Open Space in Campus

The open spaces on campus provide great opportunities to engage in beneficial outdoor activities. However, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, campus users have experienced several periods of isolation, which has affected perceptions of the environment and practical use of these public spaces. To investigate how campus users, connect with adjacent open spaces under the influence of pandemic restrictions, the authors conducted a case study at six selected sites on the Universiti Malaya (UM) campus. The results show that the current lockdown has reduced frequency and differences in daily use at the selected sites. Some landscape furniture and vegetation were removed or replaced as regular maintenance, while the primary users changed from students to staff. Nevertheless, the perceived aesthetic appeal and previous outdoor experiences in the selected open spaces stimulated emotional attachments to the physical campus and a widespread appreciation of the green spaces on campus. The results can serve as a practical basis for interventions for campus users' psychological restoration during this transition and provide theoretical support for investigating higher quotient stimulation of spatial senses to enhance landscape design strategies.

When observing an environment of open green space on campus, the author aware of something that can be exploited and is expected to become a public space where the campus community can interact. The authors try to understand first why a space can be formed by reading the book Production of Space. Henri Lefebvre. try to describe the space and its relationship with human beings. Lefebvre sees space as something produced by each community. According to Juergen Habermas, the public sphere is the space inside there is participation and the consolidation of pluralistic public. This research uses qualitative, descriptive methods, the authors want to unravelling the data on the actual state of the activities happening in the garden. This paper proposes proved that the theory is true by observing the use of open spaces These directly on the activities of the "Campus Talk" in an environment of Mercu Buana Jakarta. "Campus Talk" is an activity talk or discussion between the leadership of the campus resource person with officials, academics and practitioners dealing with the situation and educational themes that are viral at this time. This study uses two space i.e. the production spaces of Lefebvre and public spaces of Juergen Habermas, trying to describe how the production of space and atmosphere in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB". The results of these observations indicate that the activities of the "Campus Talk" in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB" as representational spaces, can create new spaces for the existence of the occupation, although not all of these parameters must be met.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) is essential for good health and formation of vitamin D while overexposure poses a risk to public health. Therefore, it is important to provide information to the public about the level of solar UV radiation. The ultraviolet index (UVI) is used to help avoid the negative effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans and to optimize individual exposure. There is limited ground measurement of solar UV radiation, but satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMIs) satellite products with a spatial resolution of 1 ° × 1 ° can be used to create UV index climatology at local noon time. In this study, we utilize OMI satellite products collected over the campus of King Abdulaziz University (KAU) (21.5° North and 39.1° East), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to estimate changes in exposure to UV over a period of 15 years (2004-2020). The results indicate a significantly increasing trend in UV index over this period. Between 2004 and 2020, daily “extreme” UV ( UVI &...

Small Urban Green Spaces (SUGS) mushroomed in dense cities as a scaled down version of larger parks. In the past, SUGS are often abandoned, or their quality is often overlooked. The purpose of this study is to explore the design and features to make a good quality SUGS. Five experts were approached with a weightage evaluation to rate its quality based on selected criteria's; Accessibility, Attractiveness, Functionality, and Safety. Each criterion had a variable to measure the construct. Findings from the expert evaluation showed that SUGS were rated medium or low overall quality. The variables that obtained the highest score and attained high-quality ratings were Obstacles (Safety criteria), General Maintenance (Attractiveness criteria), and Play Area (Accessibility criteria). Interview with park users revealed that they preferred the "presence of trees," "well-maintained environment," and "walking path accessibility." The least preferred attributes...

The relationship between people and certain places can stimulate the sense of place, this process is recognized as place attachment. Place attachment also indicates the relationship between physical image and its function, through this process the sense of a place can be established. These concepts focus on the physical elements and activities together with the user-influenced meanings that will create the identity and the meaning of the place. Allowing for this issue, the research examines the functional attachment which will affect the level of attachment in Kuching Riverfront Promenade (KRP), a popular public space among local people. By using indirect method to simplify common patterns and human-specific patterns of the place, this research covers subject of place attachment. Questionnaire survey was carried out at several areas at the promenade with an overall of 165 respondents and 18 stall operators were interviewed. The findings point out that the respondents have strong ass...

