Openness to experience

In the increasingly user-generated Web, users' personality traits may be crucial factors leading them to engage in this participatory media. The literature suggests factors such as extraversion, emotional stability and openness to experience are related to uses of social applications on the Internet. Using a national sample of US adults, this study investigated the relationship between these three dimensions of the Big-Five model and social media use (defined as use of social networking sites and instant messages). It also examined whether gender and age played a role in that dynamic. Results revealed that while extraversion and openness to experiences were positively related to social media use, emotional stability was a negative predictor, controlling for socio-demographics and life satisfaction. These findings differed by gender and age. While extraverted men and women were both likely to be more frequent users of social media tools, only the men with greater degrees of emotional instability were more regular users. The relationship between extraversion and social media use was particularly important among the young adult cohort. Conversely, being open to new experiences emerged as an important personality predictor of social media use for the more mature segment of the sample.

What are creative people like? Openness to experience is important to creativity, but little is known about plasticity, the higher-order factor that subsumes openness. College students (n = 189) completed measures of the Big Five and measures of creative cognition (fluency and quality of divergent thinking), everyday creative behaviors, creative achievement, and self-rated creativity. Latent variable models found broad effects of openness to experience and few effects of the other four domains. At the higher-order level, plasticity predicted higher scores on nearly all of the facets of creativity, and stability had several significant effects. For some creativity measures, plasticity and stability had opposing effects. Tests of latent interactions found no significant effects: plasticity and stability predict creatively independently, not jointly.

A novel theory of Openness/Intellect is proposed, which integrates intelligence and positive schizotypy (or apophenia, false detection of patterns or causal connections) within the Big Five. Openness/Intellect comprises a simplex of subtraits arrayed along a single scaling dimension. Openness traits fall in one half of the simplex, bounded by apophenia; Intellect traits fall in the other half, bounded by intelligence. The simplex is paradoxical because intelligence and apophenia are negatively correlated despite both loading positively on the general Openness/Intellect factor. The model was supported in two samples and organizes theories of (1) the relation of intelligence and schizotypy to personality, (2) the psychological and biological mechanisms involved in Openness/Intellect, and (3) the costs and benefits of Openness, proximally and evolutionarily.

We investigated the relations of the Big Five personality factor of Intellect or Openness to Experience with the crystallized and fluid aspects of measured intelligence. Approximately 500 participants completed the Personality Research Form (PRF) and the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB). An Openness/Intellect scale, defined as the sum of four PRF scales known to be markers of the Openness/ Intellect factor (Understanding, Sentience, Change, and Autonomy), was substantially correlated with MAB subtests that assess crystallized knowledge (the Verbal Scale subtests except Arithmetic), but only weakly correlated with MAB subtests that assess fluid ability (the Performance Scale subtests and Arithmetic). Among the fluid ability subtests, those containing pictures or meaningful visual stimuli were somewhat correlated with Openness/Intellect, whereas those containing numbers or abstract shapes were virtually uncorrelated with Openness/Intellect.

This study was designed to examine the relationships among Extraversion, Openness to Experience (and their facets), measured through the NEO-PI-R, and the Sensation Seeking construct and its sub-scales, measured through the Sensation Seeking Scale, form V (SSS-V). The sample comprised 1006 non-psychology undergraduates doing different degrees. In general, relationships among the SSS total scale and the four sub-scales (TAS, ES, Dis, BS) are mainly accounted for by the E5-Excitement Seeking facet of the NEO-PI-R. The other Extraversion facets as well as those of Openness, except O4-Actions, explain little variance. Taking together E5, O4 and O1, 85% of the higher and lower scorers on SSS-V are classified properly. #

An instrument designed to separate two mid-level traits within each of the Big Five (the Big Five Aspect Scales; BFAS) was used to clarify the relation of personality to cognitive ability. The BFAS measures Openness to Experience and Intellect as separate (though related) traits, and refers to the broader Big Five trait as Openness/Intellect. In two samples (N = 125 and 189), Intellect was independently associated with general intelligence (g) and with verbal and nonverbal intelligence about equally. Openness was independently associated only with verbal intelligence. Implications of these findings are discussed for the empirical and conceptual relations of intelligence to personality and for the mechanisms potentially underlying both Openness/Intellect and cognitive ability.

