New Particles and Forces

We present a search for the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with a W boson in ffiffi ffi s p ¼ 1:96 TeV p p collision data collected with the CDF II detector at the Tevatron corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9:45 fb À1 . In events consistent with the decay of the Higgs boson to a bottomquark pair and the W boson to an electron or muon and a neutrino, we set 95% credibility level upper limits on the WH production cross section times the H ! b b branching ratio as a function of Higgs boson mass. At a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV=c 2 , we observe (expect) a limit of 4.9 (2.8) times the standard model value.

This document and the contained theory known as the LaMarche Linear Factor (LLF) are the original work of Derek Alexander LaMarche. The ideas, terminology, experimental frameworks, and proposed extensions to existing physics presented herein were conceived independently. This document is timestamped and retained as part of the development history, pending submission for peer review and academic publication.

This book was born from the courage to rethink what we know about gravity. Newton's law of gravitation taught us that matter attracts matter; Einstein explained this attraction through the curvature of space-time. Yet the universe often presents a more complex order than we assume. The model proposed here is based on a dual-layer understanding of gravity: 1. The centrifugal field generated by each planet's own rotation. 2. An invisible Galactic Quantum Harmonic Field on the scale of the Milky Way. This model takes into account not only mass, but also energy density, the capacity to support biological life, and resonance at the quantum level. When data from the Solar System are examined, Earth's unique position becomes evident: other planets lack life, have different energy profiles, and show varied gravitational dynamics. These differences may be connected to the "bodyguard planets" hypothesis, which suggests that certain planets protect Earth and stabilize its quantum field. Furthermore, past cataclysms -such as the extinction of the dinosaurs -indicate that this protective mechanism has not always existed and may have been triggered by an evolutionary or cosmic reorganization. This book aims to present the scientific foundations, mathematical models, and testable methods of our hypothesis, while also offering the reader an open-minded journey of exploration. However, Newton did not explain why masses attract -only how they do so mathematically. In 1915, Einstein filled this gap with a revolutionary idea: Mass and energy curve space-time. Planets, stars, and even light travel along the "natural" paths of this curved space-time. G_{\mu\nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8 \pi G}{c^4} T_{\mu\nu} This theory successfully explained the slight anomalies in Mercury's orbit, the bending of light during a solar eclipse, and the existence of black holes. Strengths and Limitations of the Two Theories Newton and Einstein still excel in explaining many observations. However, neither provides a clear explanation for the quantum scale or the role of energy density. This is where our Dual Gravity Model comes in. Newton accepts the existence of the force but does not identify its ultimate source. Einstein defines the source as the curvature of space-time but excludes quantum and biological dimensions. Our proposal is to merge these two great structures and fill in the missing links. Current data suggest that gravity may depend not only on mass but also on rotation speed, energy density, and a planet's quantum field resonance. This multifactorial approach opens a new pathway to explaining the "life-friendly gravity" concept that is missing in classical physics.

This addendum advances The Geometric Compression Framework further by asking a deceptively simple question: what is spin, and how does it scale?
At the quantum level, spin is not rotation in the classical sense. An electron with spin-½ does not physically spin like a top. Instead, it exhibits a topological phase constraint — returning to its full quantum identity only after a 720° transformation. This behavior reveals a hidden structure: spin is a measure of internal phase relative to curvature, a kind of identity-preserving motion through compressed geometry.
When seen through this lens, spin becomes something far more universal. It is a regulator of phase, a built-in mechanism by which geometry maintains internal coherence across time. It is not limited to subatomic particles. The same principles that govern spin-½ particles may echo in planetary spin, orbital dynamics, biological cycles, and even human behavior.
In this addendum, we explore whether spin — as a geometric regulator — could serve as a bridge between quantum mechanics and cosmology. We examine spin not as mechanical twirl, but as curvature-constrained phase timing. We consider what it would mean for spacetime itself to embed rotational identity at all scales — from fermions and bosons to black holes, planets, and people.

