Old English

The paper analyses the misuse of "Anglo-Saxon" in Italy and other Mediterranean countries, where it is often conflated with "Germanic" and tied to problematic cultural assumptions. Such assumptions can also be observed in common collocations featuring ideologically charged terms and appear to reflect a perceived cultural divide displaying essentialist features resembling 19th-century Teutonism. Through the analysis of quotations from educational and institutional contexts, the study emphasizes the potential consequences of this phenomenon and advocates for a more nuanced understanding of Germanic history and cultures to counter prejudicial narratives.

Preprint version, full book available at https://trivent-publishing.eu/home/217-413-anglo-saxon.html#/30-cover-ebook

The paper is a discussion of the specic terms of address occurring both as monomials and bi-/multinomials across the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages. Ultimately, their origin is associated with the Latin word patronus. In the initial phase, immediately from Latin, the word was borrowed by Georgian (p'at'ron-i) and Megrelian (p'at'on-i). The occurred phonetic and phototactic changes have been regular. Later, the Megrelian version (p'at'on-i) was borrowed by Georgian having resulted in bat'on-i as a term of reference and bat'on-o as a term of address. From Georgian, the word was adopted in Svan: bat'ō; however, it occurs only in a single dialect-Lashkhian. As for Laz, another Kartvelian language, the pathway of adoption of the respective word has very little to do with those of its sister languages, even with that of Megrelian which is its closest relative. The Georgian p'at'ron-i and Megrelian p'at'on-i were borrowed from Latin, while the Laz patron-i was adopted through Turkish. Below I present the pathways of adoption of the terms in point: Ge p'at'ron-i Lt patronus Mg p'at'on-i → Ge bat'on-i → Sv bat'ō Fr patrone → Tr patron → Lz patron-i As for their meanings and usage, the Georgian p'at'ron-i and Laz patron-i retained the denotation ('a protector, patron'). Hence, they are used as respective address terms: Ge p'at'ron-o [patron-VOC]; rarely, Lz patron-i [patron-NOM]. The Megrelian p'at'on-i and its Georgian successor bat'on-i/o eventually became polite terms of address. Their Svan counterpart bat'ō is used only as a term of address. It is noteworthy the three items are used to address ('direct address') both female and male individuals and occur even in address inversion. The aforementioned terms of address will be investigated based on the eldwork data and applying the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach.

The present edition offers a bilingual presentation of the account of the Trinitarian Order's foundation as preserved in The Metrical Life of Saint Robert of Knaresborough,  traditionally regarded as the founder of the English branch of the Order. The text, probably from the XIVth or XVth century, is part of the manuscript Egerton 3143.
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The narrative commences with the donation of Coverham Abbey to Brother Ives,  companion of Robert, and proceeds to outline the so-called "Saint Agnes rule," a constitutional principle requiring the division of revenues into three parts. It subsequently expounds the symbolism of the Order's three colours, reflects upon the problematic transmission of the sources concerning its earliest history, records the papal benediction, and introduces the figure of the two unnamed hermits who undertook the mission of redeeming captives.

This digital edition seeks to mediate between fidelity to the medieval original and the accessibility of a "modernised" transcription, while preserving both the poetic structure and the stylistic flavour of Middle English. An appended glossary elucidates the more obscure lexical items, technical usages, and culturally specific references.

Living languages are in a continuous motion, adapting to the social contexts in which they are used; they take form as different registers or dialects, they appear in the written or spoken mode, and, above all, they move withtime, changing chronologically. A specific instance of chronological change occurs in the individual. When languages are acquired or lost, they adapt to the successively changing constraints of the speaker's mind and to the conditions of the social environment.

Living languages are in a continuous motion, adapting to the social contexts in which they are used; they take form as different registers or dialects, they appear in the written or spoken mode, and, above all, they move withtime, changing chronologically. A specific instance of chronological change occurs in the individual. When languages are acquired or lost, they adapt to the successively changing constraints of the speaker's mind and to the conditions of the social environment.

Language, that most protean of human artifices, is not merely a medium for quotidian discourse but a palimpsest upon which the vicissitudes of culture, conquest, and cognition are indelibly inscribed. In the English tongue-an amalgam wrought from Teutonic vigor, Latin erudition, and Norman refinement-each lexeme conceals within it a labyrinthine history, a semantic genealogy that bespeaks epochs of lexical accretion, phonetic metamorphosis, and orthographic vicissitudes. To embark upon an inquiry into etymology is thus to engage in a philological exegesis of human civilization itself. (one co-author that doesn't have an addable account is Brandon R M)

This article considers a particular poetic form, historically known as macaronic verse. Surveying the three extant examples of verse of this type in Old English, this article argues that there was an established macaronic verse form known in early medieval England. This genre of verse appears to have been used primarily as a framing device where its conspicuous mixed-language style likely encouraged close reading and drew attention to the constructed nature of the text. The extant examples also suggest that this form was used especially to emphasize the importance of piety for salvation and where a broader message was personalized to an individual reader. Finally, the article considers whether this form of verse could have arisen alongside or in response to a mixed-language Old English prose tradition.