Latent Inhibition (LI) is an attentional phenomenon in which repeated pre-exposure to a stimulus that is not reinforced retards future associability to that stimulus. LI adaptively allows the individual to categorize stimuli as relevant or irrelevant to goal attainment at a level below that of conscious awareness. Previous research has linked reduced LI with psychopathological conditions, such as acute schizophrenia and elevated scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Psychoticism Scale. We tested the hypothesis that reduced LI would be related to Openness to Experience, a dimension of Costa and McCrae's Five Factor Model of Personality, due to the association of Openness with¯exible cognitive categorization. Results supported this hypothesis: the correlation between LI and Openness among high-achieving individuals was substantial and highly signi®cant (r=À0.44, P = 0.0001) even when other relevant aspects of personality were held steady. Reduced LI may impart cognitive advantages in certain personality con®gurations. #

Whether the personality characteristics of sensation seeking and openness to experience and participation motives differ between participants in the high-risk sport of surfing (n=41) and participants in a lowrisk sport (golf; n=44) was investigated. Multivariate analysis indicated that surfers are characterised by higher levels of sensation seeking, as measured by the Sensation Seeking Scale-V (Zuckerman, 1983) and Openness to Experience, as measured by the NEO-Personality Inventory Revised . Surfers also demonstrated higher levels of Intrinsic Motivation, measured by the Sports Motivation Scale than golfers, while both groups demonstrated similar levels of Extrinsic Motivation. These results suggest that personality factors, together with types of participation motives, may be useful in discriminating between participants in low-and high-risk sports, which in turn could be used to promote surfing as a positive risk-taking pursuit. #

The relationship between the two main dimensions of the religiosity domain (Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic) and both the Five-Factor Model of personality and Berzonsky's (1990) identity styles was investigated in a Flemish sample of late adolescents (N 5 335). The results show that, whereas Exclusion vs. Inclusion is unrelated to any of the personality dimensions, Literal vs. Symbolic was strongly related to Openness to Experience and moderately to Agreeableness. Further, it was shown that Exclusion vs. Inclusion was positively related to the normative identity style, and that Literal vs. Symbolic correlated positively with the informational identity style and negatively with the diffuse/avoidant identity style. As expected, the relation between Openness to Experience and Literal vs. Symbolic was fully mediated by the informational identity style. Once Openness to Experience was taken into account, Agreeableness was no longer an important determinant of Literal vs. Symbolic.

Despite an increasing market presence, little research has been conducted regarding consumer-purchase behaviour of food products bearing ‘value-based’ labels. Moreover, as the effectiveness of these labelling formats is dependent upon consumer's knowledge of their existence, this paper aims to explore the relationship between knowledge, openness to experience (i.e. validated personality trait related to intellectual capability) and purchase behaviour upon consumer behaviour in this context. Using structural equation modelling techniques, causal influences on purchases of fresh meat bearing ‘value-based’ labels are identified and three multi-attribute attitude models are proposed. The paper concludes that these labels are of value to consumers and that product knowledge plays a significant role in aiding purchase decisions. Consequently, marketing communication implications arising from the proposed multi-attribute attitude models are discussed.

Many studies are concerned with the bivariate relationships between Openness, fluid intelligence (Gf), and crystallized intelligence (Gc). Results suggest an influence of Gf and Openness on Gc. However, the overlap between Gf and Openness is rarely controlled for. Moreover, interaction effects or longitudinal influences are also often neglected. The present two studies aimed to elucidate exactly these interactions and longitudinal influences. Besides a main effect of Gf on Gc, Study 1 (N = 180) revealed an interaction effect between Openness and Gf. Study 2 utilized longitudinal data (N = 172) and identified an effect of Openness on the development of Gf. Gf and Openness predicted Gc 6 years later. A model integrating the results and providing a theoretical framework and outlook is proposed.

