Philosophy of Geography

In this paper I argue that what makes geography stand out among other academic disciplines, is not its collection of methods, but instead the collection of key geographical concepts that are encountered with high frequency in its corpus of published scholarship. I illustrate how this way of thinking works in practice, by taking as a case study the emergent field of the geographies of the future and suggesting that it is the very same set of key geographical concepts that makes this field stand out from the more amorphous realm of "futures studies". I begin my analysis by providing a brief literature review of the seven main research clusters within the field of the geographies of the future: (1) risk, uncertainty, contingency, and surprise; (2) neoliberal governmentality and its management of the future; (3) prefigurative politics and visions of a postcapitalist future; (4) technological progress as a key dimension to foreseeing the future; (5) the future in light of social difference; (6) culture and the historicizing of the future; and (7) economic geographies of the future. Then, in the final part of the paper I offer some suggestions on how the careful and creative deployment of these key geographical concepts can deepen and enrich the way we think about the future and its geographies. Specifically, I organize these suggestions into three analytical clusters, focusing on (1) distance and proximity; (2) scale; and (3) borders and territory. I then provide some final thoughts about the key concepts versus key methods controversy, arguing in favor of the former.

Godwin'in siyaset anlayışını incelediği başlıca eseri 'Political Justice-Siyasal Adalet' ana temeli teşkil etmektedir. Diğer eserlerine mümkün olduğunca ulaşılmış ve yararlanılmıştır. Bunun yanında konuyla ilgili diğer eser ve makaleler de kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmamızın oluşmasında başından sonuna kadar her türlü ilgi, teşvik ve desteğini esirgemeyen danışmanım değerli Hocam Prof. Dr. Murtaza KORLAELÇİ'ye ve desteğini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen değerli Hocam Prof. Dr. Celal TÜRER'e, ve Jüri Üyeleri olarak Hocalarım Prof. Dr. Ethem CEBECİOĞLU ve Prof. Dr. İbrahim ÖZDEMİR'e teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca çalışmamın tercüme ve tashih aşamalarında benden yardımlarını esirgemeyen Prof. Dr. A. İsra Güngör ve Prof. Dr. Dr. Muzaffer Tan'a teşekkür ederim. Cengiz ÇUHADAR KASTAMONU 2025 iv v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ .

The delicate interplay of environmental justice, legal systems, and
ethical perspectives are evident in India's convoluted landscape. It
consolidates the laws into a succession of policies, highlighted by
significant events such as the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986
and the influence of judicial decisions on environmental legislation.
The essay analyzes India's sustainable development policies from an
ethical perspective, encompassing polluter pays and precautionary
principles and addressing the balance between economic expansion and
environmentally sound growth. The study methodologically examines
the historical and cultural influences on environmental ethics to assess
significant legislative activities perceived as efforts to enhance quality
of life initiated by constitutional amendments. It also examines
previous cross-cutting judicial decisions. This analysis offers readers a
comprehensive understanding of India's environmental policies by
examining international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and
the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. The findings indicate that,
despite India's robust legislative framework, challenges in enforcement,
inadequate laws, and conflicts between ecological sustainability and
economic development persists. The discussion focuses on the potential
impact of ethical concerns, such as climate justice and
intergenerational equity, on future environmental governance. The work underscores the importance of public engagement, corporate
accountability, and the integration of indigenous knowledge in
addressing the challenges of development and environmental
protection.

The advancement of digital technologies has redefined Geography education, offering powerful tools to foster
critical thinking, civic engagement, and spatial literacy in public schools. Moving beyond traditional approaches
centered on rote memorization, digital strategies—ranging from interactive maps to immersive applications—
encourage students to investigate, analyze, and problematize socio-spatial realities. This article examines
practical strategies for integrating geotechnologies into Geography teaching, comparing traditional and digital
methodologies, and emphasizing the role of teacher training in ensuring meaningful and equitable outcomes. By
framing digital tools within critical pedagogy, this paper proposes a set of approaches that enable public school
students to move from passive recipients of knowledge to active agents of inquiry and transformation.

Argues for a 3-valued logic of vagueness. In distinction to other 3-valued approaches this logic is an extension of classical logic, due to the use of both a Boolean and a predicate negation. The approch is justified by semantic considerations. Critical issues like Sorites reasoning, higher order vagueness, and 'penumbral truth' are discussed from this perspective.

In this paper, I discuss whether the critical rationalist philosophy of science can help to contain the current propagation of public distrust of science and to build public trust in science-based technologies. Since critical rationalism views science as demanding bold theories and rigorous testing, it is reasonable to claim that such an attitude should be taken as a compelling argument for the trustworthiness of scientific knowledge. I argue, however, that such a view will not suffice to bolster the public trust in science because, as it became recently obvious, it is precisely this attitude that is nowadays exploited to undermine confidence in science and science-based technologies. For this reason, I claim that providing a more compelling argument on behalf of trust in science will require the critical rationalist philosophy to address institutional, social and political issues involved in knowledge construction, which thus far remained outside the scope of its interests.