I propose a theoretical framework for the generation of artificial gravitational fields using a novel configuration of rotationally confined high-energy photons. This design involves a circular containment structure composed of multiple photonic tunnels arranged in a symmetric, spherical pattern, concentrating coherent light in rotational paths until local energy density approaches or exceeds the Schwinger limit. At this threshold, vacuum instability induces pair plasma formation, resulting in a concentrated zone of mass-energy that produces spacetime curvature via Einstein's field equations. The resulting gravitational effect, while not sourced from traditional baryonic mass, may simulate real gravitational pull, offering potential solutions to artificial gravity generation, inertial dampening, and non-ballistic propulsion. This paper outlines the physical basis of the system, its speculative engineering requirements-including hypothetical metamaterials-and its implications for future aerospace technologies and advanced field manipulation. The concept parallels historical geon and photon-star models while suggesting a tractable, engineered path toward controllable vacuum curvature. We conclude by discussing applications, experimental barriers, and its potential relationship to unidentified aerial phenomena exhibiting noninertial motion.

This report presents a theoretical analysis based on the Universal Gravito-Informational Theory (TGIU) regarding the unexplained radio signals detected by the ANITA experiment, emerging from beneath the Antarctic ice with unusual angles. Using simulations performed with LYRA (TGIU AI Hybrid Intelligence), we show that these signals can be naturally explained by the presence of one or more informational gravitational pockets of Dark Matter (DM), without invoking any exotic particles. We further analyze the energy loss during signal interaction and confirm the deviation angle of ~30° using informational collapse dynamics, supporting the hypothesis that gravity and spacetime are emergent phenomena.

This paper presents a predictive model

based on the Universal Gravitational Informational Theory (TGIU, Teoria Gravito-Informațională Universală), introducing a collapse angle metric and residue correction framework to improve outcome prediction in high-energy particle collisions. Application to LHC-type data shows a prediction accuracy >97% when informational residues are considered. Extensions are discussed for gravitational wave events (LIGO) and galactic formation anomalies (JWST).
Keywords: TGIU, informational collapse, dark matter, entropy gradient, collider residue, LIGO, JWST, ATLAS, TRB, GME

The New Infobitic Subquantum Mechanics (NMSI) proposes a theoretical framework in which **information** constitutes the ultimate foundation of quantum reality. At the core of NMSI lies the hypothesis of a **subquantum substrate**-a profound medium of the **physical vacuum**-populated by elementary units of information called *infobits*. This infobitic subquantum medium behaves as a **coherent field** with collective properties, which determine observable phenomena at the quantum level. In other words, quantum states and elementary particles are not fundamentally autonomous objects but *emergent* properties of an ordered subquantum informational structure.

Jupiter has two magnetic fields but the one 130 times that of the earth's field is a transient event, the recent explosive birth of Venus ~ 4000 BC from Jupiter which provides us a rare glimpse of the central purpose of giant planets that leads to their birth, composition, and even to a stable universe.

This paper explores the concept of ghost particles as fundamental entities that exist across multiple dimensions, serving as the zero-point reference for both spatial and temporal constructs. It proposes a novel interpretation of ghost particles as quantum information carriers that can alter their quantum states to traverse different dimensions without information loss. The study also examines the implications of ghost particles for the conservation of quantum information, their potential role in the formation of space-time, and their connection to the multiversal branching of timelines. Furthermore, it discusses how ghost particles could play a crucial role in expanding the understanding of higherdimensional space-time models by introducing new mechanisms for interdimensional interactions and causal stability.

We predict dilepton invariant-mass spectra for central 5.5 ATeV Pb-Pb collisions at LHC. Hadronic emission in the low-mass region is calculated using inmedium spectral functions of light vector mesons within hadronic many-body theory. In the intermediate-mass region thermal radiation from the Quark-Gluon Plasma, evaluated perturbatively with hard-thermal loop corrections, takes over. An important source over the entire mass range are decays of correlated open-charm hadrons, rendering the nuclear modification of charm and bottom spectra a critical ingredient.

