Organic Sources

The improved crop varieties and inorganic fertilizers played a key role in bringing the revolutionary change from insufficient to surplus food grains production. In the era of self-reliant in food grains production, the noxious impacts of long-term sole application of inorganic fertilizers on natural resources are being observed critically and climate vagary and its threat to agriculture sector makes such studies of prime importance. The present study was undertaken with a hypothesis to substitute the inorganic N (either partial or fully) with farm yard manure (FYM) in at least one crop under rice-wheat system. The experiment was conducted in a two-factorial randomized complete block design with different levels of FYM (0, 10 and 30 t ha-1) in each crop to study the yield, soil health, quality, profitability and sustainability with a comparison to recommended dose of conventional inorganic fertilizers (CIFs). In all treatments, green manuring was done through the incorporation of Sesbania aculeata (Willd.) Pers crop prior to rice translating. The results of pooled analysis of seven-year data (2013-2014 to 2019-2020) revealed that application of 30 t ha-1 FYM produced statistically similar (p > 0.05) rice yield but with a decline of 19.21% in wheat yield as compared to CIFs. The continuous application of FYM @30 t ha-1 increased organic carbon content of soil to 1.24% in the upper soil layer which was 74.6% higher than that under CIFs. The substitution of CIFs with FYM brought significant (p < 0.05) increase in available N, P and K in the top layer of the soil. The available N was significantly higher (p < 0.05) along with slight improvement (p > 0.05) in organic carbon in the top layer of the soil under control treatment associated with Sesbania aculeata (Willd.) Pers incorporation over CIFs. The application of 30 t ha-1 FYM produced similar net return and wheat equivalent yield as with CIFs. However, benefit-cost (B:C) ratio in CIFs (2.16) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those with FYM application (1.75-1.90) due to increase in transportation and labour cost in handling bulky FYM. The substitution of CIFs with FYM produced statistically similar sustainability value index (SVI) which indicates the similar stability of rice-wheat system and its sustainable nature as with CIFs. The results of present study suggest that CIFs can be substituted by green manuring + FYM application @30 t ha-1 in rice crop under ricewheat cropping system without any penalty on crop productivity and profitability while providing the multifarious benefits on soil health, which has been deteriorated through intensive cultivation of rice-wheat system, and overdosed and imbalanced inorganic fertilizers application in Indo Gangetic plains. Further, assured premium price of organic rice can escalate the adoption of such alternative fertilizers; however, high cost of FYM amidst declining cattle, increased transportation and labour cost in handling bulk volume of such fertilizers seems to be challenging factors.

Tillage, organic sources and nitrogen play a great role in improving soil fertility and crop productivity. To investigate the impact of organic sources and nitrogen levels on the productivity and profitability of wheat under tillage systems, a field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during winter 2015. The design used was randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement, using three replications. The results showed that the treatments had significant effect on the productivity of wheat. Among the organic sources, application of poultry manure improved yield components (spike m -2 , grains spike -1 and thousand grains weight), grain yield and net returns (poultry manure>sheep manure>cattle manure). Application of N at the rate of 125 kg N ha -1 (urea) was more beneficial in terms of yield components, grain yield and net returns (125≥ 150 >100 >75>0 kg N ha -1 ). Similarly, the plots ploughed with deep tillage system (mould board plough) produced higher yield components, grain yield and net returns than conventional plough. On the basis of results we concluded that application of poultry manure, nitrogen at the rate of 125 kg N ha -1 with deep tillage could improve wheat productivity and profitability in the semiarid condition.

Tillage, organic sources and nitrogen play a great role in improving soil fertility and crop productivity. To investigate the impact of organic sources and nitrogen levels on the productivity and profitability of wheat under tillage systems, a field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during winter 2015. The design used was randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement, using three replications. The results showed that the treatments had significant effect on the productivity of wheat. Among the organic sources, application of poultry manure improved yield components (spike m, grains spike and thousand grains weight), grain yield and net returns (poultry manure&gt;sheep manure&gt;cattle manure). Application of N at the rate of 125 kg N ha (urea) was more beneficial in terms of yield components, grain yield and net returns (125≥ 150 &gt;100 &gt;75&gt;0 kg N ha). Similarly, the plots ploughed with deep tillage sy...

The use of chemical fertilizers for getting higher yield of crop imposes negative effects on soil properties. The application of organic amendments in combination with synthetic fertilizer to improve the growth of crop hence reduce its effect on soil has become imperative. A eld experiment was carried out at research farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, to study the effect of Humic acid (HA) and farmyard manure (FYM) along with chemical fertilizers on N, P, and K use e ciency and yield of wheat crop during rabi 2020-21. Humic acid and FYM was applied at the rate of 10 kg ha -1 and 10 tons ha -1 respectively while the source of nitrogen was applied at the rate of 90 kg ha -1 and 120 kg ha -1 , the source of phosphorous was applied at the rate of 60 kg ha -1 and 90 kg ha -1 and the source of potassium was applied at the rate of 45 kg ha -1 and 60 kg ha -1 . Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of HA and FYM along with different levels of synthetic fertilizers signi cantly improved plant height, biological yield and 1000-grain weight as compared to control. The results indicated that the application of synthetic fertilizers alone signi cantly increased grain yield from 2535 kg ha -1 in control to 3495 kg ha -1 that was further improved to 3717 kg ha -1 when combined with HA and to 3949 kg ha -1 when applied with FYM. The combined application of FYM and HA with 75% NPK resulted in higher yield than 100% NPK suggesting fertilizers reduction with improvement in yield. Furthermore, the study assessed the total nutrient uptake and use e ciency, indicating that FYM and HA application with NPK fertilizer enhanced the uptake of N, P, and K by wheat plants. Notably, the highest nutrient use e ciency was recorded in plots treated with FYM and HA along with 75% NPK fertilizer. These ndings suggest the potential of integrated nutrient management practices to enhance wheat productivity and soil fertility.