The open spaces on campus provide great opportunities to engage in beneficial outdoor activities. However, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, campus users have experienced several periods of isolation, which has affected perceptions of the environment and practical use of these public spaces. To investigate how campus users, connect with adjacent open spaces under the influence of pandemic restrictions, the authors conducted a case study at six selected sites on the Universiti Malaya (UM) campus. The results show that the current lockdown has reduced frequency and differences in daily use at the selected sites. Some landscape furniture and vegetation were removed or replaced as regular maintenance, while the primary users changed from students to staff. Nevertheless, the perceived aesthetic appeal and previous outdoor experiences in the selected open spaces stimulated emotional attachments to the physical campus and a widespread appreciation of the green spaces on campus. The results can serve as a practical basis for interventions for campus users' psychological restoration during this transition and provide theoretical support for investigating higher quotient stimulation of spatial senses to enhance landscape design strategies.

Planned open spaces are major land uses in many university campuses. Apart from their aesthetic purposes they have other uses for resident students. This study provides an insight into students' perception and use of the manicured open spaces in the Ugbowo Campus of University of Benin. The survey involved 435 full time undergraduate students systematically selected from all the faculties and departments in the university campus. The selected students were categorized into two groups based on the levels of their degree programmes. Chi-Square (χ2) was used to test associations directly related to students' levels and perception as well as students' levels and uses of open spaces. The study revealed that the open spaces met the recreational needs of the majority of students with positive perception and high rating of the open spaces. Also, the uses of the open spaces revealed the spatial behaviours of the university students, they are not devoid of barriers which limit their effective uses.

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the use of open and green spaces (OGS) of a historical building after the adaptive reuse of the building. The relationship between the use of OGSs and the perceived environments of the users is examined.Design/methodology/approachTo determine the OGS use preferences of the users and to obtain quantitative data, a survey was conducted. The data were evaluated using descriptive statistics in SPSS. Also, observation method was used to determine the frequency measurements of OGS. Thus, the relationships between the results were identified statistically.FindingsIt has been determined that the outdoor space features of a historical building should be arranged following its new function. The use of OGSs was affected by the physical properties of the spaces, accessibility and time spent in the settlement.Originality/valueThe historical building itself and its interior spaces, as well as the open, semi-open and green spaces of the building, are affected by ...

When observing an environment of open green space on campus, the author aware of something that can be exploited and is expected to become a public space where the campus community can interact. The authors try to understand first why a space can be formed by reading the book Production of Space. Henri Lefebvre. try to describe the space and its relationship with human beings. Lefebvre sees space as something produced by each community. According to Juergen Habermas, the public sphere is the space inside there is participation and the consolidation of pluralistic public. This research uses qualitative, descriptive methods, the authors want to unravelling the data on the actual state of the activities happening in the garden. This paper proposes proved that the theory is true by observing the use of open spaces These directly on the activities of the "Campus Talk" in an environment of Mercu Buana Jakarta. "Campus Talk" is an activity talk or discussion between the leadership of the campus resource person with officials, academics and practitioners dealing with the situation and educational themes that are viral at this time. This study uses two space i.e. the production spaces of Lefebvre and public spaces of Juergen Habermas, trying to describe how the production of space and atmosphere in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB". The results of these observations indicate that the activities of the "Campus Talk" in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB" as representational spaces, can create new spaces for the existence of the occupation, although not all of these parameters must be met.

When observing an environment of open green space on campus, the author aware of something that can be exploited and is expected to become a public space where the campus community can interact. The authors try to understand first why a space can be formed by reading the book Production of Space. Henri Lefebvre. try to describe the space and its relationship with human beings. Lefebvre sees space as something produced by each community. According to Juergen Habermas, the public sphere is the space inside there is participation and the consolidation of pluralistic public. This research uses qualitative, descriptive methods, the authors want to unravelling the data on the actual state of the activities happening in the garden. This paper proposes proved that the theory is true by observing the use of open spaces These directly on the activities of the "Campus Talk" in an environment of Mercu Buana Jakarta. "Campus Talk" is an activity talk or discussion between the leadership of the campus resource person with officials, academics and practitioners dealing with the situation and educational themes that are viral at this time. This study uses two space i.e. the production spaces of Lefebvre and public spaces of Juergen Habermas, trying to describe how the production of space and atmosphere in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB". The results of these observations indicate that the activities of the "Campus Talk" in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB" as representational spaces, can create new spaces for the existence of the occupation, although not all of these parameters must be met.