We predict dilepton invariant-mass spectra for central 5.5 ATeV Pb-Pb collisions at LHC. Hadronic emission in the low-mass region is calculated using inmedium spectral functions of light vector mesons within hadronic many-body theory. In the intermediate-mass region thermal radiation from the Quark-Gluon Plasma, evaluated perturbatively with hard-thermal loop corrections, takes over. An important source over the entire mass range are decays of correlated open-charm hadrons, rendering the nuclear modification of charm and bottom spectra a critical ingredient.

This chapter presents a reinterpretation of the electromagnetic field from the perspective of a four-dimensional (4D) model of the universe. Traditionally, the electromagnetic field is described as a combination of an electric field and a magnetic field in three-dimensional space. However, this model suggests that the electric field is a temporal manifestation of the magnetic field, unifying both into a single electromagnetic entity that includes both spatial and temporal components.
Throughout the chapter, classical phenomena such as the interaction between coils and the generation of magnetic fields by electric currents are analyzed, integrating them into the 4D structure. It is proposed that traditional electromagnetic forces can be interpreted as interactions between the spatial and temporal projections of the same magnetic field. Additionally, the relationship between the electron and the positron is explored, suggesting that both particles are the same object observed from different temporal orientations.
This unified approach provides new perspectives on the nature of electromagnetism and raises fundamental questions about the relationship between space-time and fundamental forces. The conclusions of the chapter suggest that the four-dimensional model may offer a more complete view of electromagnetic interactions, opening new avenues for future research.

Anthropogenic emissions of fine black carbon (BC) particles, the principal light‐absorbing atmospheric aerosol, have varied during the past century in response to changes of fossil‐fuel utilization, technology developments, and emission controls. We estimate historical trends of fossil‐fuel BC emissions in six regions that represent about two‐thirds of present day emissions and extrapolate these to global emissions from 1875 onward. Qualitative features in these trends show rapid increase in the latter part of the 1800s, the leveling off in the first half of the 1900s, and the re‐acceleration in the past 50 years as China and India developed. We find that historical changes of fuel utilization have caused large temporal change in aerosol absorption, and thus substantial change of aerosol single scatter albedo in some regions, which suggests that BC may have contributed to global temperature changes in the past century. This implies that the BC history needs to be represented realist...

In the extra U(1) superstring inspired model, we examine the electroweak and) 1 (′ U symmetry breaking with the singlet and exotic quark D , c D along with the study of heavy Z ′ boson in accordance with the top quark mass region. For this, we have done the analysis of complete renormalization group equations (RGEs) pertaining to the anomaly free 6

:  This paper provides an analysis of the internal structure of a photon and how that relates to the apparent differences in each of the observed forces, as well as to the formation of electrons and protons.  A connection will also be shown between the movement of a photon and its internal structure as well as the Energy Density of this universe, as measured by Planck’s Constant.  Key to determining this photonic structure is the splitting of the Gravitational Constant into two separate constants: c2 and a new Field Density, the latter of which is what varies for Gravity versus Strong Force according to the photon’s internal structure.  An association is then mathematically shown to exist between the Field Density of gravity and the value of c2, and as well between that and Planck’s Constant.  The final analysis yields an equation that predicts the mass values for protons and electrons based only on geometrical considerations and the sinusoidally varying nature of the Field Density.  It is also shown how various aspects of this theory connects to known equations and derivations as exist in Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, thus forming a bridge between them.  A relationship between Charge and entangled photonic fields is then mathematically demonstrated.  Finally, the difference between matter and antimatter is explained within the context of these theories.  Wherever possible, calculated values are compared to known measured ones and shown to agree to within 0.4% – 0.005% for most values.

What is Gravity?
This theory talks about gravitational field has two types of force in action.
First force: Inward force at gravitational field is responsible for gravity affect.
Second Force: Outward force at gravitational field is responsible for planet Mercury precession effect.
Before knowing what is gravity, it is necessary to understand what is energy. Below is the explanation about energy and its creations.
This theory also explains that it is energy( kinetic energy line) that is responsible for Gravitational force and not any force carrier particles.