A number of factors are responsible for low yield of maize. Inappropriate crop nutrition management and poor soil fertility are the most important than others. Two year field trail was conducted to determine the mitigative effect of diverse use of nitrogen sources on bulk density, organic matter and grain yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during autumn 2008 and 2009. Experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement having 3 replications with a net plot size of 3m x 5m. Treatments comprised two hybrids:H 1 (Pioneer-30Y87) and H 2 (Pioneer-31R88) with combination of six nitrogen sources S 0 : Control (0) kg N ha-1 , S 1 :Urea (50%) + Poultry manure (50%), S 2 : Urea (50%) + Farm Yard Manure (50%) , S 3 : Urea (50%) + Pressmud of sugarcane manure (50%), S 4 : Urea (50%) + Compost (50%), S 5 : Urea (50%) + (PM+FYM+PMS+ Compost) 50%. The hybrid maize varieties showed n...

Description of the subject. Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays critical role in terrestrial carbon (C) cycling and is central to preserving soil quality, food security and environmental protection in agroecosystem. The prevailing soil and climatic conditions of cultivated and irrigated soils in warm semi-arid areas favor the rapid decomposition, mineralization and loss of SOC to the atmosphere which contribute to global warming. One potential strategy to address this C loss is the addition of organic amendments. Objectives. To investigate the effect of four contrasting organic wastes with and without NPK mineral fertilizer on SOC retention, water use efficiency (WUE) and wheat yield in irrigated wheat-maize cropping system. Method. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using four organic wastes included municipal solid waste (MSW), farm yard manure (FYM), sugar industry waste (filter cake) and maize cropping residues. All wastes were applied at 3 t C. ha-1 alone and with a full or ha...

In this study, rock phosphate enriched composts was prepared by mixing rock phosphate with Farm Yard manure (FYM), Poultry manure (PM), Sugar press mud (SPM) with effective microorganism (EM). For this, an experiment was carried out to determine the concentrations of total C, total N, P, K, Fe, Zn, organic matter (%) and C:N ratio of composted manures. Laboratory results of fresh manure data showed that the total N varied in the order: green manure &gt; FYM &gt; poultry manure &gt; pressmud; total P in the order: pressmud &gt; FYM &gt; poultry manure &gt; green manure while total K was in the order: green manure &gt; poultry manure &gt; FYM &gt; preemud. The results showed that the extractability of elements of composted manure revealed that there was a slow reduction in pH (7.34), EC (3.29) and narrowing of C:N ratio (18.32). There was gradual increase in macro (total NPK) and micronutrients (Fe and Zn). Thus, rock phosphate enriched compost could be an alternative and viable techn...

Purpose: A study was conducted to transform bovine blood, a slaughterhouse by-product, into an organic source of nitrogen, which is otherwise disposed of through sewer systems only to pollute the nearby water bodies.
Method: The annual blood production in the Khulna City Corporation (KCC) slaughterhouses was estimated, blood samples were collected, and blood meals were manufactured and characterized for their nitrogen content
and other nutritional values. The best blood meal was sorted out, incubated in soil, and applied to spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) to assess the effects of the final product on plant and soil health.
Result: This investigation estimated the annual disposal of 58.62 tons of bovine blood from the KCC slaughterhouses. The conventionally derived blood meal (BMc) attained the higher amount of primary nutrients (NPKS),
while oven-dried blood meal (BMod) attained the higher amount of secondary nutrients (Ca and Mg), micronutrients (Fe, Cu, and Mn) and heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Ni). An increasing rate of blood meal incubation in soil increased available N and N-mineralization with an incubation time of up to 90 days. Blood meal application to spinach at a rate of 5 t/ha had evident higher productivity and better N-utilization efficiency although application rate above 5 t/ha declined crop performance.
Conclusion: The outcome of the study suggests that blood meal can be used as an organic source of nitrogen and the application of blood meal has manifold benefits if applied at a judicious rate preferably less than or equal to 5 t/ha.

Manuring with organic wastes might be an important approach for maintaining soil fertility and crop productivity. However, beneficial effects of manuring may vary depending upon the type of manure and rate of application. The present study was planned to investigate the efficiency of three different manures i.e. pressmud, farmyard manure and chicken manure applied at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% (w/w) to affect nutrient dynamics in soil and maize (Zea mays L) under alkaline conditions. Results revealed that manuring with organic wastes markedly affected the soil properties, with highest effect in case of chicken manure. Soil nutrient concentrations improved by the use of organic manures and maximum increase was found with pressmud which was 17.83%, 37.60%, 48.33% and 55.29% in phosphorus (P) and 9.82%, 20.54%, 32.14% and 40.18% potassium (K) at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, respectively compared to control, while farmyard manure showed superiority for soil nitrogen (N). Soil micronutrients incl...

A field experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar during the cropping year of 2022, to find out the effect of utilization of bone sludge, by-product of ossein industry as manure with other organic manures viz., bone sludge compost, pressmud compost, poultry manure compost, goat manure compost and farmyard manure on the growth and yield of rice. The results of the experiment revealed that among the different treatments tested, application of bone sludge compost @ 5 t/ha + Pressmud compost @ 5 t/ha along with balance N and K through fertilizers (T4) excelled all treatments and gave significantly higher grain yield of 6170 kg/ha and benefit-cost ratio of 2.50 when compared to other treatments. Considering the results of the present investigation, it can be concluded that application of bone sludge compost @ 5 t/ha + Pressmud compost @ 5 t/ha along with balance N and K through fertilizers registered highest values in growth parameters, yield attributes, yield of rice and economic returns in rice.

To ensure soil quality and soil health, it is necessary to improve fertilization practices while minimizing environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to record the state of the art on soil fertility related to fertilization management (organic and/or mineral) and to detect environmental challenges in highly productive fields. A soil survey was set up in a new irrigated area (c. 20 years old), in the north-eastern part of Spain, which is mainly devoted to double annual crop rotations of cereals and maize. The area also supports an important animal rearing activity. The survey covered 733 ha of calcareous soils, owned by 35 farmers. At each farm, fertilization management was recorded, and soil was analyzed for nutrients and heavy metals. Multivariate analyses were performed. Total N, P, Cu and Zn, and available P, Cu, Zn and Mn soil concentrations were associated to the use of organic amendments. Heavy metals concentrations were below established thresholds. Available P (Olsen-...

