Persian Language

معنی نامهای اعضاء اتحادیهٔ قبایل ماد:
١- نام بوسیان در معنی دانایان و استادان یاد آور نام قبیلهٔ مادی و پارسی ساگارتیان (سنگ کنان، گورانها) است.
٢- بودیان (مردم مناطق جنگلی، مردم بودائوای باستانی) در سمت شهرزور (منطقهٔ جنگلی) به نظر می رسند.
٣- ستروخاتیان (دارندگان کلاهخود بلند، یا محکم سخن گویندگان) نیاکان سکایی- کیمری کُردان بوده اند.
۴- آریزانتیان (مردم مراتع خالی از سکنهٔ اسکان یافته، آریبی های کتیبه های آشوری= صحرانشینان) مردم حواشی کویر در سمت کاشان به نظر می رسند.
۵- پارتاکانیان (مردم کنار رود) اصفهانی ها منظور هستند.
۶- مغها (مردم انجمنی) مطابق خود قوم ماد (به اکدی یعنی مردم انجمنی) می باشند. اینکه نام ماد و پارس در اوستا ذکر نمیشوند اولی به سبب اکدی آن که ترجمهٔ واژهٔ مُغ است و دومی به سبب مأخوذ بودن آن از نام بسیار باستانی پرهشی (مارهاسیوم، نام مرودشت در نقشه های بطلمیوسی، محل خوشی) است که برای مغان مفهوم روشنی نداشته است به جای آن از نام ورنه (محل خوشی، به عنوان زادگاه فریدون/کوروش) مشترکاً برای پارس و خوزستان استفاده کرده اند.

Research Problem: The art of Persian carpet weaving before the Safavid period had unique characteristics; however, during the Safavid era and its cultural exchanges with the West, like other Iranian arts, Persian carpet art underwent significant transformations in structure and content. From this period onwards, various factors such as the expansion of photography, the establishment of printing houses and the production of illustrated books, the influx of Western artworks, and the presence of Western artists in Iran contributed to the spread of Western art, gradually introducing figuration into carpet design. The Qajar period marked a close cultural, social, economic, and political connection with the West. The art of carpet weaving was not exempt from the influence of Western art, undergoing fundamental changes in size, design, and weaving methods. Traditional Iranian motifs such as flowers, shrubs, and boteh-jegheh were replaced by portraits of famous individuals, scenes from the Shahnameh, religious themes, and Westernoriented content. Data was collected through library research using first-hand sources. Measurement ‫ Ferdows-hona r-Jour na l of A r t s Ferdows Institute of higher Education

Çalgı eğitiminde bir çalgının öğrenilmesi yetenek, hazır bulunuşluk, bilişsel yeterlilikler, beceri ve fiziksel yatkınlıklar gibi nitelikler gerektiren bir süreçtir. Bununla birlikte çalgıya yönelik duyuşsal özelliklerin yeterli düzeyde olması çoğu zaman çalgı performansının çok önemli bir belirleyicisi olabilir. Müzik eğitimcisi adayı çalgısında kazanacağı bilgi ve becerileriyle müzisyenliği öğrenecek ve çevresiyle daha iyi iletişim kurarak kendine olan öz güvenini geliştirecektir. Çalgı eğitiminde, öğretmenlerin öğrencilere aktaracağı teknik ve müziksel bilgiler kadar önemli boyutlardan birisi de öğrencinin motivasyonudur. Bu amaçla güzel sanatlar siseleri viyola dersinde motivasyonun önemine ilişkin öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşleri çeşitli alt değişkenlerle incelenmiş ve araştırmaya uygun bir model olarak saptanan tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Ülkemizdeki dokuz ilde güzel sanatlar lisesinde öğrenim gören toplam 76, 1. 2. 3. ve 4. sınıf viyola öğrencileri ve bu derse giren toplam 9 v...

The types of clothing, accessories, and ornaments associated with dress in every nation are primarily shaped by the geographical environment, climatic conditions, customs and traditions, religious beliefs, and historical factors of that society. Therefore, in the thematic classification of the lexicon, clothing-related vocabulary often reflects specific ethnic characteristics. The wide geographical spread of Turkic peoples has contributed to the richness and diversity of their clothing and ornamentation traditions. However, over time, under the influence of modern fashion, many ancient garments and accessories have been forgotten both physically and lexically. Ancient examples of the clothing culture of Turkic peoples have been preserved mainly in museums, national celebrations, artistic films, theatrical performances, paintings, and, in certain cases, in the lives and memories of the older generation. Names of traditional Turkic clothing accessories and ornaments can also be found in written monuments. The primary aim of this article is to identify and present such lexemes. The study focuses on the language of five works written in Khwarezmian Turkic: Muqaddimat al-Adab, Qisas al-Anbiya, Muʿīn al-Murīd, Nahj al-Farādis, and the Khwarezmian translation of the Quran. As a result, a considerable number of intriguing and rich Turkic-origin names for clothing-related accessories and ornaments have been identified. Furthermore, the origins of these lexical items in the examined texts were statistically analyzed, revealing that in 13th–14th century Khwarezmian Turkic, native Turkic terms for accessories and ornaments predominated over loanwords. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will serve as a valuable linguistic resource for both synchronic and diachronic historical
comparative research.

The prominent poet Nizami Ganjavi’s rich literary heritage with profound scientific
knowledge was a natural result of the reality of Azerbaijan in the XII century. At that time real
political, public-social, and literary-cultural environment in Azerbaijan caused existing such a
genius. It is no coincidence that Nizami’s creative work is resembled a great ocean of science and
thought, where each drop is as precious as a pearl. The poet’s wide, comprehensive and detailed
knowledge demonstrates that, overall, he got a perfect education and a deep knowledge of the
sciences of his time. And this fact is clear evidence that science and culture flourished in the XII
century in that region, particularly in the poet's hometown of Ganja. The poet highlights in his
poems that Ganja had a well-developed library system at his time, the book trade thrived, and the
city became a significant cultural center. Because the branches of science were not differentiated
in the manner they are now, many sciences were taught in madrassas under the name of natural
sciences in a complex system during the Middle Ages. And the poet, who was fluent in various
languages and wrote, “Whoever desires to rise in life, / Should not fall into sleep” (“Leyli and
Majnun”), was able to skillfully apply the knowledge of his time in the field of science. Therefore,
only a knowledgeable reader can understand Nizami's thoughts, subtexts, and points. The article
examines the content and significance of deep meanings arising from the unity of artistry and
science, focusing on Nizami Ganjavi's scientific theories that serve to unveil poetic meanings and
concludes that, despite being a master of words, Nizami Ganjavi was able to get to the essence of
natural processes, succeed in analyzing the course of social and natural events, and, most
importantly, combined the existing scientific knowledge and information for a poetic explanation
of the ideas he intended to express to his readers, and demonstrated a multidisciplinary approach
between the fields of art and science.

The present paper explores the development of astronomical and astrological literature during the Delhi Sultanate period. It highlights the amalgamation of Islamic, Hindu, and Jain scientific traditions. It examines how the religious imperatives of Islam, particularly accurate timekeeping for rituals, propelled the assimilation and innovation of astronomical knowledge. A considerable amount of zīj literature was compiled, and astronomical tables were prepared, which contributed significantly to the scientific development of the period, with the compilation of Zīj-i-Nāsiri by al-Razi. It became the earliest known Indian astronomical work. An attempt is being made in this paper to analyse the contributions of Amir Khusrau for his Persian poetry with astrological concepts; Thakkura Pheru for bridging elite and vernacular scientific discourse through writing astronomical texts in vernacular languages; and Mahendra Suri's first Sanskrit treatise on the Islamic astrolabe. It exemplifies the cross-cultural synthesis of Islamic and Indian astronomical traditions. Further, this paper also highlights the patronage and contribution of Sultan Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq for patronising the translations of Sanskrit astronomical works into Persian and inventing the astronomical instruments like the astrolabe. Based upon various textual, mathematical, and material sources, this research concludes that there was a vibrant intellectual milieu in the Delhi Sultanate where the sciences like astronomy and astrology grew, nurtured, flourished and were popularised for practical utility and royal prestige.

