Next Generation Networks

This paper explores the 3GPP 5G network architecture from release 15 phase 1 and how this will evolve with the introduction of next generation core (NGC) network. The paper starts with a discussion about interworking between LTE and 5G then explores spectrum topics before presenting a detailed view of the end to end 5G network architecture, including the functional decomposition of the radio access network (RAN). Paper originally appeared in Volume 12, Part 1 of The ITP (Institute of Telecommunications Professionals) Journal.

The migration of the network with circuit switching towards the NGN requires a thorough knowledge of the interface between them. In this study, one limited oneself to evaluate the number of the principal equipment of this interface.
For the NGN telephony, it is necessary to determine the number of MG (Media Gateway) and Softswitchs. As for the multimedia NGN, the relevant parameters are the IMS-MG(IP Multimedia Subscriber-Media Gateway), M-MG (Mobile-Media Gateway) and the MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function).
With this intention, software “simsNGNv1” under C++ Builder 6.0 of Borland were developed. The number of calls to hour charged and their average duration constitute the parameters of entry.

This paper presents a brief description of the environmental disaster that occurred in Minamata, Japan, in the 1950s, and its consequences to the current society, emphasizing actions that seek the prevention of heavy metal poisoning, specifically mercury. The objective of this paper is to suggest strategies for environmental control and food safety, justified by the pursuit of improving society's quality of life and environmental monitoring. With research in literature, qualitative and descriptive research conducted, it was examined as is the awareness of society, from the time of the disaster, until recently. It was presented one of the most effective methods currently used to prevent mercury contamination. It was emphasized the importance of implementing a program of Fished contamination control, combined with environmental education tools in preventing accidents poisoning by mercury and its derivatives. If so it contributes to the improvement of environmental management and food safety assurance in the north coast region of São Paulo/BRAZIL.

Este trabalho apresenta uma breve descrição do desastre ambiental ocorrido em Minamata, Japão, na década de 1950, e suas consequências à sociedade atual, ressaltando ações que buscam a prevenção de intoxicação por metais pesados, especificamente o mercúrio. O objetivo deste trabalho é sugerir estratégias para o controle ambiental e segurança alimentar, justificado pela busca da melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade e pelo monitoramento do meio ambiente. Com pesquisas bibliográfica, qualitativa e descritiva realizadas, analisou-se como está a sensibilização da sociedade, desde a época do desastre, até recentemente. Apresentou-se um dos métodos mais eficazes atualmente utilizados, na prevenção de contaminação por mercúrio. Enfatizou-se a importância da implementação de um Programa de Controle de Contaminação de Pescados, aliado a ferramentas de educação ambiental, na prevenção de acidentes por intoxicação pelo mercúrio e seus derivados. Contribui-se assim, para o aperfeiçoamento da gestão ambiental e da garantia da segurança alimentar na região do litoral norte Paulista.

MICHELINO, F. A. S.; JUNG, D. R. - CASO MINAMATA: Lições aprendidas e próximos passos da sociedade. In: XII Congresso Nacional do Meio Ambiente de Poços de Caldas-MG. 20-22 maio, 2015. ISSN 2317- 9686. < http://www.meioambientepocos.com.br/anais/261.%20CASO%20MINAMATA_%20LI%C3%87%C3%95ES%20APRENDIDAS%20E%20PR%C3%93XIMOS%20PASSOS%20DA%20SOCIEDADE.doc >.

https://issuu.com/francisco.michelino/docs/artigo

In order to cater for the overwhelming growth in bandwidth demand from mobile Internet users operators have started to deploy different, overlapping radio access network technologies. One important challenge in such a heterogeneous wireless environment is to enable network selection mechanisms in order to keep the mobile users Always Best Connected (ABC) anywhere and anytime. Game theory techniques have been receiving growing attention in recent years as they can be adopted in order to model and understand competitive and cooperative scenarios between rational decision makers. This paper presents an overview of the network selection decision problem and challenges, a comprehensive classification of related game theoretic approaches and a discussion on the application of game theory to the network selection problem faced by the next generation of 4G wireless networks.

