Naval Engineering

Ultimele decenii au adus o schimbare a politicii globale față de sectorul energetic, mai ales din cauza poluării pe care acesta o produce. În acest context atenția politicienilor și în plan secundar a oamenilor de știință s-a îndreptat tot mai mult către așa-numita energie verde, căutându-se reducerea drastică până la eliminarea proceselor de combustie din domeniul energetic. Astfel, în general nu s-a mai investit în tehnologia termocentralelor și s-au restrâns foarte mult exploatările miniere în care se extrăgeau și prelucrau industrial cărbunii. Aceasta a condus în sine la generarea unei crize energetice, mai ales în situația în care sursele care mai nou sunt considerate ecologice și regenerabile (solar, eolian, hidraulic, biomasă etc.) nu au nici pe departe capabilitatea de a acoperi necesarul energetic al lumii contemporane. Cu atât mai puțin astfel de resurse regenerabile ar putea satisface necesarul de energie al următoarelor decenii, mai ales că se preconizează o creștere accelerată a consumului energetic. Așa stând lucrurile, se prefigurează o mare criză energetică globală și nu par să existe soluții tehnologice pentru depășirea unei astfel de crize. În opinia noastră, retehnologizarea termocentralelor și respectiv a energeticii nucleare ar putea constitui soluția pe termen lung. Lucrarea de față tratează ideea realizării unor termocentrale cu puterea de cel puțin 50 MW prin utilizarea unor variante retehnologizate ale cazanului/generatorului de aburi VUIA. Problema utilizării la nivel industrial a cazanului Vuia s-a mai pus și în anii´50, cu rezultate încurajatoare, dar faptul că acest cazan de aburi prezenta unele inconveniente i-a descurajat pe cei care gestionau în acea epocă problema sistemului energetic național, iar proiectul Vuia a fost abandonat și uitat. Prin identificarea unor noi soluții tehnologice s-ar putea face eliminarea dezavantajelor știute ale cazanului VUIA și introducerea acestuia în aplicații industriale care privesc energetica. În acest fel s-ar obține termocentrale de randament mult mai bun, totodată prezentând economie mare în consumul de combustibili și având o funcționare complet ecologică. Aceasta ar putea fi o importantă soluție pentru energetică în prezent și mai ales în viitor. Cuvinte-cheie: cazan Vuia, criza energetică, energia verde Criza energetică globală, indiferent dacă aceasta este deja manifestă sau doar se preconizează că va apare într-un viitor previzibil, a condus la acutizarea conflictelor legate de accesul marilor puteri la resursele energetice fosile, dar și la ridicarea unor mari semne de întrebare prinvind orientarea dezvoltării tehnologice pentru următoarele decenii.

Merging IP routing and mobile communication poses many challenges especially for a dynamic, heterogeneous networking environment such as a Naval Task Force. In this paper, we present an effort to design, develop, test and demonstrate an interoperable coalition interface for a Naval Task Force for the fournation Coalition Networks for Secure Information Sharing (CoNSIS) project. A field experimentation has been performed between the four CoNSIS nations with the separate national sites being connected via the Internet. The key architectural objective of the United States (US) is to support tactical coalition networks of the other nations. The routing architecture is based on Open Shortest Path First Version 3 (OSPFv3) in conjunction with two main features, namely (1) IPv6 address auto configuration enabled on mobile links to alleviate administrative burden, and (2) Address Family (AF) support to allow IPv4 traffic to be passed via IPv6 backbone. In addition, Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) with Flow Credit and Link Metric extensions is used to provide mobile networks via point-to-multipoint links with support for Quality of Service (QoS). Furthermore, link encryptors secure the network, which make use of Dynamic Discovery mechanisms to determine remote routing endpoints.

According to the author of the book, the transformation of Russia into a power possessing a Navy was part of the concept of reforms of Peter the Great. The Tsar began construction of a fleet for the Baltic Sea in March 1703 according to the then-adopted program for its construction even before the country returned to the Baltic Sea. The Russian fleet in the Baltic performed many important tasks and did not have as its main goal the military defeat of the Swedish Navy in battles. The victories of the Russian fleet were a "side effect" of the fulfilment of its functions. However, it was the victiries at sea of Peter The Great at the gangut Peninsula (1714), captain Naum Senyavin on the high seas in the Battle of Esel (1719) and General Mikhail Golitsyn over the squadron of the Swedish vice-admiral Karl Georg Sjoblad in the Aland Islands (1720) that produced a great effect in the ruling circles of European countries and clearly testified to the rapid transformation of Russia into one of the leading naval powers of the continent. The scientific work of Pavel Krotov, professor of history at St. Petersburg State University, is based primarly on extensive materials from the archives of St. Petersburg and Moscow, published sources and literature in English, German, French, Swedish and other languages.