Olga Zavyalova
On Cyrillization and Standardization of New Chinese Words in Russian Texts
Abstract. In the epoch of the Internet and of the easy switching from one type of writing to another, various Latinized words and abbreviations, primarily English, are widely represented in modern Russian and Chinese texts. Latin versions of their names and brands in English or in Chinese, but written in the official Latinized alphabet hanyu pinyin Chinese companies invent for the outside world. The same Latinized names have recently appeared and are primarily used in Russian. Moreover, the Cyrillic versions of these same names are often represented in different ways, without taking into account the rules that were developed for Chinese words by several generations of sinologists starting from the 18th century, first in the Russian Empire and later on in the USSR. In the post-Soviet period, however, the problems of standardization of Chinese words in Russian seem to be outside of the interests both of the scientific community and of the relevant official bodies.
Keywords: Chinese, Russian, Chinese brand names, Hanyu Pinyin, Palladius system, standartization of Chinese words.

If you were told that a dual-language edition of a book of poetry by a native of Northern Ireland had sold out in Parisian bookshops, you would naturally assume that the poet concerned was Séamus Heaney, though Paul Muldoon, Medhbh McGuckian, Michael Longley et al. might also come to mind. If you were then told that the poet concerned had won an international prize for a translation (not a version) of the poetry of the Persian great Hafez, and that the individual concerned is virtually unknown in Ireland, you would understandably be a little baffled. But such is the case with Derry-born, Donegal-raised Geoffrey Squires (born 1942), author of numerous collections of poetry and poetry translation, among them Drowned Stones (New Writers' Press 1975), Abstract Lyrics and Other Poems (Wild Honey Press 2012), and Hafez: Translations and Interpretations of the Ghazals (Miami University Press 2014). A serious and uncompromising writer, with a deeply philosophical sensibility, drawn to English at its barest and most abstract (comparable in this to Samuel Beckett), Squires' uniqueness has somehow led to his slipping through the nets of readerly and critical awareness in Ireland and Britain.

Pahka'anil (Tübatulabal [tub],) is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in the Kern River/Lake Isabella area of central California. Pahka'anil's syntax is marked by high variability in word order, challenging notions of an identifiable 'basic order.' Voegelin noted the variability and described the word order as 'stylistic' (1935a: 151). No discussion of the degree of variation nor the forces which impact word order has heretofore been undertaken. Building on Ahland and Lycan (2019), this study examines the order of core constituents across 12 Pahka'anil narratives, highlighting the degree of variation and identifying the pragmatic conditioning factors which shape the order of elements in narrative discourse: activation of new concepts, establishment of expectation for later reference, topic shifts, switches in reference, and identifiability.

Status: In Press
Publication: Structure, Function, and Language Description: Studies in Honor of Doris L. Payne (Typological Studies in Language)

Le Lauragais constitue une région historique distincte du toulousain propre, mais constituant dans une perspective plus large, une sous-partie orientale et méridionale de celui-ci. On n’a jamais clarifié dans quelles mesures les principaux traits du parler de cette zone se confondaient ou non avec le parler languedocien de Toulouse.
Le sous-parler occitan puylaurentais fait partie des zones du dialecte languedocien n’ayant pas été étudié en détail, en dehors d’un ratissage limité à trois points de la zone dans l’Atlas linguistique du Languedocien Occidental (ALLOC, t.3, 1986). Marche septentrionale du Lauragais, Puylaurens (81) est entouré au nord et à l’est de villages où se produit le passage de l’article défini masculin le [le] (marqueur principal des parlers toulousain, Lauragais et fuxéens) à l’article lo [lu], forme de très loin la plus répandue aussi bien en languedocien que dans l’ensemble de l’espace occitan. Parmi les villages du sud-puylaurentais, trois des plus proches de Puylaurens, Saint Sernin-lès-Lavaur, Poudis et Lempaut, serviront de base à cette étude.

A travers l’analyse d’une série d’entretiens réalisés entre 2017 et 2020 avec six locuteurs nés entre 1920 et 1950 et ayant hérité de la langue comme langue maternelle, cette communication sera consacrée à la distinction de traits linguistiques saillants de ce sous-parler languedocien. Au-delà de l’article défini évoqué plus haut, on y observera aussi bien des traits de phonologie, de morphologie verbale, que des marqueurs d’intensité (adverbe et locution adverbiale quantitatifs) et une série des traits lexicaux propres à la zone.  On essayera de brosser principalement les spécificités observées de la phonologie et morpho-phonologie du parler sud-puylaurentais.
L’analyse des entretiens de deux sujets - un locuteur issu d’une famille italianophone né à Lempaut et une locutrice originaire de Soupeix (canton de Castelnaudary) -mariée à un habitant du sud-puylarentais - permettent d’envisager une réflexion sur le marquage potentiel des contacts linguistiques à la fois exogène et endogène au parler.

La zone de notre étude se situe entre les trois points préalablement étudiés par l’ALLOC : Mascarville à l’ouest, Appelle au Nord et Dreuille au sud.

Dergimiz ASYA STUDIES (Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar / Academic Social Studies) yayın hayatında dokuzuncu yılını yaşamasına rağmen akademisyenler tarafından büyük ilgi gören bir dergi olma başarısına ulaşmıştır. Dergimizin genel amacı Türk bilimine büyük katkılar sağlamak ve ULAKBİM TR Dizin bünyesinde akademik yayıncılığını bilimin değerlerinden ödün vermeden objektif bir şekilde sürdürmektir. Bu amacımız doğrultusunda kaliteli yayınlarıyla dergimizi tercih eden araştırmacılara, objektif hakemlikleriyle dergimize katkı sağlayan hakemlere ve ayrıca bu sayının meydana getirilmesinde katkılar sağlayan yazarlarımıza, hakemlerimize, alan editörlerimize, dil ve yazım editörlerimize, dergimizin çok kıymetli editöryal ekibine teşekkür eder, sağlıklı günler ve keyifli okumalar dileriz.

This paper examines the theoretical foundations, empirical contributions, and contemporary developments of cognitive and usage-based approaches to language, which emerged as alternatives to generative grammar in the late 20th century. These approaches, exemplified by Construction Grammar (Goldberg), Usage-Based Theory (Bybee), Radical Construction Grammar (Croft), and Social-Pragmatic Acquisition Theory (Tomasello), share a commitment to understanding grammar as emergent from meaning, frequency, and social interaction rather than as an autonomous syntactic system. Through detailed analysis of each framework's theoretical contributions and empirical applications, this paper demonstrates how these approaches have reconceptualized fundamental questions in linguistics, from the nature of grammatical knowledge to mechanisms of language acquisition and change. The comparative evaluation reveals both convergences in their usage-centrality and construction-based organization, and divergences in their treatment of universals, abstraction, and developmental mechanisms. Contemporary developments in corpus linguistics, computational modeling, and neurocognitive research continue to expand the empirical foundation and theoretical sophistication of these approaches, establishing them as a major paradigm in modern linguistics that bridges cognitive science, social interaction, and linguistic structure.

Persian Language Pedagogy: New Trends and Innovations presents a transformative collection of research and methodologies that revolutionizes how Persian is taught and learned in modern educational settings.

This pioneering volume brings together ten chapters that bridge the gap between theoretical linguistics and practical pedagogy, offering innovative solutions to long-standing challenges in Persian language instruction - from data-driven approaches and critical pedagogy to virtual reality integration and psycholinguistic applications. The contributors examine crucial aspects of language acquisition, including compound verbs, discourse markers, and differential object marking, while addressing the complexities of teaching Persian in multicultural environments and leveraging cutting-edge technologies for enhanced learning outcomes.