This paper presents a 60GHz direct-conversion transceiver using 60GHz quadrature oscillators. The 65nm CMOS transceiver realizes the IEEE802.15.3c full-rate wireless communication for every 16QAM/8PSK/QPSK/BPSK mode. The maximum data rates with an antenna built in the package are 8Gb/s in QPSK mode and 11 Gb/s in 16QAM mode within a BER of <;1CH, and the transmitter and the receiver consume 186mW and 106mW, respectively.

VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) are highly mobile wireless ad hoc networks and will play an important role in public safety communications and commercial applications. Routing of data in VANETs is a challenging task due to rapidly changing topology and high speed mobility of vehicles. Position
based routing protocols are becoming popular due to advancement and availability of GPS devices. One
of the critical issues of VANETs are frequent path disruptions caused by high speed mobility of vehicle that leads to broken links which results in low throughput and high overhead . This paper argues the use of information on vehicles’ movement information (e.g., position, direction, speed of vehicles) to predict a possible link-breakage event prior to its occurrence. So in this paper we propose a Reliable Directional Greedy routing (RDGR), a reliable position based routing approach which obtains position, speed and direction of its neighboring nodes from GPS. This approach incorporates potential score based strategy,which calculates link stability between neighbor nodes in distributed fashion for reliable forwarding of data packet.

Hybrid Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Networks (XDMA-WDM-PON) seems to be the solution to tackle the requirements for optical access networks of the future. This article presents the trending for Next Generation Optical Access Networks (NG-OAN). In this work the requirements for optical access networks of the future are summarized in order to compare several XDMA-WDM-PON proposed solutions. Time

This paper provides analyses of the performance of radio parameters necessary for efficient Long term evolution (LTE) radio planning: through numerous simulations in different transmission modes and network scenario. It mainly highlights the throughput, Block Error Rate (BLER) with respect to Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) along with changed UE mobility on the physical layer and in network context covering different simulation environments.

Mobile data services are penetrating mobile markets rapidly. The mobile industry relies heavily on data service to replace the traditional voice services with the evolution of the wireless technology and market. A reliable packet service network is critical to the mobile operators to maintain their core competence in data service market. Furthermore, mobile operators need to develop effective operational models to manage the varying mix of voice,data and video traffic on a single network. Application of statistical models could prove to be an effective approach.This paper first introduces the architecture of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) packet switched (PS) network and then applies multivariate statistical analysis to Key Performance Indicators (KPI) monitored from network entities in UMTS PS network to guide the long term capacity planning for the network. The
approach proposed in this paper could be helpful to mobile operators in operating and maintaining their 3G packet
switched networks for the long run.

Over the last two decades free-space optical communication (FSO) has become more and more interesting as an adjunct or alternative to radio frequency communication. Free-space optical (FSO) communication links are most susceptible to a tremendous amount of variability and offer a real challenge for efficient, robust system design.one method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber is Fiber-optic communication , FSO communication systems will provide a large dynamic range of performance through most cases .It is a line-of-sight (LOS) technology that transmits a modulated beam of visible or infrared light through the atmosphere for broadband communications. In a way similar to fiber optical communications, free space optics uses a light emitting diode (LED) or laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) as a point source for data transmission. However, in free space optics, an energy beam is collimate...

The OSI model, developed by ISO in 1984, attempts to summarize complicated network cases on layers. Moreover, network troubles are expressed by taking the model into account. However, there has been no standardization for network troubles up to now. Network troubles have only been expressed by the name of the related layer. In this paper, it is pointed out that possible troubles on the related layer vary and possible troubles on each layer are categorized for functional network administration and they are standardized in an eligible way. The proposed model for network trouble shooting was developed considering the OSI model.

In this paper we propose a novel planning tool for Next Generation Optical Access (NGOA) networks, based on real street maps. A Geographical Information System -based tool was developed that uses OpenStreetMap (OSM) raw data to extract the network topology. Aiming to reduce the total network deployment costs in a greenfield scenario, we propose a heuristic clustering algorithm for the assignment of Optical Network Units (ONUs) to access network port and a scheme that exploits conduit sharing to find the optimum cable distribution for the working and protection paths. Our model is used to compare several variants of WDM-based NGOA system concepts with respect to their equipment, energy consumption and infrastructure costs.

