Nutritional Genomics

In this study, we tested for the presence of sexual dimorphism in the hepatic transcriptome of the adult zebrafish and examined the effect of long term manipulation of dietary carbohydrate on gene expression in both sexes. Zebrafish were fed diets comprised of 0%, 15%, 25%, or 35% carbohydrate from the larval stage through sexual maturity, then sampled for hepatic tissue, growth, proximate body composition, and retention efficiencies. Using Affymetrix microarrays and qRT-PCR, we observed substantial sexual dimorphism in the hepatic transcriptome. Males upregulated genes associated with oxidative metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, and amelioration of oxidative stress, while females had higher expression levels of genes associated with translation. Restriction of dietary carbohydrate (0% diet) significantly affected hepatic gene expression, growth performance, retention efficiencies of protein and energy, and percentages of moisture, lipid, and ash. The response of some genes to dietary manipulation varied by sex; with increased dietary carbohydrate, males up-regulated genes associated with oxidative metabolism (e.g. hadhβ) while females up-regulated genes associated with glucose phosphorylation (e.g. glucokinase). Our data support the use of the zebrafish model for the study of fish nutritional genomics, but highlight the importance of accounting for sexual dimorphism in these studies.

The age of nutrigenomics is already upon us. Various new programs in molecular nutrition research have been launched in Europe, Asia, and the US under the heading of nutrigenomics. We may for this review consider nutrigenomics as the science that seeks to provide a molecular understanding for how diets and common dietary constituents affect mammalian metabolism and health by altering gene/protein expression on basis of an individual's genetic makeup. Although nutrigenomics represents in the first place just another ''omic,'' it clearly induces a conceptual shift in nutritional sciences by moving the genome into the center of all the processes that essentially determine mammalian metabolism in health and disease. Moreover, for the first time, nutritional science speaks the same language and uses the same tools as the other biomedical sciences and this is going to change the face of nutrition research. Nutritional sciences is functional genomics ''par excellence'' and will thereby move the discipline into the heart of biological sciences. Unlike other environmental factors, nutrients, nonnutrient components of foods, and xenobiotics in foods have huge variability in dose and time and hit a rather static genome, affecting the function of a large number of proteins encoded by the respective mRNA molecules that are expressed in a certain cell, organ or organism. Alterations of mRNA levels and in turn of the corresponding protein levels are critical parameters in controlling the flux of a nutrient or metabolite through a biochemical pathway. Nutrients and non-nutrient components of foods, diets, and lifestyle can affect essentially every step in the flow of genetic information from gene expression control to protein synthesis, protein degradation, and allosteric control and consequently alter metabolic functions in the most complex ways (Fig. .1). The advent of high-throughput technologies has led to the rapid accumulation of biological data, ranging from complete genomic sequences, transcripts, proteome and metabolome profiles as well as the first protein-protein interaction maps. Referred to as ''omics'', these parallel approaches are usually classified by the measured target molecules. Transcriptomics determines the transcript levels or pat-

The prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and public health dietary recommendations are not being adhered to. The transition to higher education is a period of risk for weight gain in young adults and has been demonstrated as a good time to initiate behaviour change. A genotype-based personalised approach to dietary recommendations may motivate young adults to maintain or adopt positive dietary behaviours. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of genotype-based personalised dietary and physical activity advice on healthy eating motivation in young adults. Participants were young adults (n = 153), aged 18-25 years. Baseline measures (participant characteristics, height, weight, body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage [BF%], healthy eating motivation and physical activity) were collected. Participants were genotyped for a SNP in the FTO gene (rs99396090) and randomly allocated (stratified for genotype) to three different groups (1. Genotype-based personalised advice: dietary and physical activity advice based on genotype, BMI and reported physical activity; 2. Non-genotype-based personalised advice: dietary and physical activity advice based on BMI and reported physical activity; 3. Control: no advice). A week after receipt of advice delivered via email, participants completed the healthy eating motivation questionnaire for a second time. Genotype-based personalised dietary advice did not affect healthy eating motivation: when participants were analysed across the whole group (p = 0.417), when analysed according to those informed of a risk or non-risk-associated genotype (p = 0.287), or when analysed according to those with a BMI (>25 kg/m 2 ; p = 0.336) or BF% (male >18%, female >31%; p = 0.387) outside the healthy range. There was also no significant difference in healthy eating motivation at 1-week in the control or non-genotype-based advice groups. Genotype-based personalised advice for the prevention of obesity did not affect healthy eating motivation in this group of healthy, young adults.

Abstract: Background: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of pregnancy-related maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Although its precise cause and prevention remain unclear, risk factors such as overweight and inadequate nutrient intake (e.g., calcium, folic acid, and vitamin D) are known to increase its incidence. Recent research has focused on the genetic predisposition to preeclampsia, identifying polymorphisms that may affect enzyme or receptor function. This study aims to review existing literature examining the relationship between genetic polymorphisms, BMI (body mass index), and nutrient levels in preeclampsia to develop more actionable therapeutic strategies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to analyze studies on the nutrigenetic relationship between BMI, micronutrients, and preeclampsia. Results: A total of 17 studies investigating 12 genes related to BMI and 10 studies exploring 3 genes in relation to micronutrient levels were included in the analysis.
Several polymorphisms associated with preeclampsia were found to be influenced by maternal BMI or serum vitamin levels. The interactions between certain gene variants and these factors suggest that both BMI and micronutrient status may modify the risk of developing preeclampsia in genetically predisposed individuals. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the potential for reanalyzing existing data by categorizing based on genotype and nutrient levels. This approach could yield more personalized dietary and therapeutic recommendations for managing preeclampsia. In the future, genetic information may support the development of tailored nutritional counseling during pregnancy to mitigate preeclampsia risk.