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Red Sea crisis that emerged in late 2023, examining its origins, evolution, and far-reaching implications for global maritime trade and the world economy. The crisis, triggered by Iran-backed Houthi rebel attacks on commercial vessels in response to the Gaza conflict, has fundamentally disrupted one of the world's most critical maritime chokepoints, through which approximately 12% of global trade and 30% of global container traffic normally passes.
The study employs a multi-phase analytical framework to trace the escalation of Houthi attacks from October 2023 through July 2024, revealing a systematic expansion of targeting criteria from Israel-linked vessels to ships associated with the United States, United Kingdom, and ultimately any operators with connections to Israeli ports. This escalation forced a dramatic paradigm shift in global shipping patterns, with vessels increasingly rerouting around the Cape of Good Hope—a detour adding 4,000 miles and 10-14 days to Asia-Europe transit times.
The quantitative analysis reveals severe economic disruptions: Suez Canal trade volume plummeted by 50% year-over-year in early 2024, while Cape of Good Hope traffic surged 74%. This rerouting triggered a five-fold increase in Asia-Europe container shipping costs and more than doubled China-US rates, contributing an estimated 0.7 percentage points to global core goods inflation. The World Bank reported a 141% increase in global shipping costs, with potential to add over 1 percentage point to global inflation rates.
The crisis inflicted particularly severe damage on Egypt's economy, with Suez Canal revenues collapsing from $10.3 billion in 2023 to just $4 billion in 2024—a staggering $6.3 billion loss. The study demonstrates how the crisis exposed vulnerabilities in just-in-time supply chains, forcing widespread production shutdowns in automotive, electronics, and retail sectors across Europe and beyond.
Despite international responses including the US-led Operation Prosperity Guardian naval coalition and targeted airstrikes against Houthi positions, military interventions proved insufficient to eliminate the maritime threat. The analysis reveals the limitations of purely military solutions and highlights the need for comprehensive political settlement addressing root causes of regional instability.
The research concludes that the Red Sea crisis represents a watershed moment for global trade, ushering in a new era of maritime security concerns and supply chain resilience strategies. Long-term implications include permanent shifts toward longer trade routes, increased investment in maritime security technologies, and fundamental reassessment of globalized supply chain models. The crisis serves as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness and fragility of the global economic system, with single chokepoint disruptions capable of generating worldwide economic shockwaves.
This study contributes to the growing literature on maritime security and supply chain resilience by providing the first comprehensive analysis of the Red Sea crisis's full economic impact, offering critical insights for policymakers, shipping industry leaders, and supply chain managers navigating an increasingly uncertain geopolitical landscape.
Keywords: Red Sea crisis, Houthi attacks, maritime security, global trade disruption, supply chain resilience, Suez Canal, shipping routes, geopolitical risk, inflation impact, economic interdependence
JEL Classification: F14 (Empirical Studies of Trade), L91 (Transportation: General), F51 (International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions)

Corresponding Author: Captain Amin Al Qawasmeh
Marine Superintendent & DPA
Email: amincu2012@hotmail.com
Location: Amman, Jordan

1925- 2025 : gli incrociatori pesanti italiani, una sintesi di storia navale e di tecnica a un secolo dalla loro apparizione, il ricordo di un breve periodo di servizio conclusosi con un episodio che è diventato un caso politico e motivo di aspre polemiche per oltre settant’anni.
Un dibattito che ben evidenzia le spaccature e i confronti emotivi e demagogici che troppo spesso prevalgono e caratterizzarono (poco) la nascita di questo tipo di nave e molto la loro fine.
Nello specifico, ci sarebbe poco da trattare riguardo ad un programma navale limitato, nato da un compromesso politico, un esperimento che poteva essere un’opportunità, di potere e di sviluppo industriale, che alcuni Paesi hanno colto mentre in Italia non si è capito né si è sfruttato
In Italia si fece quanto si poteva fare, ma non era quanto si sarebbe dovuto fare, anche se alcune voci si alzarono al riguardo e, con poco,  si sarebbero potute trovare opportune e tempestive soluzioni
Il progetto dei Trento venne sviluppato da uno “stato dell’arte nazionale”, sulla base di capacità industriali e cantieristiche al momento ancora accettabili, seppur non all’avanguardia;  l’incapacità di cogliere l’opportunità portò in breve tempo a un divario incolmabile rispetto allo stato dell’arte degli avversari .
Stato dell’arte e quindi capacità belliche e operative
Il risultato fu purtroppo, al momento della necessità e degli eventi bellici,  quello di navi superate se non sbagliate, nel posto sbagliato nel momento sbagliato.
Questo è l’ assioma che potrebbe chiudere questo capitolo di storia navale, ma - invece - sarà certamente oggetto di ben altre polemiche.
Una storia di responsabilità e incapacità che non si vollero riconoscere e quel che è peggio non si vogliono ancora riconoscere in un diverso panorama e un altro contesto, a distanza di un secolo e con insanabili conseguenze di perdite umane in uno scenario tragico ed inaccettabile: un dibattito al riguardo è possibile ed auspicabile,  ormai in assenza dei protagonisti e dei responsabili, come si è voluto aprire nella commemorazione dell’ottantesimo anniversario di Matapan, suggellata con la pubblicazione del libro di Massimo Alfano (Matapan: Il caso e la colpa. Dalla grande Marina alla vera Marina – Phatos Edit.)

Questo saggio è un anticipo del secondo volume sull’argomento e rientra nel dibattito in corso da tempo sulla reale preparazione e capacitò italiane di affrontare quella che nel 1940 era chiaramente una guerra tecnologica
 