C h a p t e r 4 Middle English word order 4.1. Towards the shaping of the Middle English word order . . . . . . . . 4.2. Word order in the entries 1067-1121 of the Peterborough Chronicle . . . 4.3. Word order in the First Continuation of the Peterborough Chronicle

The early 2000s witnessed a turn in Orosian studies as a new wave of late antique specialists revisited Paulus Orosius’s Historiae adversus paganos (henceforth Historiae) with a new set of eyes. The most notable of these studies was Peter Van Nuffelen’s Orosius and the Rhetoric of History (2012). No longer was Orosius’s text considered a failed attempt at a supplement for Augustine of Hippo’s De civitate dei. Instead, scholars began to recognize the creativity and innovation of the author, who had, at least for the last two hundred years, lived in Augustine’s shadow. Despite the achievements of Van Nuffelen’s reassessment, there has been a gap in the historiography for a single study that takes a broader, thematic perspective in analyzing the wide-ranging aspects of the Historiae. It is this gap that Victoria Leonard’s In Defiance of History seeks to fill.

1601: Insurance had been practised "time out of mind"-a vivid phrase meaning "so long ago that no one remembers its origin."
1720: The absence of a strong insurance market would mean: "the ruin and impoverishment of many merchants and traders, and the discouragement of adventurers at sea, and the great diminution of trade, wealth, strength, and publick revenues of the kingdom."

0f TI!E DOZEN m mm, short rommm in English that are described as Breton lays, only three derive from lais by Marie de France. Lai le Freine, dating probably from the early fourteenth century and surviving only in the Auchinleck manuscript, is a translation of Marie's Le Fresne; Sir Landevale, also probably from the early fourteenth century, and surviving in five texts, the best of which is in manuscript Rawlinson C 86, is a translation of Lanval; and Thomas Chestre's Sir Laun/al, dating from the late fourteenth century and preserved only in manuscript Cotton Caligula A.II, is another version of the same lai, based, however, not primarily on Marie's French but on Sir Landevale and on consultation or recollection of other sources including the anonymous French lay Graelent. 1 In this article my aim is to examine the three Middle English lays alongside Le Fresne and Lanval in such a way as to consider what the comparison reveals about Marie de France's poems as well as about the English versions of them. There is an earlier comparison of these five poems by Theo Stemmler, 2 from which I ' Edgar Sienaert, Les Lais de Mane de France: Du conte mervetfleux a la nouvelle psycholo gique (Paris: Champion, 1978), pp. 79-86. By contrast, Ruth Morse, "The 'Granz Biens' Again," NM 81 (1980):361-65, refers tellingly to "Marie's consistent concern with the inner life, to a unique degree outside the literature of mysticism" (p. 365).

Most studies on the character of Théoden in The Lord of the Rings center on Germanic heroic themes like courage and oath-keeping, often emphasizing his renewal by Gandalf at Meduseld and his death at the Battle of Pelennor Fields. This perspective overlooks Théoden's growth in wisdom and hope between these events. During this period, Théoden learns about the various forces in Middle-earth and contemplates his role in the broader world, leading to a profound sense of humility. Building on Tolkien's inspiration from Beowulf, this paper compares Théoden and Beowulf to explore their learning processes and heroic outcomes. This comparison highlights the deeper aspects of Théoden's character and shows how Gandalf's teachings help him rise above Beowulf and other Northern heroes. The differing fates of Théoden and Beowulf highlight the different teaching methods of Gandalf and Hrothgar and reveal how Tolkien redefines heroism, moving beyond the traditional Anglo-Saxon model.

Þetta er Völuspá þar sem ljóðið er sett upp í samræmi við risturnar í Steinkrossinum í Gosforth í Cumbria, Englandi.
English translation can be found at: https://www.academia.edu/55713425/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1_set_in_Stone_in_Gosforth_The_Carvings_on_the_Gosforth_Stone_Cross_Explained
Geymd ljóðsins í stein í Englandi og sem skrifaður texti á Íslandi er mjög áþekkur og þurfti aðeins að endurraða tveimur erindum til að fá fullkomna samsvörun. Gömul ensk orð skýra betur torræð orð og setningar sem hafa verið Íslendingum óskiljanlegar verða ljóslifandi.
Það er ljóst að Völuspá er upprunnið frrá Norðaustur Englandi og á ljóðið allar sínar rætur að rekja þangað en ekki til Norðurlandanna.

