron comparados con la norma a través del análisis estadístico t test y analizados descriptivamente. RESULTADOS: se observó una cantidad significativamente mayor de procesos fonológicos presentes en niños con fisura respecto a la norma. Para todos los grupos de estudio los procesos fonológicos de simplificación más frecuentes fueron los de sustitución, con excepción del grupo de niños con fisura unilateral de 3-3,11 años, ...

Sound substitution is a process whereby a phoneme in a loanword is replaced
by its closest phone in the borrowing language. English and Arabic share
dental consonants // and // which are absent in Persian. This comparative
study aimed at explaining how these consonants are substituted by Persian
speakers within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky,
1993/2004). The findings of this research indicate that their substitution in
English (loan) words depends on their position in the syllable; the dental
consonants // and // are replaced by the dento-alveolar consonants [d] and
[t] respectively in the syllable onset of (loan)words because they are the
closest consonants to dentals. However, // changes to [s] in the coda position
since the markedness constraint ‘LAZY’ which favors sounds produced with
less energy prohibits the substitution of // by the more effortful stop
consonant [t] in this syllable position. With regard to Arabic (loan)words, the
substitution of the dental consonants // and // (which are represented by the
graphemes < >ذand < >ثrespectively in Arabic orthography) depends on how
these graphemes are pronounce in Persian. Therefore, this process cannot be
explained using an analysis that is solely phonological. So, there is a need for
an analysis which incorporates graphemes as well. Technically speaking, a
constraint which has access to graphematical information is needed. Some
optimality theory phonologists who came up with this need while working on
other languages have already proposed orthographic constraints as the third
type in addition to faithfulness and markedness constraints. Accordingly, the
pronunciation of the graphemes < >ذand < >ثin words adapted from Arabic
by Persian was analysed using orthographic constraints which require these
graphemes to be always pronunced [z] and [s] respectively. This comparative
study presents arguments in favor of different constraint rankings which cause
the occurances of these processes

ABSTRACTSeveral studies have reported that the articulatory abilities of Down&#39;s syndrome children are poor, but have provided little detail on the nature of the articulation problem. This paper presents a phonological analysis of the spontaneous speech of four Down&#39;s syndrome children, ages 3;10–6;3 including a) the phonetic inventory of each subject, b) a comparison of target consonant phonemes and the subjects&#39; renditions of these phonemes, and c) a characterization of the subjects&#39; errors in terms of phonological processes. The findings indicate that 1) although the subjects are capable of producing nearly all the consonant phonemes, correct production is often limited to a particular position within the word, 2) the phonological processes which account for the errors of the Down&#39;s syndrome subjects are similar to those reported for young normal children, and 3) the phonological abilities of the four subjects are comparable to, or better than, their general la...

This article provides an overview of phonological development with a focus on production patterns occurring between birth and three years, during which the majority of development occurs. General requirements of phonological acquisition are discussed briefly, followed by a description of prelinguistic vocal development, the transition to speech, and phonological characteristics of first words. Phonetic inventories and error patterns of children acquiring English are discussed.

Purpose: To verify whether age influences phonological performance and working memory, and whether there is correlation between phonological working memory and severity of phonological disorders in children with language impairment. Methods: Participants were 30 children diagnosed with language impairment, with ages ranging from 4 to 6 years. Data from the assessment of phonological working memory and phonology (measured by the Percentage of Consonants Correct -Reviewed) were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: Age did not influence phonology and phonological working memory, but there was positive correlation in the comparison between performances on phonological working memory and both phonology tasks. Conclusion: Age does not support the improvement of phonological abilities and phonological working memory. However, there is positive correlation between phonological working memory and the severity of phonological disorders, suggesting that the better the speech production, the better the phonological working memory.

The study tested the impact of the phonological distance between Spoken Arabic (SpA) and Standard Arabic (StA) on quality of phonological representations among kindergarten, first-, second-, and sixth-grade Arabic-speaking children (N = 120). A pronunciation accuracy judgment task targeted three types of StA words that varied in extent of phonological distance from their form in SpA: (a) identical words, with an identical lexical-phonological form in StA and SpA; (b) cognate words, with partially overlapping phonological forms; items in this category varied in degree of phonological distance too; and (c) unique words with entirely different lexical-phonological forms. Multilevel Regression analysis showed that phonological distance had a significant impact on quality of phonological representations across all grades. Growth in quality of phonological representations was mainly noted between the three younger groups and the sixth-graders. Implications for the impact of phonological d...