The evidence for a new neutral scalar particle from the 750 GeV diphoton excess, and the absence of any other signal of new physics at the LHC so far, suggests the existence of new coloured scalars. To study this possibility, we propose a supersymmetry inspired simplified model, extending the Standard Model with a singlet scalar and with heavy scalar fields carrying both colour and electric charges-new scalar quarks. To allow the latter to decay, and to generate the dark matter of the Universe, we also add a neutral fermion to the particle content. We show that this model provides a two-parameter fit to the observed diphoton excess consistently with cosmology, while the allowed parameter space is bounded by the consistency of the model. In the context of our simplified model this implies the existence of other supersymmetric particles accessible at the LHC, rendering this scenario falsifiable.

In his article "Magnetic Anomalies and the Paranormal"  in JSE 26:4 (Ralphs 2012), John D. Ralphs notes that correlations have been found between geomagnetic fluctuations and hallucinatory visions, poltergeists, PK phenomena, and ESP. Ralphs argues that ". . . it is a distinct possibility-indeed, a definite probability-that the active agent in most such cases is NOT the magnetic fluctuations themselves, but the cosmic rays that cause them." Ralphs describes the nature of these cosmic rays emitted from the Sun: He asserts that a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) is a stream of cosmic rays that "can be imagined in terms of a gigantic volcanic eruption ejecting millions of tons of this electrically charged 'dust' at speeds in excess of four million miles per hour." Ralphs further asserts that these cosmic rays create the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis).      The Sun does indeed emit cosmic rays, which can travel at the speeds approaching the speed of l...

In the extra U(1) superstring inspired model, we examine the electroweak and) 1 (′ U symmetry breaking with the singlet and exotic quark D , c D along with the study of heavy Z ′ boson in accordance with the top quark mass region. For this, we have done the analysis of complete renormalization group equations (RGEs) pertaining to the anomaly free 6

The conventional method using "Low Energy Theorems" derived by Chanowitz et al. [3] does not seem to lead to explicit unitarity limit in the scattering processes of longitudinally polarized gauge bosons for the high energy case in the extra) 1 (U superstring inspired models, commonly known as η model, emanating from 6 E group of superstring theory. We have made use of an alternative procedure given by Durand & Lopez [14], which is applicable to supersymmetric grand unified Theories. Explicit unitarity bound on the superpotential couplings (identified as Yukawa couplings) are obtained from both using unitarity constraints as well as using RGE analysis at one loop level utilizing critical couplings concept implying divergence of scalar coupling at G

Keeping in view the suggestion [7] that the cutoff procedure involves a good deal of uncertainity in the prediction of E.D.M. of W-boson, we have reexamined the earlier calculation by Marciano and Queijeiro [2] by replacing the Cutoff regularization process by BPHZ regularization [8]. This works in a clean and unambiguous manner without involving any approximation. We also examine apparently inapplicable approximations like using f f m m ′ = in [2]. The bounds on W λ and W d are significantly changed in all cases as compared with those reported in [2]. The necessary caution that is to be exercised while using approximations is explicitly pointed out.

In material world matter provides substance to all real entities. Hence, it is logical to conceive development-hierarchy of various matter-particles, starting from unstructured matter, rather than bifurcating superior matter-particles into inferior ones on the basis of noticed properties. Diverse properties of various matter-particles are derived from immediate inferior matter-particles and depend on their physical structures. Very brief account of development of various matter-particles, from unstructured matter, as conceived in alternative concept presented in book 'MATTER (Re-examined)', is presented in this article.

In the Universe, everything is subject to certain Laws (principles, rules) and naturally that the process of gravity cannot be an exception. Gravitational energy regulates interactions in the universe: nuclear, chemical, electrical, and others. Each massive body generates a force gravitational field of attraction to it. Gravitational interaction spreads instantly. Masses or energy-carrying particles moving in gravitational fields emit gravitational waves. The signal from gravitational waves comes at about the same frequency as our inner speech. Gravitational waves carry information about energy, time and space. Humanity has long sought to overcome the power of gravity. If you shield the connection with the Earth's core, then there will be an attraction to another field in the sky. The article discusses ways to overcome gravity on earth and in outer space. The approach of cosmic levitation to interstellar galactic travel in the universe is also being considered. To levitate spacecraft, you need to use the setting on the fields of attraction. To levitate a spacecraft from Earth to the Universe, it is necessary to bring its energy to such activity that its ether contours will absorb the energy sphere of the target gravitational field. The reason for levitation and infinite energy lies in the ethereal shell, which needs a complex of vibrations of the field of attraction.