Now a day’s Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technology. Mobility management is one of the most challenging research issues for VANETs to support variety of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications. VANETs are getting importance for inter-vehicle communication, because they allow the communication among vehicles without any infrastructure, configuration effort, and without the high costs of cellular networks. Besides local data exchange, vehicular applications may be used to accessing Internet services. The access is provided by Internet gateways located on the site of roadside. However, the Internet integration requires a respective mobility support of the vehicular ad hoc network. In this paper we will study about the network mobility approach in vehicular ad hoc network; the model will describe the movement of vehicles from one network to other network. The proposed handover scheme reduces the handover latency, packet loss signaling overhead.

The integration of ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) and IEEE 802.16 has been lately presented as a promising candidate for next-generation broadband access. This paper investigates the performance of the integrated carrier when specific service bundles (SBs) with bandwidth guarantee and diverse quality of service requirements are provisioned. We first present a novel framework that fairly distributes the upstream network capacity among the different SBs. We then propose a novel delay-based admission control scheme to increase the network utilization and enable an inter-SB statistical multiplexing. To obtain the expected delay of each SB stream, a generic analytical model is developed. Based on this model, we further formulate some important performance measures such as queuing delay, end-to-end (from wireless user to the central office of PON) delay, average queue size and optimal orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frame length. Numerical results validate our analysis and highlight the advantages of the proposed solution.

Abstract: Fueled by the pervasiveness of the Internet, unprecedented computing power, ubiquitous sensors and meters, addictive consumer gadgets, inexpensive storage and (to-date) highly elastic network capacity, digital in-formation is streaming at a mind-boggling rate.  Big Data is not a precise term; rather, it is a characterization of the never-ending accumulation of all kinds of data, most of it unstructured. It describes data sets that are growing exponentially and that are too large, too raw, or too unstructured for analysis using relational database techniques. Whether terabytes or peta bytes, the precise amount is less the issue than where the data ends up and how it is used. Today’s applications are expected to manage a variety of structured and unstructured data, accessed by massive networks of users, devices, and business locations, or even sensors, vehicles and Internet-enabled goods. As the need for data access expands to the network edge, most databases are still grounded in a central data centre. DBAs con-tinue to toil, as they have for decades, moving databases to more powerful hardware, or bigger clusters, and constantly re-designing them in order to accommodate business growth [8].  Big data has the potential to improve the quality of services; enable infrastructure that businesses depend on to adapt continually and efficiently; improve the performance of employees; help organizations better understand customers; and reduce liability risks. Big Data Analytics and marketing models presents Next generation of networks that are in a prime position to monetize rich supplies of customer information, while being mindful of legal and privacy issues. As data assets are transformed into new revenue streams will become integral to high performance. The speed of business these days and the amount of data that we are now swimming in mean that we need to have new ways and new techniques of getting at the data, finding out what’s in there, and figuring out how we manage it.
Keywords: Big Data, Next Generation Networks, Network Transformation, High Performance, Data Centre.
Title: Novel Approaches to Big Data Management
Author: JAVED MOHAMMED
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research
ISSN 2348-1196 (print), ISSN 2348-120X (online)
Research Publish Journals

In this paper, we show the comparison of performances of three different digital signal processing (DSP) based directly detected 100 Gb/s transmission schemes namely optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DDO-OFDM), optical single carrier frequency domain equalization (DDO-SCFDE), and optical DFT-spread OFDM (DDO-DFTS). Performances of these systems are characterized with different link parameters including laser linewidth, modulation formats, RF frequency, modulator drive power, and so on. Simulation results suggest that at optimum operating conditions, receivers' sensitivities of these systems may not exhibit any significant difference with respect to each other confirming their suitability for next-generation 100 Gb/s short reach optical links.

Forthcoming 100 Gb/s Ethernet (100 GbE) standard has targeted 100 Gb/s transmission over 10 km and 40 km of single mode fiber (SMF) using four channel (4 x 25 Gb/s) wavelength division multiplexed systems, which is neither cost effective nor spectrally efficient compared to a potential single channel system exploiting higher order modulation such as optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM). This paper investigates a single channel 100 Gb/s system based on directly detected 64-QAM O-OFDM that has an effective OFDM bandwidth of 24 GHz. It is found that the system can effectively enable error-free (at BER 10 -3 without FEC) transmission of data at the desired distances of SMF without any in line amplification.

