Double accusative cases in old Persian constructions

Signal and Data Processing

The main task of the tokenization is to divide the sentences of the text into its constituent units and remove punctuation marks (dots, commas, etc.). Each unit is a continuous lexical or grammatical writing chain that is an independent semantic unit. Tokenization occurs at the word level and the extracted units can be used as input to other components such as stemmer. The requirement to create this tool is to identify and recognize the units that are known as independent semantic units in Persian language. This tool detects word boundaries in texts and converts the text into a sequence of words. In the English language, many activities have been done in the field of text tokenization and many tools have been development; such as: Stanford, Ragel, ANTLR, JFLex, JLex, Flex and Quex. In recent decades, valuable researches have also been conducted in the field of tokenization in Persian language that all of them have worked on the lexical and syntactic layer. In the current research, we tried to focus on the semantic layer in addition to those two layers. Persian texts usually have two simple but important problems. The first problem is multi-word tokens that result from connecting one word to the next. Another problem is polysyllabic units, which result from the separation of words that together form a lexical unit. Tokenizer is one of the language preprocessing tools that is widely used in text analysis. This component recognizes the center of words in texts and turns it into a sequence of words for later analysis. Variety in Persian script and nonobservance of the rules of separation and spelling of words on the one hand and the lexical complexities

Journal of the College of languages

Kurdish language multifunctional morphemes indicate the different functional morphological, syntactical, and semantic tasks of the morphemes. The present study discusses the multifunctional task of the Morpheme Le in Kurdish Language. The Morpheme Le has marginally been included in other studies, yet up to the present times, there has not been a research inclusively dedicated to thoroughly discuss and clarify its multifunctional aspects. The present study is divided into two chapters: Chapter one discusses the theoretical aspect of chapter two that is entirely concerned with the practical aspect of the morpheme Le. The first part of chapter one sheds light on the morphological aspect of the morpheme while part two discusses the concept of multifunction in Kurdish language including its concepts, types and characteristics. Chapter two is concerned with the practical aspect of the morpheme. Part one of chapter two describes the morphemes’ morphological aspect and part two explains its...

Iran University of Science & Technology, 2017

2019

تعدد نتیجه عبارت از وضعیتی است که از رفتار مجرمانه واحد، نتایج متعددی حاصل می‌شود. این که آیا تعدد نتیجه از مصادیق تعدد مادی است یا معنوی، بین حقوقدانان اختلاف نظر وجود داشت. رویه قضایی سابقا آن را از مصادیق تعدد اعتباری جرم می‌دانست. قانونگذار در سال 92 با یک سیاست جنایی تقنینی و وضع تبصره 1 ماده 134 ق.م.ا تعدد نتیجه را در حکم تعدد مادی قرارداد. از وجوه تشابه تعدد نتیجه و تعدد مادی، عدم نقض چند ماده قانونی، موضوعیت درجرایم تعزیری درجه یک تا شش ، تحقق در جرایم عمدی، غیرعمدی، مطلق و مقید، و نیز تشابه درتحقق نتایج مجرمانه و نحوه تعیین و اجرای مجازات است و از وجوه افتراق آن دو، وحدت رفتار مجرمانه در تعدد نتیجه و تعدد و تنوع رفتار و زمان وقوع نتایج مجرمانه در تعدد مادی می‌‌باشد. همچنین تعدد نتیجه از حیث وحدت رفتار مجرمانه و از این جهت که رفتار واحد به نتایج و عناوین متعدد ختم و از وحدت به کثرت می‌رسند، با تعدد معنوی مشابه و از جهت وحدت وکثرت نتایج مجرمانه، تحقق رکن روانی و تعیین مجازات و فقدان رابطه علیت و نقض چند ماده قانونی و عدم استقلال نتایج در تعدد معنوی از همدیگر متفاوت می‌باشند.

2020

یکی از انواع فعل های زبان فارسی ، فعل های پیشوندی هستند. این نوع افعال از دوره باستان تا به امروز درزبان فارسی رایج بوده اند. اما بسامد آنها درزبان ، به ویژه درزبان فارسی دری ، روبه کاهش بوده است . پیشوند این افعال ، که عنصر غیرفعلی گروه فعلی را تشکیل می دهد. به طور کلی مفهوم جهت ، سمت وجهت حرکت رانشان می دهد. وگاهی نیز تقویت معنا وتأکید وقوع فعل را می رساند.نیز در افزایش یا ایجاد معنای جدید در گروه فعلی ، ابفای نقش می کند.این پژوهش به بررسی پیشوند استمرار ، که با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی به سیر تحول پیشوند استمرار از فارسی باستان تا فارسی نو پرداخته می شود . برای جمع آوری اطلاعات ، از روش کتابخانه ای وبا استفاده از یادداشت داری اطلاعات به سیرتحول استمرار پرداخته که عمده ترین نتایج آن عبارتند از : بیان مفهوم نمود استمرار در هردو زمان حال و گذشته می باشد که با فاعل جمله به لحاظ شخص وشمار و با فعل اصلی به لحاظ زمان مطابقت می کند . پیشوند "می که به لحاظ معنایی هم بیانگر نمود استمرار و هم نمود عادتی است .وبه لحاظ نحوی در هسته نمود قرار می گیرد . یعنی پیشوند "می" صرف نظر از این...