Abstract
1925- 2025 : the Italian heavy cruisers, a synthesis of naval and technology history a century after their appearance, the record of a brief period of service that ended with an episode that became a political case and a reason for bitter controversy for over seventy years.
A debate that well highlights the rifts and emotional and demagogic confrontations that too often prevail and characterized (a little) the birth of this type of ship and very much their end. Specifically, there would be little to debate regarding a limited naval program, born from a political compromise, an experiment that could have been an opportunity, of power and industrial development, which some countries have seized while in Italy it has not been understood or exploited
In Italy what could be done was done, but it was not what should have been done, even if some voices were raised in this regard and, with little, appropriate and timely solutions could have been found
The Trento project was developed from a "national state of the art", on the basis of industrial and shipbuilding capacities that were still acceptable at the time, although not at the forefront; the inability to seize the opportunity led in a short time to an unbridgeable gap with respect to the state of the art of the opponents “state of the art” and therefore war and operational capabilities
The result was, unfortunately, at the time of operational necessity and war events, that of outdated more que wrong ships, in the wrong place at the wrong time.
This is the axiom that could close this chapter of naval history, but - instead - it will certainly be the subject of much more controversy.
A story of responsibility and inability that may people did not want to recognize and what is worse they still do not want to recognize in a different panorama and another context, a century later and with incurable consequences of human losses in a tragic and unacceptable scenario: a debate on this is possible and desirable, now in the absence of the protagonists and those responsible, as it was intended to open in the commemoration of the eightieth anniversary of Matapan, sealed with the publication of Massimo Alfano's book (Matapan: Il caso e la colpa. Dalla grande Marina alla vera Marina – Phatos Edit.)

This essay is a advance of the second volume on the subject and is part of the debate that has been going on the real Italian preparation and capability to face what in 1940 was clearly a technological war

The Copper Age, spanning roughly 5000 BC to 1000 BC, represented a transformative epoch in human history, where the mastery of metallurgy propelled Old World societies into unprecedented advancements. Across the Balkans, the Near East, and beyond, local copper mines provided essential materials for tools, weapons, and ornaments that underpinned economic expansion and cultural sophistication. However, a persistent archaeological enigma persists: the estimated output from known Old World copper sources falls dramatically short of the immense volume of recovered artefacts, necessitating the recognition of external supplies. This shortfall is convincingly resolved by the abundant copper deposits in North America's Great Lakes region, accessed via the St. Lawrence River - a gateway that facilitated a vital transatlantic trade network. Evidence from paleoceanography, ship replicas, and anomalous artefacts confirms that ancient Mediterranean mariners navigated from the Pillars of Hercules (the modern Strait of Gibraltar) to the St. Lawrence, capitalizing on stable Holocene ocean currents. Outbound journeys, with vessels travelling southward largely empty to accommodate ample provisions, optimized endurance and navigation despite westward challenges. Returns, burdened with copper cargoes, detoured through the Azores for essential resupply, where favourable currents expedited the passage. Far from speculative, this route aligns seamlessly with the technological prowess, navigational acumen, and climatic conditions of the era, explaining the otherwise inexplicable surge in Old World copper availability and reshaping our comprehension of ancient global connectivity.

Mentre era in corso il confronto tra gli Stati Uniti e la Russia per l'Ossezia del Sud, nel 2008 il Mar Nero è comparso improvvisamente sulla scena internazionale a margine delle operazioni militari condotte in Georgia. L'articolo analizza le questioni di diritto  internazionale connesse alla crisi, a cominciare dal Regime della Convenzionedi Montreux sugli Stretti

The difference between population statistics is proposed as a primary acceptance criteria metric for the direct quantitative validation of ship simulation tools in support of accreditation for uses related to ship motions in irregular seas. The discussion is applicable to comparisons of statistical quantities calculated from ship motion time histories generated by simulations and benchmark data such as scale-model test results. The difference between population statistics provides several of the key characteristics desirable in acceptance criteria, including quantifiable measures of accuracy, completeness, and self-consistency. Further, this metric can be applied to a variety of statistical quantities of interest, provides an opportunity to extend parameter-level comparison results to a broader measure of overall accuracy, and allows for straightforward application of engineering margins traceable to simulation tool performance requirements. Use of the difference between values (oft...

Article history: Received 10 September 2018 Received in revised form 24 December 2018 Accepted 13 May 2019 Available online 16 June 2019 This paper presents the analysis on the resistance and generated wave around one of advance marine vehicle, Semi SWATH. In this work, the wave analysis is performed in deep and shallow water condition at the similar speed, 1.45 m/s according to the validation of resistance result. The effect of fin stabilizer on the Semi SWATH generated wave is studied by performing three cases; bare hull, hull with 0-degree fin angle and hull with 15-degree fin angle. The generated wave height and wave pattern have been analysed from CFD result using a CFD commercial software, ANSYS CFX and the result has been validated using model test result in Marine Technology Centre, UTM. The result describes the relationship between water depth and fin stabilizers effect on Semi SWATH resistance. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the fin stabilizers affect the g...

The Office of Naval Research has established a need for improved design and analysis methods for the next generation of naval surface combatants. The Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory (ASDL) has initiated the integrated reconfigurable intelligent systems project to address design issues associated with the future systems. A goal of this program is to define preliminary approaches for developing an integrated modeling and simulation environment for complex systems. Since such systems are heterogeneous, dynamical and interdependent we suggest that a system-of-systems multidisciplinary approach is most appropriate for investigating and executing solutions. An integration methodology employing innovative techniques and a framework of tools that can be used to couple disparate models and simulations is presented. Methods for validating the final product to justify the selected approach and demonstrate a proof of concept for the integrated model are also discussed

Il summit di Anchorage ci ricorda che Usa e Russia, oltre
a riproporsi come superpotenze planetarie, sono anche
Paesi che si affacciano sul Grande Nord. In teoria c’è
rivalità tra i due Paesi, anche per via della presenza delle
forze Nato ai confini terrestri e marittimi della Russia. Di
fatto, entrambi potrebbero aspirare ad agire nell’Artico
con le mani libere dai trattati marittimi, magari cercando di
tenere a bada la Cina.