Emergency services are vital services that Next Generation Networks (NGNs) have to provide. As the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is in the heart of NGNs, 3GPP has carried
the burden of specifying a standardized IMS-based emergency services framework. Unfortunately,like any other IP-based standards, the IMS-based emergency service framework is
prone to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. We propose in this work, a simple but efficient solution that can prevent certain types of such attacks by creating firewall pinholes that regular clients will surely be able to pass in contrast to the attackers clients. Our solution was implemented, tested in an appropriate testbed, and its efficiency was proven.

This paper focuses on an essential task of the enhanced NodeB eNodeB element in LTE architecture, the Radio Resource Manager RRM, which aims to accept or reject requests for connection to the network based on some constraints and ensuring optimal distribution of radio resources between Users Equipments UEs. Its main functionalities include Admission Control AC and Packet Scheduling PS. This paper will center mainly on the PS part of the RRM task, which performs the radio resource allocation in both uplink and downlink directions. Several approaches and algorithms have been proposed in the literature to address this need (allocate resources efficiently), the diversity and multitude of algorithms is related to the factors considered for the optimal management of radio resource, specifically, the traffic type and the QoS (Quality of Service) requested by the UE. In this article, an art’s state of the radio resource allocation strategies and a detailed study of several scheduling algorithms proposed for LTE (uplink and downlink) are made. Therefore, we offer our evaluation and criticism.

This paper concerns about the radio propagation models used for the upcoming 4 th Generation (4G) of cellular networks known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in planning of any wireless communication systems. In this paper, a comparison is made between different proposed radio propagation models that would be used for LTE, like Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, Hata COST 231 model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami & Ericsson 9999 model. The comparison is made using different terrains e.g. urban, suburban and rural area.SUI model shows the lowest path lost in all the terrains while COST 231 Hata model illustrates highest path loss in urban area and COST Walfisch-Ikegami model has highest path loss for suburban and rural environments.

This paper presents an overview of the present and the future of audio networking and its needs, and focus on a light-weight generic architecture that we had experienced on multichannel spatial sound streamed to multiple recipients, in the context of 3D multimedia environment, and which should fit all the current and future requirements of professional audio applications.

This paper presents a novel "cache-and-forward" (CNF) protocol architecture for mobile content delivery services in the future Internet. The CNF architecture can be implemented as an overlay on top of the Internet Protocol (IP), or as a clean slate protocol for next-generation networks. CNF is based on the concept of store-and-forward routers with large storage, providing for opportunistic delivery to occasionally disconnected mobile users and for in-network caching of content. The proposed CNF protocol uses reliable hop-by-hop transfer of large data files between CNF routers in place of an end-to-end transport protocol like TCP. This approach makes it possible to serve mobile users with intermittent connectivity, while also mitigating selfinterference problems which arise in multi-hop wireless scenarios. Hop-by-hop transport is similarly useful in wired networks where router storage can help to smooth out link congestion bottlenecks which arise in TCP/IP networks. A second key feature of the CNF protocol is the integration of addressbased and content-based routing to support various content delivery modes that take advantage of in-network storage. An overview of the CNF architecture and major protocol components is given, and preliminary performance evaluation results are summarized to validate the main design principles.

Manycore systems have emerged as being one of the dominant architectural trends in next-generation computer systems. These highly parallel systems are expected to be interconnected via packet-based networks-on-chip (NoC). The complexity of such systems poses novel and exciting challenges in academia, as teaching their design requires the students to understand a large number of NoC-based design-space parameters. Moreover, the industry has only recently attempted to design large-scale NoC-based manycore prototypes; the use of NoCs, therefore, has not yet reached a mature stage. Consequently, academia still lacks standardized tools and methodologies to teach NoC-based manycore systems, which, in turn, demand a solid educational background in a wide variety of areas, thus raising several teaching challenges. This paper presents an FPGA-based teaching framework composed of a sequence of laboratory assignments. The framework provides instructors with a practical teaching approach and helps them teach students how to emulate NoC-based manycore systems and how to evaluate and explore their design parameters. The proposed framework can be integrated into existing senior undergraduate courses or can be taught as an independent course. The course has been taught three times at the University of Cyprus, and initial course evaluation results, instructor observations, and suggested grading policies are also provided.