The present study investigates the relationship between change in kinaesthetic ability and change in openness to experience among Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) trainees, compared with Art Therapy and Social Science students. A field study was conducted using a quasi-experimental pre-post control group design. Participants were 62 graduate students. A standard measure of openness to experience was used and kinaesthetic ability was evaluated using a table of movement dimensions based on Laban Movement Analysis (LMA). Results suggested an increase among the DMT cohort in all domains of kinaesthetic ability as well as in openness to experience. This increase in kinaesthetic ability was related to increases in openness to experience. Therapeutic elements and movement experience in DMT training may thus promote an increase in both kinaesthetic ability and openness to experience.

This research investigates the impacts of proactiveness, openness to experience, and extraversion on innovative performance among engineers. The work also examines the mediating role of knowledge sharing. Using a person–situation interaction perspective, the study further explores the moderating role of perceived organizational support (POS) in personality–knowledge sharing relationships. Data collected from engineers (N = 183) across various public and private engineering firms in Pakistan reveal that knowledge sharing mediated the relationship of proactiveness and extraversion with innovative performance. In addition, highly proactive and extraverted engineers are more likely to share knowledge when the POS is high. Contrary to the expectations, engineers who highly exhibit openness to experience are less likely to share knowledge under high POS. These findings provide significant contributions to the theory and practice of engineering management by highlighting the essential link of personality traits with knowledge sharing and innovation among engineers.

Studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between openness to experience and creativity. However , relatively little attention has been given to the mechanism of this relationship. On the basis of previous findings, we hypothesized a conceptual model and tested the mediating role of intrinsic motivation and the creative process engagement in the relationship between openness to experience and creativity. One hundred and ninety-eight undergraduates in Malaysia participated in the study and completed an online measure of openness to new experience, creativity, intrinsic motivation, and the creative process engagement. Consistent with the hypothesis, people who scored high on openness reported high intrinsic motivation. The high motivation enhanced engagement in creativity-related activities, which in turn, improved self-rated creativity. The findings not only shed light on mechanisms that underlie in the openness-creativity linkage but they also highlight the importance of intrinsic motivation and creative process engagement in the linkage. Together, the study extends the effect of personality trait on creativity and offers a new direction for future studies.

The current project investigated why people with high levels of Openness/Intellect tend to have higher levels of cognitive functioning than people with lower levels of Openness/Intellect. We hypothesized that the positive relationship between Openness/Intellect and cognition might be attributable to more open people being more likely to engage in cognitively stimulating activities that are beneficial for cognitive functioning. Three conceptualizations of activity engagement based on: (a) self ratings of duration and intensity of engagement; (b) perceived routineness of one's activities; and (c) disposition to engage in cognitively stimulating activities, were investigated as possible mediators of the Openness/Intellect-cognition relations. Although several of the relevant simple correlations were of moderate size and statistically significant, we found little evidence that activity engagement mediated the relations between Openness/Intellect and cognition.

Internal motivational conflicts that arise in the context of imposed change were investigated through a personal values perspective. It is suggested that in the context of imposed change different aspects of the same value dimension will tend to come in conflict. As demonstrated in two studies, this conflict is manifested in what at a surface level appears as a weak relationship between values and reaction to the change. In Study 1, a field study of 107 employees, individuals' dispositional resistance to change was controlled to disentangle the conflicting forces that employees experienced in response to a campus relocation. In Study 2, a laboratory study of 128 undergraduates, in addition to replicating the results of Study 1, the different motivational dynamics that exist in voluntary versus imposed change situations were demonstrated.