Essential for Persian language educators, applied linguists, and researchers, this collection provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and implementing contemporary approaches to Persian language pedagogy. Its diverse perspectives and methodological innovations make it an indispensable resource for anyone involved in Persian language education, from experienced instructors to emerging scholars in the field.

You can download the WHOLE article for free with the link, so that to generate traffic for the Journal. This is only the title page.

The question of the transition from Middle Persian to New Persian has been hotly debated. This article attempts to answer two questions: who spoke New Persian before it was put into writing in the middle of the
9th c.? This social group is identified with the soldiers of the armies of Abū Muslim, i.e. peasants from Marw and their descendants. They came during one century to the forefront of Abbasid political and administrative life and imposed their specific dialect as a political language, in the shadow of Arabic. The second question is: what could have been the origins of the spoken language in the Marw oasis of the first half of the 8th c.? The article tries to demonstrate, on a much more tentative basis, that the demographic history of an oasis twice manned by soldiers from the South, first Middle Persian-speaking ones and then Arabic ones, both groups added to the local, Parthian-speaking population, is well reflected in the unique combination of Middle Persian, Arabic and Parthian characteristic of Early New Persian. Early New Persian is the language of 8th c. Marw, or more generally Outer Khurāsān. This Marw hypothesis, based on the presence of Parthian vocabulary, is however very cautious, as nothing is known of the grammar of spoken late Middle Persian and many of the linguistic differences between Middle and New Persian might have evolved separately in different historical processes.

Romania is a country located in the European geography of the Turkish language. In history the lands where today's Romania is located have been one of the geographies where the Turkish language was spoken along with its various dialects within other languages. This study aimed to reveal where Turkey Turkish dialects in Romania are positioned and how they are evaluated in linguistic studies. Following these diagnoses, the details of the location of Turkish dialects of Romania can be considered. In addition to the classifications, the extent to which the Turkish dialects living in Romania are processed is also mentioned here. There are studies that deal with all Turkish dialects in common, there are also studies that examine one of the Turkic written languages. Some conclusions have been drawn from studies mentioning Romania among the studies that classify or position Turkey's Turkish dialect studies. When looked at collectively, Turkish dialects of Romania were mentioned in the studies under the names or scopes of "Adakale" (Ada Kaleh), "Dobruja", "Romanian Bessarabia", "Romanian Dobruja", "Danube". Turkish dialects in Romania can be evaluated in the Rumelia main dialect region of Turkey Turkish. However, the distribution of the relevant dialects within it should be determined by new studies.

Ժողովածուն լուսաբանում է ուշմիջնադարյան երկլեզու պարսկերեն
հայերեն և հայերեն-պարսկերեն մատենակից բառարաններում պարսկերեն  բառանյութի, մերձավորարևելյան բազմամշակութային միջավայրում 16-17-րդ դարերի հայկական տաղերգության մեջ հայերեն-պարսկերեն-թուրքերեն խայտաբղետ (մուլամմա) բանաստեղծության ի հայտ գալու հանգամանքները, արևելք-արևմուտք մշակութային մերձեցման գործում 19-րդ դարի պոլսահայ և Կ.Պոլսում կենտրոնացած իրանցի մտավորականության կամրջող դերը, հայկական դպրոցներում պարսկերենի ուսուցման, համապատասխան դասա
գրքերի կազմման, ուսումնական նոր մեթոդների կիրառման, Հնդկաստան տեղափոխված ջուղահայերի ժողովրդական երգարվեստում պարսից դասական պոեզիայի արտահայտչամիջոցների կիրառման, Հնդկաստանում արաբատառ գրականության տպարան հիմնելու, հայկական և իրանական ժողովրդական հեքիաթներում նկատվող ուսուցողական ընդհանրությունների խնդիրները։
Նախատեսվում է բանասերների, արևելագետների, հումանիտար ուղղվածությամբ ֆակուլտետների ուսանողների և թեմայով հետաքրքրվող ընթերցասեր հանրության համար։

The article deals with one of the most difficult problems in translation studies – the transfer of the pragmatic potential of the original text as the ability of the translated text to produce a communicative effect, to exercise a pragmatic impact on the recipient. According to the theory of the German scientist A. Neubert, works of art intended for native speakers of the original language are in many cases translated into other languages, so pragmatic factors play an important role in them. The pragmatic parameters of the text include all its elements, in which the relationship between the text itself and the subjects of communication, the author and the addressee, is fixed in one sign form or another. The translator, when pragmatically adapting the target text, includes additional elements in the text, omissions of elements that are redundant from the point of view of a foreign language recipient, as well as by applying semantic transformations. As a result, there are discrepancies in the interpretation of the original text by the recipient-native speaker and the recipient-translator, who evaluates the text from the position of the recipient-representative of a different culture. To solve this urgent problem, a study was conducted based on a documented interview with the famous writer and playwright Dulat Isabekov about his attitude to the problems of literary translation, affecting not only the quality of translations of his works, but the author’s recommendations to translators in general. To date, the works of D. Isabekov have been translated into 11 languages of the world, his plays are staged on foreign stages. But the quality of translations, the ways translators overcome the linguistic and cultural barrier between the original and the translated text, the transformations used and their possible consequences have not been considered and studied from the author’s pragmatic point of view. The interview also revealed gaps in the process of publishing translations from the Soviet edition and analyzed the consequences of using the Russian language as an intermediary language. Factual information obtained during a live interview is a valuable material in the field of domestic translation studies, in particular, the theory of literary translation, and in the didactics of translation. Keywords: literary translation, target text, pragmatics of the text, pragmatics of the author, pragmatic adaptation, translation quality.

Introduction

Every phenomenon and innovation brings its associated terminology to the host society. Therefore, various concepts and terms, known as loanwords, emerge in the receiving society over time as a result of linguistic borrowing. Since these terms are not originally Persian, it becomes necessary to provides appropriate equivalents for them in every academic discipline. The principles and guidelines of word formation and word selection aim to identify lexical gaps in the Persian language and propose suitable equivalents by drawing from its rich lexical resources.
In the meantime, linguistics journals with an impact factor, indexed in Islamic World Sciences Citation (ISC), were examined to evaluate the approved equivalents provided by universities and the extent of their use in scientific publications in the field of linguistics. The frequency of use and attention given by authors to the approved terms from the Thousand Words of Linguistics by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature (the Academy, hereafter) were also assessed.

Materials and Methods

This study employed a quantitative content analysis method. It investigated the frequency of use of linguistic words approved by the Academy in scientific articles published in journals indexed in the ISC database. The tendency of these publications to adopt or ignore the approved equivalents was quantitatively analyzed. The relevant terms were identified, and a list was compiled and evaluated based on the words used in the articles instead of their equivalents in the academy, along with the number of occurrences. Subsequently, expert professors in the field were interviewed using the snowball sampling method. Alternatively, a questionnaire was distributed to explore the possible reasons for not using the “Dictionary of One Thousand Words”, and the solutions suggested by the experts were documented.
The statistical population of this research consisted of 10 scientific journals in the field of linguistics with an impact factor. From these 10 indexed journals, 50 articles were selected from recent issues via their official websites, resulting in a research corpus of 500 articles in the field of linguistics.
To conduct the research, the specialized terms in the articles of each journal were collected. After removing duplicates, the terms were entered into Excel software. In the next step, the extracted words were matched with the one Thousand Words of Linguistics to determine the degree of compliance of the publications with the equivalents approved by the Academy.


Results and conclusion

It can be concluded that:

Authors of linguistics articles are familiar with many of the Persian equivalents approved by the Academy.
Some approved terms have yet to be adopted in practice, and authors continue to use borrowed terms despite the availability of equivalents.
The use of approved terms exceeds the use of individually translated or improvised equivalents, whose usage remains minimal.

Overall, linguistics journals have been successful in introducing and promoting approved terms, although a small percentage of the approved words are not included in the articles. Nonetheless, the role of scholarly publications in introducing and embedding scientific Farsi equivalents remains important.