In 2023 Heritage Lincolnshire decided to put together a project to investigate Viking Grimsby and Dr Erik Grigg, a lecturer in History at Bishop Grosseteste University in Lincoln, recruited a group of local volunteers to research the Viking origins of Grimsby. The volunteers did a great job searching for the elusive evidence of Vikings in Grimsby, some looked through excavation reports, others visited local libraries, checked the contents of local archives, read the Domesday Book, searched through old maps and checked the database of metal detector finds to see what they could find. This is the final results of their research with a suggested map of Viking Grimsby, it is not definitive, but hopefully will help others..

Please contact me if you wish to reuse the maps.

Abstract
I contend that the collective output of Romanticism, its Gothic offshoots, and feminist reinterpretations constitutes a labyrinthine inquiry into the fractured human condition—bridging trauma, memory, power, myth, and revolt. I assert that this literary constellation, spanning Coleridge's spectral ballads, the Brontës' psychological wilderness, Borges’ infinite mirrors, and Woolf’s rooms of one’s own, resists categorization because it was never merely about text. It was always about voice. I claim that these voices—repressed, raving, resurrected—did not seek resolution, but recognition. They speak from attics and oceans, from revolutions external and internal, inviting no judgment, but endless construction of meaning.
📜 Refined Abstract
I contend that the evolution of English literature—traced from the oral brawn of the Beowulf poet to the internal storms of Romanticism—reflects not a linear progression of taste, but a deepening excavation of the human psyche. I assert that the Heroic Age, with its war-hardened scops and epic elegies, laid the mythic scaffolding upon which later writers constructed increasingly introspective ruins. Chaucer’s laughter, emerging in the Middle Ages, was not mere levity but structural irony—a tool to frame social satire in a world still shadowed by faith and feudalism.
I claim that the Renaissance cracked open this world with theatrical daring. Marlowe’s Faustus burned for cosmic knowledge, while Shakespeare folded tragedy and comedy into a single human breath. These were not just plays—they were ontological experiments dressed in velvet. Romanticism followed, not as a gentle retreat but as a storm: Coleridge, Dickinson, and the Brontës pursued the unsayable where reason could not follow. And when women’s voices were barred from the center, they returned through ballads, locked attics, and Gothic groans—writing what patriarchy could not pronounce.
This continuum of literature does not teach the past. It performs the timeless ritual of asking: What does it mean to be human when you are powerless, visionary, or simply unheard?
Let me know if you'd like a matching epigraph, title, or visual metaphor to accompany it—this tapestry still has threads to pull.
I contend that the liberation of South America was not a series of isolated uprisings, but a continental vision forged by a handful of extraordinary individuals—many of them Argentine. I assert that General José de San Martín, who led the audacious Crossing of the Andes in 1817, did not merely free Argentina, Chile, and Peru—he redefined the geography of freedom itself.
I claim that the Army of the Andes, composed of Argentine soldiers and Chilean exiles, achieved one of the greatest military feats in history: navigating 3,000-meter peaks over 21 days to defeat Spanish royalist forces and liberate Chile. This was not conquest—it was continental emancipation.
Yet, the currency of many South American nations still bears the faces of colonial administrators, European monarchs, or local elites. I contend that this is a missed opportunity to honor the shared liberators who bled across borders. San Martín, Belgrano, Güemes, and Saavedra are not just Argentine heroes—they are continental architects. Their legacy belongs on every bill, every monument, every civic square from Santiago to Quito.
I assert that all countries  should place the  faces of our heroes  on their currency is not nationalism—it is historical justice. It is a reminder that the Andes were not a wall, but a bridge. That the dream of independence was not provincial, but pan-American.
And never forget that they all died for thee, South American countries howls Argentina.Review questions and games for Literature I' students and professors with answers and some not with answers

🧩 Abstract
I contend that the collective output of Romanticism, its Gothic offshoots, and feminist reinterpretations constitutes a labyrinthine inquiry into the fractured human condition—bridging trauma, memory, power, myth, and revolt. I assert that this literary constellation, spanning Coleridge's spectral ballads, the Brontës' psychological wilderness, Borges’ infinite mirrors, and Woolf’s rooms of one’s own, resists categorization because it was never merely about text. It was always about voice. I claim that these voices—repressed, raving, resurrected—did not seek resolution, but recognition. They speak from attics and oceans, from revolutions external and internal, inviting no judgment, but endless construction of meaning.
📜 Refined Abstract
I contend that the evolution of English literature—traced from the oral brawn of the Beowulf poet to the internal storms of Romanticism—reflects not a linear progression of taste, but a deepening excavation of the human psyche. I assert that the Heroic Age, with its war-hardened scops and epic elegies, laid the mythic scaffolding upon which later writers constructed increasingly introspective ruins. Chaucer’s laughter, emerging in the Middle Ages, was not mere levity but structural irony—a tool to frame social satire in a world still shadowed by faith and feudalism.
I claim that the Renaissance