Linguistics as a present study, acts as an instrument towards promoting local languages. This recent study aims at studying some of phonological processes in Chagga language (Particularly Kibosho and Marangu varieties). Chagga is a Bantu language family spoken by Chagga people of Tanzania, south of Mount Kilimanjaro. Borrowing is the act of taking a word or a phrase from one language and used it in another language. The present study is carried out under Generative CV Phonology Theory, developed by linguists, Keyser and Clements in (1983). This theory strives to guide the present study on scrutinize phonological processes with their rules in Kibosho and Marangu varieties. The very study is the phonological type of study which employs qualitative method. The study employs Interview to observe the pronunciation by native speakers, voice note as linguistic variable need for homogenous resemblance of the uttered lexical items and the phonological processes. To answer study question one ...

provided comments on earlier drafts or discussed the ideas in this paper with me at length. All pictures are from China Deaf and Blind Association, 1960 and James Myers. This work has benefitted from the observations and constructive criticism of Mike Hammond and Diana Archangeli. Errors are my own. 2Following convention, glosses of ASL signs are written in capital letters. 3Chinese glosses are written in capital letters. English translations are provided in single quotes.

This paper examines phonological phrasing in the Kwa language Akan. Regressive [+ATR] vowel harmony between words (RVH) serves as a hitherto unreported diagnostic of phonological phrasing. In this paper I discuss VP-internal and NP-internal structures, as well as SVO(O) and serial verb constructions. RVH is a general process in Akan grammar, although it is blocked in certain contexts. The analysis of phonological phrasing relies on universal syntax–phonology mapping constraints whereby lexically headed syntactic phrases are mapped onto phonological phrases. Blocking contexts call for a domain-sensitive analysis of RVH assuming recursive prosodic structure which makes reference to maximal and non-maximal phonological phrases. It is proposed (i) that phonological phrase structure is isomorphic to syntactic structure in Akan, and (ii) that the process of RVH is blocked at the edge of a maximal phonological phrase; this is formulated in terms of a domain-sensitive CrispEdgeconstraint.

´Franc ¸aise de Belgique (A.R.C. 96/01-203) and from the Founds Houtman (Belgium). We thank Virginie Lasjuilliarias and Delphine Pourquery for their assistance in testing the children as well as the speech therapists Sylvie Chanusseau and Michelle Munsch for their help in establishing the speech intelligibility level of deaf children.

This article accounts for the phonological processes which govern borrowing from English to Lungu, Mambwe, and Namwanga (LuMaNa) languages. classifies Lungu as M14, Mambwe as M15, and Namwanga as M22. Data were collected using elicitation, comparative, and document analysis methods. The paper employed Lexical Phonology and Morphology, and the comparative Bantu morphophonology theories. The study shows that LuMaNa languages use four major phonological processes to borrow from the English language, namely, epenthesis, sound substitution, metathesis or permutation, and vowel lengthening. Vowel epenthesis is used to create open syllables and break up consonant clusters during borrowing into LuMaNa. Consonant sound substitution is used to modify loanwords through devoicing. LuMaNa languages obey the following general devoicing rules; /ð→t, /ð→ f, z → s and defy the rest of the rules. Vowel sound substitution is achieved in LuMaNa through adaptation and nativisation of phonetic approximation. LuMaNa also borrow words through metathesis where two adjacent sounds reshuffle their positions to facilitate ease of articulation. Vowel length is used to borrow words from English to enable words to adjust and fit in the phonology of the target language. The study concludes that LuMaNa have similarities in the application of phonological processes during borrowing.

The production of phonological patterns is a very complicated process especially when alveolar consonant sounds are pronounced in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The toddlers ageing 2-3 years as well as the language handicaps find it more complicated to cope with this sound process. The present study on toddlers aims at investigating the alveolar consonant sounds in keeping with single word production. The Iowa Test of Consonant Perception by Jason Geller was implemented to investigate sound productions in the perspective of Substitution Process proposed by Burnthal and Rankson (2004). Non-probabilistic Sample of twenty-five toddlers was given 125 words; a five-word set to every toddler to pronounce repeating at least five times at the top of his voice the articulators at length. Data was collected by means of informants’ close observations. The comparison between the pronunciation of original words and that of produced words with their phonetic transcription provided evidenc...

We report two case studies of aphasic patients with a working-memory impairment due to reduced storage in the phonological buffer. The two patients display excellent performance in phonological discrimination tasks as long as the tasks do not involve a memory load. We then show that their performance drops when they have to maintain fine-grained phonological information for sentence comprehension: They are impaired at mispronunciation detection and at comprehending sentences involving minimal word pairs. We argue that the phonological buffer plays a role in sentence perception during the phonological analysis of the speech stream: It sustains the temporary storage of phonological input in order to check and resolve phonological ambiguities, and it also allows reexamination of the phonological input if necessary.