Keywords

word selection  journals  the Academy of Persian Language and Literature acceptability

Introduction

The dynamic and ever-evolving field of linguistics, with its continuous expansion of specialized terminology, necessitates the development of accurate and comprehensive bilingual dictionaries. These dictionaries serve as indispensable tools for specialists and researchers, facilitating effective communication and understanding within the field. However, the compilation of such dictionaries demands technical expertise in lexicography to ensure adherence to scientific principles and rules. The present research aims to address this need by proposing a model for compiling bilingual specialized linguistics dictionaries in the Iranian context. The study critically analyzes existing dictionaries, identifying their shortcomings and proposing recommendations for improvement, with the ultimate goal of producing high-quality, user-friendly dictionaries that cater to the needs of the target audience.
The research delves into the distinction between general language (Language for General Purposes-LGP) and specialized language (Language for Specific Purposes-LSP), acknowledging the diverse perspectives on their relationship. While some linguists view LSP as a subset of LGP, others consider LGP as a subset of LSP, or even propose that all language use is context-specific and thus specialized. The research emphasizes the communicative differences between LGP and LSP, with the latter being employed by specialists within their field, necessitating a reliance on LGP for broader communication. The study also explores the structure of specialized dictionaries, referencing the framework proposed by Bergenholtz and Tarp (1995), which encompasses distributive structure (how linguistic and encyclopedic information is distributed), formal structure (the overall structure of dictionary components), reference structure (guiding users to relevant information), and access structure (guiding users within the dictionary). The distinction between primary and secondary structures is also elucidated, with outer texts (such as introductions and indexes) serving as functional components that contribute to the dictionary's overall framework.


Materials and methods

The research employs a descriptive methodology, utilizing content analysis to examine six bilingual English-Persian specialized dictionaries. The selection of these dictionaries was based on their relevance to the field of linguistics and their availability within the Iranian context. The dictionaries were evaluated against lexicographic standards derived from Bergenholtz and Tarp (1995) and other reputable domestic resources. The analysis focused on both macrostructural and microstructural aspects, encompassing the overall organization and the internal structure of entries. The macrostructural analysis examined elements such as the presence of user guides, target audience definitions, and criteria for headword selection. The microstructural analysis focused on aspects like the provision of grammatical categories, consistency in equivalents, accuracy of equivalents, inclusion of necessary entries, and the presentation of derived forms and collocations.


Results and discussion

The findings of the research revealed that none of the examined dictionaries fully adhered to the principles and rules of lexicography, exhibiting deficiencies at both macrostructural and microstructural levels. Macrostructural issues included the absence of user guides in all but one dictionary, the lack of clearly defined target audiences and dictionary functions, and the omission of explicit criteria for headword selection. These shortcomings can hinder the user's ability to effectively navigate and utilize the dictionary, particularly for those unfamiliar with specialized lexicographic conventions.
In the realm of microstructure, the dictionaries were found lacking in several areas. The omission of grammatical categories for headwords can lead to ambiguity and confusion, especially for learners and non-experts. Inconsistencies in providing equivalents, including the use of imprecise or even incorrect equivalents, can undermine the accuracy and reliability of the dictionary. The inclusion of unnecessary entries, particularly those readily found in general dictionaries, can contribute to the bulkiness of the dictionary without adding significant value for the specialized user. Furthermore, the presentation of derived forms of entries and certain collocations often lacked clarity and consistency, potentially hindering user comprehension.
The research provides detailed explanations of these shortcomings, supported by tables and examples extracted from the analyzed dictionaries. It offers solutions and recommendations for improvement, emphasizing the importance of user-centric design, adherence to standards, and the utilization of modern technologies. By addressing the identified shortcomings and incorporating the proposed suggestions, lexicographers can contribute to the development of high-quality, user-friendly dictionaries that effectively serve the needs of specialists and researchers in the dynamic and ever-evolving field of linguistics.


Conclusion

The research underscores the significance of adhering to scientific principles and rules in the compilation of bilingual specialized linguistics dictionaries. It highlights the shortcomings of existing dictionaries in Iran and offers recommendations for improvement, emphasizing the need for user guides, clear target audience definitions, consistent and accurate equivalents, and the judicious inclusion of entries. By adopting analytical frameworks like the one proposed by Bergenholtz and Tarp and leveraging modern technologies, lexicographers can develop high-quality, user-friendly dictionaries that effectively cater to the needs of specialists and researchers in the field of linguistics. The study also suggests avenues for future research, including the use of language corpora, the exploration of information technology's role in lexicography, and the investigation of user needs and expectations, to further advance the field of specialized lexicography in linguistics. In summary, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of existing bilingual linguistics dictionaries in Iran, identifying their strengths and weaknesses concerning established lexicographic principles. It offers valuable recommendations for improving the quality and effectiveness of future dictionaries in this field, emphasizing the importance of user-centric design, adherence to standards, and the utilization of modern technologies. By addressing the identified shortcomings and incorporating the proposed suggestions, lexicographers can contribute to the development of high-quality, user-friendly dictionaries that effectively serve the needs of specialists and researchers in the dynamic and ever-evolving field of linguistics.



Keywords

bilingual dictionaries  lexicography  linguistics  specialized dictionaries  Persian language

Introduction

The Old Persian language comprises of seven cases, one of which is the accusative case. This case is used in intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive verbs. Depending on the meaning and context of a sentence, it can perform different functions and express various semantic roles. In transitive constructions, the accusative case marks the semantic role of the theme or patient.





1) adam


auramazdām


ayadaiy




nom.1sg.
(pers.pron.)
I


acc.sg.m
(sb.)
Ahuramazda


pret.1sg.mid

praised




I praised Ahuramazda (DSf 18).













In Avestan and Old Persian ditransitive constructions, one of the objects in the accusative case indicates the semantic role of the theme or patient, while the other, in the dative-genitive case, marks the semantic role of recipient.





2) aita=maiy


yānam


Auramazdā


dadātuv




acc.sg.n – dat.1sg.
(dem.) - (pers.pron.)
this - I


acc.sg.n
(sb.)
reward


(nom.sg.m)
(sb.)
Ahuramazda


imp.3sg.act

gives




Ahuramazda gives this reward to me (DPd 23).





3) tat̰


mōi


dāidī




acc.sg.n
(dem.)
that


dat.sg.m
(dem.)
me


imp.2sg.act

give




Give that (strength) to me (Y.51,18).

However, some sentences feature verbs that take two accusative cases. The primary focus of this article is to investigate which verbs in Old Persian are used with two accusative cases and the semantic roles these cases imply.


Materials and methods

While previous studies have mentioned the existence of structures with double accusative cases in ancient Iranian languages, their semantic function and characteristics have not been fully explored. This article aims to classify there structures by extracting all instances of double accusative constructions from Old Persian texts. The inscriptions were sourced from Kent (1953) and Schmidt (2009). Additionally, similar verbs in Avestan were extracted from Yasn, Gahan, Haft, Yash, and Vendidad, based on Bartholomew's Dictionary (1961).


Results and discussion

Verbs derived from the root aiš (to rush) combined with the preverb fra (to send) are used in structures requiring two accusative cases. In this case, the first accusative case represents the theme/patient, whereas the second case marks the destination. When the destination is animate, it is often accompanied by an additional letter abiy.





4) adam


kāram


frāišayam


Bābirum




nom.1sg.
(pres.pron)
I


acc.sg.m
(sb.)
army


pret.1sg.act

sent


acc.sg.m
(sb.)
Babylon




I sent the army to Babylon (DB 3, 84).