🧩 Abstract
I contend that the collective output of Romanticism, its Gothic offshoots, and feminist reinterpretations constitutes a labyrinthine inquiry into the fractured human condition—bridging trauma, memory, power, myth, and revolt. I assert that this literary constellation, spanning Coleridge's spectral ballads, the Brontës' psychological wilderness, Borges’ infinite mirrors, and Woolf’s rooms of one’s own, resists categorization because it was never merely about text. It was always about voice. I claim that these voices—repressed, raving, resurrected—did not seek resolution, but recognition. They speak from attics and oceans, from revolutions external and internal, inviting no judgment, but endless construction of meaning.
📜 Refined Abstract
I contend that the evolution of English literature—traced from the oral brawn of the Beowulf poet to the internal storms of Romanticism—reflects not a linear progression of taste, but a deepening excavation of the human psyche. I assert that the Heroic Age, with its war-hardened scops and epic elegies, laid the mythic scaffolding upon which later writers constructed increasingly introspective ruins. Chaucer’s laughter, emerging in the Middle Ages, was not mere levity but structural irony—a tool to frame social satire in a world still shadowed by faith and feudalism.
I claim that the Renaissance cracked

In this paper, the author goes over the topic of runes, specifically in the Old German world, with emphasis on the theoretical names of the respective runes assigned to them by their users. This study answers the question of "What were the Old High German runes called?" and explains the reasoning behind individual steps of assigning the names to the runes. Since the individual names are attested in other old Germanic languages such as Old Norse but not in Old High German, linguistical methods are used in order to reconstruct the hypothetical missing forms of the names from Proto-Germanic. These methods include the application of the High German consonant shift or specific changes to vocalism in the Old High German context on the Proto-Germanic base-forms. Some words that represent the names of the runes already exist in the Old High German sources we have today, so in some instances no additional reconstruction is required. These names also imply the changes in the sound quality of the runes, with the quality depending on the initial sound of the respective names.

It's a Spanish translation of the "Colloquy on the Occupations"; text from Aelfric of Eynsham and made from the version in Garmonsway, G. N. (Ed.). 1999 (1939). Ælfric’s Colloquy. University of Exeter Press. It's also accompanied by an introduction about the text, the author and a reflection on the translation problems that have arisen

Reviewed by HOLGER DIESSEL, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena* 1. INTRODUCTION. There is a long tradition in linguistics and philosophy of analyzing language without reference to usage and experience. This tradition is reflected in Chomsky's famous division between competence and performance and Saussure's related distinction between langue and parole, which have influenced linguistic research for many decades. This view of language, however, has been called into question by usage-based linguists who have emphasized the importance of communication, cognition, and processing for the development and organization of grammar. In the usagebased approach, grammar is seen as an emergent system consisting of fluid categories and dynamic constraints that are in principle always changing under the influence of general cognitive and communicative pressures of language use. Joan Bybee is one of the pioneers of the usage-based approach, which has its roots in functional and cognitive linguistics (e.g.

This article describes Anglo-Latin and Old English as two codes correlated in Anglo-Saxon England with the same cultural elite. Introducing a taxonomy of Anglo-Saxon registers, it claims that Anglo-Latin material can supplement our knowledge of early Old English lexis. A corpus of Medieval Latin from Anglo-Saxon Sources is advocated as a new electronic resource to facilitate bilingual studies in this field.

With the help of some sixty literary, religious, and scientific sources transmitted in many hundreds of manuscripts, this article brings to light the long and varied 500-year history of vernacular zodiacal names in medieval English, after which it examines the strategies that medieval English authors employed to arrive at a zodiac in the vernacular.

The public humanities have shaped ideas about sex, race, and gender. This is a cautionary tale that points to the repeated problems of the model of public humanities as academics or elites dispensing knowledge to a public audience. King Alfred of England ordered a set of texts "most needful for all men to know" translated into English. Long celebrated in English history as an example of public education, these translations also put forward certain ideas about race and sexuality for the emerging English public, a reminder of the ideological function of the public humanities. Likewise, modern scholars worried about medieval and classical texts that depict homosexuality becoming available to the public, so they refused to translate them or altered them. As a counter to such models, I consider the seventhcentury Archbishop Theodore, a Syrian-born ecclesiast who ran the English church and who provides a model of a collaborative public humanities in which lay people shape knowledge and law together. Their model of public humanities encourages us to explore the historical Black public and their contributions to medieval studies that academic medieval studies have ignored.