This paper presents a novel "cache-and-forward" (CNF) protocol architecture for mobile content delivery services in the future Internet. The CNF architecture can be implemented as an overlay on top of the Internet Protocol (IP), or as a clean slate protocol for next-generation networks. CNF is based on the concept of store-and-forward routers with large storage, providing for opportunistic delivery to occasionally disconnected mobile users and for in-network caching of content. The proposed CNF protocol uses reliable hop-by-hop transfer of large data files between CNF routers in place of an end-to-end transport protocol like TCP. This approach makes it possible to serve mobile users with intermittent connectivity, while also mitigating selfinterference problems which arise in multi-hop wireless scenarios. Hop-by-hop transport is similarly useful in wired networks where router storage can help to smooth out link congestion bottlenecks which arise in TCP/IP networks. A second key feature of the CNF protocol is the integration of addressbased and content-based routing to support various content delivery modes that take advantage of in-network storage. An overview of the CNF architecture and major protocol components is given, and preliminary performance evaluation results are summarized to validate the main design principles.

As the telecommunication network components and functions are getting commoditized, the complexity in configuration and optimization increases. Several automation techniques are evolving from traditional deterministic algorithms (pre-defined rulesets obtained from experience accumulated by humans) that were heuristic-based to more cognitive and stochastic-based algorithms. The aim of this paper is to introduce the seven layers in wireless telecommunication networks that uses stochastic or AI algorithms, explain the need for monitoring and possible potential biases in each layer of the stochastic algorithm stack and finally conclude with evaluation methods, techniques for detecting false positive and false negative proposals in autonomous network functions. The main subject of the paper is to provide a background on the need of explainable AI for autonomous network functions. The paper includes introduction of two models ANOBIA and INFEROBIA models that helps to achieve explainable AI for autonomous network functions in wireless and mobile networks.

In this paper, we propose the system concepts of a next-generation wavelength switched hybrid time division multiple access and wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) passive optical network (PON) architecture. In this architecture, wavelength selective switches (WSSs) are used at the remote node to improve flexibility, data security and power budget compared to other TWDM-PON variants. We map the proposed architecture to the requirements of next-generation optical access networks in a 2020 perspective. Finally, we benchmark the proposed architecture with other proposed TWDM-PON solutions.

Today's wireless networks are characterized by a fixed spectrum assignment policy. However, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically and geographical variations in the utilization of assigned spectrum ranges from 15% to 85% with a high variance in time. The limited available spectrum and the inefficiency in the spectrum usage necessitate a new communication paradigm to exploit the existing wireless spectrum opportunistically. This new networking paradigm is referred to as NeXt Generation (xG) Networks as well as Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) and cognitive radio networks. The term xG networks is used throughout the paper. The novel functionalities and current research challenges of the xG networks are explained in detail. More specifically, a brief overview of the cognitive radio technology is provided and the xG network architecture is introduced. Moreover, the xG network functions such as spectrum management, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing are explained in detail. The influence of these functions on the performance of the upper layer protocols such as routing and transport are investigated and open research issues in these areas are also outlined. Finally, the cross-layer design challenges in xG networks are discussed.

User mobility, heterogeneity of networks and network technologies, variety of mobile devices (e.g., different operating systems, display size, CPU capabilities, battery limitations, etc.), and wide range of video-centric applications (e.g., video on demand, video games, live video streaming, video conferences, surveillance, etc.) open up the demand for usercentric solutions that adapt the video application to the underlying network conditions and device characteristics. Additionally, the absence of battery improvements suitable to meet the growing power requirements, and the need for green ICT, provide strong motivation for researchers to develop energy efficient techniques to manage and reduce power consumption in next-generation wireless networks, while still meeting high user quality expectations. In this context we propose Adapt-or- Handover, a hybrid multimedia delivery solution, which balances the benefits of multimedia content adaptation and of network selection in order to decrease power consumption in a heterogeneous wireless network environment. The proposed solution is analyzed and comparatively tested through simulations. The results show how by using Adapt-or-Handover the users benefit from up to 31% energy savings with insignificant degradation in quality, in comparison with other energy efficient solutions.