Verbs from the root bar, both with and without preverbs like pairi and ā, also occure in double accusative constructions. In these structures, the second accusative case may or may not come with an adposition. In both Avestan (including verbs without preverbs) and Old Persian (verbs without preverbs and preverbs with pairi), the accusative case without an adposition is co-rooted with the sentence's root and acts like a verbal adverb. It emphasizes the meaning of the verb, showing “the way in which an activity is done, or the way in which a change of state takes place,” also known as manner (Blake, 2004, p.68).
The second state of an object is often referred to as an absolute object or cognate object. Verbs that follow this state act similarly to intransitive or transitive verbs. In the text below, the root bar does not retain its original meaning, but instead refers to secondary or metaphorical senses. It is important to note that either the root in these contexts co-occurs with this type of object state, or the coexistence of the absolute object and the root produces this meaning, which can be further investigated.





5) avam


ubartam


abaram




acc.sg.m
(dem.)
that


acc.sg.m
(adj.)
well-born


pret.1sg.act

bore




I respected him well (DB1, 22).
The root kar means to make. Sentences containing verbs derived from this root are among the structures of double accusative cases. According to the available evidence in both languages, the second passive case appears mostly in the semantic role of object complement. As an obligatory complement of the verb, it appears as a noun group, an adjective group, or an adpositional group in the sentence. It is somehow equivalent to the direct complement or object of the sentence (Tbibzadeh, 2014, pp.115- 116).





6) drauga
nom.sg.m
(sb.)
lie


diš
acc.3pl.m.
(pers.pron)
them


hamiçiyā
acc.pl.m
(adj.)
rebel


akunauš
pret.3sg.act

made




Lie made them rebels (DB 4, 34).

The root 2dī (Av. zyā) in Old Persian means “to take”, and in Avestan, it means to harm and steal. The sentences with verbs derived from this root are associated with double accusative cases in both languages. The second object appears in the semantic role of source-maleficiary.





7) xšaçam=šim


adam


adīnam




acc.sg.n – acc.3sg.
(sb.)  -  (pers.pron.)
king - him


nom.1sg.
(pres.pron)
I


pret.1sg.act

took




I took a king from him (DB 1, 59).


Conclusion

In Old Persian, certain verbs are associated with double accusative cases. These verbs include: aiš (Av. aēš), bar (Av. 1bar), 2dī (Av. zyā), fraϑ (Av. fras), jad (Av. gad), kar (Av. 1kar), 1man (Av. man), 1var (Av. 2var), and vain (Av. vaēna).
When using verbs with two accusative cases, one of the object states must be in the semantic role of theme/patient. The second object state must have one of the following semantic roles in order:

destination (for verbs derived from the root aiš with the preverb fra);
object complement (for verbs derived from the roots kar, 1var, vain, and 1man in the middle mood);
manner (for verbs derived from the root fraϑ and bar without a preverb, as well as with the preverbs ā and pairi);
source-maleficiary (for verbs derived from the roots 2dī and jad).

Passive constructions with double accusatives are rare in Old Persian, limiting detailed analysis. However, it may be proposed that verbs related to asking, requesting, and the maleficiary ditransitive structures can be included among the structures of double accusative, and both accusative cases have the same characteristics. The result shows that the analogs of the studied verbs in the Avesta language are not necessarily associated with double accusative cases with the same semantic roles.


Keywords

accusative case  ditransitive verb  Old Persian  patient  semantic role

Introduction

Reduplication is a morphological process and is highly productive in some languages. In reduplication a whole word or part of it is repeated. Based on the proportion that is copies, linguistics categorizes this process into two types: total reduplication and partial reduplication. Each reduplication construction consists of two parts: the base and the reduplicant. The base is the part that is totally or partially copied, and the reduplicant is the repeated part.
There are two main approaches to reduplication: the phonological approach and the morphological approach. In this paper we analyze partial reduplication in Tati within the framework of the latter approach. The morphological approach is a relatively new model for exploring reduplication and few studies have employed this method. GhaniAbadi et al (2006), Khanjan & Alinejad (2010), Salandari et al (2016), and Dabirmoghaddam & Maleki (2018) used this approach to describe and explore reduplication in Persian. PourAbbas Navroud (2023) described and analyzed reduplication in Gilaki. However, no research has been conducted focusing on reduplication in Tati. Therefore, we aim to fill this gap by analyzing this process in Tati. This descriptive-analytical research is conducted within the framework of Morphological Doubling Theory of Inkelas and Zoll (2005), to discover different patterns and types of partial reduplication and its semantic functions in Tati.


Methodology

This is a descriptive-analytical study and is conducted within the framework of Morpholodical Doubling Theory of Inkelas and Zoll (2005). The data consist of approximately 58 reduplication constructions in Tati language, collected from written texts. The corresponding author’s language intuition as a native speaker was also used to provide examples. In the first step, the collected data were transcribed phonetically. In the second step, we analyzed the data and identified three types of partial reduplication in this language. For each type of partial reduplication some examples had been provided, and the semantic functions of each type were explored.


Results

There are three types of partial reduplication in the Tati language: prefixed partial, suffixed partial, and echo reduplication. Each type has its own subcategories and patterns. In prefixed partial reduplication, the repeated part (reduplicant) precedes the base and in suffixed partial reduplication, the reduplicant follows the base. In echo reduplication, the reduplicant is meaningless, while the base maybe either meaningful or meaningless .
There are two subcategories of prefixed partial reduplication in Tati. In the first subcategory, the second input is a repetition of the initial consonant of the base plus /el/, and it is placed before the base. In the second subcategory, the second input begins with the initial consonant or vowel of the base.
Suffixed partial reduplication has two subcategories. In the first subcategory, the second input begins with the fist consonant of the base. In the second seubcategory, the base is usually an imperative that begins with /be/ or /bu/. In this type of suffixed partial reduplication, /be/ or /bu/ in the initial syllable of the base is replaced by /ɑ/.
The third type of partial reduplication in Tati is echo reduplication, which also includes two subtypes. In the first subtype, the initial consonant of the base changes, with two possible patterns: a change to /v/ or a change to /m/. In the second subtype, the only vowel of the base changes: /a/ or /ɑ/ is replaced by /u/. In this pattern the two inputs have the same number of syllables and they only differ in the vowel. Partial reduplication in Tati is used to show concepts similar to the base, emphasis, increased intensity, and consistency.


Conclusion

In this descriptive-analytical research, we described and categorized different types of partial reduplication in Tati (Rudbari variety) within the framework of Morphological Doubling Theory of Inkelas and Zoll (2005). The results of this study show that three types of partial reduplication can be found in Tati: prefixed partial reduplication, suffixed partial reduplication, and echo reduplication. There are two patterns of prefixed partial reduplication in Tati. In the first pattern, the initial consonant of the base is repeated, and, in the second pattern, the initial consonant or vowel of the base is repeated. Suffixed partial reduplication has two patterns. In the first pattern, the initial consonant of the base is repeated, and in the second pattern, the base is usually an imperative that starts with /be/ or /bu/ in Tati. In this type of suffixed partial reduplication, /be/ or /bu/ in the initial syllable of the base is replaced by /ɑ/. Echo reduplication has two subtypes. In the first subtype of echo reduplication, the initial consonant of the base changes to either /v/, or /m/. In the second subtype, /a/ or /ɑ/ in the base is replaced by /u/. Partial reduplication in Tati is used to show concepts similar to the base, emphasis, or increase in the intensity of the base and also consistency.