In this paper I introduce two phenomenological ideas, affordance and enaction, to the philosophical discussion of meaning in life. I further analyse how our attitude or commitment to life is related to our experience of meaningfulness in life. In times of hardship, if a person is determined to survive, her life may appear somewhat hopeful, but if she sinks into the depths of despair, her life may appear insignificant and worthless. This shows that one's lived experience of the worthfulness of living, as seen from within, changes significantly corresponding to the attitude or commitment she takes towards her life in the here and now. I extend this line of analysis to other possible experiences of meaning in life and propose that the whole patterns of such experiences should be regarded as a kind of subjective geography. Through this investigation, I aim to illustrate what kind of contribution phenomenology can make to the philosophy of meaning in life.

We would like to take this opportunity, in the fiftieth year of the Journal of Historical Geography's (JHG) publication, to appreciate the work of the editors, authors, reviewers, and supporters who have made this journal into the success that it is today. The journal bridges geographical research in the arts and humanities and the environmental and social sciences, providing an international home for scholarship across geographical boundaries, interpretative methods, and historical periods. After revisiting some previous editorial appraisals of the journal's progress and prospects, we will reflect on the work we have been conducting over the last five years, which has attempted to build on the foundations laid in the last five decades. What are we about? 'We shall welcome also, from time to time, pieces that are specifically concerned with the philosophy and methodology of what historical geographers are, or ought to be, about in their activities.'  In their editorial published in the journal's first issue in 1975, Andrew Clark and John Pattern set out the eclectic range of paper topics that they hoped to address. Last in the list, and encouraged only periodically, would be reflections on philosophy and methodology. The phraseology is interesting. Philosophical and methodological questions would be addressed to what we are about in our activities, and what we ought to be. The expression is both delimiting (focusing on our activities) and normative (focusing on what we should be doing). Successive editors have called for more reflections on what we do (research, but also teaching) and where, though these papers remain a rarity. The earlier points raised in the editorial have been better responded to, and in many ways remain core components of the journal's mission. They included that JHG would be a journal without dogma, and without stipulated relations to geographical or historical (sub) disciplines, while papers from scholars of any discipline interested in geographical interests in past times were welcomed. Papers on modern periods, including the twentieth century, were encouraged. And, in a call replicated repeatedly ever since, papers were welcomed not just on but from any part of the world.

“Castro was less interested in the institutional frameworks of disciplinary geography than in what geographical method could do for his ideas.” (168) By describing in chronological chapters from 1930 to 1973 how Castro engaged his entire life with the issue of hunger from a position that goes beyond a disciplinary view, Davies shows that “just as hunger has a geography, so geography has a lot to learn from hunger.”(1) Davies extracts useful elements for thinking about the history of geography and the geography of hunger today from Castro's practice, ideas, conflicts, successes, influence, vanity, mistakes, and misapprehensions. In Castro's work, the hungry migrant from northeastern Brazil (crab-man) replaces the White, masculine working body at the base of Northern metabolic science, indicating a different nutritional body for humanism.

O devir é um conceito fundamental na filosofia de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, sendo, no entanto, indissociável do conceito recalcado de retorno. O retorno é definido, neste artigo, como a existência pura do fora. É desse fora, oculto nas camadas do tempo, que a política revolucionária necessita hoje.

The mangrove ecosystem provides many benefits for the environment and ecosystem services. Mangrove economically can be utilized to become any miscellaneous food and drink. One of the potential mangrove areas is Kampung Nipah, Sei Nagalawan Village, Perbaungan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra. This study aims to identify the technical aspect of product processing and to analyze the financial feasibility and the added value distribution of mangrove processed products. Data collection used the sensus method and the open interview method with the leader and members of Kelompok Tani MuaraTanjung and data analyzed using the quantitative descriptive method. The result shows that the processing product is still manual and done cooperatively. The products obtained are Jeruju chips, Pedada syrup, and Dodol Api-Api. The business of mangrove processed products produces profit and worth by financial with a Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C) value of 1.6, 1.2, and 1.2, respectively. The Payback Period is 2, 5, and 4, respectively. Break Even Point (BEP) is 15, 13, and 14, respectively. And the BEP Analysis in Rupiah is Rp 5.045, Rp 10.098, and Rp 8.001. All the results show a profit. The added value for each product is Rp 52.871/kg, Rp 20.725/kg, and Rp 31.318/kg.

O artigo parte da fricção entre Geografia e Filosofia e propõe o debate mediado por categorias como a da presenticidade, da alteridade e da geograficidade, como possibilidades para tratar dos nexos ontológicos da Geografia com os temas da natureza e do corpo.