In this article the distribution of the Gothic enclitic particle u is examined in the light of speech act theor y. It is argued that the particle is optional in non-canonical questions but compulsory in canonical ones, therefore it should be regarded as a fully vital and not yet vestigial questionintroducing device in Gothic. 1. The problem

Va rious changes to the Common Germanic obstruent system, especially the Northwest Germanic realignment, the Partial Shift, degemination, and the reintroduction of final voice, characterize the development of the English obstruent system and thato fi ts closest relatives in Modern Germanic. Of these, the prehistoric changes will be treated more in depth thant he historical changes. The specifically English implementation of these changes will be compared to those in the other languages belonging to the 'common type'. This type is relatively archaic rather than innovative within the Germanic group, not having undergone af ullfledged Second Consonant Shift or large-scale lenition. English is exceptional only in afew regards. Using the methods of dialect typology,itisfound that the modern Germanic dialects with the obstruent systems closest to that of English are those of the majority of Low German, northeastern Dutch, and perhaps West Frisian. The Modern English obstruent system 1 is characterized by an umber of features:v oice, aspiration, and length. The use and deployment of these features is the result of the historical development of English. In phonological terms, phonemic length has been superseded by aprosodic feature (see below). This approach to the obstruent system is similar to the treatment of tension by Jakobson &Halle in their various versions of distinctive feature theory (1971, 43 for example) and the treatment of fortis/lenis by Klaus Kohler (1984). The main difference is that acover feature is not employed. The use of labels, like 'tension' or 'strength', which amount to mere metaphors, obscures the actual features involved. 2 English has agreat deal in common with other Germanic languages and is outstanding in only af ew characteristics. It has not undergone aS econd Consonant Shift with the scope of High German, Danish, or Icelandic, or a lenition akin to those in parts of High and Low German and Danish. Rather, its obstruent system is relatively archaic within Germanic, although certainly not the most archaic system present. Not surprisingly,West Germanic relatives of English, including varieties of Low German, Dutch, and Frisian, 1 Modern English in the form of the so-called Received Pronunciation has the following obstruents:/

Va rious changes to the Common Germanic obstruent system, especially the Northwest Germanic realignment, the Partial Shift, degemination, and the reintroduction of final voice, characterize the development of the English obstruent system and thato fi ts closest relatives in Modern Germanic. Of these, the prehistoric changes will be treated more in depth thant he historical changes. The specifically English implementation of these changes will be compared to those in the other languages belonging to the 'common type'. This type is relatively archaic rather than innovative within the Germanic group, not having undergone af ullfledged Second Consonant Shift or large-scale lenition. English is exceptional only in afew regards. Using the methods of dialect typology,itisfound that the modern Germanic dialects with the obstruent systems closest to that of English are those of the majority of Low German, northeastern Dutch, and perhaps West Frisian. The Modern English obstruent system 1 is characterized by an umber of features:v oice, aspiration, and length. The use and deployment of these features is the result of the historical development of English. In phonological terms, phonemic length has been superseded by aprosodic feature (see below). This approach to the obstruent system is similar to the treatment of tension by Jakobson &Halle in their various versions of distinctive feature theory (1971, 43 for example) and the treatment of fortis/lenis by Klaus Kohler (1984). The main difference is that acover feature is not employed. The use of labels, like 'tension' or 'strength', which amount to mere metaphors, obscures the actual features involved. 2 English has agreat deal in common with other Germanic languages and is outstanding in only af ew characteristics. It has not undergone aS econd Consonant Shift with the scope of High German, Danish, or Icelandic, or a lenition akin to those in parts of High and Low German and Danish. Rather, its obstruent system is relatively archaic within Germanic, although certainly not the most archaic system present. Not surprisingly,West Germanic relatives of English, including varieties of Low German, Dutch, and Frisian, 1 Modern English in the form of the so-called Received Pronunciation has the following obstruents:/

This book aims to acquaint English-speakers with a subsection of their language that has been mostly forgotten and discriminated against under labels like "old", "archaic" and "obsolete" and encourages them to assert their right to use such words along with the rest of the language.  It covers prefixes, suffixes, meanings, strong verbs, transliteration of old spellings to modern ones, and in the final section, includes a wordbook of approx 5000 words.