Keywords

reduplication  partial reduplication  Tati  morphological doubling theory  intensity

Introduction

The present paper is a corpus-based study of naturalness and markedness of some Persian subject suffixes: '-ǎ, -ǎr, -ǎn, -bǎn, -gar, -kǎr, -mand, and -ande', extracted from Tǎrix-ol-vozarǎ, within the Natural Morphology framework. To date, no studies have focused on presenting a continuum of Persian subject suffixes according to their markedness and naturalness. This paper aims to rank the naturalness of some subject suffixes in Persian. Natural morphology is a cognitive-functional approach introduced in the 1970s. In this approach, naturalness and markedness are key terms that differ from frequency and simplicity. Naturalness is not a fixed concept; it can be represented on a continuum. There are four semiotic criteria for assessing the naturalness of any word formation process: 1. morphotactic transparency, 2. indexicality, 3. transparency bi-uniqueness, and 4. shape of signan. According to morphotactic transparency, there is a relation between form and meaning: each form has a corresponding meaning and concept. In forms with the highest transparency, stem and affix can be separated; However, in some cases, affixation causes some phonological changes in the stem, resulting in reduced transparency. Indexicality means that a signan should have only one signatum. Bi-uniqueness means that a signan should have just one signatum and vice versa. This criterion doesn’t allow for synonymy, homonymy, and polysemy. For example, whenever two words are synonyms, they violate bi-uniqueness. Additionally, productivity is important for this criterion. There are two sub-criteria for this parameter: Qualitative criterion and quantitative criterion. According to the qualitative criterion, the closeness of the meaning of a derived word to its stem, without any semantic change, is the focus. According to the quantitative criterion, new tokens of a process should be focused. The fourth criterion of naturalness concerns the number of syllables of each word or affix. One-syllable words and affixes are more natural than two-syllable ones. The data in this paper are analyzed according to these four criteria. Since Persian subject suffixes form a fairly large category, a corpus-based study of them is necessary. The present paper compares and contrasts a selection of such suffixes to discover which one is the most natural and the least marked within the Natural Morphology framework. A suggestion for future studies is to conduct a corpus-based analysis of subject suffixes in Persian language teaching coursebooks to determine whether these books teach subject suffixes, considering their ranking of naturalness and unmarkedness.


Materials and methods

As this paper is corpus-based, the data were made machine-readable. The book Tǎrix-ol-vozarǎ was digitized, and AntConc software was used to extract subject suffixes. After extraction, the data were copied into Excel, where unnecessary parts were filtered out. After filtering the data, all sentences containing the target derived words were examined. The following results were observed: the suffix –bǎn appeared in 352 instances, making it the most frequent, while the suffix –kǎr appeared the least.

Results and discussion

Based on the findings, -gar is the most natural suffix, while -ǎn is the least natural suffix in the corpus. In other words, the suffix –gar violated the fewest criteria, while -ǎn violates most of the four criteria mentioned above. It was also found that -ǎr is not used as a subject suffix in the corpus but functions as a gerund or object suffix.

Table 1.
The amount of naturalness of each suffix.




rank


Suffixes


Violation of morphotactic transparency


Violation of indexicality


Violation of bi-uniqueness


Violation of shape of signan


Average violation of 4 criteria


Average of suffixes' naturalness




1


-ǎ


%0


%33.33


%29.69


%0


%15.75


%84.24




2


-ǎn


%0


%81.35


%37.33


%0


%29.67


%70.33




3


bǎn'


%0


%11.11


%51.11


%0


%15.55


%84.44




5


-kǎr


%0


%0


%19.99


%0


%4.99


%95.002




6


-gar


%0


%0


%12.94


%0


%3.23


%96.76




7


-mand


%0


%33.33


%19.99


%0


%13.30


%86.69




8


-ande


%0


%0


%9.092


%50


%14.77


%85.22






Conclusion

The study concludes that -gar is the most natural suffix, while -ǎn is the least natural in the corpus. It also proves that -ǎr is not a subject suffix but rather serves as a gerund or object suffix.

Background and Aims In recent years, the use of immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) has notably improved medical education, especially in auditory and otolaryngology. These technologies provide interactive and realistic simulation environments that foster unique and safe learning opportunities for practicing clinical and surgical skills. This study aims to review the studies on the use and role of immersive technologies in audiology and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) education. Methods This is a scoping review. A comprehensive search for related articles published in English from 2000 to 2025 was conducted in three PubMed, IEEE, and Embase databases using the terms "virtual reality," "augmented reality," "mixed reality," and "simulation" in combination with "audiology", "otolaryngology", or "ENT". Out of 630 retrieved articles, 23 were included in the final analysis after removing duplicates and screening. Data were extracted and descriptively classified based on the study themes and approaches. Results The VR was the most commonly studied immersive technology (56.5%), followed by AR (34.7%). Most studies in ENT education have focused on the application of VR for simulating surgical skills. In audiology studies, only three primary areas were addressed: Auditory test simulation, anatomy education, and hearing aid fitting and selection. Conclusion Immersive technologies have great potential to enhance clinical education in the fields of audiology and ENT. Further development and use of VR and AR tools in audiology can significantly improve students' practical learning experiences.

مدخل «مُستشرِقون» در دائرةالمعارف اسلام (ویراست دوم، جلد هفتم، ۱۹۹۳) مروری اجمالی است بر تاریخ شرق‌شناسی و معرفی مختصری است از مشهورترین شرق‌شناسان و آثارشان از آغاز تا زمان انتشار مقاله، به قلم ژاک واردنبرگ (د. ۲۰۱۵)، نویسنده و پژوهش‌گر سرشناس هلندی در حوزۀ مطالعات ادیان و اسلام. این مدخل طولانی سه بخش اصلی (اصطلاح‌شناسی؛ پیش از سدۀ نوزدهم؛ سده‌های نوزدهم و بیستم) دارد که ترجمۀ دو بخشِ نخست آن پیش‌تر در قالب «قسمت یکم» در دورنما منتشر شده است. در متن پیش رو، که قسمت دوم و پایانی مدخل است، واردنبرگ مهم‌ترین پژوهش‌های شرق‌شناسان طی سده‌های نوزدهم و بیستم را معرفی کرده و به تحولات شرق‌شناسی پیش و پس از جنگ جهانی دوم و نیز انتقادهای مسلمانان و محققان غربی از شرق‌شناسی و شرق‌شناسان توجه داده است.

This thesis proposes to examine the Muslim awareness or Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century as revealed in a number of contemporary works by Indian Muslims, who attempted to explain the rise of Europe in relation to their own world. Their perceptions of the West were rich and varied, and they included many aspects of the British society: the social and political institutions of its members, their religious practices and intellectual, scientific and technical achievements. With the expansion of British political power in the late eighteenth century, contact with Europe came to be identified with contact with Britain, to the effect that it may be said that the Indian Muslim experience of contemporary Western civilization is in fact the experience of the British culture and society. This introductory chapter attempts a reconstruction of the indigenous cultural milieu and the political world of these Indian Muslim writers. The eighteenth century saw the decline and dissolution of the Mughal empire, simultaneous with the rise of the regional potentates. The empire, which geographically had reached its farthest limits in the Deccan by 1707 A.D. the imperial principle established almost over the entire sub-continent, there were already discernible symptoms of crisis in its body-politic. These breaches and chasm jolted the entire imperial edifice, which collapsed within forty years after the death of Aurengzeb (1707 6. Delhi by Nadir Shah the Persian monarch in 1739 left the emperor, Muhammad Shah, with his prestige irrevocably diminished. Muhammad Shah died in 1748 and was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah Bahadur who was deposed, imprisoned and blinded in 1754. He, in turn, was succeeded by Alamgir II, who himself was assassinated in 1759. Shahjahan II, who had succeeded Alamgir II, was deposed the following year and was succeeded by Shah Alam (1759-1806). None of these rulers enjoyed any real authority or power. In 1788 Ghulam Khan attacked Delhi and blinded the emperor. The invasion irretrievably damaged the status of monarchy and ruined the imperial image as the embodiment of law and authority. The imperial governors did not formally deny their allegiance to Delhi, but one after the other they began asserting their autonomy. Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah in the Deccan declared independence in 1724, while the eastern province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa separated at about 1740, followed by Gujarat and Sindh in 1750 and Oudh in 1754. Various independent Pathan dynasties ruled in Farrukhabad and Rohilkhand within striking distance of the capital. In the far south, the former kingdom of Mysore was gradually growing powerful under the adventurous Hyder Ali and his son and successor, Tipu Sultan. Similarly, the southern-most parts were divided up into a number of small principalities. Amidst all these changes a new force was emerging on the political horizons of India, in the shape of the British "East India Company". Beginning as suppliant merchants in the coastal regions and under the military leadership of Robert Clive, the British first triumphed over their European rivals in Deccan. Subsequently they established their control over the maritime provinces of Bengal and Madras. Later on, they extended their authority over northern India by concluding treaties with the powerful state of Awadh and reducing the emperor to the status of a pensioner. They then moved towards Central India, and challenged the might of Marathas by entering into alliances and counter-alliances with rival Maratha chiefs, Nizam of Hyderabad and Hyder Ali. In the end, they succeeded in crushing Tipu Sultan of Mysore. Finally, in 1803 A.D., Lord Lake entered Delhi, the imperial capital, by defeating the Maratha chieftain Sindhia, who had been operating as the protector of Shah Alam.1 In recent years, the complex causes of the Mughal political and economic decline and the formation of the successor states have been subjected to intensive reassessment. Besides Herman Goetz who was first to detect some order in this seemingly chaotic period, there have been other serious and comprehensive studies that reassess the century's events and cast doubts on the bleak perspective of previous historians.2 Some of these studies have modified long-held views on the nature and incident of the universal "decline and desolation", while suggesting that the turbulent events of the century reflected not the final dissolution of the Mughal empire, as much as the emergence of regional dynastic rulers who initiated new cycles of growth and regeneration. As a result of such studies, the debate on pre-colonial societies has received a new revival.3 However, as most of these studies mainly focus on the decline The classical study of the late Mughal Delhi, including the expansion of the East India Company's rule, is Percival Spear,