Crop phosphorus (P) deficiency and poor utilization of added P is a major agricultural problem due to reduced solubility of soil P and rapid fixation or precipitation of applied P fertilizer in alkaline and calcareous soils. The effects of P-enriched compost and single superphosphate (SSP) fertilization on maize and wheat yields and P use efficiency in a maize-wheat rotation system were studied for three years. On a three-year average, grain yields of maize and wheat after application of P-enriched compost were increased by 18% and 24%, respectively, in comparison with sole addition of a recommended dose of SSP fertilizer. P-enriched compost addition to soil increased maize and wheat yields by 12% and 17%, respectively, compared to P fertilizer plus FYM incorporation. Soil available P concentration and P uptake were affected significantly by the addition of P-enriched compost. On average, increases in P recovery, use efficiency, and agronomic efficiency of 52%, 18%, and 43% were recorded in maize and increases of 50%, 23%, and 49% in wheat. P-enriched compost application yielded 30% and 32% higher economic returns in maize and wheat than SSP fertilization alone.

Intensive land use in the long term can cause land degradation, affecting soil fertility, especially on Vertic Endoaquepts in Pati that have been managed as rainfed rice fields. The characteristics of rainfed rice fields are low nutrient availability and rice yields. This study aimed to determine the effect of tillage depth management and soil ameliorants on nutrient availability, plant uptake, and rice yield in rainfed rice fields. The field experiment that was conducted at farmer’s field used a split-plot design. The main plot was the treatment of tillage depth treatments (OT), with depths of 10 cm (T1) and 20 cm (T2). The subplots were ameliorant treatments (A), consisting of A1 = sugarcane leaf compost, A2 = rice straw compost, A3 = chicken manure, and A4 = cow manure, with each dose of 5 t ha-1. The Inpari 32 rice variety was grown for 95 days. Available N, P and K of the soil were measured at 0, 62, and 94 days after transplanting (DAT). Plant N, P, and K contents, plant heigh...

A study on long-term effect of chemical fertilizers and soil amendments on sulphur nutrition and crop productivity under maize-wheat cropping system was carried out in randomized block design with 11 treatments viz. 50% NPK (T 1), 100% NPK (T 2), 150% NPK (T 3), 100% NPK + hand weeding (T 4), 100% NPK + Zinc (T 5), 100% NP (T 6), 100% N (T 7), 100% NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to maize only (T 8), 100% NPK without S (T 9), 100% NPK + lime (T 10) and Control (T 11). Treatments were replicated 3 times with the increase in rates of N and P fertilizers, there was an increase in sulphur supply and hence increased the sulphur content in wheat grain, maize grain and stover. The T 9 resulted in higher maize grain and stover yield over control. Application of FYM (Farm Yard Manure) along with recommended doses of fertilizers increased the maize grain and stover yields to the maximum level. Increased productivity of maize was found with balanced integrated nutrient management (T 8). Due to the application of N alone for the last 35 cropping cycles, the yield of wheat has become zero application of FYM along with 100% NPK resulted in significantly higher productivity levels of both grain and straw in wheat (33.66 and 65.90 q ha-1 , respectively) than 100% NPK and 150% NPK. The application of 150% NPK resulted in decline in grain yield (17.53 q ha-1) compared to 100% NPK (18.23 q ha-1). The sulphur uptake by the maize crop followed the trend of maize yield.

Decomposition followed by stabilization of organic substances by biological actions has been taking place in nature from the very beginning of life appeared on our planet. Anthropogenic control and utilization of the process for sanitary disposal and reclamation of organic waste material have been termed composting and the final product is named compost. Microbial community leads the processes of both aerobic and anaerobic composting and converts wastes to a stable form of nutrients. The C/N ratio is the most important factor for decomposition, especially aerobic decomposition. Microorganisms respire two-third of carbon as CO 2 , and one-third combines with nitrogen in living cell, and huge amount of heat energy is released as end product of aerobic decomposition as compared to anaerobic process. In agricultural world, utilization of human and animal wastes has great importance. Extensive studies on composting were initiated in India. Different composting methods like pit method, heap method, ADCO method, vermicomposting, etc. presently exist in the world. Humus is the end product of composting, and different organic wastes contain macro, micro, and trace elements, which reflect valuable properties for growing vegetation and to the soil itself.

The crop residue, traditionally considered as agricultural waste, is increasingly being viewed as a valuable resource. If the current trend continues, crop residue will be a "co-product" of grain production where both the grain and the residue have significant value. Potentially gross quantities of over 500 Mt crop residues are available in India on an annual basis and generated by various crops. Due to the scarcity of alternative organic amendments, the retention of crop residue in fields can be considered key in promoting physical, chemical, and biological attributes of soil in the agricultural systems of developing countries. The stems, leaves, chaffs, husks, etc., that remain in the fields after crops are harvested, play a critical role in soil quality and environmental issues since they are primary inputs of elemental carbon (C) into the soil system. About 25% N, 25% P, 75% K and 50% S uptake by cereal crops are retained in residues, making them valuable sources of nutrients.

This study was initiated in 2005 at the Plant Material Center, NRCS, in Coffeeville MS, on an eroded Loring silt loam soil with 1-3% slope to determine the effects of broiler litter with tillage and cropping systems on improving soil quality and crop production. A randomized complete block design with three replications and split-plot arrangement of treatments was used. The main plots were tillage and no-till and the sub-plots were an unfertilized control, broiler litter at low (9 Mg ha À1) and high (18 Mg ha À1) rates. The cropping system was corn-wheat rotation. Broiler litter was applied as N source to corn (Zea mays) grown under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) in 2005 and 2007. Winter wheat (Triticum spp) was planted after harvesting corn and harvested for grain in June 2006 and 2008 in the same plots that previously received litter. Corn grain yield, grain N and P uptake were significantly increased with increasing broiler litter applications. Averaged across years, corn grain yield and N uptake were greater with conventional tillage (4014 and 63 kg ha À1) than no-till corn (2608 and 42 kg ha À1), respectively. Residual effect of broiler litter at the high rate significantly increased wheat grain yield and grain N uptake (1778 and 26 kg ha À1) as compared to the control (901 and 14 kg ha À1), respectively. Biennial application of broiler litter to an eroded soil enhanced corn-wheat productions, and improved soil quality by increasing soil C, water stable aggregate and infiltration and reducing soil penetration resistance.

