The Generation Model of Particle Physics

We fit the three fine structure constants in the Standard Model (SM) from the assumptions of what we call "Multiple Point Principle" (MPP) [1,2] and "AntiGUT" [3], three fine structure constants with only one essential parameter. By the first assumption we mean that we require coupling constants and mass parameters of the SM to be adjusted by our MPP: to be just so as to make several vacua have the same (zero or approximately zero) cosmological constants. By AntiGUT we refer to our assumption of a more fundamental precursor to the usual Standard Model Group (SMG) consisting of the (Ngen = 3)-fold Cartesian product of the usual SMG such that each of the three families of quarks and leptons has its own set of gauge fields. The usual SMG comes about when SMG 3 breaks down to the diagonal subgroup at roughly a factor 10 below the Planck scale. Up to this scale µ diag ≡ µ G we assume the absence of new physics of relevance for our results (except heavy right-handed neutrinos). Relative to earlier works where the MPP was used to get predictions for the gauge couplings independently of one another, the point here is to increase accuracy by considering relations between all the gauge couplings (i.e., for U(1), and SU(N) with N=2 or 3) as a function of a N-dependent parameter d N that is characteristic of U(1) and SU(N) groups. In doing this, the parameter d N that initially only takes discrete values corresponding to the N in SU(N) is promoted to being a continuous variable corresponding to fantasy groups for N / ∈ Z. By an appropriate extrapolation in the variable d N to a fantasy group, we consider the β-function for the magnetic coupling squaredg 2 which vanishes thereby avoiding the problem of our ignorance of the ratio of the monopole mass scale to the fundamental scale. Compared to the earlier work of this series [4], in the present paper we add a couple of extra assumptions of a rather reasonable technical character. We thereby get one more prediction meaning that we now fit the three couplings with one-"slope"-parameter. We may interpret our results as being very supportive of the MPP and AntiGUT. 1.1 Introduction: Multiple Point Principle and AntiGUT Up to the present time all experimental high energy physics is essentially explained by the Standard Model (SM). An exception is neutrino oscillations which ⋆⋆⋆ Much elaborated version of invited talk by D.

Eprint Arxiv Physics 0106079, 2001

The most well tested and successful model of particle physics is the Standard Model (SM). It is shown here that the restoration of the full SM symmetry (as in the Early Universe) leads to the result that the electric charge loses all physical meaning and hence does not exist above this scale, As a direct consequence of this we show that 'time', 'light' along with its velocity c and therefore the theory of relativity, all lose any physical meaning. The space-time structure as known to us, disappears in this phase transition. Thus it is hypothesized that the Universe came into existence when the SM symmetry SU(3) c ⊗ SU(2) L ⊗ U(1) Y was spontaneously broken to SU(3) c ⊗ U(1) em. This does not require any spurious extensions of the SM and in a natural and consistent manner explains the origin of the Universe within the framework of the SM itself. Thus the SM, in addition to all its successes, has within itself, the capablity of giving a consistent decription of the origin of the Universe.

Nature, 2007

ABSTRACT A concise introduction to the Standard Model of fundamental particle interactions is presented.

The following is a theoretical discussion of subatomic nature in philosophical terms. Like modern science, Natural Science has developed a chain of conclusions that help to formulate a new view of the universe in an effort to achieve a better understanding of its nature.