I describe and analyse data from Amarasi, a language with morphological consonant-vowel metathesis. Depending on the phonotactic structure of the stem to which it applies, metathesis is associated with a number of other phonological processes including: vowel deletion, consonant deletion and two kinds of vowel assimilation. By proposing that Amarasi has an obligatory CVCVC foot in which C-slots can be empty all these phonological processes can be derived from a single process of metathesis and one associated morphemically conditioned process. I consider analyses other than the rule-based one adopted in this paper and show that they cannot account for all the data in a consistent, plausible way.

The traditional idea that in Early French, the Frankish superstrate had a major influence on the phonology is mistaken. Facts from Old Frankish itself show that this cannot have been the case. In addition, the phonetic concept on which the idea is based, i.e. the distinction between 'expiratory' and 'melodic' languages, is outdated and invalid. The facts for which the Frankish influence was invoked find a much more satisfactory explanation if one considers the evolution of the entire prosodic system of the language. The distinction between syllable and word languages, as proposed by Auer and Uhmann, provides a fruitful framework for this.

The main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the treatment of vowel harmony, a kind of long-distance mining carefully the linguistic data obtained from the dialects and within the framework of generative phonology, the author of the paper has attempted to evaluate the present-day situation of vowel harmony (a synchronic study) in the abovementioned members of Oghuz languages. The results of the study showed that, except some violations mostly observed in loanwords, there is an innate and high degree of harmony in both of them, along with some degrees of disharmony. It can be claimed that one of the main factors of the observed disharmony, among other factors, is the effect of other languages and the existence of loanwords. Generally speaking, we may conclude that vowel harmony kish and Azerbaijani Turkish (Iran), of course with some degrees of difference.

Probability and frequency are becoming increasingly important in phonological analysis. This article reviews contemporary perspectives on how phonological theory addresses gradient phonological patterns shaped by probability and frequency, drawing on theories of the lexicon, grammar, and statistics. After examining their motivations, we show how these diverse theoretical perspectives have been applied to a variety of problems in core phonology, including phonotactics, morphophonology, sound change, phonological categorization, and language development. Our review of theory and applications supports a growing consensus in the field that phonological theories must reckon with probability. Our review also identifies problems stemming from a lack of cohesion in the field, and suggests potential solutions to these problems.

Since Kiparsky (1968) it has been standard practice in generative phonology to account for sound change by means of rule addition, rule simplification, rule reordering and rule loss. Given that the phonological rule as such no longer exists in recently proposed constraint-based theories of phonology, such as Optimality Theory (cf. Prince and Smolensky (1993), McCarthy and Prince (1993a and b), the question arises how sound change must be accounted for in these theories.

This article aims to know sound variations of prefix /in-/ in French and to explain phonological process of prefix /in-/ in French. The addition of the prefix / in- / can change the meaning of words into the opposite meaning. This prefix has orthographic and phonetic variation which means there are phonological rules in it, the focus of research is on sound variations and phonological rules prefix / in- / in French. The research subject is French, while the object research is adjective in French with prefix / in- /. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with observation method and note-taking technique. The approach used is transformational generative phonology. The addition of the prefix /in-/ indicates that this prefix has a function as a negative marker (negative prefixes). The result of the analysis shows that sound variations of prefix /in-/ in French are [iŋ-], [in-], [im-], [il-], [iʁ-]. The phonological process that occurs in it is an assimilation process. Assimil...

This article reviews and exemplifies the theory of the life cycle of phonological processes and illustrates how diachronic phonological changes can be accounted for in a stratal/cyclic model of phonology. The life cycle captures the fact that sound change operates in orderly stages and that phonological processes become increasing integrated with morphosyntactic structure as they age. Phonological rules also often display different rates of application across a given dialect continuum. Thus, the developmental phases that a phonological innovation goes through in its life cycle define a template of language change; and these stages of change reflect synchronic patterns of microtypological variation.

In a series of 5 experiments, we investigated whether the processing of phonologically assimilated utterances is influenced by language learning. Previous experiments had shown that phonological assimilations, such as /lean#bacon/ → [leam bacon], are compensated for in perception. In this article, we investigated whether compensation for assimilation can occur without experience with an assimilation rule using automatic event-related potentials. Our first experiment indicated that Dutch listeners compensate for a Hungarian assimilation rule. Two subsequent experiments, however, failed to show compensation for assimilation by both Dutch and Hungarian listeners. Two additional experiments showed that this was due to the acoustic properties of the assimilated utterance, confirming earlier reports that phonetic detail is important in compensation for assimilation. Our data indicate that compensation for assimilation can occur without experience with an assimilation rule, in line with phonetic-phonological theories that assume that speech production is influenced by speech-perception abilities.