It could be claimed that children have a wealth of knowledge and experience regarding their school’s buildings and open spaces, as they regularly spend a considerable amount of time interacting with their classmates in classes, playgrounds, libraries, and drama stage . At a young age, children are susceptible to the spatial environment of their school, which may have a significant effect on their minds and perceptions, feelings, and attitudes towards school and education . Therefore, building better spatial environments that interact positively with young students could potentially lead to better-quality educational experiences . In this regard, an attractive design can help young students to create a sensory link with the school and its different areas, which therefore will increase students’ interest in studying and other related activities, and make them prepared for learning and development across physical, cognitive, emotional, moral and spiritual aspects .
The area of promoting an effective educational environment has attracted many scholars. However, they used to refer to the educational environment in abstract, behavioral, psychological, or connotative terms while neglecting the implications of the built environment of the school design. Factors such as building age, size, and condition, quality of maintenance, temperature, air quality, natural lighting, noise, and color can affect students’ health, safety, sense of self, and psychological state. The built environment that considers these essential factors has the potential to make the school a more likable place for children and promote the time quality they spend there .
The current study’s main objective is to assess the students’ experiences in two different built environments of the elementary school to find how embedding open spaces in the built environment in the elementary school can affect students’ perception of their school. The aim is to investigate the connection between healthy mindsets and open spaces through a cognitive approach. Investigating this connection could potentially help to determine what practical changes could be made to school design to improve mental wellbeing. Two case studies of elementary schools from Jeddah city, KSA are investigated. The two schools are significantly different in terms of the spatial environment. The cognitive mapping of students as users of education spaces are used to explore the students’ perceptual patterns set in the relationship between the spatial elements and cognitive maps.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) is essential for good health and formation of vitamin D while overexposure poses a risk to public health. Therefore, it is important to provide information to the public about the level of solar UV radiation. The ultraviolet index (UVI) is used to help avoid the negative effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans and to optimize individual exposure. There is limited ground measurement of solar UV radiation, but satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMIs) satellite products with a spatial resolution of 1 ° × 1 ° can be used to create UV index climatology at local noon time. In this study, we utilize OMI satellite products collected over the campus of King Abdulaziz University (KAU) (21.5° North and 39.1° East), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to estimate changes in exposure to UV over a period of 15 years (2004-2020). The results indicate a significantly increasing trend in UV index over this period. Between 2004 and 2020, daily “extreme” UV ( UVI &...

This thesis draws on observations of user behaviors in Kansas State University’s North Quadrangle to propose a plaza design for a site within the quadrangle adjacent to Cardwell Hall. As a practical method for conducting environment-behavior research, the thesis gathered observations of moving and resting behaviors to understand the North Quadrangle’s current usages. The observations of moving behaviors provided evidence for identifying potential spaces within the North Quadrangle where a plaza might be designed and built. In turn, observations of resting behaviors provided an understanding of sitting and standing behaviors in the North Quadrangle plaza. In terms of research related to plaza behavior and design, the most significant work drawn upon was William Whyte’s The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (Whyte, 1980). According to Whyte, a plaza is sociable if large numbers of people are drawn to it informally in the course of their everyday activities and movements. In this regar...

The urban fabric enables people to move between climate-controlled environments (such as home and indoors work) and non-controlled ones (such as parks and beaches). The planning and design of urban spaces, on the other hand, largely define the way we live and affect our health as it can, for instance, promote or hinder active lifestyles and social cohesion (Owen, 2009; Speck, 2012). But even when the cities have compact built form and provide key features and infrastructure conducive to healthy lifestyles, local climate can indirectly dictate and restrict the use of public open spaces if the weather is prohibitive (Tavares & Swaffield, 2017). Climate responsive urban planning and design is, therefore, key to secure a healthy urban lifestyle (Barton, Thompson, Burgess, & Grant, 2015; Kent et al., 2017; Mouratidis, 2017) especially in light of frequency and severity of extreme weather events.