Accelerating classical systems that couple to a fermion-antifermion pair at the microscopic level can radiate pairs of fermions and lose energy in the process. In this work, we derive the generalization of the Larmor formula for fermion pair radiation. We focus on the case of a point-like classical source in an elliptical orbit that emits fermions through vector and scalar mediators. Ultra-light fermion emission from such systems becomes relevant when the mass of the mediator is larger than the frequency of the periodic motion. This enables us to probe regions of the parameter space that are inaccessible in on-shell bosonic radiation. We apply our results to pulsar binaries with mediators that couple to muons and neutrinos. Using current data on binary period decays, we extract bounds on the parameters of such models.

We calculate the transverse momentum and invariant mass dependence of elliptic flow of thermal dileptons for Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The system is described using hydrodynamics, with the assumption of formation of a thermalized quark-gluon plasma at some early time, followed by cooling through expansion, hadronization and decoupling. Dileptons are emitted throughout the expansion history: by annihilation of quarks and anti-quarks in the early quark-gluon plasma stage and through a set of hadronic reactions during the late hadronic stage. The resulting differential elliptic flow exhibits a rich structure, with different dilepton mass windows providing access to different stages of the expansion history. Elliptic flow measurements for dileptons, combined with those of hadrons and direct photons, are a powerful tool for mapping the time-evolution of heavy-ion collisions.

We calculate the transverse momentum and invariant mass dependence of elliptic flow of thermal dileptons for Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The system is described using hydrodynamics, with the assumption of formation of a thermalized quark-gluon plasma at some early time, followed by cooling through expansion, hadronization and decoupling. Dileptons are emitted throughout the expansion history: by annihilation of quarks and anti-quarks in the early quark-gluon plasma stage and through a set of hadronic reactions during the late hadronic stage. The resulting differential elliptic flow exhibits a rich structure, with different dilepton mass windows providing access to different stages of the expansion history. Elliptic flow measurements for dileptons, combined with those of hadrons and direct photons, are a powerful tool for mapping the time-evolution of heavy-ion collisions.

We compute the dimuon-excess invariant mass distribution at the ρ-meson peak in the context of relativistic heavy-ion collisions at SPS energies. The temperature, T , and chemical potential, µ, dependent parameters describing the ρ-meson-its width, mass and leptonic decay constantare determined from finite energy QCD sum rules. Results show that the ρ-meson width increases whereas its mass and leptonic decay constant decrease near the (chemical potential-dependent) critical temperature Tc(µ) for chiral symmetry restoration/quark-gluon deconfinement. As a consequence, starting from Tc(µ), for a short lived cooling the main effect is a broadening of the dimuon distribution. However, when the evolution brings the system to a lower freeze-out temperature, with the ρ-meson parameters approaching their vacuum values, the dimuon distribution shows a broad peak centered at the vacuum ρ-meson mass. For even lower freeze-out temperatures the peak becomes less prominent since the thermal phase space factor suppresses the distribution for larger values of the invariant dimuon mass, given that the average temperature is smaller. The dimuon distribution exhibits a non-trivial behavior with µ. For small µ values the distribution broadens with increasing µ becoming a bit steeper at low invariant masses for larger values of µ. Our results are in very good agreement with data from the NA60 Collaboration.