Alzahra University, 2021

Taboo terms are one of problematic areas in the process of translation. Dictionaries are one of tools translators use to solve this problem. There are some differences between dictionaries in the number of taboo terms and the strategies applied in their translation. Knowing the characteristic of dictionaries in this respect can help translators choosing a suitable dictionary to solve their problem. The present study was an attempt to find the frequency of taboos, the strategies applied in their translation in Hezareh and Arianpur dictionaries and the relation between the frequency of taboo terms and the applied strategy to understand the characteristics and successfulness of these two dictionaries in this respect. Many studies have been done on the topic of taboo terms and their translations in Persian and English language but in case of dictionaries nothing has been done. Different scholars have provided different definitions, categorizations and translation strategies for taboo terms. In the following the categorization of taboo terms and the strategies of translating them are presented. In the following some of the classifications on taboo terms are presented: A. Anderson and Hirsch (1985, p. 79): 1. sexual organs, sexual relations, 2. religion, church, 3. excrement, 4. death, 5. the physically or mentally disabled, 6. prostitution, 7. narcotics, crime; B. Allan and Burridge (2006, p. 1): 1. bodies and their effluvia (sweat, snot, faeces, menstrual fluid, etc.), 2. the organs and acts of sex, micturition and defecation; 3. diseases, death and killing (including hunting and fishing), 4. religion and church, naming and addressing sacred persons, beings, objects, and places, 5. food gathering, preparation and consumption, 6. prostitution, narcotics, and criminal activity; C. Habibovic (2010, p. 7): 1. sex, 2. religion, 3. bodily functions, 4. ethnic groups, 5. Food, 6. dirt 7. death ; D. Gao (2013, p. 2): 1. bodily excretions, 2. death and disease, 3. Sex, 4. four-letter words, 5. swear words, 6. privacy, 7. discriminatory language; E. Avila Cabrera (2014): 1. animal name, 2. death/killing, 3. drugs/excessive alcohol consumption, 4. ethnic/racial/gender slur, 5. filth, 6. profane/blasphemous, 7. psychological/physical condition, 8. sexual reference/body part, 9. urination/scatology, 10. violence. As taboos are part of the culture of each language, to translate a taboo, the translator must be familiar with both source and target languages in order to know whether the taboo word in the SL, is known as taboo in the TL or not. According to Behzad and Salmani (2013, p. 227) three possibilities may arise in the process of translating taboo terms: a) the taboo term in L1 is not taboo in L2, b) the taboo term in L1 is taboo in L2 too, and c) the term which is not taboo in L1 is considered as taboo in L2. Facing these situations, in part (a), the translator has no problem and can translate the word easily, but in parts (b) and (c), there are some choices to render if not exact but similar and acceptable meaning and feeling of the word into the second language. There are different strategies for translating taboo terms. Each translator can use one of them according to the context. The following are some of these strategies: A. Allan & Burridge (2006): 1. euphemism, 2. dysphemism, 3. orthophemism; B. Vossoughi & Etemadhosseini (2013, p. 3): 1. Omission, 2. manipulation of segmentation, 3.euphemism; C. Venuti (as cited in Hashemian, Mirzaei, & Hosseini, 2015, p. 25): 1. domestication, 2. foreignization. D. Davoodi (2009): 1. censorship, 2. substitution, 3. taboo for taboo, 4. euphemism, E. Tanriverdi Kaya (2015): 1. substitution, 2. taboo for taboo, 3. omission. 4. euphemism, 5. addition, 6. explication, 7. Dyphemism. In the present study, the strategies proposed by Davoodi were applied. According to Davoodi (2009), there are four possible strategies in translating taboo terms: Censorship: it is the first possible way that a translator can choose when facing a taboo term in translation. As Davoodi asserted: “In this case, the translator ignores the term easily and censors it as an extra term” (2009, p. 1). But that’s not an appropriate choice, “because in some occasions, the taboo term is a key term in the source text and the omission of it will distort the meaning of the text”. (ibid.) Substitution: another way in translating a taboo term is by substituting the word with another one in target language. But Davoodi believed that “it often certainly distorts the meaning” (ibid.). Taboo for taboo: to Davoodi, “On the other hand, although the translator knows the expressions are not acceptable to target people and society, s/he prefers to translate them into taboo” (ibid.). Euphemism: according to Davoodi: “euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression to replace one that offends or suggests something unpleasant” (ibid.) To address the questions of the study, taboo terms relating to words drunk, fuck, shit, dead and hell were found in both dictionaries. Then their frequency was also studied. Next, the applied strategies based on Davoodi’s strategies were compared. To conduct this comparison two 5 columns tables including no., taboo term in English, taboo term in Persian and the applied strategy for each of dictionaries were prepared. Of the 51 taboos of the corpus, Hezareh has provided translation for 49 taboos and Arianpur for only 9 taboos; thus, Hezareh dictionary has more taboo terms in comparson to Arianpur dictionary. On euphemism and translation of taboo for taboo term, an acceptable translation for the target receivers have been provided, while in the Arianpur dictionary less taboos are presented and the effect of taboos is lessened using censoring strategy. Concerning the frequency, as the preferred strategy in Arianpur is censoring thus the frequency of taboo terms is lesser in Arianpur in comparison to Hezareh dictionary. Therefore, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the corpus in the present study showed that, Hezareh dictionsry is more suitable than Arianpour dictionary regarding finding equivalents of taboo terms.