A study was conducted to assess the effects of organic amendments on soil aggregates, carbon (C) sequestration, and energy use efficiency (EUE) during five consecutive Boro and Transplanted Aman rice seasons in Bangladesh during 2018–2020. Five treatments (viz., control (only inorganic fertilizers), cow dung (CD), vermicompost (VC), rice straw (RS), and poultry manure (PM)) were used. The organic materials were applied at 2 t C ha−1 season−1 to all the plots, except in the control treatment. Inorganic fertilizers were applied in all treatments in both seasons following integrated nutrient management (INM). The data reveal that PM was found to be more efficient at increasing the water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), followed by the RS, CD, and VC. The WSA in smaller-sized soil aggregates were found to be higher than those in larger-sized soil aggregates. VC was found to be the most effective in terms of C sequestration (29%), followed by PM (26%), CD (22%), and RS (20%). The highest EUE was attributed to the control treatment (9.77), followed by the CD (8.67), VC (8.04), RS (2.10), and PM (1.18), which showed energy wastage in the organic treatments. The system productivity (SP) followed the opposite trend of the EUE. The INM is a better approach to improve the soil health, the C sequestration, and the SP, but it appeared as an energy-inefficient strategy, which suggests that a balanced application of organic and inorganic nutrients is needed in order to achieve yield sustainability and EUE

This work investigated the Kinetics of Carbon and phosphorus Mineralization when different organic wastes (Cattle Dung's, Poultry waste and Sewage Sludge) with varying degree of stability were added to wetland soil in Niger Delta. Respiration assays shows that the incorporation of organic waste led mineralization to a greater emission of carbon in form of CO2 and greater degree of microbial activity in the Soil amended with organic wastes .Reaction rates decrease with time in the amended soil which could be attributed to the mineralization of the most resistant organic product. In a nutshell, mineralization occurs in two phases. The first phase was clearly differentiated from the second slower phrase, most especially in Fadama and acid sulphate soils that were amended. This could be due to high degree of organic matter released with time and the pH of the amended soil which were favorable.

Many problems facing sandy, calcareous and heavy clay soils and restricts plant growth, nutrients availability and sustainable agriculture. Soil amendments are considered to be the most realistic soil management methods to improve soil chemical and physical properties. Improving some soil physical and chemical properties, study the correlation between soil properties and their effect on plant growth and nutrients uptake by faba bean plant (Vicia faba L. var.716) were the main purpose of this study. To achieve this purpose three factorial pot experiments were conducted by addition rates (0, 5 and10 ton. fed-1) of farmyard manure (FYM), phosphate rock (PhR) and rice straw (RS) either alone or mixed to sandy, calcareous sandy loam and clay soils. Soils were incubated with the studied treatments for 15 days before planting. The main results showed that the addition rates of soil amendments led to slightly increase in soil salinity, total porosity and significant increase in organic matter content in the experimental soils. Bulk density and pH decreased with increased the rates of FYM and PhR either alone or mixed with RS. Decreasing in hydraulic conductivity in sandy and sandy loam soils, while it increases in clay soil. Generally, there are negative correlations between soil organic matter and both of hydraulic conductivity and bulk density in sandy and sandy loam soils, while, organic matter and hydraulic conductivity gave a positive effect in clay soil. Changes in soil properties had a positive effect of faba bean growth and macro nutrients uptake. The highest rates of the studied materials showed a significant increase in fresh and dry weight, NPK content and uptake of faba bean plant. Integrated use of the highest rates of FYM and PhR with RS were the best option for sustaining physical and chemical properties, enhancing faba bean growth and nutrients uptake of the studied soils.

Decomposition followed by stabilization of organic substances by biological actions has been taking place in nature from the very beginning of life appeared on our planet. Anthropogenic control and utilization of the process for sanitary disposal and reclamation of organic waste material have been termed composting and the final product is named compost. Microbial community leads the processes of both aerobic and anaerobic composting and converts wastes to a stable form of nutrients. The C/N ratio is the most important factor for decomposition, especially aerobic decomposition. Microorganisms respire two-third of carbon as CO 2 , and one-third combines with nitrogen in living cell, and huge amount of heat energy is released as end product of aerobic decomposition as compared to anaerobic process. In agricultural world, utilization of human and animal wastes has great importance. Extensive studies on composting were initiated in India. Different composting methods like pit method, heap method, ADCO method, vermicomposting, etc. presently exist in the world. Humus is the end product of composting, and different organic wastes contain macro, micro, and trace elements, which reflect valuable properties for growing vegetation and to the soil itself.

In order to study the effect of FYM and NPK on growth, yield and oil production of mustard, Five treatments were formed including control T1= Natural (Farmer practice), T2= Recommended NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T3= FYM 1 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T4= FYM 3 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T5= FYM 5 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 and T6= FYM 7 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 results showed that significantly (P<0.05) of seed yield and mustard of oil content influenced through the FYM & NPK levels. Results further showed that the mustard crop given recommended NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 in crop performance with 134.33 cm plant height, 188.37 no of pods plant-1 , 11.31 no of seeds pod-1 , 3.42g in seed index, 1510.21 kg seed production ha-1 and 31.10% oil content. However the minimum lowest crop performance was observed in control, where no fertilizer ware applied, having 128.33 cm plant height, 145.41 number of pods plant-1 , 8.12 number of seeds pods-1 , 3.00g seed index, 1325.14kg seed yield production ha-1 and 26.35% content oil. It is concluded that mustard yield increase with NPK combined with FYM 120-80-40 + 7 ton FYM but 5 ton FYM combined with NPK120-80-40 was economic dose for mustard production. The oil production also increase at combined application of FYM and NPK fertilizers.