The major limiting factor to the utilisation of loofah gourd seeds (LGS) as food is its high content of anti-nutrient. Heat processing is one of the process of reducing the concentration of anti-nutrients in food resources which may adversely influence the amino acids contents of such resources. Raw seeds of loofah gourds (RLGS) were toasted (TLGS), boiled (BLGS) and cooked (CGLS) and analysed for the amino acids content. The amino acids score, the essential amino acids score and the predicted (P-PER) of the raw and heat treated RLGS were calculated using standard equations. Results revealed that heat treatment significantly reduced (P<0.05) the essential amino acids, total sulphur containing amino acids and total basic amino acids while significantly (P<0.05) increasing the total amino acids, and total non-essential amino acids. cysteine is the most reduced amino acids and toasting had the highest reduction effect on the amino acids. P-PER of LGS were significantly enhanced b...

Dehulled loofah gourd seeds (DLGS), Luffah cylindrica was divided into three parts namely; raw (DLGSR), boiled for 5 min at 100 o C (DLGSB) and cooked for 30 min (DGLSC). Proximate composition, amino acids, amino acid scores and energy were determined in DLGSR, DLGSB and DLGSC and fatty acids constituents only in DLGSR on dry matter basis. Crude protein content of DLGSB and DLGSC were similar and significantly lower (p<0.05) than DLGSR while crude fibre, carbohydrate, ash, and the ether extract were not (p>0.05). Glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), leucine (Leu), arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), valine (Val) and phenylalanine (Phe) were concentrated in DLGSR in the order listed. Arg, Thr, Asp, Glu, Pro,Gly and Ala were significantly highest (p<0.05) in DLGSC while Lys, Asp and Ser were highest (p<0.05) in DLGSR and Gly and Tyr in DLGSB. The percent total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) and the protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) were highest (p>0.05) in raw and boiled seeds respectively. The limiting amino acid in the samples was Met+Cyst. The fatty acid constituents were myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidic acid. DLGSR contained 99.1% total fatty acids, 31.4% total saturated fatty acids, 67.7% total unsaturated fatty acids. Loofah gourd seed is a good potential vegetable protein source as food/feed.

The nutrients are able to interact with molecular mechanisms and modulate the physiological functions in the body. The Nutritional Genomics focuses on the interaction between bioactive food components and the genome, which includes Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics. The influence of nutrients on f genes expression is called Nutrigenomics, while the heterogeneous response of gene variants to nutrients, dietary components and developing nutraceticals is called Nutrigenetics. Genetic variation is known to affect food tolerances among human subpopulations and may also influence dietary requirements and raising the possibility of individualizing nutritional intake for optimal health and disease prevention on the basis of an individual's genome. Nutrigenomics provides a genetic understanding for how common dietary components affect the balance between health and disease by altering the expression and/or structure of an individual's genetic makeup. Nutrigenetics describes that the genetic profile have impact on the response of body to bioactive food components by influencing their absorption, metabolism, and site of action.In this way, considering different aspects of gene-nutrient interaction and designing appropriate diet for every specific genotype that optimize individual health, diagnosis and nutritional treatment of genome instability, we could prevent and control conversion of healthy phenotype to diseases.

O súbito aparecimento de doenças cardiovasculares é um importante problema de saúde pública, com isso objetivou-se com está revisão de literatura estudar as influências de interações gene-ambiente sobre a presença de doenças cardiovasculares e nutrição. Existe evidências que demonstram claramente um certo número de interações entre gene e ambiente. Estudos sobre epigenética descrevem os mecanismos que permitem que as células respondam rapidamente às mudanças ambientais e estabeleçam uma ligação entre genes e ambiente, com isso foi avaliado a associação do polimorfismo-514C/T com medidas de metabolismo de lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol (LAD-C) que depende da quantidade e do tipo de gordura consumida. A apolipoproteína (Apo) AI é um componente chave da lipoproteína de alta densidade (LAD). O termo nutrigenômica diz respeito à avaliação do genoma completo dos efeitos de fatores dietéticos. As doenças cardiovasculares recebem influência da interação gene-ambiente no qual são avaliados os riscos de doenças cardiovasculares e também identificar variações genéticas associadas aos nutrientes dos alimentos.

ABSTRACTDuring the first hours after stroke onset neurological deficits can be highly unstable: some patients rapidly improve, while others deteriorate. This early neurological instability has a major impact on long-term outcome. Here, we aimed to determine the genetic architecture of early neurological instability measured by the difference between NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) within six hours of stroke onset and NIHSS at 24h (ΔNIHSS). A total of 5,876 individuals from seven countries (Spain, Finland, Poland, United States, Costa Rica, Mexico and Korea) were studied using a multi-ancestry meta-analyses. We found that 8.7% of ΔNIHSS variance was explained by common genetic variations, and also that early neurological instability has a different genetic architecture than that of stroke risk. Seven loci (2p25.1, 2q31.2, 2q33.3, 4q34.3, 5q33.2, 6q26 and 7p21.1) were genome-wide significant and explained 2.1% of the variability suggesting that additional variants influence early change in n...