A reliability-based robust design optimization (RBRDO) for ship hulls is presented. A real ocean environment is considered, including stochastic sea state and speed. The optimization problem has two objectives: (a) the reduction of the expected value of the total resistance in waves and (b) the increase of the ship operability (reliability). Analysis tools include a URANS solver, uncertainty quantification methods and metamodels, developed and validated in earlier research. The design space is defined by an orthogonal fourdimensional representation of shape modifications, based on the Karhunen-Loève expansion of free-form deformations of the original hull. The objective of the present paper is the assessment of deterministic derivative-free multi-objective optimization algorithms for the solution of the RBRDO problem, with focus on multi-objective extensions of the deterministic particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm. Three evaluation metrics provide the assessment of the proximity of the solutions to a reference Pareto front and their wideness.

This study presents a comprehensive vision for a revolutionary Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Automation (ARA) system designed to perform remote maintenance and repair of Unmanned Marine Vehicles (UMVs). It highlights a fundamental shift from traditional reactive maintenance models to predictive and prescriptive maintenance paradigms, enabled by advanced digital twins, intelligent robotic systems, and sophisticated AI. This transformation necessitates a radical redefinition of maritime operations. Maintenance is no longer based on human-centric physical presence but evolves into a data-driven, remotely managed intelligence model. This signifies a profound change in how maintenance is perceived, planned, and executed; it represents a transition from scheduled or reactive approaches to proactive models that anticipate failures and optimize interventions. The success of the system hinges on a symbiotic relationship between advanced technology and highly skilled human expertise. In this new paradigm, technology empowers human capabilities rather than replacing them. Highly specialized engineers and operators involved in remote operations, along with strategically trained onboard personnel, are integral to this integrated structure. The entire process is supported by immersive simulation-based training. The study briefly outlines the current global research trajectory and the ambitious yet achievable "utopian" future of self-sufficient maritime autonomy.

This research introduces a groundbreaking Sea-to-Air missile guidance and defense architecture named GLAUCUS-25, a fully autonomous, AI-empowered missile system tailored for the Bangladesh Armed Forces. Merging cutting-edge Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), Transformer-based multi-sensor fusion, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for threat spoofing detection, and dynamic SLAM-guided interception logic, GLAUCUS-25 aims to set a new global standard in missile defense. This expanded paper details the complete technical blueprint of GLAUCUS-25, from embedded code examples to neural design patterns, and proposes a defense strategy that transforms Bangladesh into a sovereign AI military power.

This comprehensive analytical research paper proposes an unprecedented transformation of the Bangladesh Air Force (BAF)'s Air Defence Systems (ADS) through multi-tiered integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The aim is to construct a future-proof, intelligent, and autonomous ADS framework by leveraging AI-driven perception, fusion, decision-making, and control capabilities. This paper goes beyond basic implementation strategies, delving into architectural designs, tactical simulations, adversarial modelling, predictive analytics, and code-level integrations. It serves as a milestone document that aligns BAF's modernization goals with global standards in fourth and fifth-generation warfare. Key themes include multi-sensor data fusion, deep learning for aerial threat detection, reinforcement learning in interception strategy, cyber-physical security, and operational scalability within a budget-conscious defence environment.

During winter storms in 2014 and 2017, strong waves exposed hundreds of timbers and artefacts at the Belinho beach, in the North of Portugal. These ship remains were later discovered to belong to a 16th-century shipwreck, probably originating from Northern Europe. This paper aims to discuss the importance of cargo analysis through the study of the material culture associated with that site, consisting mainly of hundreds of pewter, brass, lead, iron, and stone artefacts. Most of these objects seem to have belonged to the ship's cargo and are tied to a European trade system reflecting economic, cultural, and symbolic behaviours.

Article 1 General obligation under the Convention (1) The Contracting Governments undertake to give effect to the provisions of the present Convention and the Annexes hereto, which shall constitute an integral part of the present Convention. Every reference to the present Convention constitutes at the same time a reference to the Annexes. (2) The Contracting Governments shall undertake all measures which may be necessary to give effect to the present Convention.

Container ship are commonly employed in a variety of countries, particularly in archipelagic countries like Indonesia. It is a construction that is very important to consider when building a transverse watertight bulkhead ship because it serves as a compartment divider when the ship has a leak and also as a transverse strength of the ship. The purpose of this research is to see if various construction modifications of a transverse watertight bulkhead can bear the working load. The finite element method was employed in this study. Five different constructions of the transverse watertight bulkhead were used in this analysis. The highest stress value in the corrugated watertight bulkhead is 252.44 MPa, with a maximum deformation of 7.6433 mm, whereas the maximum stress value in the transverse plane watertight bulkhead with "angle stiffener" is 330.71 MPa, with a maximum deformation of 12,072 mm. on transverse plane watertight bulkhead with "Tee stiffener" The maximum voltage value of 301.56 MPa and value maximum deformation of 11,025 mm, on transverse plane watertight bulkhead with "bulb stiffener" maximum stress value of 331.98 MPa and value of maximum deformation of 13,421 mm, on transverse plane watertight bulkhead with "flat stiffener" maximum stress value is 484.94 MPa and value of maximum deformation of 16.13mm. According to the safety factor calculation, corrugated watertight bulkheads, transverse plane watertight bulkheads with "Angle stiffener," transverse plane watertight bulkheads with "TEE stiffener," and transverse plane watertight bulkheads with "Bulb stiffener" are all considered safe.