In the article, we address the issue of a metamodern shift in geographical thought, reflecting on the context of the current Anthropocene polycrisis, which encompasses a range of environmental, geopolitical, economic, and socio-cultural challenges of the present era. We start from the assumption that postmodern epistemological and methodological frameworks are insufficient for a comprehensive understanding and resolution of these challenges. In this context, we explore the potential of metamodernism as a new philosophical and scientific platform that oscillates between modernist rationalism and postmodern skepticism, allowing for the productive integration of these frameworks.
The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate how metamodernism can contribute to the reinterpretation of geographical thought and to identify its potential as the fifth first-order discontinuity in the historical development of this discipline. In the theoretical and methodological section, we discuss discontinuities in scientific thought and apply the Latour-Barnes model to analyze the phases of mobilization and autonomization of metamodernism within academic discourse. We introduce key metamodernist concepts and principles - metarealism, zetetism, hylosemiotics, sublation, oscillation of scientific discourses, the paradoxical position of truth and grand narratives, dia/polylogical thinking, and the coexistence of layers of cultural evolution (Pipere, Mārtinsone, 2023, Storm, 2021), — and outline their applicability in geographical research. We employ qualitative, discourse-based, and historical-contextual methods to examine the metamodern shift in geographical thought, focusing on epistemological, ontological, and methodological transformations.
We reinterpret geography as a post-disciplinary and post-paradigmatic scientific discipline that oscillates between various ontological, epistemological, and methodological frameworks. In this context, we emphasize the necessity for an open, reflective, and pluralistic approach that facilitates the integration of diverse types of knowledge and methodological strategies. Understood through the lens of metamodernism, geography becomes a field of dynamic oscillation between the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, and technological interpretations of reality. This conceptualization of geography addresses the need for comprehensive, practice-oriented knowledge that can tackle contemporary global challenges, such as polycrisis. This aligns with zetetic epistemology, which prioritizes abductive reasoning (inference to the best explanation) over rigid deductive or inductive models. We introduce hylosemiotics as a methodological tool that enables researchers to analyze material-symbolic interactions in space and place. This approach integrates semiotic analysis with material studies, providing a novel framework for interpreting geographical landscapes.
In doing so, we aim to encourage discussions about applying metamodernist concepts in geographical thought while also acknowledging its limitations and potential risks. Moreover, we underscore the necessity for further theoretical and empirical reflection to refine methodological strategies and practical applications of the metamodernist framework in geographical research.

This paper aims to frame a discussion on the philosophy of the city within the context of cognitive sciences. In the first part of the paper, we will outline the double shift from a linguistic and ocularcentric account towards a sensorimotor one; then we will defend the idea that the less you refer to language and ocularcentrism in handling the urban dimension, the better phenomena can be understood and described. More generally, we argue that the most intriguing conceptual contaminations between cognitive sciences and urban philosophies, as well as the best approach in designing and planning cities, have become attainable because of the marginalisation of language-inspired models of cognition and ocular imperialism in favour of other aspects of our phenomenal consciousness, like emotions, habits, and sensorimotor attitudes.

O compromisso de Neil Simth com a crítica marxista é muito bem exemplificado através das publicações de alguns de seus livros, que parecem sistematizar, de alguma forma, anos de pesquisas publicadas em artigos menores. Seu primeiro livro, “Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space” - cuja primeira edição é datada de 1984 - resultou da revisão de sua tese de doutorado, realizada sob a supervisão de David Harvey. Nesta obra, aparecem dois temas que Smith perseguirá ao longo de sua vida. O primeiro diz respeito a como a natureza é produzida no capitalismo e passa a circular como mercadoria. O segundo é a relação entre a teoria do desenvolvimento desigual e a produção do espaço.

The East African Rift: Gateway to a New Ocean is a thrilling exploration of one of Earth's most dynamic geological phenomena, where the African continent is literally tearing itself apart. This ground-breaking work delves into the tectonic forces shaping the East African Rift System; a 3,000-kilometer-long fracture zone that scientists predict will eventually split the continent and birth a new ocean over millions of years. The book synthesizes decades of geological research, illustrating how this active rift zone serves as a natural laboratory for understanding continental breakup, volcanic activity, and the formation of new oceanic crust. With vivid descriptions of dramatic landscapes—from the Erta Ale lava lake in Ethiopia to the rift valleys of Kenya and Tanzania—the narrative bridges complex scientific concepts with accessible storytelling, emphasizing the rift’s role in reshaping both the planet’s physical geography and our understanding of its restless, ever-evolving nature. By weaving together field observations, satellite data, and predictive models, the authors paint a thrilling portrait of Earth’s future, inviting readers to witness the slow-motion creation of a seascape that will redefine Africa’s boundaries for eons to come.

Dialog jest najwłaściwszą formą kompleksowego i kompetentnego poznawania rzeczywistości. Im bardziej złożona rzeczywistość zostaje poddana badaniu, tym większy nacisk należy położyć na niezakłóconą komunikację między partnerami tego przedsięwzięcia. Jak to już wielokrotnie doszło do głosu w naszym czasopiśmie, instytucja rodziny należy niewątpliwie do fenomenów o najwyższym stopniu złożoności. Nic więc dziwnego, że zarówno sam przedmiot badań, jak i dyscyplina naukowa stawiająca sobie za zadanie integralne badanie rodziny (nauki o rodzinie), a Rocznik "Family Forum" świadomie identyfikuje się z rzeczoną dyscypliną, zobowiązują do konsekwentnego dialogu wszystkich zainteresowanych podmiotów (dyscyplin) badawczych. Wymownym wyrazem takiego podejścia jest niniejszy tom czasopisma, który stanowi próbę interdyscyplinarnego ujęcia rodziny w całej jej złożoności. Z satysfakcją oddajemy do krytycznej lektury kolejny tom Rocznika "Family Forum", mając nadzieję, że założony cel badawczy -dopuszczenie do głosu wieloaspektowego bogactwa rodziny, wymagającego dużego stopnia interdyscyplinarności w podejściu -udało się, przynajmniej w jakieś mierze, zrealizować. Zakładając, że -poza samymi naukami o rodzinie -problematykę małżeństwa i rodziny badają zwłaszcza: filozofia i teologia w obszarze nauk humanistycznych, pedagogika, psychologia i socjologia z dziedziny nauk społecznych, a ponadto nauki prawne i, a ze specyficznej perspektywy, także nauki medyczne, zestawiono w niniejszym tomie przyczynki ze wszystkich wymienionych wyżej dziedzin i dyscyplin naukowych. Według klucza kolejnych dziedzin nauki uporządkowano prezentowane teksty, a powstała mozaika ujęć i sposobów podejścia dobrze ilustruje bogactwo merytoryczne tematyki rodzinnej oraz niezbędność dopełniania się fragmentarycznych ujęć poszczególnych nauk w celu uzyskania integralnego oglądu badanej rzeczywistości. Bogaty obraz spojrzeń na rodzinę uzupełniamy tradycyjnie recenzjami oraz sprawozdaniami z merytorycznie ważnych konferencji naukowych, dotyczących tematyki rodziny. Powodem szczególnej radości jest włączenie się w tworzenie tomu doktorantów Uniwersytetu Opolskiego. Tym samym czasopismo staje się także płaszczyzną wymiany myśli między wybitnymi specjalistami z różnych dzie-