Two main theories in new word learning were Phonological Loop Model and Lexical Restructuring Theory. The two main theories focused on different aspects of how long-term lexical knowledge affects word learning: Phonological Loop Model focusing on phonological working memory and Lexical Restructuring Theory focusing on phonological sensitivity in phonological processing. Previous studies showed that both phonological working memory and phonological sensitivity were important to new word learning, especially phonological working memory influencing word learning directly. However, how phonological sensitivity affects word learning is still not clear. Future studies could use a new method to investigate the mechanism of how phonological working memory and phonological sensitivity affect word learning or integrate the two aspects to investigate word learning.

The ability of a language&#39;s syntax to determine the application vs. non-application of postlexical phonological rules has by now been firmly established in a number of languages. Such rules, which apply above the word level, have come especially from the prosodic aspects of phonological structure, e.g. effects of syllabification, stress-accent, duration and tone. Much of the interest in this syntax-phonology interaction has centred around two general questions: (i) which specific properties of the syntax are available to affect the application of phonological rules?; (ii) how should these syntactic properties be incorporated into the phonology?

Arapça, Türkiye Türkçesindeki alınma sözcükler bakımından ilk sırayı almaktadır. Arapçadan dilimize pek çok sözcük girmiştir. Bunların bir kısmı olduğu gibi dilimize girerken, bir kısmı çeşitli ses olaylarına uğrayarak dilimize yerleşmiştir. Bu ses olaylarının nedeni kale ˂ kalǾa, cetvel ˂ cedvel gibi aykırılaşma örneklerini saymazsak söz konusu sözcüklerin dilimizin ses yapısına uymamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Diğer bir deyişle Arapçadan Türkiye Türkçesine geçmiş sözcüklerde meydana gelen ses değişmesi, ses türemesi veya ses düşmesi olayları dilimizin o sözcükleri kendi ses yapısına uydurma çabasından ileri gelmektedir. Bu ses olaylarından bir kısmı da ayın ve hemze ünsüzleriyle ilgilidir. Ancak bu ünsüzlerin Türkçede ses karşılıkları yoktur. Bu nedenle ayın ve hemze ünsüzleri Arapçadan Türkiye Türkçesine geçerken ses değişmesi veya ses düşmesine maruz kalır. İşte bu makalede Arapçadan Türkiye Türkçesine geçen sözcüklerde ayın ve hemzeyle ilgili ses olayları üzerinde durulacaktır.

Akeanon features a phoneme unique relative to many Philippine-type languages, which is a reflex of the proto-Bisayan *l and *-d-. This was initially described as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ], and later repositioned as both a consonant of an onset and a semivowel of a coda. Half a century later it was reaffirmed as mainly a semivowel. Based on these descriptions of Akeanon, more questions arise as per the true nature of the phoneme in focus. This paper hence provides both a review and reevaluation of Akeanon phonology based on synchronic distribution, dialectology, historical accounts, and acoustic analysis. Results point to the phoneme as a velar approximant [ɰ]. Further recommendations on both descriptive and applied contexts are provided.

Phonological processes are at the heart of linguistic borrowing as it has varied phonological systems. It could be seen that the loan words entering the loan language from the source language can hardly be separated from the phonological process because they must be modified to suit the phonology of the loan language. This article analysed the phonological processes realized in Ekegusii borrowing from English using Optimality Theory's constraint approach. Since this was a phonological study, descriptive linguistic fieldwork was used. The data used in this article was extracted from Mose's doctoral study, whereby purposive sampling was used to obtain two hundred borrowed segments from the Ekegusii dictionary, then supplemented by introspection. Further, three adult native proficient Ekegusii speakers who were neither too young nor too old and had all their teeth were purposively sampled. The two hundred tokens were then subjected to the sampled speakers through interviews to realize the sound patterns in the Ekegusii borrowing process overtly. The findings revealed that Ekegusii phonological constraints defined the well-formedness of the loanwords by repairing the illicit structures. To fix, various phonological processes were realized. They included: epenthesis, deletion, devoicing/strengthening, voicing/ weakening, re-syllabification, substitution, monophthongization, and lenition. The article concludes that borrowing across languages (related or unrelated) reports similar if not the same phonological processes only that the processes attested in one language are a subset of the universally exhibited phonological processes.

Studies of phonological disturbances in aphasic speech are reviewed. It is argued that failure to test for error consistency in individual patients makes it generally improper to draw inferences about specific disorders of phonological encoding. A minimalist interpretation of available data o n phonological errors is therefore proposed that involves variable loss of information in transmission between processing subsystems. Proposals for systematic loss or corruption of phonological information in lexical representations or in translation subsystems is shown to be inadequately grounded. The review concludes with some simple methodological prescriptions for future research.