La industria metalmecánica enfrenta desafíos crecientes en la gestión del mantenimiento de equipos críticos, que afectan directamente la productividad, los costos operativos y la seguridad. En este contexto, la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) se presenta como una herramienta poderosa para transformar el mantenimiento tradicional en un proceso predictivo, eficiente y adaptativo. Este artículo explora el uso de técnicas de IA como machine learning, redes neuronales y análisis de datos para implementar mantenimiento predictivo (PdM), reducir tiempos de inactividad, optimizar recursos y mejorar la toma de decisiones en plantas metalmecánicas. Se analiza un caso de estudio en una empresa peruana del sector, mostrando resultados preliminares prometedores en la reducción de fallos no planificados y mejora del desempeño operativo.

This technical review analyzes the architectural and operational depth of the MASS (Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships) vessel model, which represents the future of autonomous and sustainable maritime transport. The focus is on the design of the machinery architecture supported by the hybrid integration of renewable energy sources such as nuclear (Small Modular Reactors-SMRs), wind (Flettner rotors, wing sails), and solar energy, moving away from traditional fossil fuel propulsion systems. The study details the principles of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) that form the basis of this architecture and the critical role of Digital Twin technology, which optimizes operational performance, predictive maintenance, and fault diagnosis throughout the vessel's entire lifecycle. AIsupported autonomous control and robotic integration of key components such as main engine systems, auxiliary machinery systems, pumps, shaft, and propeller systems are discussed with their technical parameters. The Ship Machinery Control Room (SMCO), developed for remote monitoring and control of machine systems, and the secure and low-latency communication protocols between the bridge and the shore control center are analyzed. Design principles, methods to be applied for digital and legacy analog control systems, and projected timelines for AI and robotic-supported fault repair and predictive maintenance systems are presented from the perspective of marine engineers, service companies, and manufacturers. Furthermore, the impacts of this technological transformation on survey processes determined by IACS (International Association of Classification Societies) and Classification Societies, shipyard construction methodologies, and related training programs are evaluated. Particularly, through the conceptual vessel named "NEPTUNE'S GUARDIAN," capable of navigating in Polar and Arctic regions, the project's feasibility, potential technical, legal, and socioeconomic challenges, as well as Turkey's current potential in this field, and strategic steps to be taken are analyzed.

Although maritime transport is the backbone of world commerce, its digitalization lags significantly behind when we consider some basic facts. This work verifies the state-of-the-art as it currently applies to eight digital domains: Autonomous vehicles and robotics; artificial intelligence; big data; virtual reality, augmented and mixed reality; internet of things; the cloud and edge computing; digital security; and 3D printing and additive engineering. It also provides insight into each of the three sectors into which this industry has been divided: Ship design and shipbuilding; shipping; and ports. The work, based on a systematic literature review, demonstrates that there are domains on which almost no formal study has been done thus far and concludes that there are major areas that require attention in terms of research. It also illustrates the increasing interest on the subject, arising from the necessity of raising the maritime transport industry to the same level of digitaliza...

South Asia is on the brink of a renewed arms race, as major and regional powers seek to assert their strategic influence in the region. The United States and China are engaged in a broader geopolitical rivalry, supporting India and Pakistan respectively to counter each other’s regional dominance. The United States, as the sole superpower following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, views the rise of China as a significant threat to its hegemony. In response, it is vigorously supporting India across multiple domains to contain China’s influence. The strategic partnership between India and the United States has intensified the arms race in South Asia. As part of this alliance, several key defense agreements have been signed, including the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA), which enables India to receive advanced communication technologies, and the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), through which India gains access to data from over four thousand U.S. satellites. Additionally, the United States has facilitated the transfer of drone technology and granted a waiver for India’s acquisition of the Russian-made S-400 missile defense system. These developments have increased the strategic vulnerability of both Pakistan and China. Beyond military cooperation, India’s growing partnership with the United States also extends to high-technology collaboration and coordination within regional and international organizations, further complicating the strategic environment for Pakistan and China. In response, Pakistan is exploring alternative strategies to counterbalance India's enhanced capabilities. This research examines the potential implications of the expanding Indo-U.S. strategic partnership on the security and defense of Pakistan and China and to propose policy options to mitigate the emerging threats.

Reseña de "Pluma, papel, tijera: fuentes y escrituras para la historia de la nobleza bajomedieval (entre Sicilia y la península ibérica)", Palermo University Press, Palermo, 2024 editado por Maria Antonietta Russo en «Vegueta. Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia», 25 (2), 2025, pp. 1231-1236.

Se publica anualmente desde 1992 y es una revista interdisciplinar que acepta trabajos de investigación originales e inéditos en cualquiera de las lenguas habituales en el ámbito académico, sobre Historia, Geografía e Historia del Arte, una vez superan un proceso de evaluación anónimo por expertos anónimos (sistema de doble ciego). La revista se divide en tres secciones: Dossier, Estudios y Reseñas. La sección Dossier está abierta a la publicación de temas monográficos, necesariamente interdisciplinares, coordinados y revisados por un especialista en la materia. La sección Estudios publica trabajos de investigación originales e inéditos enviados a la revista, una vez superan el proceso de evaluación anónimo por expertos externos. Finalmente, la sección Reseñas publica recensiones críticas de monografías significativas en el ámbito temático de la revista.