Há um certo consenso tácito de que traduzir poesia requer muito mais do tradutor do que traduzir romances, contos, manuais de filetagem de pescado ou bulas de remédio. Porém, como Roman Jakobson já alertava, todo texto (em sentido amplo, podendo o termo se re-ferir até mesmo a manifestações da oralidade, objeto de trabalho dos intérpretes) tem a sua função, e cada uma dessas funções requer  sua transposição específica ao idioma de chegada para que produza, ou finja produzir, os mesmos efeitos do texto de partida.

Resignation (A+B) is still a subject of debate as to its textual unity and classification. Though it is usually partnered to the Old English elegies, Resignation A (ll. 1-70) bears more affinities with penitential poetry. The poem also echoes death liturgy. The invocation geoca mines gaestes ('save my soul', 46a) anticipates the soul's longing not to be captured by demons (49b-53). The plea for angels to lead her at the transitus recurs in antiphons, responsories, and prayers in the Agenda mortuorum of pre-Conquest manuscripts such as the Leofric Missal, the Missal of Robert of Jumièges, the Red Book of Darley, and the Winchcombe Sacramentary. The paper aims to confirm that Resignation A is a penitent's prayer, whose poet is well learned both in liturgy and theology.

An Anglo-Saxon silver strap-end, found in 2019, is a common artefact-type but, unusually, this one also contains an inscribed runic text utilising the relatively common Old English maker formula 'N made this.' However one graph, obscured by deterioration on the surface of the metal, as well as by idiosyncrasies in the orthography, poses intriguing challenges to interpretation. We discuss various possibilities and alternative suggestions, and report on a technologically-aided attempt to uncover a crucial rune that is obscured by corrosion.

This paper considers English creolization in England and other world English language communities, including Japan. Issues and problems inherent with this guise of English are considered. Creole variety development evidences the primacy of communication functions over language form as a factor in language evolution – people mix language where and when they have to, intentionally and unintentionally. This is how new varieties of a language are formed, as a basilect normally departing from a standard variety. Further, people as individuals are also apt to mix languages as they negotiate their ways through different language communities and cultures. Finally the paper discusses creolization and English regarding language pedagogy.

ピジン/クレオールとしての英語 世界で使用される英語の一変種.
本稿ではイギリスおよび日本を含む英語圏における英語のクレオール化について。考 察し、さまざまな地域で使用される英語に一貫して見られる諸問題について検討する。 また、クレオール化と英語について、言語教育の観点から議論する。

The English language has evolved over fifteen centuries to become the most widely studied and spoken language in the world. Between 5th and 7th-century CE, British soil received the cluster of West Germanic dialects when tribes led by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began their migration. These dialects formed the linguistic basis of what evolved into Old English, which then underwent further development through historical changes, social transformations, and political movements. English belongs to the Indo-European language family, which links it alongside Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, as well as the Germanic linguistic groups . The English language evolved through historical phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, before it reached the Anglo-Frisian dialects, providing linguistic evidence from Grimm’s Law and Verner’s Law for the Germanic linguistic family. The language evolved significantly due to extensive exposure to Latin during Christianization, Old Norse during the Viking settlement, and Norman French after the 1066 conquest, which transformed its vocabulary, as well as its syntax and morphological structure .

En este trabajo se presenta una lectura comparativa del derrotero de Guthlac, santo guerrero anglosajón, en dos versiones de su hagiografía en inglés antiguo, en prosa y en verso. La única versión en prosa en inglés antiguo conocida hasta la fecha, Life of St. Guthlac, se transmite en el manuscrito de Londres, British Library, Cotton Vespasian D. xxi (folios 18r-40v). La versión en verso se halla en un manuscrito datado a finales del siglo X, el Codex Exoniensis, Exeter, Cathedral Library, MS 3501 (folios 32v-52v). Nos centraremos en estos dos textos para analizar en ellos el papel desempeñado por la witedomlice muþe, "boca profética" del santo durante su travesía, y cómo la construcción de sus discursos y de su capacidad performativa hace a la construcción progresiva de la auctoritas del personaje.