Abstract In order to cater for the overwhelming growth in bandwidth demand from mobile Internet users operators have started to deploy different, overlapping radio access network technologies. One important challenge in such a heterogeneous wireless environment is to enable network selection mechanisms in order to keep the mobile users Always Best Connected (ABC) anywhere and anytime. Game theory techniques have been receiving growing attention in recent years as they can be adopted in order to model and ...

This paper presents a new compression technique and image watermarking algorithm based on Contourlet Transform (CT). For image compression, an energy based quantization is used. Scalar quantization is explored for image watermarking. Double filter bank structure is used in CT. The Laplacian Pyramid (LP) is used to capture the point discontinuities, and then followed by a Directional Filter Bank (DFB) to link point
discontinuities. The coefficients of down sampled low pass version of LP decomposed image are re-ordered in a
pre-determined manner and prediction algorithm is used to reduce entropy (bits/pixel). In addition, the coefficients of CT are quantized based on the energy in the particular band. The superiority of proposed algorithm to JPEG is observed in terms of reduced blocking artifacts. The results are also compared with wavelet transform (WT). Superiority of CT to WT is observed when the image contains more contours. The
watermark image is embedded in the low pass image of contourlet decomposition. The watermark can be
extracted with minimum error. In terms of PSNR, the visual quality of the watermarked image is exceptional.
The proposed algorithm is robust to many image attacks and suitable for copyright protection applications.

The 3GPP has raised the need to revisit the design of next generations of cellular networks in order to make them capable and efficient to provide M2M services. One of the key challenges that has been identified is the need to enhance the operation of the random access channel of LTE and LTE-A. The current mechanism to request access to the system is known to suffer from congestion and overloading in the presence of a huge number of devices. For this reason, different research groups around the globe are working towards the design of more efficient ways of managing the access to these networks in such circumstances. This paper aims to provide a survey of the alternatives that have been proposed over the last years to improve the operation of the random access channel of LTE and LTE-A. A comprehensive discussion of the different alternatives is provided, identifying strengths and weaknesses of each one of them, while drawing future trends to steer the efforts over the same shooting line. In addition, while existing literature has been focused on the performance in terms of delay, the energy efficiency of the access mechanism of LTE will play a key role in the deployment of M2M networks. For this reason, a comprehensive performance evaluation of the energy efficiency of the random access mechanism of LTE is provided in this paper. The aim of this computer-based simulation study is to set a baseline performance upon which new and more energy-efficient mechanisms can be designed in the near future.

We consider in this paper downlink scheduling at the Medium Access Layer (MAC) layer for delay sensitive traf c in wireless systems based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). We refer in particular to next generation wireless systems such as 3GPP-LTE. We propose an Opportunistic Packet Loss Fair (OPLF) scheduling algorithm based on calculating a simple dynamic priority function which depends on the Head of Line (HOL) packet delay, the packet loss rate (PLR) and the achievable instantaneous downlink rate of each user. This algorithm overcomes the main limitations of existing algorithms, achieving better performance than state-ofthe art algorithms, such as Modi ed Largest Weighted Delay First (M-LWDF), Proportional Fair (PF), and Packet Loss Fair (PLF), in terms of throughput, PLR and fairness among users.

Over the past few years, mobile operators are faced with enormous challenges. Of such challenges, evolved user demands on personalized applications. Telecommunications industry as well as research community have paid enormous attention to Next Generation Networks (NGN) to address this challenge. NGN is perceived as a sophisticated platform where both application developers and mobile operators cooperate to develop user applications with enhanced quality of experience. The objective of this paper is two folds, first we present an introduction to state-of-the-art NGN testbed to be developed at KAU, and second we provide initial analysis for deploying a mobile application on top of the testbed.

We discuss the most advanced next generation optical access network architectures and technologies, followed by the presentation of results from a techno-economic study on the relevant outside plant costs that includes a comparison among various FTTx architectures. Our study provides answers to frequent questions posed by governments and network operators on the actual costs to pass households with a next generation access fiberoptic based network.