John Davis nasce nel 1550 a Sandridge, vicino a Dartmouth, nel Devon. Molto presto inizia a navigare, anche perché come vicini di casa ha i fratelli Gilbert, Humphrey e Adrien (farà diversi viaggi con quest'ultimo) e il loro fratellastro Walter Raleigh, che ha la sua stessa età. In futuro tutti e tre diventeranno grandi ed avventurosi navigatori-esploratori, con relazioni sociali che giungono fino alla Regina Elisabetta I. Suo amico personale è anche un certo John Dee, grande astronomo e matematico. Un simile background, è facile intuirlo, gli spalancherà fin da ragazzo il mondo delle esplorazioni, della cartografia, della scienza…

A reliability-based robust design optimization (RBRDO) for ship hulls is presented. A real ocean environment is considered, including stochastic sea state and speed. The optimization problem has two objectives: (a) the reduction of the expected value of the total resistance in waves and (b) the increase of the ship operability (reliability). Analysis tools include a URANS solver, uncertainty quantification methods and metamodels, developed and validated in earlier research. The design space is defined by an orthogonal fourdimensional representation of shape modifications, based on the Karhunen-Loève expansion of free-form deformations of the original hull. The objective of the present paper is the assessment of deterministic derivative-free multi-objective optimization algorithms for the solution of the RBRDO problem, with focus on multi-objective extensions of the deterministic particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm. Three evaluation metrics provide the assessment of the proximity of the solutions to a reference Pareto front and their wideness.

India relies heavily on imports to meet its defence equipment needs. Despite launching several initiatives for indigenization and self-reliance (Aatmanirbharta), India continues to head the list of the top defence importers in the world. Many innovative initiatives were taken in the recent past to boost the defence manufacturing ecosystem. The defence acquisition procedures have been revised to meet the goal of indigenization. Negative import lists have been promulgated while joint ventures with foreign manufacturers are encouraged. Still, the achievement of self-reliance in defence capabilities seems elusive. A literature review was carried out to understand relationships between various factors impacting the achievement of self-reliance in defence capability. The literature review findings highlighted major factors that impact the achievement of self-reliance in defence capabilities, such as the defence budget, military capability structure, defence technology, and procurement policies. Based on the inputs from the literature review, a qualitative study was undertaken to get further clarity on the subject. The qualitative study sought inputs from experts from the armed forces, industry and think tanks. The aspects that emerged during the qualitative research reinforced and gave new insights into factors such as the strategy to meet security threats, the defence budget allocation trends, challenges in developing critical defence technologies, the need for a vibrant defence manufacturing ecosystem, and efficient procurement procedures. Based on the findings of the qualitative study, a revised conceptual model for the achievement of defence self-reliance in defence capability has been presented.

The geopolitical landscape of the Indo-Pacific region is increasingly shaped by the evolving India-U.S. strategic partnership aimed at counterbalancing China’s growing influence. Washington views India as a key balancing force against Beijing, while New Delhi sees its multi-faceted cooperation with the U.S. as a means to mitigate China’s regional dominance. Both countries maintain a pragmatic yet cautious approach in
their bilateral relations with China, engaging in strategic initiatives to limit Beijing’s political and economic reach.
This strategic imperative to navigate great power dynamics is not new to India. India's foreign policy is historically rooted in balancing great powers, a strategy that dates back to the Cold War era when it navigated between the Soviet Union and the U.S. Today, New Delhi continues this approach amid intensifying U.S.-China competition, strengthening its strategic ties with the U.S. and European partners in defense, technology, and economic sectors while simultaneously maintaining diplomatic and economic relations with China and Russia. This dual engagement is evident in India's
participation in QUAD, an alliance aimed at countering China’s activities, while also being involved in BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), where China holds a leading role.

Este Trabalho Técnico foi selecionado para apresentação pelo Comitê Técnico do evento, seguindo as informações contidas na sinopse submetida pelo(s) autor(es). O conteúdo do Trabalho Técnico, como apresentado, não foi revisado pelo IBP. Os organizadores não irão traduzir ou corrigir os textos recebidos. O material conforme, apresentado, não necessariamente reflete as opiniões do Instituto Brasileiro de Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis, seus Associados e Representantes. É de conhecimento e aprovação do(s) autor(es) que este Trabalho Técnico seja publicado nos Anais da Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2008. Resumo: ANCAP(Government's Oil Company of Uruguay) owns a 4000 DWT oil coastal tanker which is mainly used for transport in the River Plate and Uruguay and Paraná rivers. Availability of the ship is critical because of shortage of available vessels in the region. Full maximum draught of the vessel is 4m , so it can navigate in very shallow waters as it is the case of some places in the Uruguay and Paraná rivers. Although the ship was built in 1979, it is a complete double hull, powered by two twin main engines and propellers. Since 1993, several changes in maintenance management have been introduced, in order to increase the availability, thus increasing the total oil volume yearly transported. These changes affected several maintenance items and they also included a change of design of part of the tank floors of the ship. As a result of these changes, an increase of 60% of the oil derivatives volume transported yearly was achieved. In this paper, some of the important improvements on maintenance practices and management are described, together with a quantification of their influence on vessel's availability and overall maintenance costs.

El modelado computacional de helices y propulsores navales esta siendo utilizado cada vez con mas frecuencia para mejorar y optimizar las tecnicas de diseno. Dada la variabilidad de condiciones de operacion de las embarcaciones comerciales se hace practicamente imposible el uso de componentes estandarizadas y, por lo tanto, es muy frecuente que las caracteristicas de los propulsores tengan que ser calculadas en base a las especificidades operacionales de cada buque. De esta manera, la simulacion computacional ha ganado terreno como herramienta de diseno, fundamentalmente porque puede aportar informacion relevante a bajo costo y evaluar con rapidez las diferentes alternativas posibles para llegar a la seleccion adecuada del tipo de impulsor y sus principales caracteristicas. Mas aun, estas tecnicas permiten evaluar el desempeno de los propulsores cuando la incidencia del casco en los patrones de flujo no puede ser despreciada. Para ello es necesario tener en cuenta que estos componen...