Este livro aborda a geografia física crítica, explorando a interseção entre geografia física e humana. Ele reúne contribuições de diversos especialistas para discutir abordagens críticas na geografia física, especialmente no contexto da era do Antropoceno. O volume examina como as práticas humanas afetam o meio ambiente e vice-versa, destacando a necessidade de uma abordagem mais crítica e reflexiva na geografia física, que considerem múltiplas dimensões do papel e das ações humanas.

Nietzsche is recognized as an iconoclastic spirit thinker as well as a demolisher of idols, worldviews and moral foundations. But there is also another valuable feature in his philosophy that seems to be of little importance. This characteristic leads us to understand Nietzsche also as an uplifting and propositive thinker, who brings in his writings, bases for thinking a new Science and Philosophy, affirming other realities, new values, as well as perspectives of life and world. By this way, Nietzsche would be fundamental to a hermeneutic with strong reverberation in the contemporary phenomenology geography. In our interpretation, Nietzsche’s philosophy carries with it an astonishing and disturbing cosmology. A particular understanding and worldview that is capable of disposing a hermeneutical posture on existence, as well as an interpretive geophilosophy. It is on the basis of this Nietzschean cosmology and geophilosophy that our investigation turns. Our effort is to excavate the m...

What is the relationship between an accepted scientific theory and the world? Debates about this question usually focus on three broad
positions. Realism about scientific theories -- the commonsense view -- is the position that theories, when they are true, correspond to features of the world, and those features are independent of scientists' actions and beliefs. Theories mirror structures and objects. In contrast, constructivism is the position that what scientific theories describe is not fully independent of the act of description. Historical and sociological research shows that apparently contingent decisions and negotiations are embedded even in theories accepted as true. This suggests that theories do not mirror as much as impose structure. A third common position, which will play little role in this paper, is instrumentalism: theories are encodings of data or recipes for action, indicating what can be done, not what there is. Although theories look as though they describe features,
instrumentalists argue that there is a sense in which they can be systematically re-read as tools

Предмет анализе овог рада јесу астрономска и астролошка терминологија коју је Ибн Сида (ар. Ibn Sīda, умро 1066), после периода асимилације традиционалне арапске астрономије и њене синкретизације с хеленистичком, индијском и сасанидском астрономијом (700-825) и током периода прихватања Птолемејевог система и његове разраде (825-1025), чији је савременик био, забележио у свом обимном ономасиолошком вишетематском енциклопедијском речнику Al-Muḫaṣṣaṣ, најрепрезeнтативнијем те врсте у класичној епохи. Анализа астрономске и астролошке терминологије у речнику врши се како из лексикографске перспективе (уређење и елементи релевантних речничких чланака), тако и из оне културноисторијске, где се указује на то да се Ибн Сида у свом речнику пре свега бавио терминологијом арапске народне астрономије, терминологијом месечевих станица, система al-' anwā' и другим темама које су с њима у вези, дакле терминологијом која је од најнепосреднијег значаја за разумевање богате баштине религијских и нерелигијских текстова, који, иако записани после појаве ислама, у себи доносе појмове арабљанске традиционалне астрономије настале пре његове појаве. Мању пажњу посветио је делу знања која су Арапи имали о нашем сунчевом систему у периоду настанка његовог речника, односно достигнућима тадашње опсервационе астрономије која се заснивала на геоцентричном моделу с осам небеских сфера. Како је анализа показала, Ибн Сида је лексикографском третману ове терминологије приступио као филолог и језикословац чији је основни циљ био да укаже на правилну језичку употребу и дâ лични допринос очувању богатог језичког наслеђа проистеклог из давнашње човекове жеље да проникне у тајне звезданог ноћног неба. Кључне речи: Ибн Сида; Al-Muḫaṣṣaṣ, класична арапска лексикографија, астрономска терминологија, астролошка терминологија, историја арапске астрономије

Puji dan syukur kami ucapkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala Rahmat-Nya sehingga makalah ini dapat tersusun sampai selesai. Tidak lupa kami mengucapkan terima kasih atas bantuan dari pihak yang telah berkontribusi dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Adapun tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok yang diberikan oleh bapak Dr. Unang Junaedi, M.Pd sebagai dosen pengampu mata kuliah Ilmu Kependudukan. Selain itu, makalah ini juga bertujuan untuk menambah pengetahuan bagi pembaca dan juga penulis. Bagi kami sebagai pembuat makalah merasa bahwa masih banyak kekurangan dalam penyusunan makalah ini, karena keterbatasan pengetahuan dan pengalaman. Untuk itu kami sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun dari pembaca supaya bisa lebih baik lagi kedepannya.