The ever-increasing complexity of disasters demands utilisation of knowledge that exists outside domains traditionally drawn upon in disaster management. To be operationally useful, such knowledge must be extracted, combined with information generated by the disaster itself, and transformed into actionable knowledge. The process, though, is hampered by existing, businessoriented approaches to knowledge management, by technical issues related to access to relevant, multi-domain information/knowledge, and by executive decision-making processes based predominantly on historical knowledge. Consequently, as shown by many recent incidents, the management of large-scale (mega) disasters is often inefficient and exceedingly costly. This paper demonstrates that the integration of modified information and knowledge management into the concepts of network-centric operations and network-enabled capabilities, and the employment of Boyd's OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) Loop-based decision-making in unpredictable and dynamically changing environments, may address some of these problems.

This paper presents a 60-GHz direct-conversion transceiver using 60-GHz quadrature oscillators. The transceiver has been fabricated in a standard 65-nm CMOS process. It in cludes a receiver with a 17.3-dB conversion gain and less than 8.0-dB noise figure, a transmitter with a 18.3-dB conversion gain, a 9.5-dBm output 1 dB compression point, a 10.9-dBm saturation output power and 8.8-% power added efficiency. The 60-GHz frequency synthesizer is implemented by a combination of a 20-GHz PLL and a 60-GHz quadrature injection-locked oscillator, which achieves a phase noise of -95 dBc/Hz@l MHz-offset at 60 GHz. The transceiver realizes IEEE802.15.3c full-rate wireless communication for all 16QAM/8PSK/QPSK/BPSK modes, and the communication distances with the full data rate using 2.16-GHz bandwidth, measured with an antenna built in the package, are 2.7-m (BPSK/QPSK) and 0.2-m (8PSK/16QAM). The measured maximum data rates are 8 Gb/s in QPSK mode and 11 Gb/s in 16QAM mode over a 5 cm wireless link within a bit error rate (BER) of <;10-3. The transceiver consumes 186 mW from a 1.2-V supply voltage while transmitting and 106 mW from 1.0-V supply voltage while receiving. Both transmitter and receiver are driven by a 20-GHz PLL, which consumes 66 mW, including output buffer, from a 1.2-V supply voltage.

Wireless sensor networks are collected of countless low charge, low power devices with sensing, local processing and wireless communication capabilities. Minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lifespan are significant issues in the design of routing protocols for sensor networks. In this paper, we analyses the efficiency of LEACH protocol in extending the existence for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. Based on LEACH protocol, an enhanced protocol termed as R- LEACH is proposed which aims to diminish energy consumption within the wireless sensor networks.  The simulation results suggest R-LEACH protocol could equilibrium network energy consumption and extend the network lifecycle more successfully as compared to LEACH.

Our work becomes integrated into the general problem of the stability of the network ad hoc. Some, works attacked(affected) this problem. Among these works, we find the modelling of the network ad hoc in the form of a graph. Thus the problem of stability of the network ad hoc which corresponds to a problem of allocation of frequency amounts to a problem of allocation of colors in the vertex of graph. we present use a parameter of coloring " the number of Grundy". The Grundy number of a graph G, denoted by Γ(G), is the largest k such that G has a greedy k-coloring, that is a coloring with colours obtained by applying the greedy algorithm according to some ordering of the vertices of G. In this paper, we study the Grundy number of the lexicographic, Cartesian and direct products of two graphs in terms of the Grundy numbers of these graphs.

Future wireless networks will consist of multiple heterogeneous access technologies such as UMTS,
WLAN and Wi-Max. The main challenge in these networks is to provide users with a wide range of services across different radio access technologies through a single mobile terminal. With regard to vertical hand off performance, there is a need for developing algorithms for connection management and optimal resource allocation for seamless mobility. The Media Independent Handover (MIH) architecture is used for the special case of handoff optimization between heterogeneous networks. The signaling messages are exchanged by triggers in 802.21 is obtained through Service Access Points (SAP). These messages must be delivered in a timely and reliable manner. In this paper, a novel solution to communicate MIH messages
and to review their limitations are analyzed. An efficient solution using 3SE a Sender-Side Stream Control,transport-layer protocol Extension, that modifies the Standard SCTP protocol is introduced. 3SE aims at
exploiting SCTP’s multi homing and multi streaming capabilities and is optimized by using MIH services.The performance is analyzed for various packet loss conditions and bandwidth capacity.