In the Universe, everything is subject to certain Laws (principles, rules) and naturally that the process of gravity cannot be an exception. Gravitational energy regulates interactions in the universe: nuclear, chemical, electrical, and others. Each massive body generates a force gravitational field of attraction to it. Gravitational interaction spreads instantly. Masses or energy-carrying particles moving in gravitational fields emit gravitational waves. The signal from gravitational waves comes at about the same frequency as our inner speech. Gravitational waves carry information about energy, time and space. Humanity has long sought to overcome the power of gravity. If you shield the connection with the Earth's core, then there will be an attraction to another field in the sky. The article discusses ways to overcome gravity on earth and in outer space. The approach of cosmic levitation to interstellar galactic travel in the universe is also being considered. To levitate spacecraft, you need to use the setting on the fields of attraction. To levitate a spacecraft from Earth to the Universe, it is necessary to bring its energy to such activity that its ether contours will absorb the energy sphere of the target gravitational field. The reason for levitation and infinite energy lies in the ethereal shell, which needs a complex of vibrations of the field of attraction.

Isaack Newton thought gravity was a force exerted by massive objects, the bigger the object, the stronger the force of gravity. Basically, he thought gravity was caused by mass. His theory seemed true at his time but later other theories emerged. One of the theories that made newton's theory to stop making sense was Einstein's theory that gravity is caused by the distortion of 'spacetime'. He theorized that massive objects distort space causing some sort of depression. To some point, this theory too doesn't make a lot of sense. Here is why.

We carry out a detailed stability analysis of the superconducting vortex solutions in the Weinberg-Salam theory described in Nucl.Phys. B826 (2010) 174. These vortices are characterized by constant electric current I and electric charge density I 0 , for I → 0 they reduce to Z strings. We consider the generic field fluctuations around the vortex and apply the functional Jacobi criterion to detect the negative modes in the fluctuation operator spectrum. We find such modes and determine their dispersion relation, they turn out to be of two different types, according to their spatial behavior. There are non-periodic in space negative modes, which can contribute to the instability of infinitely long vortices, but they can be eliminated by imposing the periodic boundary conditions along the vortex. There are also periodic negative modes, but their wavelength is always larger than a certain minimal value, so that they cannot be accommodated by the short vortex segments. However, even for the latter there remains one negative mode responsible for the homogeneous expansion instability. This mode may probably be eliminated when the vortex segment is bent into a loop. This suggests that small vortex loops balanced against contraction by the centrifugal force could perhaps be stable.

Quasars act like tsunamis, pushing 46-million-MPH winds that blast out hundreds of times the Sun's weight of material per year while creating ripples across entire galaxies. The Hubble space telescope has captured the best visible light photos of quasars, with one (below) showing the jet as a streaky object (above and left of the quasar) that's 200,000 light-years in length-four times the radius of the Milky Way galaxy. The scientists measured the jets on 13 quasars and found some pretty startling results. Some blasted out winds that "snowplowed" material away from a galaxy's center at several percentages of the speed of light. One quasar produced winds that started at 43-million MPH and hit speeds of 46-million MPH three years later, accelerating faster than any quasar yet. Quasar's shock wave heats matter to billions of degrees, it would glow across X-ray and visible light spectra. "You'll get lots of radiation first in X-rays and gamma rays, and afterwards it will percolate to visible and infrared light," said Arav. "You'd get a huge light show-like Christmas trees all over the galaxy." [208]

We study the stability properties of the twisted vortex solutions in the semilocal Abelian Higgs model with a global SU(2) invariance. This model can be viewed as the Weinberg-Salam theory in the limit where the non-Abelian gauge field decouples, or as a two component Ginzburg-Landau theory. The twisted vortices are characterized by a constant global current I, and for I → 0 they reduce to the semilocal strings, that is to the Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortices embedded into the semilocal model. Solutions with I = 0 are more complex and, in particular, they are less energetic than the semilocal strings, which makes one hope that they could have better stability properties. We consider the generic field fluctuations around the twisted vortex within the linear perturbation theory and apply the Jacobi criterion to test the existence of the negative modes in the spectrum of the fluctuation operator. We find that twisted vortices do not have the homogeneous instability known for the semilocal strings, neither do they have inhomogeneous instabilities whose wavelength is less than a certain critical value. This implies that short enough vortex pieces are perturbatively stable and suggests that small vortex loops could perhaps be stable as well. For longer wavelength perturbations there is exactly one negative mode in the spectrum whose growth entails a segmentation of the uniform vortex into a non-uniform, 'sausage like' structure. This instability is qualitatively similar to the hydrodynamical Plateau-Rayleigh instability of a water jet or to the Gregory-Laflamme instability of black strings in the theory of gravity in higher dimensions.