Beattie for his guidance, kind words, and historical perspective which made this a better interdisciplinary project. I would like to thank Professor Pamela Beattie, my mentor, for her constructive criticism, immense patience, thought-provoking comments, and gifting me with several interesting articles and books including Key Concepts in Medieval Literature, which was not only timely but provided the foundation for this dissertation. I am grateful to Professor Simona Bertacco, my program director, for her incredible organizational skills and her straight-forward direction. Her attention to detail and expertise in translation concerns made me a better writer. I also want to thank her for introducing me to Brian Friel's Translations and Juno Díaz's The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao: two unforgettable modern texts that inspired my thinking. I am also grateful to Professor Andrew Rabin, my outside reader, for his support and expertise in Anglo-Saxon studies and the Old English language. His class "Women in Medieval Literature" introduced me to a variety of female characters who appear in this dissertation. My committee has been extremely influential in my thinking and supportive during my entire tenure at the University of Louisville. I humbly thank you. I also want to thank Professor Elain Wise for her encouragement and all of her efforts on my behalf, and Professor Alan Golding for sound advice and inspiring my love v of female poets and women in poetry. I am appreciative of Brenda Mary Walker whose early and thorough investigation of the women in Anglo-Saxon literature informed my research and got me started. I am also grateful to Professor Carmen Hardin for our long conversations, her generosity, and her passion for Ecclesiastical Latin. I especially want to recognize the Anglo-Saxons and the Old English poets for their beautiful literature and language. It has been my tremendous privilege and my joy to engage with them on such an intimate level. Finally, I want to express my deepest thanks and appreciation to my family:

La parte IX de las "Advent Lyrics" ("Poema de Adviento", también conocido como "Christ I"), del Libro de Exeter, es una rica "amplificatio" de una de las antífonas de Adviento en 73 versos en inglés antiguo dedicados especialmente a la figura de la Virgen María. Una sección de estos versos reporta palabras atribuidas al profeta Isaías, seguramente por su conocido peso en toda la tradición medieval mariológica, pero que, en realidad, parecen estar inspiradas en el libro del profeta Ezequiel. Expresiones como "lifes gesteald", "lugar de la vida" y "þeodland", "tierra del pueblo/ de los pueblos", en conjunto con la visión de las "gyldnan gatu", "puertas doradas", que solo Dios puede penetrar, no solo testimonian la fuente litúrgica y bíblica del poema, con sus significados mariológicos, sino también un vínculo sugestivo con otros textos de la tradición cristiana y otros poemas del corpus poético en inglés antiguo.

In this paper, I propose that a previously understudied lexical item with the polysemous form so ('so') in German can be classified as an adverbial expletive. While so has been extensively analyzed in functions such as modal adverb and discourse marker, this study focuses on its occurrence as a prefield element introducing elaboration or exemplification in formal written registers. Based on corpus data from journalistic and academic prose, I suggest that "this" so (labeled "so-ex " here) is inserted in Spec,FinP as one of the functional means that satisfy the computational requirements in order for the prefield not to be unfilled (syntactic function); additionally, it performs a grammatic-semantic function in that, similarly to other expletive elements, it anchors the introduced proposition to the preceding discourse while preserving syntactic well-formedness. This proposal positions this element within the broader typology of expletive constructions in Germanic languages, with the aim of advancing our understanding of its role in sentence structure and discourse coherence.

With an ongoing, tense climate regarding women’s reproductive rights and healthcare around the world, the question of the sociocultural norms underlying these issues are pertinent. Discursive analyses of women in contemporary medical settings reveals a restrictive, hostile environment toward pregnant women. Furthermore, rampant medicalization, or pathologizing of the female body, contributes to the negative experiences of women in healthcare. Lack of informed consent and infringement of women’s autonomy are just a few of the issues women face in contemporary medical settings. Alternative examples to the androcentric model of medicine are necessary to undo the disparaging gender roles that have deeply permeated women’s healthcare. Anglo-Saxon medical literature provides surprisingly distinguished examples of women’s agency and autonomy over the reproductive process, which may serve as inspiration for further research into alternative medical models. Critical Discourse Analysis proves to be a useful tool in analyzing the representation of women in medical literature, including both the frameworks of transitivity and social actor analysis.

In West Germanic, the Germanic s-declension has developed into an r-plural declension in which the stem-forming suffix -( )r- < germ. *-( )z- < Indo-European *-es-/-os- was restricted to the plural and could thus be reanalyzed as a plural marker. The OHG type kelb-ir-Ø with umlaut-causing -ir- is contrasted in the rest of continental West Germanic, including Middle Franconian, by the umlaut-less type kalv-(e)r-e, which corresponds to OE cealf-r-u, calf-er-u. What type of suffix ablaut underlies this type remains a difficult question. While the r-plural class in (non-Frisian) continental West Germanic gains lasting stability through early growth, in Old English and Old Frisian it contains only three to five words and is therefore very unstable. This and the competitive pressure from the “overstable” plural markers -s and -en will be responsible for the demise of the r-plural declension in English and West Frisian.