Economic, demographic and sociological factors influence the intention to emigrate, but variation in personality also may be consequential. In this report, data on intention to emigrate are drawn via nationallyrepresentative samples from 22 countries in the Americas. Multivariate analyses permit attention to the key factors identified in past empirical research, but also enable examination of the effects of openness to experience and extraversion. Openness and extraversion both are shown to exert modest positive influence on the intention to emigrate. Additionally, heterogeneity in these effects is observed in that the influence of both traits is found to be conditional on a respondent's level of education.

. Eysenck 1983 has previously proposed biological mechanisms for his three personality dimensions. From a psychometric perspective there has been a growing acceptance of a five-factor model of personality incorporating two Ž . Ž . Ž . of Eysenck's dimensions Extraversion E and Neuroticism N together with Openness to Experience O , Agree-Ž . Ž . ableness A and Conscientiousness C . Despite the growing acceptance of the 'Big 5' model of personality there has been very few studies that have examined the biological basis of O, A and C. In an exploratory study we report the correlations between photic driving at alpha, beta-1, beta-2, delta and theta bands and O, A and C from the NEO PI-R in 16 participants. Significant correlations between the EEG at frontal, occipital᎐parietal and central᎐temporal areas at different driving frequencies with O, A and C are discussed. ᮊ

Creativity is sexy, but are all creative behaviors equally sexy? We attempted to clarify the role of creativity in mate selection among an ethnically diverse sample of 815 undergraduates. First we assessed the sexual attractiveness of different forms of creativity: ornamental/aesthetic, applied/technological, and everyday/domestic creativity. Both males and females preferred ornamental/aesthetic forms of creativity in a prospective sexual partner than applied/technological and everyday/domestic forms of creativity. Secondly, we assessed the simultaneous prediction of general cognitive ability, personality, divergent thinking, self-perceptions of creativity, and creative achievement on preferences for different forms of creativity in a prospective sexual partner. The results were generally consistent with assortative mating. The most robust predictors of a preference for applied/ technological forms of creativity in a potential sexual partner were intellectual interests and creative achievement in applied/technological domains. In contrast, the most robust predictor of a preference for ornamental/aesthetic forms of creativity was openness to experience. The results suggest that openness to experience and its associated aesthetic, perceptual, and affective aspects are the primary characteristics influencing the sexual attractiveness of a creative display. Further, the results demonstrate the importance of also taking into account individual differences in personality, interests, and creative achievement when considering the sexual attractiveness of different manifestations of creativity.

We investigated sex differences in the resting-state neural correlates of Openness to Experience, a universal personality trait defined by cognitive flexibility, attention to feelings, creativity, and preference for novelty. Using resting-state positron-emission tomography from 100 older individuals (>55 years of age), we identified associations between Openness and resting-state regional cerebral blood flow that replicated across 2 assessments of the same sample, approximately 2 years apart. Openness correlated positively with prefrontal activity in women, anterior cingulate activity in men, and orbitofrontal activity in both sexes, which suggests that areas linked to cognitive flexibility (women), monitoring processes (men), and reward and emotional processing (both) underlie individual differences in Openness. The results challenge the implicit assumption that the same trait will rely on the same neural mechanisms across all who express it.

It is widely believed that personality has an important role in determining the effectiveness of guided imagery (GI) interventions. The primary aim of the current study was to examine whether the effect of GI on several outcome measures was dependent upon openness to experience, a theoretically relevant variable previously unexplored as a potential moderator. Thirty-five healthy participants were randomised to an animated imagery, verbal imagery or no-intervention control group, with imagery groups receiving 10 × 20 min sessions. Pre/post-assessments of cortisol, sleep, stress and creativity were administered along with the openness to experience scale. Regression analysis indicated a significant increase in cortisol and decrease in tiredness following verbal GI, but only for those high in openness. The efficacy of GI interventions may be dependent upon openness to experience and this variable should be accounted for in future studies.