The flour from three colour varieties of dehulled seeds and hull of the African Yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) were analysed for proximate composition, ash solubility and alkalinity and the mineral composition, The dehulled seeds were labelled A2, B2 and C2 while the corresponding hulls were labelled A3, B3 and C3 respectively. Both protein and carbohydrate were highly concentrated in the dehulled samples while crude fat and crude fibre were more concentrated in the hulls. The ash was more than 90 % soluble in dilute mineral acid and significant correlation existed (0.99) in the ash solubility characteristics. With the exception of phosphorus and potassium, other minerals determined (Cu, Zn, Co, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe) were found to be more concentrated in the hulls than in dehulled samples and correlation coefficients were significantly high among the samples with values ranging between 0.94 (r A2 A3, r B2 B3) and 0.95 (r C2 C3) at α= 0.05. Error of prediction of relationship...

Over the past several decades new dietary approaches were advertised as the greatest new panacea for maintaining health and fitness. Lay diet books were flying off the shelves as many delved deep into the text learning the science behind the trendsetting diet, wading through various recipes in an effort to witness transformational results from healthy eating. The therapeutic approach to nutritional health was based on the assumption that all individuals have similar nutritional requirements with the minor exceptions of gender, age, height, weight, and level of physical activity. It is obvious that individuals in similar situations who follow the same dietary recommendations frequently experience different outcomes. The one-size-fits-all approach to helping individuals adopt healthy eating habits eventually fails for a large majority because of the principles of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Imagine the possibilities for larger changes in individuals utilizing these principles to affect their short-and long-term health through a personalized dietary plan. Although this personalized dietary approach is not yet ready for prime time, it is clearly changing the face of nutrition and future nutritional approaches for health benefits.

The black purple sheath (stem) of Sorgum bicolor, used locally as colour additive in cooked meals and infusion drinks taken as beverages, was examined for its nutritive value. The stem made into flour, was found to be rich in energy (1121.3 kJ/100 g), and in some micronutrients (mg/100 g), such as Mg (185.33), Ca (151.70), K (138.87), Na (127.61), and Fe (10.98). High Mg content of stem may be useful for overcoming Mg deficiency. The Fe content was sufficient to meet the daily-required intake (DRI) value for human beings. The presence of Cu, Zn and Mn was also observed. The content of crude fibre (32.0%) and carbohydrates (44.50%) were useful for making the stem a fodder for animal consumption. However, the protein content of the stem was low (3.20%). The functional properties observed for the stem compared favourably with those already reported for some other plants such as pigeon pea flour, African yam bean, and wheat flour.

Nutrigenética: a interação entre hábitos alimentares e o perfil genético individual RESUMO: (Nutrigenética: a interação entre hábitos alimentares e o perfil genético individual). Doenças como aterosclerose, diabetes, obesidade e câncer são importantes problemas de saúde publica, para as quais a dieta possui uma forte influência. No entanto, estudos recentes demonstram que nem todos respondem da mesma maneira ao mesmo hábito alimentar. A nutrigenética é baseada em observações das respostas individuais à determinada modificação na dieta e também em hipóteses que estas diferentes respostas sejam associadas à presença ou ausência de marcadores biológicos específicos. Embora o nascimento desta área tenha ocorrido inicialmente com o estudo de mutações causadoras de doenças monogênicas, atualmente o foco se encontra em polimorfismos genéticos, que poderiam, então, predizer a resposta individual à dieta. Desta maneira, a nutrigenética de características multifatorias está em grande expansão, com um grande número de trabalhos sendo publicados por vários grupos de pesquisa do mundo. Com o objetivo de apresentar este campo de pesquisa aos profissionais que trabalham com nutrição e saúde pública, e possibilitar o conhecimento dos mais recentes dados publicados na literatura internacional, este artigo revisa os resultados disponíveis sobre nutrigenética e sua influência em características como o perfil lipídico, perda de peso, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dano de DNA e câncer. Palavras-chave: nutrição personalizada, perfil lipídico, obesidade, diabetes, câncer. ABSTRACT: (Nutrigenetics: the interaction between diet habits and the individual genetic profile). Diseases as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity and cancer are big public health problems, to which diet has a strong influence. However, recent studies show that people do not answer in the same way to a food habit. Nutrigenetics is based in observations of the individual answers to dietary interventions, and also in hipotesis that this diferences are associated to presence or absence of specific biological markers. Although the birth of this field has been ocurred with the studies of mutations causing monogenic disorders, currently the focus is on genetic polymorphisms that could predict the individual answer to diet. So, the field of nutrigenetics of multifactorial characteristics is on large expansion, with a big number of published articles by several research groups in the world. With the aim of presenting this research field to those working with nutrition and public health, and enable the knowledge of the most recent published data on international literature, this article reviews available results about nutrigenetics and its influence on the lipid profile, weight loss, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer.

In this study, proximate, mineral, amino acid and anti-nutrient compositions of Mormodica charantia fruit and Diospyros mespiliformis fruit pulp were determined using standard analytical techniques. The respective proximate composition values (g/100 g sample) of M.

In this study, the protein quality of dehulled-defatted African mesquite bean (Prosopis africana) flour and protein isolates obtained using micellization and isoelectric precipitation methods were investigated. The dominant amino acids in the dehulled-defatted Prosopis africana flour and protein isolates included aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and arginine, while the first, second and third limiting amino acids were methionine, threonine and valine/tryptophan, respectively. Amino acid profiles and scores, classifications and ratios, predicted protein efficiency ratios (1.79-2.89), biological (12.61-37.97%) and net protein (15.77-50.84%) values, essential amino acid (63.94-87.02%) and nutritional (23.33-70.78%) indexes showed that the dehulled-defatted P. africana flour and its protein isolates were of high protein quality and could be employed in complementing cereal-based and other similar foods whose proteins are deficient in lysine. Isoelectric precipitation method yielded protein with better nutritional quality compared to the micellization method. P. africana flour and protein isolates could therefore be exploited as protein sources in food formulation for tackling protein malnutrition in Africa.