Background/Objectives: Recycling banana residue in the form of compost presents good potential for carbon sequestration and improved nutrient supply. The main objectives of the study were to formulate a banana residuebased product and determine its impact on maize growth, nutrition and soil properties. Methods: Selected compost products (0+100, 50+50, 60+40 and 70+30 banana residue and farmyard manure) designated as CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4) and four fertilizer rates (0,1/3 rd 2/3 rd and Full NP) were placed in a randomized complete block design with three replications, using maize as a test crop. Standard procedures were used for compost, soil and plant analysis. Total organic C and N in compost were analyzed on CHNS Analyzer and P and K by acid (1:5 HClO 4-HNO 3) digestion, followed by quantification, correspondingly using spectrophotometry and emission spectroscopy. Findings: The banana residue had higher N (1.51%) and K (3.10%) than farmyard manure (1.24% and 0.9%) but it had relatively more P (0.5%) than banana residue (0.24%), The N (1.57-1.71%) and K (1.10-3.10%) contents of the compost products increased with the decrease in the quantity of farmyard manure and increase in banana residue, while, P decreased under the same scenario. Maize plants grew healthier with compost products or fertilizer treatments. This was reflected in the increase in mean shoot dry weights by 38.4% over control. Shoot N increased from 1.50-3.36%, P 0.29-0.51% and K 0.74-1.06% receiving compost products and NP fertilizers. There was no effect of compost products on EC or pH of soil. The soil organic matter (0.9-1.70%), and Olsen P (7.70-13.23 mg kg-1) almost doubled, while, NH 4 OAc-K (240-307 mg kg-1) also increased by 30%. The co-composting of banana residue with farmyard manure narrowed the C: N ratio over individual materials, increased the nutrient concentration and growth of maize and enhanced the efficiency of NP fertilizer and increased the fertility of the soil. Based on physical appearance and properties, four compost products CP-1, CP-2, CP-3 equally. This study showed that banana residue could be beneficially composted with farmyard manure for improved yield and nutrition of maize. It is proposed that compost products should be evaluated under a natural soil environment. Novelty/Applications: Co-composting of banana residue with farmyard manure is a new aspect of preparing compost products. A mixed blend of both materials, in the form of compost products, consisted of significant quantities of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

An understanding of the mineralization process of organic amendments in soil is required to synchronize N release with crop demand and protect the environment from excess N accumulation. Therefore, we conducted a laboratory incubation experiment to assess nitrogen mineralization potential of crop residues (rice and wheat straw) and organic manures (poultry manure, farmyard manure, cowpea and sesbania) in two benchmark soils (Typic Haplustept and Typic Ustifluvents) of semi-arid region of Punjab, India, varying in textureat field capacity moisture level at a constant temperature of 331°C. Mineralization was faster during first 7 days of incubation in Typic Haplustept and upto 14 days in Typic Ustifluvents which subsequently declined over time. In both soils, net N mineralization continued to increase with increasing period of incubation (expect with crop residues) and was significantly higher in Typic Ustifluvents (54-231µg g-1) than Typic Haplustept (33-203 µg g-1). Compared to unam...

Chemical and microbiological analysis have been performed with various fertilizers from Agropolychim AD in order to determine their influence on winter common wheat and oilseed rape. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse twice and the fertilizers were introduced during the pro-sowing period. The analysis of the investigated biogenic elements was performed during wheat's tillering phase and at the end of rape's rosette phase. The sample treated with Ammonium Nitrate of the wheat had the highest content of Ammonium Nitrogen, and the Nitrogen (Nitrate) was of the highest value when treated with Diammonium Phosphate. During the test with rapeseed the highest content of Ammonium Nitrogen was registered in the case of Urea-Ammonium Nitrate (UAN), while the values of Nitrogen (Nitrate) were the highest by the compound fertilizer NPK. The results also showed that the highest was the content of acquired Potassium as a result of applying NPK, in both crops. As a result of using MAP and DAP were reported the highest results for moving phosphates in the soil. The used fertilizers increased the biogenetics of the soils-the total microflora had higher values by the treated soil samples in comparison to the control sample, except of treatment wheat with MAP and rapeseed with Urea-Ammonium Nitrate (UAN). The highest percentage in the composition of the soil microflora held ammonifying bacteria (non-spore forming bacteria and bacilli), followed by actinomycetes and micromycetes.

Intensive land use in the long term can cause land degradation, affecting soil fertility, especially on Vertic Endoaquepts in Pati that have been managed as rainfed rice fields. The characteristics of rainfed rice fields are low nutrient availability and rice yields. This study aimed to determine the effect of tillage depth management and soil ameliorants on nutrient availability, plant uptake, and rice yield in rainfed rice fields. The field experiment that was conducted at farmer’s field used a split-plot design. The main plot was the treatment of tillage depth treatments (OT), with depths of 10 cm (T1) and 20 cm (T2). The subplots were ameliorant treatments (A), consisting of A1 = sugarcane leaf compost, A2 = rice straw compost, A3 = chicken manure, and A4 = cow manure, with each dose of 5 t ha-1. The Inpari 32 rice variety was grown for 95 days. Available N, P and K of the soil were measured at 0, 62, and 94 days after transplanting (DAT). Plant N, P, and K contents, plant heigh...

Organic fertilizers are the basis of sustainable agriculture and an important resource in plant nutrition as well. The research was conducted out in the greenhouse conditions of the Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture, Diyarbakır, Turkey in 2020. The effects of 14 different organic fertilizers on grain yield, yield components, morphology and physiology properties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L) were examined. It was found that sheep manure (3,56 g/plant) among - used fertilizers have a greater effect on both the growth and yield components of wheat in comparison with other organic fertilizers. The grain yield and biomass yield obtained from sheep manure among organic fertilizers have been determined to be competitive with commercial fertilizers. It was revealed that certain organic fertilizers had no effect on grain yield or biomass yield as compared to the control level of no fertilizers. According to the research results, it would be appropriate to use chicken and sheep m...

A field experiment was conducted under rainfed environment of Pothowar region of Pakistan to assess physical properties of soil as influenced by various green manure legumes (sesbania, cluster bean and rice bean) and different P levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P 2 O 5 /ha). Highest fresh biomass was observed in sesbania (23 t/ha) followed by cluster bean (19 t/ha) and lowest in rice bean (17 t/ha). Maximum crude protein content was found in sesbania (17%) followed by rice bean (10%) and cluster bean (8%). Green manuring crops, on average reduced soil bulk density (5%), enhanced total porosity (8%), and macropores and large mesopores (28%). Maximum reduction (7%) in soil bulk density, and an increase (11%) in total soil porosity and available water (17%) was observed in plots where sesbania was incorporated as green manuring crop. The order of effectiveness in improving bulk density, macro and mesopores was sesbania > cluster bean > rice bean. Sesbania produced greater number of macro and large mesopores about 41% increase over control followed by cluster bean (29%) and rice bean (16%). Phosphorus application showed meager positive impact on various soil physical properties but did not significantly increased porosity or reduced bulk density. Significant differences in volume fraction in pore space suggest that pore space on a volume basis was much higher in sesbania-amended soil than in other treatments.