The five-factor model (FFM) of personality has established itself as the predominant model of personality trait structure (Digman, 1990). The NEO-PI-R has been used as one of the most useful FFM measures. Its reliability and validity has been approved through out the world and this study sought to explore the utility of the NEO-PI-R in the Eritrean context as well by translating the NEO-PI-R English version into Tigrigna language. Reliability and validity analyses were considered and an effort was also made to establish Eritrean norms. The descriptive statistics, norms and reliability coefficients obtained in this study were not exactly similar to the USA sample, and this was not surprising having cultural difference, however, it was quite satisfactory as a pioneer study in Eritrean context. The scree plot showed that five factors could be extracted in this study. These findings lend support to an extent to the cross-cultural applicability of the instrument. In addition evidence of face, and content validity explorations indicated that this instrument was valid across cultures. Further evidence from inter-group comparisons across variables like age, gender, and level of education supports this argument. However, since the sample size and composition were problematic, there was question in the norming. As a whole the study suggested that NEO-PI-R could make a contribution in the Eritrean context as an initial personality assessment instrument. CHAPTER 5: RESULTS 5.1. INTRODUCTION This chapter presents all the results obtained in this study. The chapter first presents statistics for the demographic information, followed by the descriptive statistics for the different scales of NEO-PI-R.The chapter then discusses results for reliability of the Tigrigna translated NEO-PI-R.The validity of the Tigrignan translated NEO-PI-R (i.e. face validity, content validity, and construct validity) in the Eritrean context will be discussed followed by norming results of the NEO-PI-R in the Eritrean context. Finally correlational results for age and personality followed by ANOVA results for gender, and educational levels are presented in the chapter. However, before starting to look at the results, it is important to know some of the abbreviations used in this study.

En los últimos años se han incrementado los estudios que exploran la relación entre la personalidad y la autoestima desde el Modelo de los Cinco Factores (FFM) y la Teoría de los Cinco Factores (FFT). Aunque se observan asociaciones robustas entre ciertos factores de la personalidad y la autoestima, la naturaleza teórica de ésta relación es tema de un intenso debate (Zeigler-Hill, Besser, Myers, Southard, & Malkin, 2012). Se ha informado que la autoestima se encuentra fuertemente asociada al neuroticismo (Costa, McCrae, & Rolland, 1998), moderadamente a la extraversión y la responsabilidad (Goldberg & Rosolack, 1994) y débilmente a la amabilidad y la apertura a la experiencia (Robins, Hendin, & Trzesniewski, 2001). Además, el FFT se presenta como un marco teórico que permite explicar la naturaleza de la relación entre las tendencias básicas y la autoestima, aunque aún es necesario incrementar la cantidad de estudios teóricos y empíricos que puedan dar respuesta a ésta relación. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre la autoestima y el FFM, así como las explicaciones que ofrece el FFT para tales asociaciones.

Aim of this study is to examine the relationship between individuals’ art preferences and personality traits. In this study where relational scanning model was used, 336 students of a university, which has total 28.000 students, make up the research group. Students in the research group are from different classes and demographic traits. Five-factor personality scale, a computer-aided art preferences survey that includes 24 visuals from the arts of Renaissance, Cubism, Abstract Art, Traditional Art, Impressionism and Surrealism and personal information form were used to obtain the research data. According to results it was found that people with the personality traits of extroversion and openness to experience mostly prefer surrealist works and those with personality traits of tender-mindedness usually prefer Impressionist work of art.

Social interaction and communication is basically orchestrated through Social Networking Sites (SNS) with Facebook being amongst the most popular ones. Previous research has shown users’ personality as a highly relevant factor when examining the way people behave virtually. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between Facebook usage and personality in children aged 10 to 13 years with a personal account on Facebook, defined in terms of a Five-Factor Model. The relationship between Facebook usage and users’ self-concept regarding their school performance and their happiness and satisfaction about life was also investigated. For this purpose, children’s teachers were asked to evaluate children’s school performance, in order to better examine the relationship between Facebook usage and users’ school performance. Three hundred and forty-eight (348) pupils of elementary and secondary schools in Patras (Greece) participated in the study. The results indicated that Facebook usage has a statistically significant association with personality traits like Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Moreover, children who perceived themselves as good pupils did not have a Facebook account. Also, Facebook usage has been found to be negatively related to users’ school performance, as assessed by their teachers. No statistically significant associations were found between Facebook usage and users’ self-perceptions regarding their happiness and general satisfaction with life.