The physicochemical, in vitro protein digestibility and thermal properties of dehulled (DPAF) and dehulled-defatted (DDPAF) African mesquite bean (Prosopis africana) flours and protein isolates produced by micellization and isoelectric precipitation were evaluated. Isoelectric precipitation method gave higher yield of protein isolate (30.46%) with higher protein content (81.34%) compared to the micellization which yielded 7.95% and 72.04%, respectively. Significant (p < 0.05) differences occurred among the total colour difference (23.63-53.12), whiteness (40.17-67.78), yellowness (36.81-49.26), browning (− 123.22 to 471.59) and flour colour (26.63-55.04) indexes and functional properties except dispersibility of the samples, indicating the effects of defatting and protein extraction methods. Micellized protein isolate recorded the highest oil (322%), water (300%) absorption and emulsion (64.67%) capacities, while the isoelectric precipitated protein had the highest protein solubility (81.75%). The protein isolates exhibited lower foam stability than the flours with micellized protein being the least. Thermal properties of the flours and protein isolates also varied with defatting and extraction methods. The dehulled P. africana flour and isoelectric precipitated protein showed single endothermic peaks with higher thermal stability compared to the dehulled-defatted flour and micellized protein which had two endothermic peaks. Flours and protein isolates showed in vitro protein digestibility between 76.44 and 80.00%, with micellized protein exhibiting the highest digestibility. Knowledge of the physicochemical properties of P. africana seed products would enhance their utilization in various food formulations, thereby contributing to food security in Africa.

The physicochemical, in vitro protein digestibility and thermal properties of dehulled (DPAF) and dehulled-defatted (DDPAF) African mesquite bean (Prosopis africana) flours and protein isolates produced by micellization and isoelectric precipitation were evaluated. Isoelectric precipitation method gave higher yield of protein isolate (30.46%) with higher protein content (81.34%) compared to the micellization which yielded 7.95% and 72.04%, respectively. Significant (p < 0.05) differences occurred among the total colour difference (23.63-53.12), whiteness (40.17-67.78), yellowness (36.81-49.26), browning (− 123.22 to 471.59) and flour colour (26.63-55.04) indexes and functional properties except dispersibility of the samples, indicating the effects of defatting and protein extraction methods. Micellized protein isolate recorded the highest oil (322%), water (300%) absorption and emulsion (64.67%) capacities, while the isoelectric precipitated protein had the highest protein solubility (81.75%). The protein isolates exhibited lower foam stability than the flours with micellized protein being the least. Thermal properties of the flours and protein isolates also varied with defatting and extraction methods. The dehulled P. africana flour and isoelectric precipitated protein showed single endothermic peaks with higher thermal stability compared to the dehulled-defatted flour and micellized protein which had two endothermic peaks. Flours and protein isolates showed in vitro protein digestibility between 76.44 and 80.00%, with micellized protein exhibiting the highest digestibility. Knowledge of the physicochemical properties of P. africana seed products would enhance their utilization in various food formulations, thereby contributing to food security in Africa.

Aim: To determine the nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of Brillantaisia patula leaves using standard analytical methods. Place and Duration of Study: The proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional compositions were determined in the chemistry laboratory of Ekiti State University, Ado – Ekiti while the amino acid was determined at the Analytical Laboratory of Multi-Environmental Management Consultant, Lagos, Nigeria. Methodology: The proximate composition was carried out using the methods of Association of Official Chemists (AOAC) while mineral and anti-nutritional compositions were determined using standard analytical methods. Amino acid analysis was carried out through ion exchange chromatography (IEC) using the Technicon Sequential Multisample (TSM) Amino Acid Analyser. Results: The proximate composition ranged from 3.18% (crude fat) to 38.6% (carbohydrate). The major mineral constituents of the sample were: P (1061 mg/100g), K (874 mg/100g), Ca (799 mg/100g), Na (82.6 m...

A lactase é uma enzima expressa no intestino delgado, responsável pela digestão do principal carboidrato do leite: a lactose. A expressão dessa enzima é elevada em mamíferos recém-nascidos e diminui progressivamente após o desmame. Porém, devido ao surgimento e seleção positiva de variantes genéticas em populações humanas pastoralistas, que viviam da criação e ordenha de animais, a atividade enzimática pode ser mantida ao longo da vida (fenótipo lactase persistente ou PL). Diferentes variantes surgiram em populações pastoralistas da África, Europa e Oriente Médio e, consequentemente, estão presentes em populações derivadas a partir das iniciais, explicando a intolerância à lactose ser mais comum em algumas populações/países/continentes do que em outras. Assim, este artigo propõe-se a abordar a evolução da PL e discutir a relação desse fenótipo com a intolerância à lactose.

A Dieta Mediterrânica é caracterizada pela abundância de nutrimentos e substâncias com atividade antioxidante e anti-inflamatória, tendo sido implicada na prevenção do envelhecimento celular e de várias doenças crónicas. O conhecimento sobre a influência global desses nutrimentos na fisiologia celular e humana é crucial para uma melhor compreensão acerca dos benefícios da adesão à Dieta Mediterrânica na saúde e doença. Nesse sentido, as tecnologias "ómicas" são ferramentas analíticas muito atrativas uma vez que fornecem informação molecular funcionalmente inter-relacionada, facultando um nível de conhecimento amplo e integrado sobre a ação desses nutrimentos. Contudo, a aplicação dessa abordagem metodológica ao estudo dos benefícios da adesão à Dieta Mediterrânica é presentemente limitada, em parte devido à sua complexidade científica e sofisticação tecnológica. O presente trabalho estabelece a perspetiva histórica dos principais avanços científicos e tecnológicos subjacentes à Genómica Nutricional. Adicionalmente, analisa a contribuição desta área emergente das Ciências da Nutrição para a elucidação dos mecanismos de ação da Dieta Mediterrânica e para a evolução da nutrição personalizada.