Leveraging Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) in Maritime Business 1 by Dimitrios Plataras, Technical Manager @ Alpha Marine Engineering Industry 4.0, often referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, is a term that represents a significant transformation in the way industries operate and produce goods and services. It is characterized by the integration of digital technologies, data, and automation into various aspects of manufacturing and other industries. The maritime industry, a cornerstone of global trade and logistics, is undergoing a technological revolution. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are emerging as transformative tools, offering innovative solutions to long-standing challenges in maritime business operations, engineering, and crew training. This article explores the profound benefits of AR/VR adoption across these domains, supported by real-world applications and future potential.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have great potential to provide innovative solutions, technology and support services to the country's defence industry. In the competitive world, it is essential for the Indian defence industry to have a robust defence ecosystem to counter the potential challenges posed by modern warfare. The MSMEs, as an integral part of the Indian defence ecosystem, can contribute significantly to the development of future naval technologies. Besides serving as ancillary units, MSMEs are equipped now to undertake research, design and development of innovative naval technologies, which can give India a competitive edge in the global market. Moreover, Indian shipyards face significant challenges in the construction of newer warships and combat systems for the Indian Navy, and MSMEs can provide valuable support in building these vessels. They can collaborate with shipyards to develop cutting-edge technologies and components required for the warships. This collaboration can not only enhance the capabilities of the Indian Navy but also create new business opportunities for the MSMEs. This article discusses the potential role of MSMEs in constructing next-generation warships and combat systems. It

Bahriye teşkilatıyla ilgili araştırmalarda; kurumun nitelik ve işleyişinin ortaya konulması bakımından merkez ve taşra unsurlarının incelenmesi elzemdir. Özellikle gemi inşa faaliyetlerinden bahsedilecekse eğer söz konusu bu unsurlar daha da önem kazanır. Çünkü gerek merkezde gerek ise taşrada faaliyet gösteren tersanelerin niteliklerinin ve işleyişlerini belirleyen en temel şey, işgücü ve malzeme ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması bakımından birbirlerine duydukları bağımlılıktı. Bu bağımlılık kaçınılmaz olarak merkeztaşra tersaneleri arasında sıkı bir denetim mekanizmasını ve iletişimi gerektirmişti. Fakat XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı idari organizasyonun temel birimlerinden olan sancaklarda görülen yapısal ve işlevsel dönüşümler bu bağımlılık ilişkilerini de değiştirmişti. Çalışmamızda bir yönüyle gelenekten kopuş bir yönü ile de yenilikçi tohumların ekildiği XVIII. yüzyıl sürecinde özellikle merkez-taşra tezgâhları arasında değişmeye başlayan bu bağımlılık ilişkisi yeniden ele alınmaya ve değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bununla birlikte sancaklarda yeni aktörler olarak ortaya çıkan mütesellimlerin bu bağımlılık ilişkilerine nasıl dâhil edildikleri, ne gibi sorumluluklar üstlendiği, merkezin gemi yapımıyla ilgili taleplerini ne dereceye kadar yerine getirebildikleri gibi sorunlar arşiv belgelerinden hareketle aydınlatılmaya çalışılacaktır.

— The ship’s power systems have limited power. It consists of separate consumers with power commensurable with generators’ power. Thus, the powerful consumers worsen the quality of power and especially strong is this worsening in the presence of electric propulsion power system. In this article, it is presented mathematical model of four node ship’s power system, including four generators, electric propulsion system based on induction propulsion motor, supplied by frequency’s converter. With the use of the models are investigated different working regimes of propulsion system and ship’s power system. Some of received results are presented in the article including the frequency’s spectrum of regime’s parameters.

We present a detailed model of the integrated power system coupled to hydrodynamics that allows us to study global sensitivities in the All-Electric Ship. A novel element of our formulation is the stochastic modeling of the coupled system to account for uncertainty in the parameters or operating conditions. This new computational framework is applied to a model of the DDG-51 destroyer that involves a 19 MW 15-phase induction machine and an indirect field oriented controller. In particular, we simulate extreme events corresponding to propeller emergence and firing of pulsed power weapons.

the latest events of naval piracy acts against commercial ships in the Gulf of Aden near Somalia have revealed a new threat for commercial ships. For military ships, naval asymmetric threats become also a more and more emerging threat to counter. Consequently, the implementation of protecting systems to face these acts (soft kill/hard kill actions according to civilian/military applications and contexts) turns out to be now inevitable. In a near future, commercial ships that are sailing in blue and brown waters in dangerous areas (straits…) will have to possess detection and countering capabilities to face single and multiple coordinated attacks from pirates in different short-range scenarios and environments (open sea, coastal backgrounds…). For military ships, the need is quite similar even if the threat and the dedicated reaction may be quite different (hard kill action if necessary). In this paper, a practical example of a module focused on the surveillance of the neighboring of the ship and its mean to detect and track such naval threats is discussed. The surveillance module presented hereafter is under study at SAGEM Company. The paper puts forward the detection process (image processing and tracking). The module may be combined with other ones to provide the ship with full range and angular coverage in its vicinity. To conclude, results of detection scenarios are provided. Data have been registered during sea trials dedicated to very short range threats. Results highlight how the module detects them. They also put forward how module performances are improved by implementing two specific processes: track fusion and clutter map management.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la investigación realizada sobre el acorazado Pelayo, apodado «el Solitario» que estuvo en activo en la Armada Española entre 1888 y 1925. En primer lugar, se realiza un análisis general del buque y de las escasas fuentes de información existentes sobre su maquinaria. Seguidamente, se repasa la situación tecnológica a finales del siglo XIX, haciendo referencia a los acorazados similares y a la evolución tecnológica de las calderas y máquinas alternativas. En el cuerpo principal del trabajo se aborda la reconstrucción de los espacios interiores del buque, con las salas de calderas y máquinas y la reconstrucción (en 3D) de los elementos principales (calderas, motores, bombas, condensadores, etc.), culminado con la recreación de una sala de calderas y una cámara de máquinas.