When observing an environment of open green space on campus, the author aware of something that can be exploited and is expected to become a public space where the campus community can interact. The authors try to understand first why a space can be formed by reading the book Production of Space. Henri Lefebvre. try to describe the space and its relationship with human beings. Lefebvre sees space as something produced by each community. According to Juergen Habermas, the public sphere is the space inside there is participation and the consolidation of pluralistic public. This research uses qualitative, descriptive methods, the authors want to unravelling the data on the actual state of the activities happening in the garden. This paper proposes proved that the theory is true by observing the use of open spaces These directly on the activities of the "Campus Talk" in an environment of Mercu Buana Jakarta. "Campus Talk" is an activity talk or discussion between the leadership of the campus resource person with officials, academics and practitioners dealing with the situation and educational themes that are viral at this time. This study uses two space i.e. the production spaces of Lefebvre and public spaces of Juergen Habermas, trying to describe how the production of space and atmosphere in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB". The results of these observations indicate that the activities of the "Campus Talk" in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB" as representational spaces, can create new spaces for the existence of the occupation, although not all of these parameters must be met.

When observing an environment of open green space on campus, the author aware of something that can be exploited and is expected to become a public space where the campus community can interact. The authors try to understand first why a space can be formed by reading the book Production of Space. Henri Lefebvre. try to describe the space and its relationship with human beings. Lefebvre sees space as something produced by each community. According to Juergen Habermas, the public sphere is the space inside there is participation and the consolidation of pluralistic public. This research uses qualitative, descriptive methods, the authors want to unravelling the data on the actual state of the activities happening in the garden. This paper proposes proved that the theory is true by observing the use of open spaces These directly on the activities of the "Campus Talk" in an environment of Mercu Buana Jakarta. "Campus Talk" is an activity talk or discussion between the leadership of the campus resource person with officials, academics and practitioners dealing with the situation and educational themes that are viral at this time. This study uses two space i.e. the production spaces of Lefebvre and public spaces of Juergen Habermas, trying to describe how the production of space and atmosphere in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB". The results of these observations indicate that the activities of the "Campus Talk" in open green space parks Edu Park "I am UMB" as representational spaces, can create new spaces for the existence of the occupation, although not all of these parameters must be met.

There is a considerable amount of interest among scholars and urban designers in assessing and fulfilling a shared desire for happiness that is expressed by users of open spaces. The scope of this paper is limited to user experience in a university campus, and considerations around the impact of the setting and design of existing open spaces on stimulating positive feelings and happiness in students, and enhancing the all-round educational experience. The study is limited to young female students at the Effat University campus, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah City. This paper aims to assess the students' level of happiness on a university campus by examining the impact of the open spaces design and setting on the students. A cognitive map analysis is used to investigate the students' emotional experience of the open spaces on campus. Also, a questionnaire is used to investigate the students' preferable open spaces and the reasons for their preferences, which valid...

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) is essential for good health and formation of vitamin D while overexposure poses a risk to public health. Therefore, it is important to provide information to the public about the level of solar UV radiation. The ultraviolet index (UVI) is used to help avoid the negative effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans and to optimize individual exposure. There is limited ground measurement of solar UV radiation, but satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMIs) satellite products with a spatial resolution of 1°× 1°can be used to create UV index climatology at local noon time. In this study, we utilize OMI satellite products collected over the campus of King Abdulaziz University (KAU) (21.5°North and 39.1°East), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to estimate changes in exposure to UV over a period of 15 years (2004-2020). The results indicate a significantly increasing trend in UV index over this period. Between 2004 and 2020, daily "extreme" UV (UVI > 11, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO)) occurred on 46.60% of days. The frequency of low UVI (UVI < 2) was only about 0.06%. These results imply dangerous exposure levels to solar UV radiation on the KAU campus and call for safety measures to increase awareness and decrease direct exposure; for example, by implementing the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) general guidelines.

The relationship between people and certain places can stimulate the sense of place, this process is recognized as place attachment. Place attachment also indicates the relationship between physical image and its function, through this process the sense of a place can be established. These concepts focus on the physical elements and activities together with the user-influenced meanings that will create the identity and the meaning of the place. Allowing for this issue, the research examines the functional attachment which will affect the level of attachment in Kuching Riverfront Promenade (KRP), a popular public space among local people. By using indirect method to simplify common patterns and human-specific patterns of the place, this research covers subject of place attachment. Questionnaire survey was carried out at several areas at the promenade with an overall of 165 respondents and 18 stall operators were interviewed. The findings point out that the respondents have strong association with the local environment and designate the importance of place as economics dependence and recreational place. The level of functional attachment to KRP is between level 1 to level 4. Measuring at level 4 involves a higher commitment in loyalty, goals and responsibility to the environment. Keywords: place attachment, functional attachment, sense of place 1. Introduction A place cannot be understood without taking into account the three components i.e. physical features or forms; activities and functions; and meanings or symbols [1]. It explains that a place consists of physical form, activity and meaning. Canter [2] has similar opinion that a place is a combination of three aspects consisting of the activities, the concept of place and the physical environment. The strong relationship that exists between emotional (affective) and functional in such space or relationship between people and certain places can stimulate the sense of place, this process is recognized as place attachment [3]. Place attachment in this study indicates the relationship between physical image and its function or relationship between the user and a particular place. Through this process the meaning of a place can be developed. This research argues that the consequences of inappropriate physical change may affect the meaning of the place and the attachment of the place will be gradually reduced. The research investigates this issue by using place-based concepts and principles. These concepts and principles focus on the physical elements and activities together with the meanings possessed by the users that will generate the identity of the city and the meaning of the place. Within this framework, the study focuses on the dimension of place attachment in examining the psychological aspects of the place and its relation to