Regarding cancer as a genetic multi-factorial disease, a number of aspects need to be investigated and analyzed in terms of cancer’s predisposition, development and prognosis. One of these multi-dimensional factors, which has gained increased attention in the oncological field due to its unelucidated role in risk assessment for cancer, is diet. Moreover, as studies advance, a clearer connection between diet and the molecular alteration of patients is becoming identifiable and quantifiable, thereby replacing the old general view associating specific phenotypical changes with the differential intake of nutrients. Respectively, there are two major fields concentrated on the interrelation between genome and diet: nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Nutrigenetics studies the effects of nutrition at the gene level, whereas nutrigenomics studies the effect of nutrients on genome and transcriptome patterns. By precisely evaluating the interaction between the genomic profile of patients and the...

RESUMO A enzima telomerase é um alvo de grandes estudos atuais, principalmente por possuir grandes esperanças para o futuro terapêutico indutivo do próprio sistema imune dos pacientes com neoplasias malignas. Ela pode ser estudada em vários contextos e, no trabalho a seguir, temos como objetivo comparar a ação da telomerase em situações impostas, como na atividade física, na embriogênese e no processo de envelhecimento, para delinear se o exercício poderia mesmo contribuir na "prevenção" contra o câncer e se o envelhecimento seria mesmo um fator de risco. Para isso, foi feita uma seleção de artigos científicos publicados na plataforma PubMed com as palavras-chave câncer and telomerase and treatment.

The amino acid distribution patterns of ten indigenous leafy vegetables commonly eaten in South-West Nigeria were evaluated and compared using ion exchange chromatography. The vegetables studied were: Talinium triangulare (gbure), Basella alba (amunututu), Telfaria occidentalis (ugwu), Occium gratissimum (efinrin), Corchorus olitorius (ewedu), Solanum macrocarpon (igbagba), Vernonia amyldalina (ewuro), Amaranthus cruenthus (arowojeja), Solanecio biafrae (worowo), and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (iyana ipaja).Amongst the seventeen amino acids investigated in the vegetables, aspartic acid was highest in concentration with an average concentration of 10.91 g/100g of crude protein (cp) while cysteine was lowest (with an average of 0.602 g/100g (cp) on a dry weight basis, the leaves that contained the highest total amino acids (TAA) was Telfaria occidentalis (72.55 g/100g) of crude protein (cp) followed by Solanecio biafrae (72.47 g/100g)cp with Vernonia amygdalina being the lowest (63.59g...

The molecular mechanisms underlying fish tolerance to soybean meal (SBM) remain unclear. Identifying these mechanisms would be beneficial, as this trait favors growth. Two fish replicates from 19 experimental families were fed fishmeal-(100FM) or SBM-based diets supplemented with saponin (50SBM + 2SPN) from juvenile to adult stages. Individuals were selected from families with a genotype-by-environment interaction higher (HG-50SBM + 2SPN, 170 ± 18 mg) or lower (LG-50SBM + 2SPN, 76 ± 10 mg) weight gain on 50SBM + 2SPN for intestinal transcriptomic analysis. A histological evaluation confirmed middle intestinal inflammation in the LG- vs. HG-50SBM + 2SPN group. Enrichment analysis of 665 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified pathways associated with immunity and lipid metabolism. Genes linked to intestinal immunity were downregulated in HG fish (mpx, cxcr3.2, cftr, irg1l, itln2, sgk1, nup61l, il22), likely dampening inflammatory responses. Conversely, genes involved in reti...

Three cultivars of Mung bean viz NM-92, NM-98 and NM-06 were analyzed for their proximate composition. The samples were also tested by HPLC for amino acid content. The data showed that all the varieties had same moisture level. The maximum ash content (4.29%) was present in NM-92, crude fat (2.26%) was highest in NM-98 while NM-06 contained maximum amount of crude protein. About eighteen types of amino acids were detected in each of three varities. Acidic amino acids i.e., aspartic and glutamic acids were in considerable amount ranged from 13 to 23% followed by leucine, isoleucine, alanine, valine, lysine, phenyl alanine,serine and argnine fell in range of 3-8% of total protein. Maximum amount (13.00 and 22.80%) of aspartic and glutamic acids were present in NM-98. Similarly argnine (6.83%) and serine (5.45%) were also in highest amount in this variety. Leucine (7.46%) was maximum in NM-92 variety.NM-06 contained almost all the amino acids in lesser quantity except few like threonin...

The molecular mechanisms underlying fish tolerance to soybean meal (SBM) remain unclear. Identifying these mechanisms would be beneficial, as this trait favors growth. Two fish replicates from 19 experimental families were fed fishmeal-(100FM) or SBM-based diets supplemented with saponin (50SBM + 2SPN) from juvenile to adult stages. Individuals were selected from families with a genotype-by-environment interaction higher (HG-50SBM + 2SPN, 170 ± 18 mg) or lower (LG-50SBM + 2SPN, 76 ± 10 mg) weight gain on 50SBM + 2SPN for intestinal transcriptomic analysis. A histological evaluation confirmed middle intestinal inflammation in the LG- vs. HG-50SBM + 2SPN group. Enrichment analysis of 665 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified pathways associated with immunity and lipid metabolism. Genes linked to intestinal immunity were downregulated in HG fish (mpx, cxcr3.2, cftr, irg1l, itln2, sgk1, nup61l, il22), likely dampening inflammatory responses. Conversely, genes involved in reti...