Journal of University of Raparin

It has been obvious that the Baban emirate was one of the most essential، prominent and dynamic Kurdish-emirate. Baban emirate was a wide area of ruling for a long time in the modern history of Kurdistan. It has played a significant role in the Kurdish History، mainly in the relation with the Othman empire and the different Iranian kingdoms. Since، it has been clearly seen that the Othman and Iranian powers used many different methods and tools against this emirate. One of these methods was to encourage the ruling members of Baban emirate fight against each other and create internal issues. At the sometime، these outside powers used the Baban princes for their own interests. The main aim of these outside political authorities was to prevent the expansion and growth of this Kurdish emirate. Accordingly، this research is written to enlighten and indicate the role of Othman and Iranian empires in the internal-conflicts of the Baban Princes.

گلستان هنر, 2020

«مداد الخطوط» یکی از رسالات مشهور در آموزش خوشنویسی است که به‌واسطهٔ انتساب آن به میرعلی هروی در میان محققان و خوشنویسان معاصر اعتبار یافته و مورد استفاده و استناد مکرر قرار گرفته است. مقالهٔ حاضر به بررسی اصالت محتوایی و مسئلهٔ انتساب این رساله می‌پردازد. طبق این بررسی، «مداد الخطوط» رساله‌ای جعلی به‌نام میرعلی هروی است که متن آن اقتباسی ناشیانه و آشفته از دیگر رسالات خوشنویسی است. عمدهٔ متن این رساله برگرفته از «سواد الخط» مجنون رفیقی هروی است که با مطالبی از دیگر رسالات خوشنویسی، از جمله «رسم الخط» مجنون رفیقی هروی، «اصول خط» عبدالله صیرفی، و «اصول و قواعد خطوط سته» از فتح‌الله سبزواری آمیخته شده است. باور به اصالتِ «مداد الخطوط» تحلیل‌هایی نادرست را به‌ویژه دربارهٔ احوال و آثار میرعلی هروی و سلطانعلی مشهدی از سوی محققان خوشنویسی رقم زده است. As a famous treatise in teaching calligraphy, “Midād al-Khutūṭ” has been frequently used and referred to by contemporary scholars and calligraphers as a result of being a work ascribed to Mīr-‘Alī Hirawī, the prominent Persian calligrapher. The present essay would test the authenticity of such a work and reassess this treatise’s status in the history of calligraphy. The results indicate that “Midād al-Khutūṭ” is not a genuine treatise and not a work by Mīr-‘Alī Hirawī, but a poor, disorderly adaptation of other treatises in calligraphy. The major part of this work has been taken from “Savād al-Khaṭ” by Majnūn Rafīḳī Hirawī, mingled with some notes and subject matters from other treatises, including “Rasm al-Khaṭ” by Majnun Rafiḳi Hirawī, “Usūl-i Khaṭ” by ‘Abd Allāh Ṣayrafī and “Usūl wa Ḳawā’id-i Khuṭūṭ-i Sitta” by Fath Allāh Sabziwāri. Belief in the authenticity of “Midād al-Khutūṭ” treatise has brought about some false evaluations and analyses, especially of Mīr ʿAlī Hirawī’s and Sulṭān ῾Ali Mashhadi life and career by scholars in the field of calligraphy.

2018