There is a considerable amount of interest among scholars and urban designers in assessing and fulfilling a shared desire for happiness that is expressed by users of open spaces. The scope of this paper is limited to user experience in a university campus, and considerations around the impact of the setting and design of existing open spaces on stimulating positive feelings and happiness in students, and enhancing the all-round educational experience. The study is limited to young female students at the Effat University campus, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah City. This paper aims to assess the students' level of happiness on a university campus by examining the impact of the open spaces design and setting on the students. A cognitive map analysis is used to investigate the students' emotional experience of the open spaces on campus. Also, a questionnaire is used to investigate the students' preferable open spaces and the reasons for their preferences, which validate the results. The results showed that due to social and environmental conditions some decisions need to be made in response to outdoor temperatures and the spaces' settings in order to improve their design and make a significant positive impact on students' happiness. In addition, this could potentially result in a happier, healthier, and more efficient educational environment overall.

When observing an environment of open green space on campus, the author aware of something that can be exploited and is expected to become a public space where the campus community can interact. The authors try to understand first why a space can be formed by reading the book Production of Space. Henri Lefebvre. try to describe the space and its relationship with human beings. Lefebvre sees space as something produced by each community. According to Juergen Habermas, the public sphere is the space inside there is participation and the consolidation of pluralistic public. This research uses qualitative, descriptive methods, the authors want to unravelling the data on the actual state of the activities happening in the garden. This paper proposes proved that the theory is true by observing the use of open spaces These directly on the activities of the "Campus Talk" in an environment of Mercu Buana Jakarta. "Campus Talk" is an activity talk or discussion between the leadership of the campus resource person with officials, academics and practitioners dealing with the situation and educational themes that are viral at this time. This study uses two space i.e. the production spaces of Lefebvre and public spaces of Juergen Habermas, trying to describe how the production of space and atmosphere in open green space parks Edu Park " I am UMB ". The results of these observations indicate that the activities of the "Campus Talk" in open green space parks Edu Park " I am UMB " as representational spaces, can create new spaces for the existence of the occupation, although not all of these parameters must be met.

This paper is a preliminary “space syntax analysis” of the pathways and open spaces of Kansas State University. The research is based on the axial map analysis of the core area of Kansas State University and the North Quadrangle on campus via DeptmapX software (Space Syntax Limited). In addition, the results of the observational research conducted on the North Quadrangle has been presented and analyzed. Although performed on a campus setting, this research argues that space syntax analysis can be a helpful tool in understanding role of human movement in the spatial patterning of, ideally larger urban fabrics. This paper is categorized into two parts. First, the axial map analysis of Kansas State University has been discussed, which acted as a “global pattern” and confirmed a rather smaller “site” on campus having potential for observational research of moving users. Second, the North Quadrangle has been selected as the potential site for human behavior studies and axial map analysis based on the first study, which acted as the “local pattern.” Finally, the results have been compared to support the argument that—assuming all other factors to be equal, human movement and pathway configuration is the single most important factor to define spatial and socio-cultural qualities of urban design.
The paper is divided into four sections. The first section introduces the space syntax theory and the open spaces of Kansas State University. The second section is a literature research about space syntax and its relation with the spatial patterning of urban spaces. The third section deals with the research methodology being followed for the study, which is based on the axial map analysis and behavioral research. The fourth section analyzes the results from the studies and provides implications for further design. The paper concludes with a discussion of the understanding established between space syntax analysis and behavioral research.