Após seqüenciamento do genoma humano, os estudos genômicos têm se voltado à elucidação das funções de todos os genes, bem como à caracterização de suas interações com fatores ambientais. A nutrigenômica surgiu no contexto do pós-genoma humano e é considerada área-chave para a nutrição nesta década. Seu foco de estudo baseia-se na interação gene-nutriente. Esta ciência recente tem como objetivo principal o estabelecimento de dietas personalizadas, com base no genótipo, para a promoção da saúde e a redução do risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como as cardiovasculares, o câncer, o diabetes, entre outras. Nesse contexto, é fundamental a aplicação na área de nutrição das ferramentas de genômica funcional para análise do transcritoma (transcritômica), do proteoma (proteômica) e do metaboloma (metabolômica). As aplicabilidades dessas metodologias em estudos nutricionais parecem ilimitadas, pois podem ser conduzidas em cultura de células, modelos de experimentação em animais, est...

The Uniformed Services University hosted a conference in July 2008 entitled "Warfi ghter Nutrition: Advanced Technologies and Opportunities" with Health Affairs and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to develop strategic and tactical plans that could enhance Force Health Protection (FHP) by optimizing warfi ghter nutrition within the Department of Defense (DoD). The conference focused on three aspects of military nutrition: (1) fueling the forces, or garrison feeding; (2) performance optimization or operational feeding during deployment; and (3) nutritional interventions to support health reset and healing. Presentations by speakers addressed practical interventions (i.e., ready for implementation now) and advanced technologies (i.e., approaches meriting prioritized research and development efforts to transition into application). The conference concluded that nutritional optimization represents an integral and proactive approach to prevent illness, injury, and performance degradation throughout all phases of military service. The overarching consensus achieved was that warfi ghter nutrition, as a cornerstone of FHP, warrants the critical attention of both medical and line leadership to move quickly to support current initiatives and future advanced technologies.

Regarding cancer as a genetic multi-factorial disease, a number of aspects need to be investigated and analyzed in terms of cancer’s predisposition, development and prognosis. One of these multi-dimensional factors, which has gained increased attention in the oncological field due to its unelucidated role in risk assessment for cancer, is diet. Moreover, as studies advance, a clearer connection between diet and the molecular alteration of patients is becoming identifiable and quantifiable, thereby replacing the old general view associating specific phenotypical changes with the differential intake of nutrients. Respectively, there are two major fields concentrated on the interrelation between genome and diet: nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Nutrigenetics studies the effects of nutrition at the gene level, whereas nutrigenomics studies the effect of nutrients on genome and transcriptome patterns. By precisely evaluating the interaction between the genomic profile of patients and the...

Purpose: Comparative study of effect of sprouting on amino acid in white Sorghum Bicolor and Pennisetum Glaucum Methodology:The utilization of plant-derived foods as functional ingredients in food system continues to be of research interest as a purpose of achieving good health and well-being, target 3 of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Standard methods involving combined classical protein hydrolysis and derivatization with fast separation by Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and detection by a single quadrupole (QDa) mass spectrometer were used to analyze Sorghum bicolor and Pennisetum glaucum for amino acid profile before and after sprouting. Results: The data showed that eighteen amino acids were determined in all, which includes the essential for the growth of the infants, semi-essential amino acids and the nonessential amino acids (Harper, 1989). The levels in the sample were ranged as follows; unsprouted raw white sorghum bicolor seed flour (1.86±0.07-...

Nutrigenetic research examines the effects of inter-individual differences in genotype on responses to nutrients and other food components, in the context of health and of nutrient requirements. A practical application of nutrigenetics is the use of personal genetic information to guide recommendations for dietary choices that are more efficacious at the individual or genetic subgroup level relative to generic dietary advice. Nutrigenetics is unregulated, with no defined standards, beyond some commercially adopted codes of practice. Only a few official nutrition-related professional bodies have embraced the subject, and, consequently, there is a lack of educational resources or guidance for implementation of the outcomes of nutrigenetic research. To avoid misuse and to protect the public, personalised nutrigenetic advice and information should be based on clear evidence of validity grounded in a careful and defensible interpretation of outcomes from nutrigenetic research studies. Ev...

The molecular mechanisms underlying fish tolerance to soybean meal (SBM) remain unclear. Identifying these mechanisms would be beneficial, as this trait favors growth. Two fish replicates from 19 experimental families were fed fishmeal-(100FM) or SBM-based diets supplemented with saponin (50SBM + 2SPN) from juvenile to adult stages. Individuals were selected from families with a genotype-by-environment interaction higher (HG-50SBM + 2SPN, 170 ± 18 mg) or lower (LG-50SBM + 2SPN, 76 ± 10 mg) weight gain on 50SBM + 2SPN for intestinal transcriptomic analysis. A histological evaluation confirmed middle intestinal inflammation in the LG- vs. HG-50SBM + 2SPN group. Enrichment analysis of 665 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified pathways associated with immunity and lipid metabolism. Genes linked to intestinal immunity were downregulated in HG fish (mpx, cxcr3.2, cftr, irg1l, itln2, sgk1, nup61l, il22), likely dampening inflammatory responses. Conversely, genes involved in reti...