Many studies have found that openness to experience is a personality trait that strongly predicts prejudice against different social groups. Researchers, however, have failed to examine the role of ethnocentrism in the relationship between openness to experience and ethnic prejudice. We report a study that examined the relationship between openness to experience, ethnocentrism and ethnic prejudice. Overall, openness to experience was found to negatively predict ethnic prejudice, but as hypothesised, ethnocentrism fully mediated this relationship. The findings suggest that low openness to experience predisposes people to ethnocentric attitudes, which in turn predispose them to increased prejudice against ethnic outgroups.

The Japanese poet we know by the pen name Bashō was born in 1644 in Iga Ueno, a castle town in an old province southeast of Kyōto. By an almost perfectly tidy coincidence, he died one hundred and one years before John Keats was born in London in 1795. Although to all appearances their worlds and their lives could not have been more different, their poetic sensibilities seem to have been strikingly similar. This is not an original observation: it was, for instance, at the heart of an essay by James Kirkup in The Keats-Shelley Review in 1996 (Vol 10, pp. 65-75).  But in what follows I try to give the observation a new twist by likening Keats and Bashō as travellers – travellers, that is, both in the literal and the metaphorical sense.

Note: a revised reprint of this paper is now collected in the book Going to the Pine: Four Essays on Bashō (see separate entry under that title, including editorial reviews).

The thesis focuses on the process of international openness of Transition Countries. This study provides a theoretical analysis based on reference literature, and an empirical analysis which is aimed at estimating some main effects of Foreign Direct Investment. Transition has represented a highly complex phenomenon, characterized by several aspects, whose interaction has shaped the developmental path of each country involved. Although the thesis focuses on economic issues it is outstanding to underline that Transition implies political, institutional, and even social deep changes, which must be taken into consideration in the general overview of the contex. The empirical part has been developed along two different ways: a country analysis and a firm analysis, thus allowing to widen the study and delve deeper into the use of econometric instruments. More specifically, in the first empirical stage both static (Fixed Effects) and dynamic (LSDV Corrected) methodologies have been impleme...

Sammanfattning Studien ämnar belysa behovet av ett kreativitetsfrämjande ledarskap för att minska stress på arbetsplatser vilket är allt vanligare i den föränderliga omvärld vi lever i. Fenomenet kreativitet diskuteras utifrån delvis ett neurologiskt förhållningssätt och paralleller dras mellan kreativitet, ledarskap och personlighet. Den huvudsakliga hypotesen att kreativitetsfrämjande ledarskap minskar sjukskrivningar på arbetsplatsen kunde inte styrkas signifikant genom insamlad enkätdata. Man kunde dock se en tendens som pekade i den riktningen vilket gjorde att diskussion kring detta var av relevans. Signifikans fanns i påståendet att kreativitetsfrämjande ledarskap var korrelerat med personlighetsdraget Openness to experience, samt att kreativitetsfrämjande ledarskap kunde predicera ledarskapsdimensionen Change (CPE). Detta var av betydelse att undersöka då förändringsorienterat arbete är av stor vikt i dagens föränderliga samhälle. Vidare diskuteras vad det kan innebära i framtiden om hypotesen skulle styrkas och hur kreativitet skulle få en allt större roll i rekryteringssammanhang.

The impact of Personality traits on the Job performance of employees is absolutely clear and many organizations use this effect on their employees. Personality is one of the major psychological factors affecting the human behavior. It is important in the work place. In psychology, the five personality traits are five broad domains or dimensions of personality. Personality traits have an important role in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of employee's job performance. The findings states that Personality traits positively correlated with Job performance and Conscientiousness is having attributes that directly relates to Job performance of employees with highest weights. Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness have positive and significant impact on Job performance of employees and Neuroticism has negative and significant impact on Job performance of employees.