Eliot's metaphysical and spiritual poetry backs the notion that God's inclination to relate to the world gives some human beings some specific spiritual power, which can be attained merely via challenging and vigorous nonphysical exercises that makes them perceive life in a way different from others. The diversity of poetry, that Eliot had written, such as 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock', is an amalgamation of spiritual and philosophical notions, which endeavours to elucidate the internal sense of belief and embody an artistic and effective stream that it depends on and contributes to Sufism.

This presentation introduces the TransIslam International Network, an initiative developed through the EU-funded MSCA TransIslam project (grant agreement No. 101155392) to foster dialogue and cooperation among scholars engaged in interdisciplinary research on the European translation of Ottoman religious literature prior to the emergence of academic Orientalism.

These materials possess a general documentary-linguistic value; that is, they cannot be fully exploited for a theoretical-linguistic account of spatial language. Based on elicitation materials and pictures in Ela Filippone, Spatial models and locative expressions in Baluchi, 1996, Naples (Appendix A, pp. 361-392). This work has constituted, and continues to constitute-albeit with a focus restricted to Balochi-a reference work for the description of spatial language in the Iranian dialects.

Wenn man heutzutage nach Ratgebern zu Führung (Leadership) in Politik und Wirtschaft sucht, wird man zweifellos auf das Buch des Fürsten von Machiavelli stoßen, welches immer wieder kommentiert, angefochten, leidenschaftlich verteidigt und schließlich unparteilich als Leitfaden zur Politik gewürdigt wurde. Zahllosen Fürsten und Staatsmännern diente es als Handbuch zur Politik. Es ist zum

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet’in ilanından günümüze kadar yazılı basında kullanılan spor dilinin tarihsel, dilsel ve kültürel dönüşümünü incelemektedir. Sporun yalnızca fiziksel değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal ve ideolojik bir anlatı alanı hâline geldiği varsayımından hareketle, 1930–2025 yılları arasında Cumhuriyet Gazetesi’nin spor sayfalarında yer alan dilsel ögeler nitel yöntemle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada 400’den fazla gazete kupürü doküman analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında tespit edilen 397 spor terimi biçim, köken, anlam ve kullanım açısından sınıflandırılarak değişim düzeyi analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, spor terminolojisinin büyük ölçüde çok dilli bir yapıya sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Tespit edilen terimlerin yalnızca %26,2’si Türkçe kökenli olup, en yüksek oran Fransızca (%33,0) ve İngilizce (%14,6) terimlere aittir. Terimlerin %37,3’ü zaman içinde anlam, biçim ya da kullanım açısından değişime uğramıştır. En fazla dönüşüm genel spor terimlerinde ve futbol branşına özgü ifadelerde gözlemlenmiştir. 1950–1975 dönemi, dilde sadeleşme ve Türkçeleştirme politikalarının etkisinin en yoğun hissedildiği dönem olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu bulgular, spor dilinin yalnızca teknik bir iletişim aracı değil, aynı zamanda dönemsel dil politikaları ve toplumsal değişimlerle şekillenen çok katmanlı bir söylem alanı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Spor dili, terminoloji, dilsel dönüşüm, Türkçeleştirme, yazılı basın, Cumhuriyet Dönemi

The history of the Bengali language dates ancient thousands of years. There are still odds among the researchers as to when exactly the Bengali language was introduced. Although Bengali is the fourth most populous language in the world, Bengali is not a single or primary language. It is the coordination of words from different languages. So, this language is called the mongrel language. However, it is interesting that, among the most widely used words in Bengali, the contribution of the Persian Language is immense. It is said that there are about two and a half thousand Persian words in the Bengali language, of which most of the words are used analogously, and some words are used with slight changes. It is believed that the relation between Bengali and Persian is the opposite of currency. Today's modern Bengali language can not be imagined without Persian words. The use of Persian words in the Bengali language from religious life to every field of daily life is very remarkable this article, I will try to discuss the Persian words that are used in the Bengali language.

तकनीकी शिक्षा आधुनिक भारत के विकास की रीढ़ है, जो विज्ञान, प्रौद्योगिकी, इंजीनियरिंग और गणित (STEM) के क्षेत्रों में नवाचार, अनुसंधान और औद्योगिक प्रगति को दिशा देती है। भारत जैसे बहुभाषी देश में, जहाँ हिंदी और अन्य भारतीय भाषाओं के करोड़ों वक्ता हैं, तकनीकी शिक्षा का माध्यम लंबे समय से अंग्रेजी होने के कारण भाषायी असमानताएँ बनी हुई हैं। यह शोधपरक लेख तकनीकी शिक्षा में हिंदी और अन्य भारतीय भाषाओं की आवश्यकता, ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि, वर्तमान स्थिति, प्रमुख चुनौतियों और संभावनाओं का बहुआयामी विश्लेषण करता है। इसमें राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 और एआईसीटीई की बहुभाषी इंजीनियरिंग शिक्षा योजना जैसी पहल के साथ-साथ जापान, जर्मनी, रूस, चीन और फ्रांस के अंतरराष्ट्रीय अनुभव भी शामिल हैं। अंततः, लेख एक ठोस नीतिगत रोडमैप प्रस्तुत करता है, जिससे भारत तकनीकी शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में बहुभाषी वैश्विक मॉडल बन सकता है।
Keywords: तकनीकी शिक्षा, हिंदी, भारतीय भाषाएँ, एनईपी 2020, एआईसीटीई, बहुभाषी शिक्षा, भाषा नीति, STEM, मातृभाषा

In the kingdom of Široyah, in the Shahnameh, one of the elders is called "Aštāgošasp", although the editors and Commentators of the Shahnameh have not doubted its correctness, but the role, position and form of his name in the manuscripts of the Shahnameh and also in historical sources are very confusing. The situation is the same for “Aštādpirooz” in the kingdom of Khosrow II. A careful examination of the sources to reconstruct the correct name and to know these persons more accurately has three benefits: it expands the knowledge of Sasanian history, it helps to edit the Shahnameh, and it is an aid in Sasanian nomenclature and historical etymology. In this research, various forms of the name "Aštāgošasp" in the Shahnameh and historical sources have been identified and then evaluated and measured in order to speculate and reconstruct the correct form of this name in the Xodāynameh, Shahnameh of Abu Mansoori and Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. Several reasons have been given for preferring "Aspādgošnasp" over "Astād/Aštādgošnasp" and Ferdowsi must have used "Aspāgošnasp", so this form has been distorted or corrected in all manuscripts. As a result, it is suggested to edit "Astāgošasp", "Aštād" and “Aštādpirooz” to "Aspāgošasp", "Aspād" and “Ašpādpirooz” in the Shahnameh.