Study on the evaluation of the nutritional quality of poorly utilized plant products is of immense importance. This research work, therefore, evaluates the amino acid profile and mineral content of Balanites aegyptiaca kernel using standard analytical methods. The amino acid profile analysis revealed the presence of essential and the non-essential amino acids of which Total sulphur and Total aromatic amino acids content were 2.86 g/100 g protein and 7.21 g/100 g protein respectively. Analysis of the mineral content showed the presence of the following minerals in the order; Magnesium ˃ Sodium ˃ Calcium ˃ Potassium ˃ Iron ˃ Zinc ˃ Manganese ˃ Lead ˃ Copper ˃ Nickel ˃ Chromium ˃ Cadmium. The kernel could, therefore, be used as a good source of protein and minerals in supplementing other sources in order to reduce food insecurity and hence malnutrition from lack of protein diets.

The black purple sheath (stem) of Sorgum bicolor, used locally as colour additive in cooked meals and infusion drinks taken as beverages, was examined for its nutritive value. The stem made into flour, was found to be rich in energy (1121.3 kJ/100 g), and in some micronutrients (mg/100 g), such as Mg (185.33), Ca (151.70), K (138.87), Na (127.61), and Fe (10.98). High Mg content of stem may be useful for overcoming Mg deficiency. The Fe content was sufficient to meet the daily-required intake (DRI) value for human beings. The presence of Cu, Zn and Mn was also observed. The content of crude fibre (32.0%) and carbohydrates (44.50%) were useful for making the stem a fodder for animal consumption. However, the protein content of the stem was low (3.20%). The functional properties observed for the stem compared favourably with those already reported for some other plants such as pigeon pea flour, African yam bean, and wheat flour.

Mesmo em tempos modernos, os grandes avanços tecnológicos não permitem de forma comprovada retardar o envelhecimento nos seres humanos. Neste sentido, uma das estratégias é o uso moléculas químicas naturais que possuem a ação de ativadores de telomerase, uma vez de que a telomerase é uma ribonucleoproteína transcriptase reversa que possui a função de alongar os telômeros e neutralizar a erosão normal dos telômeros. Neste contexto, este estudo de revisão dedicou-se a aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o uso de moléculas químicas naturais derivadas de plantas que possuem função de ativadores de telomerase para atividade anti-aging. Inúmeras moléculas têm sido propostas e, estudas os seus mecanismos com o intuito de desenvolver novas ferramentas para prevenir/retardar e tratar doenças relacionadas a idade e o envelhecimento. Adicionalmente, o uso de moléculas como ativadores da telomerase têm sido um meio de prolongar o encurtamento dos temoleros, como no caso, de moléculas isolada da erv...

O comportamento ingestivo é regulado, entre outros, por factores afectivos, os quais determinam diferentes preferências. A escolha da dieta depende de experiências anteriores, bem como do nível de percepção gustativa, estando a saliva envolvida neste último. As proteínas salivares desempenham papéis muito diversos que incluem a lubrificação, digestão, protecção contra microorganismos e factores antinutritivos, e têm um papel decisivo na transdução do gosto. A nossa abordagem ao estudo do comportamento ingestivo utiliza a proteómica para identificar e monitorizar a expressão das proteínas salivares. A palavra proteómica é utilizada para descrever o estudo do proteoma, ou seja, a medição simultânea da totalidade de proteínas de uma matriz biológica. Temos como objectivo contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na regulação do comportamento em pastoreio, através do estudo do proteoma salivar de cabras e ovelhas, cujas preferências gustativas diferem. ABSTRACT

During the first hours after stroke onset, neurological deficits can be highly unstable: some patients rapidly improve, while others deteriorate. This early neurological instability has a major impact on long-term outcome. Here, we aimed to determine the genetic architecture of early neurological instability measured by the difference between the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) within 6 h of stroke onset and NIHSS at 24 h. A total of 5876 individuals from seven countries (Spain, Finland, Poland, USA, Costa Rica, Mexico and Korea) were studied using a multi-ancestry meta-analyses. We found that 8.7% of NIHSS at 24 h of variance was explained by common genetic variations, and also that early neurological instability has a different genetic architecture from that of stroke risk. Eight loci (1p21.1, 1q42.2, 2p25.1, 2q31.2, 2q33.3, 5q33.2, 7p21.2 and 13q31.1) were genome-wide significant and explained 1.8% of the variability suggesting that additional variants influenc...

ABSTRACTDuring the first hours after stroke onset neurological deficits can be highly unstable: some patients rapidly improve, while others deteriorate. This early neurological instability has a major impact on long-term outcome. Here, we aimed to determine the genetic architecture of early neurological instability measured by the difference between NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) within six hours of stroke onset and NIHSS at 24h (ΔNIHSS). A total of 5,876 individuals from seven countries (Spain, Finland, Poland, United States, Costa Rica, Mexico and Korea) were studied using a multi-ancestry meta-analyses. We found that 8.7% of ΔNIHSS variance was explained by common genetic variations, and also that early neurological instability has a different genetic architecture than that of stroke risk. Seven loci (2p25.1, 2q31.2, 2q33.3, 4q34.3, 5q33.2, 6q26 and 7p21.1) were genome-wide significant and explained 2.1% of the variability suggesting that additional variants influence early change in n...