Предмет анализе овог рада јесу астрономска и астролошка терминологија коју је Ибн Сида (ар. Ibn Sīda, умро 1066), после периода асимилације традиционалне арапске астрономије и њене синкретизације с хеленистичком, индијском и сасанидском астрономијом (700-825) и током периода прихватања Птолемејевог система и његове разраде (825-1025), чији је савременик био, забележио у свом обимном ономасиолошком вишетематском енциклопедијском речнику Al-Muḫaṣṣaṣ, најрепрезeнтативнијем те врсте у класичној епохи. Анализа астрономске и астролошке терминологије у речнику врши се како из лексикографске перспективе (уређење и елементи релевантних речничких чланака), тако и из оне културноисторијске, где се указује на то да се Ибн Сида у свом речнику пре свега бавио терминологијом арапске народне астрономије, терминологијом месечевих станица, система al-' anwā' и другим темама које су с њима у вези, дакле терминологијом која је од најнепосреднијег значаја за разумевање богате баштине религијских и нерелигијских текстова, који, иако записани после појаве ислама, у себи доносе појмове арабљанске традиционалне астрономије настале пре његове појаве. Мању пажњу посветио је делу знања која су Арапи имали о нашем сунчевом систему у периоду настанка његовог речника, односно достигнућима тадашње опсервационе астрономије која се заснивала на геоцентричном моделу с осам небеских сфера. Како је анализа показала, Ибн Сида је лексикографском третману ове терминологије приступио као филолог и језикословац чији је основни циљ био да укаже на правилну језичку употребу и дâ лични допринос очувању богатог језичког наслеђа проистеклог из давнашње човекове жеље да проникне у тајне звезданог ноћног неба. Кључне речи: Ибн Сида; Al-Muḫaṣṣaṣ, класична арапска лексикографија, астрономска терминологија, астролошка терминологија, историја арапске астрономије

To shed light on the questio 'of whether college geocwaphy students should be and/or are being -nstructed about the histcry and philosophy of geography, a survey wagundertaken to de*ermine the educational obiectives and practices of--geography , educators. Approximately 215 Americanand Canadian geographic educators and chairpersons of geography departments were asked to respond to questions regardirg the desirability of offering a course on the history and philosophy of geography and regarding the availability and status of a higtory and philosophy course in variouq degree programs. Findings indicated that most respondents regarded le history and philosophy course as unimportant In an undergraduate program, somewhat important in a masters program, and quite important it a doctoral program. However, many departments of geography do not offer history and philosophy of geography courses at any level because of a variety of reasns, including lack of interest among students and faculty, lack of professional expertise among faculty on +he topic, and lack of funds to develop a new course. The author clams that this lack of interest and expertise in the history and philosophy csf geography threatens the capability of the discipline to educate properly. Reasons offered for the importanct of the topic -include-+hat it is _intellectually challenging, promotes self-awareness and identity among geography students, and alleviates s+udentso confusion due to existing and emerging paradigms of thought and explanation within the disctpline of geography. (DB1

To shed light on the questio 'of whether college geocwaphy students should be and/or are being -nstructed about the histcry and philosophy of geography, a survey wagundertaken to de*ermine the educational obiectives and practices of--geography , educators. Approximately 215 Americanand Canadian geographic educators and chairpersons of geography departments were asked to respond to questions regardirg the desirability of offering a course on the history and philosophy of geography and regarding the availability and status of a higtory and philosophy course in variouq degree programs. Findings indicated that most respondents regarded le history and philosophy course as unimportant In an undergraduate program, somewhat important in a masters program, and quite important it a doctoral program. However, many departments of geography do not offer history and philosophy of geography courses at any level because of a variety of reasns, including lack of interest among students and faculty, lack of professional expertise among faculty on +he topic, and lack of funds to develop a new course. The author clams that this lack of interest and expertise in the history and philosophy csf geography threatens the capability of the discipline to educate properly. Reasons offered for the importanct of the topic -include-+hat it is _intellectually challenging, promotes self-awareness and identity among geography students, and alleviates s+udentso confusion due to existing and emerging paradigms of thought and explanation within the disctpline of geography. (DB1