The current political situation forces us to address the subject of a smooth integration of refugees into the welcoming societies. We are presently witnessing the highest immigration wave since the Second World War, accounting for almost 10% of the world population (United Nations-Population Division, 2017). In these modern-day societies that are defined as multicultural, it becomes increasingly important to investigate the determining personal and societal characteristics that ensure the maintenance of subjective well-being in the process of migration. The objective of the current research project was to reconfirm that migration and multiculturalism decrease creative expression and subsequent personal well-being and to show that this loss in creative expression and life satisfaction can be prevented or restored through an action-research intervention focused on artistic expression under musical induction. Regarding our hypotheses, we expect migrants to show a higher expression of their creative potential after participating in the creative workshops (H1). Together with this heightened creative expression, their perceived life satisfaction is assumed to increase (H2). It follows that we expect to find a positive correlation between creative expression and life satisfaction (H3). In immigrants, some Big Five personality traits are thought to be differently related to creative engagement: negative Openness, positive Agreeableness and high Emotional stability predict creative engagement in immigrants (H4). The present investigation was realized in Luxembourgian refugee centers and used an integrative approach, combining quantitative with qualitative research methods. The psychometric test results were enriched by qualitative case studies analyses, focusing on individual psychological profiles and their evolution. The sample of refugees included 19 participants (10 men, 9 women, MAge = 36.11; SD = 7.18, age range: 20–45 years). The present research shows that refugees possess a quite uncommon creative personality profile that cannot be clearly associated to either of Batey and Furnham’s (2006) typical creative profiles in art, science and everyday life. They were found to have high levels of agreeableness and low levels of life satisfaction. Furthermore, creative refugees did not display the usual high level of openness to new experiences, which is the personality trait most frequently associated to creativity in various domains This may be the first empirical finding associating creative potential to agreeableness, which makes it highly appealing. The implications of these findings are discussed. By showing the benefits of regular creative expression in terms of the refugees’ mental and physical well-being, this project foresees the spreading of creative and arts psycho-therapeutic workshops throughout the European countries in the long-term.

A Psychosocial Critique of Sabina Magliocco's "Witching Culture". Citations that have only page numbers refer to that work.

This examination of Magliocco's sociological analysis brings an additional cross-disciplinary element by suggesting that personality traits are a salient factor in the adoption of and development of individual Pagan identities. The titular "Openness to Experience" refers to the Openness construct from Costa and McCrae's ubiquitous five factor model (FFM) of personality. A special relationship between analytical psychology and Pagan identities is also considered.

Further etic approaches may be justified in order to further substantiate the theory of a direct relationship between the Openness construct and Pagan identity formation.

This paper also discusses Magliocco's findings in light of a range of western philosophical schools of thought.

SPA-B5; SPA-HEXACO; SPA-B7

Short scales by which main personality traits can be assessed (extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, positive valence, negative valence, conventionality, positive emotionality, negative emotionality).

This research was devoted to study the effects of stress on visual selective (focused) attention according to openness to experience. 60 unmarried male students that live in Tehran (age range: 21-36; mean: 26 years & 7 months) were selected after administrating neuropsychological control variables by using random multi-stage sampling and placed in 3 groups (Original, O & Control). The Original and O groups first administered the cognitive stressor tasks and then their selective (focused) visual attention was measured. The selective (focused) visual attention of control group was assessed, but the subjects of this group didn’t administer the cognitive stressor tasks. The dependent variables were errors in counting and errors in classification. All subjects filled out written subscription. The results showed that the Original group subjects got more scores in both counting and classification errors significantly (p<0.0001) and the O group significantly got more scores in both errors than the Original (p<0.01). The results partially have differences in some points with other researches results. These incongruencies in results are probably because of considerations of neuropsychological control variables and different populations of research. The research results reveal that stress has negative effects on selective (focused) visual attention and high scores in openness to experience amplitude these effects.