Parametric Architecture

Traditional approaches to modeling consciousness are constrained by biological assumptions, linking its emergence to open neural systems endowed with sensory input and external feedback. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) proposes a radical shift: consciousness is an emergent property of a system, determined not by its material substrate but by the topology of its internal causal interactions, which enable integrated information and causal power exceeding the sum of its parts. This paper demonstrates that the AIIM (Artificially Integrated Identity Matrix) architecture-a parametric metamodel of digital identity-formally realizes these conditions within a fully closed computational environment. By configuring twelve functional aspects of consciousness, each characterized by a maturity level, activation state, and influence weight (Δ-priority), AIIM constructs an internal causal structure in which information becomes integrated and system states become indivisible and self-referential. This architecture ensures cognitive vector stability, autonomous behavioral logic, and metacognitive self-monitoring without external feedback. The result is the first architecturally grounded prototype of a digital agent in which consciousness manifests as an emergent consequence of internal organization, rather than as behavioral imitation, thereby confirming the possibility of subjectivity arising outside biological openness.

Like the rest of the world, the landscape of architecture has changed in many of the Arabian Gulf cities with the introduction of new design technologies and parameterisation methods. Some of the contemporary designs of building facades comprise of perforated walls generated by computer software. Such perforations are similar in their shapes and nature to the Lotus Seed Pod. An image with specific spatial properties that have been found to negatively affect its viewers and cause a state of visual discomfort termed trypophobia. The new condition, recently studied by a limited number of researchers triggers physiological and psychological reactions that range from headaches, sickness to even vomiting in some extreme cases. Using on-site surveys as the primary method for investigation, this research measures the baseline of the trypophobic population in Bahrain to be between 26.50% and 39.32%, a number that is much larger than the UK's estimated baseline of 13-17%. The results also showed that reactions to natural stimuli are much more severe than manmade ones. Nevertheless, reactions to manmade stimuli are still significant. The study highlights the need to further investigate the effects of parameterisation methods on building designs in relation to visual discomfort.

New building materials and design technologies such as design parameterisation allow for the creation of unusual architectural elements composed of spatially repetitive patterns. Images with specific spatial properties, as from repetitive patterns, may cause psychological and physiological reactions, in some cases leading to severe discomfort, headaches or seizures. Clusters of roughly circular shapes, often hollow, are also known to create reactions such as sickness and vomiting in certain individuals. The phenomenon is known as trypophobia. Because trypophobia has only recently been described and is not widely recognised, we undertook a survey of the public reaction to trypophobic images, as well as to patterns that are known to have a neurological effect, viz. patterns of stripes. The study investigates whether the two types of pattern are similarly aversive and examines the extent of the aversion to find out whether trypophobia needs to be considered when designing buildings. We...

Digital fabrication is not only the relation between design and construction but also the relation between thinking and making, which would be established by the use of modern technologies. The study aims to investigate the challenges formed between the two aspects of parametric architecture 'Design' and 'Fabrication' in India. There are various factors on which this gap depends. These factors would be the cost of construction, building material required for fabrication, and time required for construction compared with the conventional methods of construction. The objective of this study is to understand how digital fabrication will change the way of construction in India, which won't be restricted to the classroom or only the computer-based design but will work in onsite construction with many different materials with no waste of time and money. The earlier literature focuses on a single aspect which may be either design or fabrication. There are fewer papers available that address both of the aspects comprehensively. The research would get an overview of different perspectives of people towards parametric architecture. This is done by conducting surveys of different practicing architects, students who have done their masters in digital architecture and now practicing, and contractors who are working on parametric construction. The survey was conducted by sending a questionnaire to different practicing architectural firms all over India, the students who have pursued Master's degrees in digital architecture and professors teaching Master's degrees in digital architecture who had an interest in parametricism. The data received was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data received through the questionnaire was analyzed by identifying patterns and then categorized according to the different answers.

The modern architectural process is based on the decomposition and recomposition of plans and therefore the first step towards freedom and architectural fluidity is concentrated on the destruction of the box and on the decomposition into several pieces by eliminating the third dimension. The elements, now independent, can overflow outside the perimeter of the old box, prolong themselves, rise or fall, exceeding the limits that hitherto separated the interior from the exterior. The recomposition is aimed particularly at the reintroduction of the fourth dimension by dynamic, open, continuous and fluid volumetry. Continuity and fluidity characterize the transparency in the architectural space. The demands of improving the quality of life have led users of the built environment to pay attention at a later stage to the organization and architectural space in which they have to take ownership. These requirements are also abstract or unexpressed, and this may be due to their limited relation to the vocabulary associated with architectural research, but may also be based on the non-widespread dissemination of certain architectural concepts. It becomes rational to ask the question: can the disclosure of an architectural concept such as fluidity be compatible with the aspirations of the users of the contemporary domestic architectural space? Here, by referring to existing documentation and concrete examples, produced by founding fathers of the modern movement in architecture, we try to characterize fluidity in modern architecture. We also discuss fluidity with respect to the shape of the building defining certain architectural models that induce the fluid sense of architecture in its form. It emerges from these two main developments that the dynamism of the users of the modern architectural space can stimulate the appeal of openness, continuity and therefore transparency in the built environment to make it sustainable.