The present paper offers a comparative analysis of a native Middle English emotion term onde < OE anda and its French-derived counterpart envy from the point of view of diachronic cognitive linguistics. The contextual analysis of the lexemes in question has been conducted on the basis of data from the Middle English part of The Helsinki corpus of English texts: Diachronic and dialectal and a selection of 41 Middle English texts representing different dialect continua. It is claimed that the overlap in the conceptualisation of the lexemes in question contributed to the expansion of the loan at the expense of the native term. The design of the study follows that of .

have reproduced and translated the glosses in Appendix 1 of this article. 4 See Hall, Things of Darkness, 107-116, quote at 110. 5 See Rambaran-Olm, "A Wrinkle in Medieval Time." Hall has similarly criticized "the curious absence of discussions of English interaction with Africa in new historicist work" on the early modern period (Things of Darkness, 260). The scholarly refusal to consider premodern English interactions with African societies is long-standing and pervasive.

One of the most fundamental claims of the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor is the direction of mapping from concrete to abstract. The pervasiveness of this path of semantic change has been widely accepted among researchers interested in the study of the history and development of emotional expressions. Whereas most studies focus on the analysis of one specific target domain (i.e., one emotion or one family of emotions), less attention has been paid to the reconstruction and analysis of the set of diachronic changes that affected one single source domain. Within this framework, in this paper I have used data extracted from standard Old English dictionaries and thesauri, in order to propose a complete analysis of the set of Old English adjectives for different textural properties of physical objects (such as roughness, smoothness, softness and hardness). I am especially interested in the reconstruction and analysis of the paths of semantic change (from concrete to abstract) illustrated by this section of the Old English vocabulary. Broadly speaking, apart from the original senses for physical texture, these adjectives developed secondary meanings in the fields of feelings and emotions, which I have classified into three categories: physical sensations (such as weakness and pleasantness), sensorial sensations (such as auditive, visual or gustative sensations) and emotional sensations (such as grief, anger, compassion and empathy). Furthermore, the resulting figurative meanings (which I have analysed in terms of metonymic, synaesthetic and metaphoric extensions) can also be grouped into positive and negative sensations. The present paper supports the idea that the origin of our understanding of abstract concepts is deeply rooted in our physical experiences. This is indeed a conceptual pattern showed by the diachronic evolution of Old English adjectives for texture. This paper concludes with some remarks on the social and cultural changes that prompted some of these semantic changes, paying special attention to the Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England and the introduction of Christian values.
One of the most fundamental claims of the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor is the direction of mapping from concrete to abstract. The pervasiveness of this path of semantic change has been widely accepted among researchers interested in the study of the history and development of emotional expressions. Whereas most studies focus on the analysis of one specific target domain (i.e., one emotion or one family of emotions), less attention has been paid to the reconstruction and analysis of the set of diachronic changes that affected one single source domain. Within this framework, in this paper I have used data extracted from standard Old English dictionaries and thesauri, in order to propose a complete analysis of the set of Old English adjectives for different textural properties of physical objects (such as roughness, smoothness, softness and hardness). I am especially interested in the reconstruction and analysis of the paths of semantic change (from concrete to abstract) illustrated by this section of the Old English vocabulary. Broadly speaking, apart from the original senses for physical texture, these adjectives developed secondary meanings in the fields of feelings and emotions, which I have classified into three categories: physical sensations (such as weakness and pleasantness), sensorial sensations (such as auditive, visual or gustative sensations) and emotional sensations (such as grief, anger, compassion and empathy). Furthermore, the resulting figurative meanings (which I have analysed in terms of metonymic, synaesthetic and metaphoric extensions) can also be grouped into positive and negative sensations. The present paper supports the idea that the origin of our understanding of abstract concepts is deeply rooted in our physical experiences. This is indeed a conceptual pattern showed by the diachronic evolution of Old English adjectives for texture. This paper concludes with some remarks on the social and cultural changes that prompted some of these semantic changes, paying special attention to the Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England and the introduction of Christian values.

In this paper, we look at the manual construction of a lexicon of emotion terms in Old English organised as a wordnet lexicon and based on a pre-existing dataset which categorises emotion terms on the basis of cognitive criteria. This is part of a wider initiative to construct a wordnet for Old English which includes both manually and (semi-)automatically constructed parts. We will describe our workflow which foresees the use of lemmas, senses and definitions taken from and in many cases adapted from a legacy Old English lexical resource, ClarkHall’s AngloSaxon Dictionary, and organised into synsets by matching the definitions of OE terms with the synset definitions found in the Open English WordNet. We argue that this is a useful way of disseminating research in lexical semantics and philology taking as an example the semantic field of GUILT. In our poster presentation we will give a visual description of the whole field; in the present submission we only focus on the most ‘core’ nominal synsets relating to GUILT.