The ship's propulsion system is one of the essential components in marine engineering, responsible for converting thermal energy into mechanical power to move ships through water. Since ships operate in a variety of environments and perform a variety of functions, the design and selection of propulsion systems are designed to meet specific operational requirements, such as speed, efficiency, and maneuverability. This complex system consists of several key elements, including the prime mover (such as diesel engines, gas turbines or steam turbines), transmission components, and propulsion units such as propellers or waterjets that ultimately propel the ship forward. The efficiency of a ship's propulsion system is critical not only for operational effectiveness but also for economic sustainability. Factors such as hull design, propeller type and overall system integrity play an important role in determining propulsion efficiency. Metrics such as effective power (EHP) and thrust (THP) are used to evaluate performance. This study introduced the components of a ship's propulsion system. These components included the engine, gearbox, shaft, propeller and rudder. After introducing each component, design considerations were presented based on classification society rules.

The math model for a mass-spring-damper given here is where the mass is oscillating in a vertical position. This math model is different than the one which is oscillating in a horizontal position provided in Chapter 10 on Ship Dynamics. This may be more suitable for Naval Architecture and Marine (Ship) Engineering. Also, in electrical engineering circuits course on RLC there is a similar math model where this derivation can be helpful. Some textbooks omit the derivation because its lengthy or if it is useful it can be found in another relevant textbook.

The textbook used for this math model is 'Introduction to Numerical and Analytical Methods with Matlab for Engineers and Scientist'. Author/Engineer: William Bober.

The Naval Architecture textbook: Applied Naval Architecture by Robert Zubaly; first edition sixth printing. Both SI and English unit problems. Prerequisite: Completion of high school math or year one college math. The textbook has some of the relevant math required explained very clearly, which is the basic introduction of an integral in calculus, that is the area under a curve. 2nd order differential equation could require further courses in mathematics. Here, the purpose was to provide some exposure on this math's side of things to gain an understanding on what could be involved in ship dynamics. Aotearoa - New Zealand.

Apologies for any errors and omissions.

Regards,
Karl Bogha.

De la mano la editorial L´Harmattan, Germán Santana dirige y coordina la
obra colectiva Patrimonio cultural africano y de la afrodescendencia. Dicho autor ha realizado y colaborado en numerosas investigaciones enfocadas en el mundo africano, lo cual parece haber ayudado a recopilar estos trabajos que nos permiten entender en gran medida todo lo que rodea al patrimonio cultural de África.

Tenix won the ANZAC Ship Contract in November 1989 to build ten guided missile frigates for the navies of Australia and New Zealand. The ships are planned to have a service life of 25 to 30 years. Within this time period, there will be changes in the operational requirements for these vessels. The ANZAC Ship Alliance is a virtual enterprise formed by Tenix Defence, Saab Systems and the Australian Commonwealth with the aim to provide service support over the lifetime of the 'product'. It is a framework of a dedicated supply chain that coordinates the service supplies across company boundaries. A two-stage study showed that significant changes have to be made within the supply chain in order to adapt practices in individual companies. This paper describes the processes that occurred in the alliance, the techniques that were used to identify the information and work flow in the supply chain.

This paper presents a state-of-the-art study about the utilization of digital design and manufacturing in shipbuilding and formulates the technical notion of utilizing information technology, specifically, virtual reality and robotics, in ship building. This is done by interpreting and obtaining scientific literature about theoretical and technological framework, documenting the practical work, and developing research-based deep knowledge about mechanical engineering. The final chapter of the report provides a practical example of a ship design software, known as NAPA Steel. The interactive operational performance of NAPA Designer is improved with shorter response times to transform the workflow into something more fluent and efficient when modelling. The Virtual Reality system would improve management of bridge crew stress in conditions of reduced visibility, fog, poor visibility, and darkness.

Fatigue failure has been identified in the 70s as a major offshore failure mode and as a possible ship structure one, only when high stress concentration were existing. With the merchant and navy fleets ageing numerous fatigue cracking has been observed more and more often leading to consider necessary to make compulsory the design fatigue assessment. BV introduced design fatigue rules in 2000, at the same time than the semi-probabilistic format. The aim of this paper is to present these rules in the semi-probabilistic context. The classification rules context is first analysed presenting the approaches for hull girder and local component strength verification. The uncertainties link to the used data and methods are identified. Then the semi-probabilistic format and uncertain parameters are presented and the selected partial safety factors are detailed. The rule fatigue assessment procedure and criteria are discussed giving the selected formulations and associated safety margins. In...

Force structure Mission and task graph  Collaborative planning module Overall framework Moving time horizon planning Integrated (shared information) and isolated team structures  Multi-level asset allocation problem Problem description Formulation