Soil organic matter is the most often reported indicator of soil quality and productivity and an evidence of previous soil management. Therefore, in 2017, a laboratory incubation study was carried out in the experimental filed of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, Bangladesh under control condition at 25°C for 104 days to investigate the influence of long term manuring and fertilization on soil respiration by means of C mineralization. Soil samples were collected from floodplain soil with rice-rice cropping pattern at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) experimental farm having eight treatments. Long term (33 years) application of fertilizers and manure resulted in significant differences in soil organic carbon, total N content, and soil pH KCl between the treatments. The soil organic carbon and total N content varied among the different treatments from14.9 g OC kg-1 to 17.0 g OC kg-1 and1.60 g N kg-1 (control) to 1.78 g N kg-1 (application of NPK)....

Fixation reactions reduce the concentration of soluble phosphorus (P) and affect crop growth in alkaline calcareous soils. In lab and greenhouse studies, phosphoric acid (PA) or diammonium phosphate (DAP) were evaluated at various P rates (0, 18, 36 and 54 mg kg −1 soil), either as non-mix (designated as NM-PA and NM-DAP, respectively) or after premixing with farmyard manure (FYM) at 400 mg kg −1 soil (designated as PM-PA and PM-DAP, respectively). The amended soil was incubated at 25°C and 70% water holding capacity for 7 weeks; thereafter, 32 P dynamics were measured using the Freundlich kinetic model. A greenhouse study was also conducted using the same thirteen treatments (as used in incubation experiment) and wheat cultivar (Galaxy 2013) was grown following standard agronomic practices. The results showed that application of PM-PA at the highest rate, which caused maximum change in Pr (ΔPr = 59%) in laboratory condition, also produced maximum P uptake by grain (190.3 mg pot −1) and grain yield (44.1 g pot −1) of wheat in greenhouse experiment. Similarly, regression analysis showed that an increase in Pr values caused a corresponding increase in crop parameters. The results suggested that pre-mixing P fertilizer with FYM could be a viable technique to increase P supply and enhance productivity of wheat in alkaline calcareous soils.

In order to study the effect of FYM and NPK on growth, yield and oil production of mustard, Five treatments were formed including control T1= Natural (Farmer practice), T2= Recommended NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T3= FYM 1 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T4= FYM 3 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 , T5= FYM 5 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 and T6= FYM 7 t ha-1 + NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 results showed that significantly (P<0.05) of seed yield and mustard of oil content influenced through the FYM & NPK levels. Results further showed that the mustard crop given recommended NPK 120-80-40 kg ha-1 in crop performance with 134.33 cm plant height, 188.37 no of pods plant-1 , 11.31 no of seeds pod-1 , 3.42g in seed index, 1510.21 kg seed production ha-1 and 31.10% oil content. However the minimum lowest crop performance was observed in control, where no fertilizer ware applied, having 128.33 cm plant height, 145.41 number of pods plant-1 , 8.12 number of seeds pods-1 , 3.00g seed index, 1325.14kg seed yield production ha-1 and 26.35% content oil. It is concluded that mustard yield increase with NPK combined with FYM 120-80-40 + 7 ton FYM but 5 ton FYM combined with NPK120-80-40 was economic dose for mustard production. The oil production also increase at combined application of FYM and NPK fertilizers.

Applying organic wastes such as manure or sewage sludge on agricultural fields improves soil physical structure and fertility, while giving purpose to otherwise disposed and burned waste products. Yet, xenobiotics, and especially pharmaceuticals and personal care products, may be present in these wastes and thereby enter the soil ecosystem. To investigate their occurrence and their potential effect on soil fauna, the CRUCIAL experimental fields, Denmark, were used. Here we combine, for the first time, a chemical wide-scope suspect screening analysis with a study of soil nematode faunal response on soils, which were fertilized with cattle manure, sewage sludge, human urine, and mineral fertilizers over 14 years. The suspect screening analysis was performed with a nanoflow ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The abundance of soil indigenous nematodes was determined in each treatment at two time-points, followed by laboratory tests with the nematode species Caenorhabditis elegans to assess its reproduction capacity in the soils. A total of 12 pharmaceuticals and personal care products were identified as being up-or down-concentrated in the different treatments compared to controls (mineral fertilizers): 8 and 2 were found to be up-concentrated in sludge-and urine-treated soils, respectively. Our results, however, showed a significantly greater abundance of nematodes in soils amended with sludge and manure, while C. elegans had the lowest reproduction capacity in the controls. The reproduction capacity tests did not reveal any chronic toxicity. A principal component analysis showed a clear correlation between nematode abundance and soil organic matter, water content, nutrient contents, and porosity. Overall, urban and animal wastes enhanced soil quality. Pharmaceuticals were detected, but adverse effects on the measured endpoints could not be demonstrated. Although further investigations are needed to examine other associated risks, recycling nutrients from urban areas into fertilizers can contribute to a more sustainable fertilization strategy.

This study evaluated the impact of conventional practices (fertilizer alone) and diverse farming approaches (such as green manuring, farmyard manure application, rice-residue incorporation, residue mulching, residue removal and residue burning) on soil attributes. A total of thirty-five farm sites were selected, with five sites (replications) for each farming approach system, which were used over the past three years in the study farms. Characterization of rice residues of all cultivars, green manure crop (sesbenia: Sesbania sesban) and decomposed farmyard manure samples showed differential behaviours for macronutrients and micronutrients. Continuous application of inorganic fertilizers significantly influenced soil attributes, especially electrical conductivity, nutrient contents, bacterial and fungal population and soil enzymatic attributes. The crop residue treatments favourably influenced the soil parameters over the control. Crop residue incorporation or burning significantly i...

Pot experiment was conducted to compare the effects of organic fertilizers on growth, phosphorus and potassium uptake of cucumber. The study was conducted on humic sandy soil with treatments of 1: control; 2:horse manure with straw (30t/ha); 3:horse manure with sawdust (30t/ha); 4: cattle manure (30t/ha); 5: food waste compost (30t/ha); 6-9 organic fertilizers with 60t/ha. The effects of fertilizers were investigated after a month and 5 further months incubation period. Fresh weights of cucumber seedlings were not greatly influenced by manures and compost, but phosphorus and potassium uptake were significantly enhanced. Horse manure with straw, food waste compost and cattle manure proved to be effective and horse manure with sawdust was the least effective organic fertilizer in terms of growth of cucumber seedlings and nutrient supply ability.