The human genome is estimated to encode over 30,000 genes, and to be responsible for generating more than 100,000 functionally distinct proteins. Understanding the interrelationships among genes, gene products, and dietary habits is fundamental to identifying those who will benefit most from or be placed at risk by intervention strategies. Unraveling the multitude of nutrigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic patterns that arise from the ingestion of foods or their bioactive food components will not be simple but is likely to provide insights into a tailored approach to diet and health. The use of new and innovative technologies, such as microarrays, RNA interference, and nanotechnologies, will provide needed insights into molecular targets for specific bioactive food components and how they harmonize to influence individual phenotypes. Undeniably, to understand the interaction of food components and gene products, there is a need for additional research in the "omics" of nutrition. It is incumbent upon dietetics professionals to recognize that an individual's response to dietary intervention will depend on his or her genetic background and that this information may be used to promote human health and disease prevention. The objectives of this review are to acquaint nutritional professionals with terms relating to "omics," to convey the state of the science to date, to envision the possibilities for future research and technology, and to recognize the implications for clinical practice.

Dehulled loofah gourd seeds (DLGS), Luffah cylindrica was divided into three parts namely; raw (DLGSR), boiled for 5 min at 100 o C (DLGSB) and cooked for 30 min (DGLSC). Proximate composition, amino acids, amino acid scores and energy were determined in DLGSR, DLGSB and DLGSC and fatty acids constituents only in DLGSR on dry matter basis. Crude protein content of DLGSB and DLGSC were similar and significantly lower (p<0.05) than DLGSR while crude fibre, carbohydrate, ash, and the ether extract were not (p>0.05). Glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), leucine (Leu), arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), valine (Val) and phenylalanine (Phe) were concentrated in DLGSR in the order listed. Arg, Thr, Asp, Glu, Pro,Gly and Ala were significantly highest (p<0.05) in DLGSC while Lys, Asp and Ser were highest (p<0.05) in DLGSR and Gly and Tyr in DLGSB. The percent total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) and the protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) were highest (p>0.05) in raw and boiled seeds respectively. The limiting amino acid in the samples was Met+Cyst. The fatty acid constituents were myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidic acid. DLGSR contained 99.1% total fatty acids, 31.4% total saturated fatty acids, 67.7% total unsaturated fatty acids. Loofah gourd seed is a good potential vegetable protein source as food/feed.

Nutrigenomics is a subspecialty of nutrition science which aims to understand how gene-diet interactions influence individuals' response to food, disease susceptibility, and population health. Yet ethical enquiry into this field is being outpaced by nutrigenomics bioscience. The ethical issues surrounding nutrigenomics face the challenges of a rapidly evolving field which bring forward the additional dimension of crossdisciplinary integrative research between social and biomedical sciences. This article outlines the emerging nutrigenomics definitions and concepts and analyzes the existing ethics literature concerning personalized nutrition and presents "points to consider" over ethical issues regarding future nutrigenomics applications. The interest in nutrigenomics coincides with a shift in emphasis in medicine and biosciences toward prevention of future disease susceptibilities rather than treatment of already established disease. Hence, unique ethical issues emerge concerning the extent to which nutrigenomics can alter our relation to food, boundaries between health and disease, and the folklore of medical practice. Nutrigenomics can result in new social values, norms, and responsibilities for both individuals and societies. Nutrigenomics is not only another new application of "-omics" technologies in the context of gene-diet interactions. Nutrigenomics may fundamentally change the way we perceive human illness while shifting the focus and broadening the scope of health interventions from patients to healthy individuals. In resource-and time-limited healthcare settings, this creates unique ethical dilemmas and distributive justice issues. Ethical aspects of nutrigenomics applications should be addressed proactively, as this new science develops and increasingly coalesces with other applications of genomics in medicine and public health.

Nutritional genomics has reached the public through applications of the Human Genome Project offered direct to consumers (DTC). The ability to pursue nutrigenetic testing without the involvement of a health care professional has received considerable attention from academic and policy commentators. To better understand the knowledge and attitudes of Canadian health care professionals regarding nutritional genomics and nutrigenetic testing, qualitative research in the form of focus group discussions was undertaken. Four key themes emerged: (1) concerns over DTC testing; (2) lack of health care professional competency; (3) genetic scepticism and inevitability; (4) expectation of regulation. Together, they indicate that health care professionals have little knowledge about nutritional genomics and hold contradictory attitudes towards genomics in general, and to nutritional genomics in particular. Respondents argue in favour of a delivery model where health care professionals act as int...

Regarding cancer as a genetic multi-factorial disease, a number of aspects need to be investigated and analyzed in terms of cancer’s predisposition, development and prognosis. One of these multi-dimensional factors, which has gained increased attention in the oncological field due to its unelucidated role in risk assessment for cancer, is diet. Moreover, as studies advance, a clearer connection between diet and the molecular alteration of patients is becoming identifiable and quantifiable, thereby replacing the old general view associating specific phenotypical changes with the differential intake of nutrients. Respectively, there are two major fields concentrated on the interrelation between genome and diet: nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Nutrigenetics studies the effects of nutrition at the gene level, whereas nutrigenomics studies the effect of nutrients on genome and transcriptome patterns. By precisely evaluating the interaction between the genomic profile of patients and the...

Introdução: Os telômeros estão localizados nas extremidades dos cromossomos e constituem-se de sequências do DNA e proteínas associadas. O exercício físico parece ter relação com um maior comprimento de telômeros, porém, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto deste na dinâmica telomérica de pessoas com disfunções crônico-degenerativas.  Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente a literatura a respeito do efeito do exercício no comprimento dos telômeros em pessoas com disfunções crônico-degenerativas. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas por dois investigadores independentes nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs e Cochrane Controlled Trials Database, analisando publicações nos idiomas inglês e português. Resultados: Foram encontrados 845 estudos, onde destes, quatro atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade e seguiram para síntese. Conclusão: Embora o encurtamento dos telômeros esteja relacionado ao estilo de vida, herança genética e doenças do envelhecimento, ainda não está claro se o exercício físi...