Several network operators have been deploying Quality of Service (QoS) techniques that help improve customer satisfaction and can have an impact on the cost of telecommunications services. As Long
-Run Incremental Cost (LRIC) models are used in various jurisdictions to derive the cost of regulated services, a question that needs to be
addressed is how QoS concepts can be included in an LRIC model. This article pursues two goals. First, it describes the main QoS techniques and strategies that could be taken into account in a cost model. Second, it discusses the impact of QoS concepts on an LRIC
model. The article shows that the introduction of QoS concepts into a cost model involves a critical review of the following parameters:
cost drivers, cost of network elements, traffic supported by network elements, and usage factors.

In this paper, we present testing scenarios for reliable transmission of provisional responses in SIP user agent. Several test scenarios for different functionalities of SIP user agent have been presented by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). However, no scenarios have been given for reliable transmission of provisional responses. Scenarios in this paper are got from the finite state machines designed in the paper for both SIP user agent server and user agent client. State machines are designed according to the behavior of SIP user agent client and server. These behaviors are observed from the functionalities and conditions adopted from accredited RFCs and standards of SIP protocol. A major characteristic of this set of scenarios is that it is optimum in terms of the number, since the designed state machines are minimal in terms of the states. Finally, these tests are executable in a real lab environment as are to be executed in Iran Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC)'s Next Generation Network (NGN) Pilot lab.

The anticipated deployment of IEEE 802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) will usher a new era in broadband wireless communications. The adoption of the WiMAX technology for remote areas, for example, can address challenging scenarios in a cost-effective manner. While WiMAX Forum documents describe an architecture that inherently supports quality of service and mobility, several areas are left uncovered. We present an architecture which integrates WiMAX, quality of service and mobility management frameworks over heterogeneous networks, developing mechanisms for seamless handovers. Our approach takes into consideration the expected deployment of, on the one hand, the IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handover) proposed standard and, on the other, the IETFstandardized Next Steps in Signalling framework. The first contributions of this paper comprise a specification of the mechanisms for make-before-break vertical handovers taking quality of service signalling into account and the integration in a heterogeneous environment. The latter contribution is an empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture using a testbed demonstrator. We quantify the processing delays of the main components in our prototype implementation when a terminal hands over between different access technologies, demonstrating the potential of the proposed architecture.

With the mobile networks migrating towards LTE-Advanced and all-IP networks, people expect to connect to the Internet anytime, anywhere and from any IP-connected device. Moreover, nowadays people tend to spend much of their time consuming multimedia content from various devices with heterogeneous characteristics (e.g., TV screen, laptop, tablet, smartphone, etc.). In order to support uninterrupted, continuous, and smooth video streaming with reduced delay, jitter, and packet loss to their customers, network operators must be able to differentiate between their offerings according to device characteristics, including screen resolution. This paper proposes a novel Utility-based Priority Scheduling (UPS) algorithm which considers device differentiation when supporting high quality delivery of multimedia services over LTE networks. The priority decision is based on device classification, mobile device energy consumption and multimedia stream tolerance to packet loss ratio. Simulation results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed priority-based scheduling algorithm in comparison with two classic approaches.

An increasingly wireless world will mean that devices with multiple network interfaces will soon become commonplace. Users will expect to be always connected from anywhere and at any time as connections will be switched to available networks using handover techniques. However, different networks have different Qualities-of-Service so a Quality-of-Service Framework is needed to help applications and services deal with this new environment. In addition, since these networks must work together, future mobile systems will have an open, instead of the currently closed, architecture. Therefore new mechanisms will be needed to protect users, servers and network infrastructure. This means that future mobile networks will have to integrate communications, mobility, quality-of service and security. This paper provides an overview of potential architectures for communication in future networks. Our study shows that only a number of these architectures support this integration.