This study was conducted in a rice-based cropping scheme to investigate the impact of green manuring on soil health, considering soil physicochemical properties and sustainable crop production. A field experiment was started on 2 November 2015 and completed on 15 April 2018 under a rice–berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cropping system in calcareous soil. Two green manuring patterns, rice–berseem and rice–wheat–sesbania (rostrata), were compared with a commonly practiced rice–wheat (Oryza sativa-Triticumaestivum) cropping pattern. Green manuring of the berseem crop (last cutting) along with 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended fertilizer doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) were compared with recommended NPK fertilization along with control (no fertilizer). The plant growth parameters of rice, including plant height, tillers per plant at maturity, and yield data, were recorded at harvest. The pre-sowing soil analysis revealed that the experimental soil was low in salts, ...

This review conducted to summarizes crop management research-based evidence generated over the last years. Research outputs
revealed that crop rotation has significant response on soil fertility improved by soil chemical properties such as soil PH, nitrogen (N),
available phosphorus (P), organic matter and cation exchange capacity (CEC.).

Guizotia abyssinica (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) is regarded as a minor oilseed crop, which is important in terms of its nutritional value and potential uses. An important benefit of this crop is its cultivation for green matter and seed yield even under the difficult conditions of marginal cultivation. Guizotia abyssinica has not yet gained popularity in Europe. However, in a changing climate and taking into account its feeding value, it could gain in importance for ruminant nutrition in the near future. A field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 in the west part of Poland on a farm in Opolskie voivodship (commune Prudnik). The objective of the field study was to assess the effect of three harvest dates on the yield and the chemical composition of fodder in a 90-day cultivation cycle in each year of the study. Stage of growth seems to be the most important factor affecting yield and the chemical composition of Guizotia abyssinica. In both years of the research, the gre...

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of various inorganic and organic materials to improve physical properties of soil. Saline sodic soil (saturation percentage = 40.36%, EC e = 5.15 dS m-1 , pH s = 8.70, SAR = 18.84 (m mol L-1) 1/2 , bulk density = 1.49 Mg m-3) was collected, brought to wire house and filled in pots after laboratory analysis for various parameters. Different sources of organic nutrients like farm manure (FM), press mud, compost, poultry manure and sesbania green manure were analyzed for their chemical composition. The experiment comprised of 12 treatments replicated thrice; T 1 : control (recommended NPK

A field experiment was conducted under rainfed environment of Pothowar region of Pakistan to assess physical properties of soil as influenced by various green manure legumes (sesbania, cluster bean and rice bean) and different P levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P 2 O 5 /ha). Highest fresh biomass was observed in sesbania (23 t/ha) followed by cluster bean (19 t/ha) and lowest in rice bean (17 t/ha). Maximum crude protein content was found in sesbania (17%) followed by rice bean (10%) and cluster bean (8%). Green manuring crops, on average reduced soil bulk density (5%), enhanced total porosity (8%), and macropores and large mesopores (28%). Maximum reduction (7%) in soil bulk density, and an increase (11%) in total soil porosity and available water (17%) was observed in plots where sesbania was incorporated as green manuring crop. The order of effectiveness in improving bulk density, macro and mesopores was sesbania > cluster bean > rice bean. Sesbania produced greater number of macro and large mesopores about 41% increase over control followed by cluster bean (29%) and rice bean (16%). Phosphorus application showed meager positive impact on various soil physical properties but did not significantly increased porosity or reduced bulk density. Significant differences in volume fraction in pore space suggest that pore space on a volume basis was much higher in sesbania-amended soil than in other treatments.

A pot experiment was conducted during Kharif season, 2005 to ascertain the response of different organic sources viz., wheat straw, farm yard manure (FYM), vermicompost and poultry manure to rice (Oryza sativa) and also to monitor the effect of manuring on soil carbon pools. Application of poultry manure and vermicompost alongwith chemical fertilizers for supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) resulted in highest grain yield rice. Soil carbon, labile carbon and water soluble carbon contents also improved with application of organic sources of N application.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of various inorganic and organic materials to improve physical properties of soil. Saline sodic soil (saturation percentage = 40.36%, EC e = 5.15 dS m-1 , pH s = 8.70, SAR = 18.84 (m mol L-1) 1/2 , bulk density = 1.49 Mg m-3) was collected, brought to wire house and filled in pots after laboratory analysis for various parameters. Different sources of organic nutrients like farm manure (FM), press mud, compost, poultry manure and sesbania green manure were analyzed for their chemical composition. The experiment comprised of 12 treatments replicated thrice; T 1 : control (recommended NPK

The effect of organic sources of nutrients and inorganic fertilizers, was studied on grain yield of lowland rice and some aspect of soil quality parameters in a field experiment at Agricultural Experimental Farm of Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, situated at eastern plateau region of India, during consecutive years 1997-2002. Chemical fertilizers and various organic matters were applied to two rice cultivars, Sabita and Subarna. The highest mean grain yield was 3.53 t ha)1 and maximum agronomic efficiency was 60.3 % with the application of inorganic fertilizer followed by cow dung, where 3.47 t ha)1 grain yield was recorded with an agronomic efficiency of 57.5 %. Grain yield of rice recorded under organic sources of nutrients was not significantly different from that of inorganic fertilization though there was improvement in soil quality parameters under organic sources. Soil organic carbon (0.72 %), microbial biomass-C (279.23 lg g)1 dry soil), urease activity with buffer (33.54 lg urea hydrolyzed g)1 oven-dry soil) and nonbuffer (21.97 lg urea hydrolyzed g)1 of oven-dry soil) methods and acid phosphatase activity (2.24 lg paranitrophenol released g)1 of oven-dry soil) analysed following the harvest of the crop were highest under cow dung manure treatment; the most efficient organic source under the experiment. Mean grain yield of rice was significantly higher in Sabita cultivar over Subarna. The regression analyses among the variables have shown that there was linear relationship among soil parameters and grain yield of rice.