L. Abel uses the word metatheatre for self-reflexive theatre in his work published in 1963. Metatheatre (or metadrama) is an attempt to think through the possibilities and nature of theatre (drama) itself, especially the origin of mimetic activity and play. After Abel's work, the definition of metatheatre has been expanded by other theorists to include many qualities. Many features of the art of theatre, such as play within play, disguise and role-playing, the interruption of the illusion or narrative, and the elimination of the boundaries between the spectator's space and the playground, have been discussed as metatheatrical features. The self-reflection of Western drama can be seen in many examples such as Euripides' Bacchae, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author, Beckett's Endgame and Crouch's The Author. In my opinion, plays with metadramatic features tend to increase in moments of ontological crisis (or periods of change) when the art of drama questions its existence. Since the 19 th century, Turkish drama has been radically oriented towards Western dramatic conventions, while at the same time searching for a "national theatrical aesthetic." These contradictory aspirations have created an ontological crisis. This study aims to trace this "ontological crisis" in Turkish theatre. Turkish theatre, like the performing arts of other Islamic societies, has its own unique "point of view" or perspective. There is always a question related to the gaze. It seems to be crucial for theatre as an art form rooted in seeing and perception. A consequence of this difference in seeing and perceiving is that Turkish theatre can be considered a "hijab [curtain, barrier] theatre." I believe that the general character of Turkish theatre (including traditional forms such as orta oyunu, karagöz-shadow play-, puppetry, storytelling-maddah-, and village plays, as well as postwesternisation theatre) revolves around the notions of "hijab" and "embarrassment." Using the term "metadrama" as a critical term that encompasses both consciousness and hijab, I will attempt to discuss the dominant tendency of Turkish performing arts as metadramatic / meta-theatricality and argue that the main reason for this tendency is rooted in the hijab (curtain).

جاینام‌ها از بخش‌های مهم زبان هستند و شناخت آنها می‌توان از نظر تاریخی، زبانی، فرهنگی و غیره کمک بزرگی به زبان کند. در این مقاله سه جاینام از شهر «خلخال» (شهری کُهن تاریخی در استان اردبیل ایران)، به روش تطبیقی بررسی خواهد شد. این این سه جاینام عبارتند از: «خلخال» (نام شهر)، «هرو» (یا «هروآباد» نام محلی خلخال)، و نیز «ازناو» (تفرج‌گاه معروف ورودی خلخال). در منابع متعدد، معنای کلی «خلخال» را پای‌برنجن یا حلقه‌ای می‌دانند که طلا، نقره و امثال آن است که به پای آویزند، نام شهر خلخال به آن حلقه پای زنان ربطی ندارد. برای نوشتن این مقاله از پیکرۀ نام‌ آبادی‌های ایران که در در‌گاه ملی آمار ایران ثبت شده، استفاده شده است. نتیجه پژوهش نشان می‌دهد نام خلخال از دو بخش خال (خوار) و خال تشکیل شده و جمعاً به معنای سرزمین هموار است، «هرو» به معنای آبی است که فواره می‌کند و ازناو/ ازنو با (v)azan-ow  آب جهنده ارتباط دارد.

In this article, we examine an Iranian secret language based on the regional Tati language. We investigate the specific features of this professional argot, known as Arranaji or Qarqadili, which is common in the villages of northwestern Iran where Tati dialects are spoken. This secret language was traditionally used by seasonal workers engaged in cutting and processing wood in the urban centers of northern Iran, particularly in the Gilan and Mazandaran regions. We identify the distinctive characteristics of Arranaji, which is based on the Tati dialects of the villages of Karnaq and Lerd but employs a substitute lexicon that differs significantly from standard Tati vocabulary. The woodcutters and carpenters who used Arranaji-men who lived apart from their home communities for extended periods within a closed male environment-developed a euphemistic vocabulary and coded expressions related to their professional activities, gender roles, drugs, and sociocultural taboos and prohibitions. This linguistic variety existed solely in oral form and had never been previously documented. Through our fieldwork, we analyze its vocabulary, explore the reasons for the emergence of this argot and its linguistic properties, and examine its use within the community, its geographical distribution, primary functions, as well as its professional and gender-specific characteristics. Additionally, we discuss the etymology and significance of the names Arranaji and Qarqadili. Finally, we address the reasons for the decline of the original professional functions and gender restrictions of this secret language under contemporary conditions, and its continued use as a familial code to keep information hidden from outsiders and children.

در شاهنامه ایرج (آریا) و تور (سکا) سلم (سئورومات) برادر به شمار رفته اند که از یشتهای اوستا گرفته شده اند که در آن به پاکدینان اقوام آریایی (ایرانیان)، تور (سکاها)، سئیریمه (سئورومات)، دائی (داهه) و سائینی (سواران) درود فرستاده شده اَست:

सायिन् m. sAyin horseman

The Iranian language sphere consists of three currently recognized “core” varieties, and a number of peripheral varieties that diverge significantly enough to be thought of as separate “languages.” The core varieties are Standard Modern Persian,1 Dari, and Tajik. Other Iranian languages spoken in Iran are Kurdish, of which there are several varieties; Baluchi; Luri; a number of other scattered regional varieties in Northern, Central, and Southern Iran (see Izadi, 2006). Further east are found Modern Sogdian, known today as Yaghnobi, and a variety of “Eastern Iranian languages,” including Nuristani, Pashto, Pasha’i. Included in these Eastern languages are also the languages of the Pamir mountains: Shugni (Shugnani), Yazgulami, Ishkashimi, and Wahkhi. This sociolinguistic overview focuses primarily on the three core varieties just mentioned, which serve as the primary language of communication throughout the Iranian language area. Though local speakers may know a regional variety, they are nearly universally bi- or multilingual, and communicate nationally, are educated in, and identify with Persian, Dari, or Tajik.

To walk you through Iranian artist and writer Yasi Alipour’s solo exhibition, Held Within: The Infinity of a Houseplant (2025), is perhaps to walk you through a memory, traced along the folds of time. A memory which she recounts playfully in the same breath as she insightfully claims one of the two constants in her practice as “whatever math” her hands—unobstructed by measurement tools—can figure out and the other as paper, her material of choice which she feels and folds based on algorithms. A memory of something as mundane as schoolwork which stands out and sidesteps the fictional order imposed on everyday practices such as memory-making.  A memory which may seem to belong to the order of the past, yet in practice has not quite ended, its trace holding out the utopian promise of the “not-yet” for Alipour. This memory of mathematics, we can think of as a mark...

The anthology of fresh essays gathered in Dance of the Persianate World adds a new dimension to Iranian dance studies. It includes detailed research on several regional dances, with the notable exclusion of information on the dance of the Azeris, Iran’s largest minority. The volume is generously illustrated with diagrams, photographs, and color plates but the hefty collection could have been made less cumbersome if the new voices on Persian dance scholarship were not burdened with the editor’s recycled material.

Research on paraphrase has mostly fo-cussed on lexical or syntactic variation within individual sentences. Our con-cern is with larger-scale paraphrases, from multiple sentences or paragraphs to entire documents. In this paper we address the problem of generating paraphrases of ...

Research on paraphrase has mostly focussed on lexical or syntactic variation within individual sentences. Our concern is with larger-scale paraphrases, from multiple sentences or paragraphs to entire documents. In this paper we address the problem of generating paraphrases of large chunks of texts. We ground our discussion through a worked example of extending an existing NLG system to accept as input a source text, and to generate a range of fluent semantically-equivalent alternatives, varying not only at the lexical and syntactic levels, but also in document structure and layout.