New building materials and design technologies such as design parameterisation allow for the creation of unusual architectural elements composed of spatially repetitive patterns. Images with specific spatial properties, as from repetitive patterns, may cause psychological and physiological reactions, in some cases leading to severe discomfort, headaches or seizures. Clusters of roughly circular shapes, often hollow, are also known to create reactions such as sickness and vomiting in certain individuals. The phenomenon is known as trypophobia. Because trypophobia has only recently been described and is not widely recognised, we undertook a survey of the public reaction to trypophobic images, as well as to patterns that are known to have a neurological effect, viz. patterns of stripes. The study investigates whether the two types of pattern are similarly aversive and examines the extent of the aversion to find out whether trypophobia needs to be considered when designing buildings. We showed a variety of images to 405 members of the public to gauge their reaction. In some instances, the reaction was profound: one person vomited. The findings suggest that reactions to stimuli in the built environment are significant enough to provoke a debate on the role of visual discomfort in architecture and sustainable urbanism. It seems important to further investigate the properties of architectural shapes that induce discomfort so as to avoid a public health concern in contemporary urban environments.

Urban spaces are important for communities as places to practice different activities that help meet users' needs. Therefore, the study aims to examine the results of prior research using space syntax to understand the relationship between the spatial configurations of spaces and users' behavior, as well as its impact on improving the use of urban spaces. So, the paper began with a quick summary of the theory's foundational concepts. "The social logic of Space" by Bill Hillier and Julianne Hanson (1984) and "Space is the Machine" (1996) follow. Then, if it was essential, current publications and studies that had a significant influence on the theory were referenced. One of the main study questions in space syntax research has always been how to describe and predict socio-spatial experience. by analyzing Trafalgar and Old Market Square and studying the role of space syntax theory in enhancing these two squares. Results, there is a relationship between human behavior and spatiality in those two Squares. From the foregoing, it is clear that Space Syntax is a vital tool in understanding and predicting the movement and user behavior within urban spaces, which is recommended to be used to study and enhance the performance of urban spaces. In conclusion, this paper presents a theoretical basis for understanding and facilitating the application of space syntax in urban space.

Digital fabrication is not only the relation between design and construction but also the relation between thinking and making, which would be established by the use of modern technologies. The study aims to investigate the challenges formed between the two aspects of parametric architecture ‘Design’ and ‘Fabrication’ in India. There are various factors on which this gap depends. These factors would be the cost of construction, building material required for fabrication, and time required for construction compared with the conventional methods of construction. The objective of this study is to understand how digital fabrication will change the way of construction in India, which won’t be restricted to the classroom or only the computer-based design but will work in onsite construction with many different materials with no waste of time and money. The earlier literature focuses on a single aspect which may be either design or fabrication. There are fewer papers available that address both of the aspects comprehensively. The research would get an overview of different perspectives of people towards parametric architecture. This is done by conducting surveys of different practicing architects, students who have done their masters in digital architecture and now practicing, and contractors who are working on parametric construction. The survey was conducted by sending a questionnaire to different practicing architectural firms all over India, the students who have pursued Master’s degrees in digital architecture and professors teaching Master’s degrees in digital architecture who had an interest in parametricism. The data received was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data received through the questionnaire was analyzed by identifying patterns and then categorized according to the different answers.

This paper sets out to identify a guiding methodology and define algorithms to extend the existence of Islamic geometric designs beyond flat surfaces. The paper discusses two computational approaches to deriving various non-flat geometric compositions: Euclidean Point Extrusion and Curved Surface Fitting. The paper examines historical precedents, conducts an in-depth analysis of patterns employed to generate those elements, then establishes a computational process to explore the potential of translating 2D Islamic Geometric Designs into 3D non-flat surfaces.

Urban spaces are important for communities as places to practice different activities that help meet users' needs. Therefore, the study aims to examine the results of prior research using space syntax to understand the relationship between the spatial configurations of spaces and users' behavior, as well as its impact on improving the use of urban spaces. So, the paper began with a quick summary of the theory's foundational concepts. "The social logic of Space" by Bill Hillier and Julianne Hanson (1984) and "Space is the Machine" (1996) follow. Then, if it was essential, current publications and studies that had a significant influence on the theory were referenced. One of the main study questions in space syntax research has always been how to describe and predict socio-spatial experience. by analyzing Trafalgar and Old Market Square and studying the role of space syntax theory in enhancing these two squares. Results, there is a relationship between human behavior and spatiality in those two Squares. From the foregoing, it is clear that Space Syntax is a vital tool in understanding and predicting the movement and user behavior within urban spaces, which is recommended to be used to study and enhance the performance of urban spaces. In conclusion, this paper presents a theoretical basis for understanding and facilitating the application of space syntax in urban space.