The Mini-Standard Model of Particle Physics, 2023

The "Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics" attempts to describe the properties of all elementary particles that exist in the universe. There are actually many more different particles than can be found in ordinary matter. Most of these particles are unstable. The majority of all elementary particles decay relatively quickly into the particles we know on a daily basis. The weak interaction causes all heavy particles to decay into lighter particles. For example, a neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino. Here, however, a question arises that if the neutron and its decay product particles do not exist simultaneously, how can the interaction between the neutron and the decay products cause the neutron to decay. The solution lies in the general field theory, which tells us that each type of particle corresponds to a field in space. Such a field exists everywhere and always. A field can exist even if the corresponding particles do not exist yet. In this case, the field energy is minimal. The energy of the field increases "gradually", as particles, or quanta of the corresponding field, appear in the field. Any reaction can be understood as a transfer of energy from one field to another. In the following, we mainly describe the masses of protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks and their intermediate particles - gluons and photons. These particles are mostly stable in nature and also the most common elements in the universe. Therefore, it can be said that it is a "mini-standard model", i.e. a "smaller version" of the standard model of elementary particle physics, which describes only the most common and permanent particles in the entire universe. Protons, neutrons and electrons are the basic building blocks of all matter in the universe, as the atoms and molecules formed from them form the basis of any material structure in the universe. It can also be said that the "mini-standard model" is in turn the basis for this "large standard model" or "standard model of elementary particle physics".

Theory Describing How Lepton Particles Are Created, 2021

This paper is the 5 th in a series wherein a theory of matter has been evolving. A theory of excitation for elementary particles is proposed using leptons such as the electron and positron as examples. The theory predicts that all matter is Dark Matter (DM) with our matter being excited DM. Excitation is theorized by incorporation of an Electromagnetic (EM) fields. Excitation is predicted to occur when a DM quanta group captures into a closed wave orbit a photon creating a micro photon sphere. To satisfy quantum requirements the photon's orbit path length must be an integral number of wavelengths with one wavelength being the most stable particle. The orbiting photon creates EM outgoing or incoming EM fields dependent on where on the wavelength the photon enters the orbit. Reference Dr. Milo Wolf's prediction that an outgoing E field produces a positively charged particle, and an incoming E field creates a negatively charged particle. Supporting evidence is based on annihilation of a positron and an electron resulting in two observed gamma rays. This theory also predicts two Dark Matter (DM) particles are released in addition during the positron electron annihilation.

Some ideas are explored concerning the structure of elementary particles (specifically, leptons and hadrons), formulated within the context of a theory of the objective collapse of the wavefunction recently proposed by the authors. In accordance with this hypothesis, to each interaction that induces a discontinuity (quantum jump) in the evolution of the state of an elementary particle, two de Sitter half-spaces are associated, respectively, connected with the outgoing state and its conjugate. It is in these spaces that the structural constituents of the particle lie (quarks in the case of a hadron). The mass of free particles (leptons and hadrons) is given by the energy associated with their time localization in the jump, while the interaction between quarks belonging to a same hadron leads to a chromodynamic coupling constant that ensures both confinement and asymptotic freedom. It is possible to write a toy Hamiltonian in which the organization of quarks in hadrons appears ab initio, and which includes terms both for the exchange of quarks and for the creation/annihilation of pairs, thus avoiding the problem of bottom-up hadronization. In this scenario, the genesis of Regge trajectories is briefly discussed and it is argued that their slope can be quantized; finally, a reinterpretation is suggested of the classical Veneziano and Virasoro amplitudes.

50 Years of Quarks, 2014

I briefly review the conceptual developments that led to the Standard Model and discuss some of its remarkable qualitative features. On the way, I draw attention to several puzzling aspects that are beyond the reach of our present understanding of the basic laws of physics.

arXiv (Cornell University), 2010

When a mountaineer is ascending one of the great peaks of the Himalayas she knows that an entirely new vista awaits her at the top, whose ramifications will be known only after she gets there. Her immediate goal though, is to tackle the obstacles on the way up, and reach the summit. In a similar vein, one of the immediate goals of contemporary theoretical physics is to build a quantum, unified description of general relativity and the standard model of particle physics. Once that peak has been reached, a new (yet unknown) vista will open up. In this essay I propose a novel approach towards this goal. One must address and resolve a fundamental unsolved problem in the presently known formulation of quantum theory : the unsatisfactory presence of an external classical time in the formulation. Solving this problem takes us to the very edge of theoretical physics as we know it today!