Cette communication, traduite en français, a été présentée au IIe Colloque ibérique de géographie, qui s'est tenu à Lisbonne en 1980. Cette présentation a été précédée par l'article «Geografía y filosofía de la ciencia», publié dans la revue Finisterra, Lisbonne, en décembre 1978. La table ronde à laquelle il a été présenté était présidée par Horacio Capel et Orlando Ribeiro. À la fin de l'année 1980, Capel a envoyé un article polémique à la revue El Basilisco, dirigée par Gustavo Bueno, dans lequel il confrontait sa vision de l'histoire et de la théorie de la géographie avec le contenu de ma communication. Intitulé «Sobre clasificaciones, paradigmas y cambio conceptual en Geografía» (Sur les classifications, les paradigmes et le changement conceptuel en géographie), il peut être lu à l'adresse suivante : https://www.fgbueno.es/bas/bas11101.htm.
En 1981, la revue El Basilisco m'a demandé de répondre à Capel, ce que j'ai fait dans le numéro 12 de 1981 dans « Reduccionismo clasificatorio y tipologías históricas en el pensamiento geográfico », disponible à l'adresse https://www.fgbueno.es/bas/pdf/bas11208.pdf.
Outre l'intérêt de ces écrits, ils ont servi à établir une amitié sincère entre Capel et moi, qui est toujours vivante. C'est un honneur pour moi, car Capel est l'un des plus grands chercheurs espagnols de 1970 à nos jours. Des années plus tard, après avoir suivi une voie différente de la théorie de la clôture catégorielle (TCC) de Bueno, un brillant géographe et philosophe de formation, adepte de Bueno -Marcelino Suárez Ardura- a entrepris un travail en trois parties (la troisième partie est encore en cours), pour traiter de manière exhaustive le statut scientifique de la théorie de la fermeture catégorielle (TCC). Pour plus de détails, le lecteur peut consulter sa bibliographie à la Fondation Gustavo Bueno.

it proposes to discuss the concept of thinking about space as abstraction. The theory of spatial abstraction is defended by intellectuals (Vitte; Silveira, 2011; ALFREDO, 2010a, 2010b) who judge erroneous the assimilation of space whilst materiality. Seeking to establish a dialogue with the intellectuals who defend the thesis above, retrieves the construction of onto-epistemological Critical Geography with the aim of showing how this current thinkers (Lacoste, Harvey, Milton Santos, Quaini) attested the ontological primacy of the materiality of space. Thus, critical geographers were based on Marxian materialism. To understand the incorporation of Marxian materialism in geography, we stepped back in history with the purpose to understand what the differences between Marx's materialism in relation to Feuerbach. Thus, we chose the Engels' work "Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of Classical German Philosophy" because she presents a history of materialist worldview more evolved than "The German Ideology", especially because Engels had knowledge of the chemistry of Justus Liebig and the Darwin's Theory of Evolution. Thus, we return to the confrontation between idealism and materialism to support our thesis that spatial abstraction objectively represents a return to idealism, especially to the philosophers Kant and Hegel.

Przedmiot rozważań w niniejszym tekście stanowi aspekt organizacyjny systemu awansów naukowych w Polsce w świetle działalności Rady Doskonałości Naukowej. Po pierwsze, celem opracowania jest diagnoza wybranych efektów zmian wprowadzonych przez Ustawę 2.0 w 2018 r. Po drugie, celem jest zaproponowanie rozwiązań, które miałyby przeciwdziałać niekorzystnym rezultatom przeprowadzonej reformy. W prowadzonym rozumowaniu zastosowano metodę krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu oraz tzw. metodę prognostyczną w odniesieniu do propozycji rozwiązań usprawniających. Struktura opracowania jest konsekwencją obu przyjętych celów. Po wstępie w punkcie drugim syntetycznie zarysowano spotykane w literaturze klasyfikacje nauk ekonomicznych. W punkcie trzecim uwagę skupiono na zaproponowaniu wybranych rozwiązań prospektywnych. W zakończeniu zebrano wnioski wynikające z przeprowadzonych rozważań.

Space.and.place.are.often.merged.together.in.the. geographical.imagination.but.space.is.more.abstract.than. place..We.begin.with.undifferentiated..expanses.of.space. and.then.we.identify.with.certain.parts.of.space,.get.to. know.them.better.endow.them.with.value,.then.name.and. identify.them.as.places 3. .It.is.people.that.form.place..Space.is. a.locale 4 .that.is.made.into.a.place 5 .by.human.intent..A.place. is.given.its.personality.by.human.relationships.across.space.. It.is.produced.through.connections.to.the.rest.of.the.world,. particularly.the.movement.of.people.but.also.commodities. and.ideas.

La pensée géographique allemande aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles Si la géographie entretient des liens forts avec la philosophie depuis sa fondation dans l'Antiquité, les liens entre ces deux disciplines se resserrent au moment de sa constitution comme science systématique et de son institutionnalisation académique entre 1750 et 1900. Ils sont particulièrement tangibles dans l'espace allemand qui semble jouer un rôle clé dans l'essor de la pensée géographique européenne. Kant qui enseigne la géographie physique sa vie durant, voit dans cette discipline une propédeutique à la « connaissance du monde » et à la philosophie. Carl Ritter, l'un des cofondateurs de la Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin en 1828, proclame que la géographie, tout comme sa discipline-soeur, l'histoire, serait simplement « contrainte de philosopher ». Dans un contexte politique et colonial qui marque fortement les voyages d'exploration et les traités académiques des géographes, ces derniers débattent de questions qui semblent dépasser les savoirs traditionnels sur l'espace et relever davantage de la philosophie ou des sciences humaines et sociales au sens plus large.

In the creation of maps, scientific knowledge related to mathematics and physics combines with knowledge specific to graphic or artistic disciplines. Since all maps are artifacts whose aesthetic qualities convey information that simultaneously engages the fields of ontology, epistemology, and politics, they are objects of undeniable interest for philosophical inquiry. This introduction to the 5th issue of the Journal for the Philosophy of Language, Mind, and the Arts reviews the latest literature and key topics surrounding the relationship between philosophy, cartography and mapmaking.