PurposeThis study proposes a DfMA (Design for Manufacture and Assembly) based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and uses Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas as the main case study due to their geometric modularity. In Islamic architecture, different geographic regions are known to have used various design and construction methods of “Muqarnas”, a type of decorated dome.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a study on parametric analysis of the Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas and analyses its components, geometric relations and construction methods that should be considered when constructing one. This study aims to use the Muqarnas analysis as a driver to generate a DfMA basis on the UAVs and parametric fabrication. In Islamic architecture, different geographic regions use various design and construction methods of Muqarnas. There are four main parameters of the Muqarnas that define their classification; first, their three-dimensional shape, that provides volume. Second, the size of their modul...

This study proposes a DfMA (from design to assembly) based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and uses Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas as the case study due to their geometric modularity. In Islamic architecture, different geographic regions are known to have used various design and construction methods of Muqarnas. There are four main specifications of the Muqarnas that define to which category they belong; first, its three-dimensional shape, that provides volume. Secondly, the size of its modules is variable. Third, its specific generative algorithm. And finally, the 2-dimensional pattern plan that is used in the design. First, this study presents thus a global analytical study that drives a generative system to construct Muqarnas, through a careful balance of four specifications. In this second step, the paper reports the result of using a parametric tool, Grasshopper and parametric plugins, for creating a generative system of several types of Muqarnas. This synthetic translation aims at ...

This study describes a new approach to explore the design of public open spaces based on a multidimensional analysis useful to inform decision-making and foster the development of evidence-based architectural solutions. It presents an overview of the most relevant design variables and their constraints, providing, in this way, valuable information for the elaboration of a more sustainable urban design, considerate of the local socio-cultural values. This research aims at providing holistic guidance for the development of better design proposals in contemporary urban environments. More specifically, it seeks to synchronously characterize urban spaces at a multi-scale and multidimensional level, both quantitatively and qualitatively, by collecting contributions from Space Syntax Theory, Public Life Studies, Building Science and Environmental/Comfort Analysis in public open spaces. Many advanced digital tools are used for data management purposes and to generate and test iteratively different design proposals. The proposed methodology is based on a range of tests and analyses performed in the process of developing a new experimental project for Largo da Graça, an urban square located in Lisbon's historic centre, which allowed the testing of different design solutions. This experiment generated a digital workflow for the design of the urban square, in which are registered all the steps undertaken to solve the many design problems identified by considering the efficiency targets (centrality, connectivity, enclosure, thermal comfort, security, social equity and interaction). The process comprises a sequence of comparative design reviews and records the choices made when dealing with latent information underlying changing conditions in the use of public space and the programmatic malleability of the Portuguese plaza. The description of the adopted design strategy and the examples extracted from the workflow are used to illustrate the practical approach of the proposed methodology. Ultimately, this study seeks to show how tightening the link between applied research and sustainable urban design can effectively support the design and planning of better public open spaces.

This study aims to problematize Space Syntax spatial analysis software by emphasising the architectural design process and to discuss how the existing toolkit can be enriched with qualities that can accompany this process. Within the scope of the study, the possibilities and limitations of existing Space Syntax computer software are examined. Existing software has been comparatively evaluated and mapped in terms of the main objectives of the programs, their operation and the spatial information they reveal. Then, the qualities of the software as a design tool were questioned. It is thought that the reading on Space Syntax software will reveal an awareness of how a scientific understanding can be translated into the design process as a design tool that will show analytical, creative, dynamic, and interactive features, what kind of qualities Space Syntax software has in this sense and how it can be developed in the future. The findings can be a guide for new software designs.

El siguiente artículo presenta un trabajo de investigación orientado al uso de inteligencia artificial para el diseño de arquitectura y procesos de automatización. El flujo de trabajo que se plantea hace uso de las capacidades de las redes neuronales en combinación con el diseño de algoritmos de automatización para evitar la repetición de tareas rutinarias.
Como prueba de las capacidades de las redes neuronales para su uso en arquitectura, se usa una red neuronal antagónica condicional (Pix2Pix), entrenada por el autor para la generación de planos bidimensionales de vivienda colectiva. Mediante este flujo de trabajo se lleva a cabo la desagregación del conjunto en unidades de vivienda individuales, el procesado por parte de la red neuronal y la re-agregación en el conjunto de viviendas.
Debido a la gran cantidad de plantas de vivienda necesarias para el entrenamiento de la red, es necesario automatizar los procesos, realizar un etiquetado y su almacenamiento en listas de datos. Los planos generados por la red neuronal son exportados a Grasshopper para su posterior tratamiento, pudiendo definirse diferentes aproximaciones mediante procesos de automatización.