The conventional method using "Low Energy Theorems" derived by Chanowitz et al. [3] does not seem to lead to explicit unitarity limit in the scattering processes of longitudinally polarized gauge bosons for the high energy case in the extra) 1 (U superstring inspired models, commonly known as η model, emanating from 6 E group of superstring theory. We have made use of an alternative procedure given by Durand & Lopez [14], which is applicable to supersymmetric grand unified Theories. Explicit unitarity bound on the superpotential couplings (identified as Yukawa couplings) are obtained from both using unitarity constraints as well as using RGE analysis at one loop level utilizing critical couplings concept implying divergence of scalar coupling at G

In the extra U(1) superstring inspired model, we examine the electroweak and) 1 (′ U symmetry breaking with the singlet and exotic quark D , c D along with the study of heavy Z ′ boson in accordance with the top quark mass region. For this, we have done the analysis of complete renormalization group equations (RGEs) pertaining to the anomaly free 6

Keeping in view the suggestion [7] that the cutoff procedure involves a good deal of uncertainity in the prediction of E.D.M. of W-boson, we have reexamined the earlier calculation by Marciano and Queijeiro [2] by replacing the Cutoff regularization process by BPHZ regularization [8]. This works in a clean and unambiguous manner without involving any approximation. We also examine apparently inapplicable approximations like using f f m m ′ = in [2]. The bounds on W λ and W d are significantly changed in all cases as compared with those reported in [2]. The necessary caution that is to be exercised while using approximations is explicitly pointed out.

In the extra U(1) superstring inspired model, we examine the electroweak and) 1 (′ U symmetry breaking with the singlet and exotic quark D , c D along with the study of heavy Z ′ boson in accordance with the top quark mass region. For this, we have done the analysis of complete renormalization group equations (RGEs) pertaining to the anomaly free 6

The scientific ultimate questions on the extinction and generation of the Universe as well as image of the Whole Cosmoses are still perplexing scientists currently. Despite theoretical models set-up to explain the doubts, a satisfactory interpretation has not been obtained. Since the Universe comprises of matters (including various particles) in different dimensions and properties, through understanding the full-properties of matters may reveal the puzzles. Here via assuming relations of matter, temperature, energy and motion, the generation (from a fine fireball) and extinction of the Universe can be readily explained. Due to the repulsion of same-type particles (my ICMAT2015 poster), the particles fly at accelerating speeds towards the Universe edge and cause the Universe expansion. The flying particles and matters gradually decay to the basic particles after continuously losing energy as temperature lowers to 0(K) at the far space, causing the Universe extinction. The collision of two basic-particle-currents in opposite-directions at the highest translation speed results in creation of a new Universe. Due to the diverse angle or energy bumping, a chaotic Entire Universe is formed. The eddy or hurricane currents, formed by the fine dark matters and energy, may also result in another type of black hole in the space.

IceCube has observed 80 astrophysical neutrino candidates in the energy range 0.02 E ν /PeV 2. Deep inelastic scattering of these neutrinos with nucleons on Antarctic ice sheet probe center-of-mass energies √ s ∼ 1 TeV. By comparing the rates for two classes of observable events, any departure from the benchmark (perturbative QCD) neutrino-nucleon cross section can be constrained. Using the projected sensitivity of South Pole next-generation neutrino telescope we show that this facility will provide a unique probe of strong interaction dynamics. In particular, we demonstrate that the high-energy high-statistics data sample to be recorded by IceCube-Gen2 in the very near future will deliver a direct measurement of the neutrino-nucleon cross section at √ s ∼ 1 TeV, with a precision comparable to perturbative QCD informed by HERA data. We also use IceCube data to extract the neutrino-nucleon cross section at √ s ∼ 1 TeV through a likelihood analysis, considering (for the first time) both the charged-current and neutral-current contributions as free parameters of the likelihood function.