OPEN ACCESS: http://doi.org/10.30687/Jolma/2723-9640/2024/01

In the creation of maps, scientific knowledge related to mathematics and physics combines with knowledge specific to graphic or artistic disciplines. Since all maps are artifacts whose aesthetic qualities convey information that simultaneously engages the fields of ontology, epistemology, and politics, they are objects of undeniable interest for philosophical inquiry. Following what has been termed “the cartographic turn in social sciences”, 'The Art of Mapping Between Land and Mind' delves into two intertwining issues. On one side, it examines how the aesthetic properties of maps convey cognitive, cultural, and political meanings. On the other, it explores the role of visual arts in reflecting on cartographic thought, shaping both its methods and motivations. The volume is divided into four sections. Embracing the point of view of both the philosopher and the geographer, the first one sheds light on the relationship between epistemology and cartography (Kukla; Costantini; Tanney). The second addresses mapmaking as an art form (Tanca; Haugdal) or, conversely, considers maps from the perspective of their aesthetic properties (Török; Ogundiwin; Elhaik). The third focuses on the digital condition of today’s cartography (Tschochohei; Quaranta; Keller). Finally, the last section includes two contributions that represent attempts to guide cartography toward its future (Bosca; Ianniello). Opening this issue, a special essay by Elizabeth Povinelli offers a generous précis of her upcoming book.

OPEN ACCESS: http://doi.org/10.30687/Jolma/2723-9640/2024/01

Dalam proses pendidikan, evaluasi bukan hanya nilai yang dilihat, tetapi
banyak faktor yang membuat berhasil atau tidaknya sebuah program. Penilaian
hanya bagian kecil dari evaluasi. Evaluasi tidak hanya berurusan pada nilai yang
diukur berdasarkan penyelesaian soal-soal, tetapi evaluasi program pendidikan
mengkaji banyak faktor.1 Selain itu pula evaluasi juga merupakan kegiatan
pengukuran. Hal tersebut dikarenakan apabila dilihat bahwa evaluasi sendiri
merupakan kegiatan atau proses menilai sesuatu. Sehingga untuk dapat
menentukan nilai dari sesuatu yang sedang dinilai maka dilakukanlah
pengukuran.2
Dalam melakukan penilaian tentunya juga mesti berdasarkan prinsip-
prinsip diantaranya sahih, objektif, adil, terpadu, terbuka, menyeluruh,
sistematis, akuntabel, serta beracuan kepada kriteria. Pengacuan pada kriteria
tersebut merupakan upaya untuk menunjang prinsip-prinsip yang lain, karena
apabila telah ada kriteria yang mana kriteria tersebut merupakan kriteria yang
dapat dikatakan baik, dapat dikatakan bahwa prinsip-prinsip seperti objektif
maupun sistematis dapat setidaknya terpenuhi.3
Dengan demikian, dalam makalah ini para penulis akan menjelaskan
mengenai pengembangan kriteria dalam evaluasi program pendidikan yang
mana poin pembahasannya diantaranya definisi kriteria, urgensi kriteria, dasar
pembuatan kriteria dan cara menyusun kriteria.

Апстракт: У овом раду дат је концизан преглед важнијих  изазова који се појављују пред
географијом као науком и као струком у процесу либерализације у првом кварталу XXI
века. Ови изазови ће још јачати у будућности, услед промена у друштвеном, економском,
политичком и академском окружењу. Јасно је да ће будућност ове дисциплине у великој мери
зависити од способности прилагођавања новом окружењу. Овај рад има за циљ, не да понуди
конкретна решења, него да подстакне наше географе/географкиње ка критичкој оцени
филозофије властите науке, и да је организовано мењају према потребама које доноси ново
доба - постмодерно доба.

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Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam is a foundational principle in Indian philosophy, particularly in the Vedanta tradition. It posits that the universe is interconnected and that all beings are part of one cosmic family. This idea emphasizes the interconnectedness of all life and the importance of compassion, empathy, and service towards others. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, the ancient Indian concept that signifies the world as one family, holds profound implications for educational ethics. This philosophy fosters a global perspective, emphasizing interconnectedness, shared responsibility, and the holistic development of individuals as global citizens. This research article explores the application of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam in shaping educational ethics and laws, proposing a framework that aligns educational principles with the values of global unity, sustainability, and inclusive growth. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 of India is closely aligned with the philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which emphasizes the idea of the world as one family. NEP 2020 envisions creating an education system that contributes to an equitable and vibrant knowledge society, fostering a sense of global citizenship, sustainability, and ethical responsibility among students.

According to many surveys, the pilgrimage along the Way of St James (Camino de. Santiago) can lead to spiritual benefits, but there is some disagreement about this because these benefits can be associated with the pilgrim's motivation. This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the phenomenon of pilgrimages to Compostela and their impact on human spiritual well-being. Many diaries mention various positive psychological effects from these trips, but they are presented in religious/spiritual dialectical tension. The article presents the classical concept of spirituality as related to the ability to transcend, and then classifies what is spiritual in the writings of some Polish pilgrims. In this way, conceptual precision will be offered, which is important for understanding the positive impact of pilgrimages on well-being and empowerment.