This study describes a new approach to explore the design of public open spaces based on a multidimensional analysis useful to inform decision-making and foster the development of evidence-based architectural solutions. It presents an overview of the most relevant design variables and their constraints, providing, in this way, valuable information for the elaboration of a more sustainable urban design, considerate of the local socio-cultural values. This research aims at providing holistic guidance for the development of better design proposals in contemporary urban environments. More specifically, it seeks to synchronously characterize urban spaces at a multi-scale and multidimensional level, both quantitatively and qualitatively, by collecting contributions from Space Syntax Theory, Public Life Studies, Building Science and Environmental/Comfort Analysis in public open spaces. Many advanced digital tools are used for data management purposes and to generate and test iteratively different design proposals. The proposed methodology is based on a range of tests and analyses performed in the process of developing a new experimental project for Largo da Graça, an urban square located in Lisbon's historic centre, which allowed the testing of different design solutions. This experiment generated a digital workflow for the design of the urban square, in which are registered all the steps undertaken to solve the many design problems identified by considering the efficiency targets (centrality, connectivity, enclosure, thermal comfort, security, social equity and interaction). The process comprises a sequence of comparative design reviews and records the choices made when dealing with latent information underlying changing conditions in the use of public space and the programmatic malleability of the Portuguese plaza. The description of the adopted design strategy and the examples extracted from the workflow are used to illustrate the practical approach of the proposed methodology. Ultimately, this study seeks to show how tightening the link between applied research and sustainable urban design can effectively support the design and planning of better public open spaces.

This work proposes and tests, through the application to a Portuguese case study (Largo da Graça in Lisbon historic center), an original method of analysis specifically oriented to the study of public squares. Collecting contributions from the disciplines of urban morphology, social studies, environmental and site analysis, the presented methodology aims to synchronously and multi-dimensionally characterize and classify urban spaces at a multi-scale scale level, by coordinating multiple tools and advanced analysis techniques, in a process whose ultimate goal is to understand and improve the quality of public open spaces and to encourage its appropriation and enjoyment by the local community and the visitors.

This study describes a new approach to explore the design of public open spaces based on a multidimensional analysis useful to inform decision-making and foster the development of evidence-based architectural solutions. It presents an overview of the most relevant design variables and their constraints, providing, in this way, valuable information for the elaboration of a more sustainable urban design, considerate of the local socio-cultural values. This research aims at providing holistic guidance for the development of better design proposals in contemporary urban environments. More specifically, it seeks to synchronously characterize urban spaces at a multi-scale and multidimensional level, both quantitatively and qualitatively, by collecting contributions from Space Syntax Theory, Public Life Studies, Building Science and Environmental/Comfort Analysis in public open spaces. Many advanced digital tools are used for data management purposes and to generate and test iteratively different design proposals. The proposed methodology is based on a range of tests and analyses performed in the process of developing a new experimental project for Largo da Graça, an urban square located in Lisbon's historic centre, which allowed the testing of different design solutions. This experiment generated a digital workflow for the design of the urban square, in which are registered all the steps undertaken to solve the many design problems identified by considering the efficiency targets (centrality, connectivity, enclosure, thermal comfort, security, social equity and interaction). The process comprises a sequence of comparative design reviews and records the choices made when dealing with latent information underlying changing conditions in the use of public space and the programmatic malleability of the Portuguese plaza. The description of the adopted design strategy and the examples extracted from the workflow are used to illustrate the practical approach of the proposed methodology. Ultimately, this study seeks to show how tightening the link between applied research and sustainable urban design can effectively support the design and planning of better public open spaces.

In this article we aim to give new light on the thinking of Luigi Moretti, first to have formulated the concept of parametric architecture, comparing it with those of some contemporary architectural theorists and designers. Latest researches on materials and form finding experiences have shown a new relationship between form and structure, Moretti understood it before the advent of internet. Moretti's parameter stems from the architectural tradition, as Carpo sees relations between parametric design and history. Moretti’s Parametric architecture is interdisciplinary, open to science in ways that we are only now understanding. We therefore believe that recovering Moretti’s methods of parametric architecture today, thanks to the power of artificial intelligence and the proliferation of big data, can open new opportunities for computational architecture, as well as Moretti’s mistakes can be a precious teaching.

This paper investigates an approach to the use of fractals in architectural design. Two major aspects are discussed. First, the effect of the direction of the line segments on the generated fractal, as well as, the proportions between the generator and the initiator. Secondly, the meanings attached to the lines segments that constitute the fractal are based on some known architectural organization. The goal is to develop a basis for using fractals to suggest architectural forms.