A trial testing different regionally available organic fertilizers was established in 2018 in an organic apple orchard. Vinassa, clover pellets, horn shavings or a biodigestate were tested as the source of nutrients. Standard manure fertilization and no fertilization were considered as control treatments. To evaluate the effect of those treatments on the macroelements availability in soil the levels of nitrogen (N-NO 3), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were monitored during the trial. Furthermore, the products underwent a mineralization experiment to test the dynamic of N release. The studied products had different N mineralization rate which was paralleled by different soil availability. The biodigestate showed the fastest mineralization and also soil availability. Vinassa and the horn shavings appeared to have a steady N release dynamic and nutrients availability throughout the season. The clover pellet resulted to have a negative N mineralization rate up to 30 days, with limited N availability in the soil. A preliminary possible strategy in using the different formulations is proposed to match with plant nutrient needs and to increase soil nutrient content.

Two pots experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to study the effect of five organic soil amendments: Bitumen (Bit), Saw dust (SD), Farm yard manure (FYM), Chicken manure (CM) and Compost (Com) on yield, yield components and chemical components of wheat and faba bean plants grown on two different soils. The organic materials were used at rate of 20 Mg fad.-1 (2%). In the first (wheat exp.) and second experiments (faba bean exp.), Ordinary super phosphate at a rate of 13.1 kg p fad-1 and Potassium sulphate at a rate of 41.5 kg k fad-1 were added to both soils before planting, while ammonium sulphate was added after planting at the rates of 75 and 30 kg N fad.-1 to wheat and faba bean plants, respectively. The applied nitrogen was divided into three doses, the first dose was applied after planting (15 days) and the second and the third doses were added at tillering and booting stages (after 45 and 70 days, respectively) in the first experiment, while in the second experiment the added nitrogen was divided into two doses, the first dose was applied after planting and the second dose was added at tillering stage (45 days after planting). The results showed that the chicken manure treatment gave the greatest value for each of straw, grains of wheat, seeds of faba bean, roots dry weight, 1000-wheat grain and 1000-faba bean seed weights, biological yield, Harvest Index (%) and NPK uptake for wheat and faba bean plants grown in both of soil as compared to the other organic treatments. The greatest values of protein content were obtained for wheat and faba bean plants when treated with (CM) and found true in both soils under study. The superiority of used organic amendments effect on all the studied parameters can be arranged in the following descending order: CM > FYM > Com > Bit > SD > Control.

Potassium (K) availability in calcareous soils of Iran has been decreased due to intensive crop production and little K application. We hypothesized that different organic materials may affect K release from these soils. For this purpose, release of K from two clayey calcareous soils treated with different organic materials including alfalfa, broad bean, barley, and pea residues; camel, cow, pigeon, poultry, quail, and sheep manures; and household vermicompost was studied. The experiment was a completely randomized factorial arrangement, and factors were organic material treatment, moisture regime, and soil type. Soil samples were treated with 2% of each organic amendment and incubated for 60 days at 22 ± 3°C under two moisture conditions (field capacity and saturation). Then, kinetics of K release from soil samples during 180 min was determined. Results indicated that all organic amendments (except camel manure) increased K release from soil samples. The highest and lowest contents of K release were found in samples treated with sheep and camel manures, respectively (1280 and 403 mg kg −1 , respectively). Cambisol with palygorskitic mineralogy released more K than Vertisol with smectitic mineralogy. Generally, the moisture condition had no significant effect on soil K release. The parabolic diffusion equation was the best model to describe K release from all soil samples. The mean value of equation slope (b) for Cambisol was significantly higher than that for Vertisol (65 vs. 61 mg kg −1 min −0.5). Generally, the highest content of K release was observed in palygorskitic Cambisols treated with sheep manure under field capacity moisture condition. These results indicated that organic material application could be a promising strategy on K fertility management of clayey soils.

A study was conducted to assess the effects of organic amendments on soil aggregates, carbon (C) sequestration, and energy use efficiency (EUE) during five consecutive Boro and Transplanted Aman rice seasons in Bangladesh during 2018–2020. Five treatments (viz., control (only inorganic fertilizers), cow dung (CD), vermicompost (VC), rice straw (RS), and poultry manure (PM)) were used. The organic materials were applied at 2 t C ha−1 season−1 to all the plots, except in the control treatment. Inorganic fertilizers were applied in all treatments in both seasons following integrated nutrient management (INM). The data reveal that PM was found to be more efficient at increasing the water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), followed by the RS, CD, and VC. The WSA in smaller-sized soil aggregates were found to be higher than those in larger-sized soil aggregates. VC was found to be the most effective in terms of C sequestration (29%), followed by PM (26%), CD (22%), and RS (20%). The highest EU...

This study aimed to assess the effects of organic fertilizer applications on yield and some yield components of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.). Field trials were conducted under supplemental irrigation conditions in Harran Plain during the growing seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. In the experiment, Control+ 6 types of organic fertilizer traitments  were tested (ie.1.chicken manure, 2.vermicompost, 3.cattle manure, 4.chicken manure + liquid fertilizer, 5.vermicompost + liquid fertilizer, 6.cattle manure + liquid fertilizer). Combined Analysis of two consecutive years’ data indicated that cattle manure+ liquid fertilizer treatment increased grain yield significantly. In the control application, grain yield was 386,381 kg/da while cattle manure+ liquid fertilizer treatment produced 605, 5476 kg / da grain yield. Among all of the treatments ‘cattle + liquid fertilizer’ treatment produced the highest grain yield (605, 5476  kg/da),  94,13cm plant height, , 6,865 cm spike length,.  an...

Introduction Vermicomposting could increase nutrients availability including phosphorus. During vermicomposting, a decomposition of organic substrates leads to the production of several organic acids, such as malonic, fumaric, succinic acids. Microorganisms both in the intestinal organ of the worms and the organic waste have the ability to convert insoluble P into soluble forms. Little information exists about the effects of vermicomposting on rock phosphate (RP) solubilization. Present study was conducted to evaluate the solubilization of powdered RP during vermicomposting. Results Vermicomposting and RP application increased NaHCO 3-P i. Rock phosphate application in vermicomposting significantly increased NaHCO 3-P o. Vermicomposting significantly increased NaOH-P i in all of the treatments. RP application and vermicomposting increased HCl-P i in both organic sources. Generally, vermicomposting increased HCl-P o. Vermicomposting decreased pH but its effect was more evident in the presence of RP. Vermicomposting increased EC in both organic sources. Conclusion Present study showed that vermicomposting helps to enhance the transformation of P from RP into various organic or inorganic P forms, which would be readily or moderately available, thus, increase the availability of P from both RPs.