Este artículo es una traducción de: F. Ferretti, 2019 “Rediscovering other geographical traditions”, Geography Compass, 13(3): e12421. Incorpora lenguaje inclusivo, avalado por el consejo directivo de  la  Facultad  de  Filosofía  y  Letras  (RESCD  2100/2019).  Su  utilización  intenta  zanjar  las  limitaciones del uso normativo del masculino mediante el uso de la equis (x), sin por ello desconocer los límites que representa esta elección –entre otras, la imposibilidad de su realización fonética–

This review critically examines Sanatan Gandhi: Bapu Se Vaishwik Samvād, a book by Ambika Dutt Sharma and Vishwanath Mishra. The review will assess the authors' contribution to the discourse on peace, violence, and Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy, while exploring intersections with selected modern thinkers. It highlights the book's strengths in critiquing modernity and presenting Gandhi as a relevant guide in today's world, including as a cultural analyst. It suggests potential challenges regarding cultural bias and oversimplification, urging a more inclusive exploration of Gandhi's philosophy and ideals rather than limiting him to Advaitin persona.
Furthermore, to add to the discourse, this review shall address some basic questions such as : Who was Gandhi? Whose Gandhi is he? Was he an exclusivist or a pluralist? Some claim him to be a postmodernist for his critique of modernity, while others see him as an advocate for Hinduism and some even multiculturalist for his loving endorsement of diverse culture . The persona of Gandhi is quite complex. So, If you are interested in such questions, you may wish to read this review of a Hindi book that also opens the scope for literature in languages other than English to be included in the academic domain, making the culture more inclusive.

Аутор описује појам образовања у класицима конфуцијанистичке књижевности (Изреке Конфуцијеве, Књига Менцијева, Велико учење и Доктрина о средини), обраћајући посебну пажњу на етичко учење ових списа, тј. на њихову аретологију, која се и данас налази у темељу кинеског и уопште далекоисточног светоназора. Такође, аутор износи преглед примене конфуцијанистичког образовног модела кроз историју, од династије Хан до маргинализације и ревитализације конфуцијанизма у НР Кини. Циљ овог резимеа историје кинеског образовања јесте испитивање вредности једног примарно моралног система учења у променљивим друштвеним и политичким околностима (од феудалне монархије до савремених политичких система), његове примењивости у модерном школству и његовог потенцијално глобалног значаја. Закључни део рада садржи анализу резултата ревитализације конфуцијанистичких вредности у далекоисточним земљама и импликације традиционалног моралног образовања у контексту модерног научног прагматизма.

Virová horečka Chikungunya patří mezi tzv. nově se objevující a znovu zavlečené nákazy (emerging infectious diseases). Původcem onemocnění je virus Chikungunya (CHIKV)alfavirus čeledi Togaviridae (dříve Arbovirus skup. A). Onemocnění bylo poprvé popsáno v Tanzánii v roce 1952. Předpokládá se, že virus pochází z tropické Afriky, kde cirkuluje mezi divokými primáty a moskyty rodu Aedes spp. (Ae. aegypti, Ae. africanus a Ae. albopictus, který je také nazýván "komár tygr" pro své agresivní chování a vysokou aktivitu i ve dne za plného světla) nebo Mansoni spp. Dalšími hostiteli viru jsou lidé, jiní savci a ptáci. Mezilidský přenos dosud nebyl prokázán. Obvyklými místy výskytu onemocnění jsou Afrika, Indie, jihovýchodní Asie a Filipíny. Infekční dávka nutná k přenosu onemocnění není známa. Obvyklá inkubační doba onemocnění je 1-12 dní. Imunita přetrvává dlouhodobě. Klinický průběh onemocnění je většinou mírný, jen vzácně končí letálně. První příznaky se objevují nejčastěji 4.-7. den po přenosu etiologického agens na hostitele. Jsou to zejména vysoká teplota, bolesti hlavy, svalů a kloubů. Typicky se dále objevuje erytém na tvářích a trupu, který může přecházet až v makulopapulózní exantém s výrazným pruritem. Vyskytnout se také může mírná konjunktivitida s fotofóbií. Bolesti drobných kloubů mohou přetrvávat až několik měsíců. Pouze vzácně se vyskytnou příznaky hemoragické a neurologické. Léčba onemocnění je symptomatická, k úzdravě dochází spontánně.

This paper discusses ideas of anarchist (historical) geographies of rivers and seas. It does so by addressing works of early anarchist geographer Lev Ilich Mechnikov (mentioned here with the more known French spelling L eon Metchnikoff) (1838-1888), which lie at the origin of broader 'Mediterranean metaphors' comparing the globalising role of oceanic navigation to early Mediterranean connectedness, mainly discussed by Metchnikoff in his key book La civilisation et les grands fleuves historiques [Civilisation and Great Historical Rivers]. A close collaborator of Elis ee Reclus and Peter Kropotkin and a multifarious scholarly talent, Metchnikoff provided contributions that still need to be fully rediscovered. Based on a systematic reading of Metchnikoff's archives and works, I argue that, starting from historical rivers and the early Mediterranean, his ideas on the historical roles that can be possibly (and relationally) played by water-land assemblages can nourish current notions of more-than-wet ontologies and critical geopolitics. Eventually, these ideas provide models for understanding spatialities that are alternative to those of state borders, bounded land and terracentric territorialities, contributing to shape the open and boundless world that is currently conceived by scholarship informed to pluriversal notions of critical Mediterraneanism.