NOx Emission

[Objetivo] Verificar el cumplimiento de los niveles de exposición a SO2 y H2S, de los guardaparques del Parque Nacional Volcán Poás, tomando como referencia la norma internacional OSHA. [Metodología] Se estudió la concentración del SO2 desde setiembre 2018, hasta diciembre 2019 y para el H2S de febrero 2019, hasta diciembre 2019, haciendo uso de equipos de detección portátiles MultiRae. Los puntos de muestreo se colocaron en la casa de guardaparques, la caseta de entrada, el centro de visitantes y el mirador. El nivel de riesgo químico se determinó considerando: la salud de los trabajadores, el tiempo de exposición, el equipo de seguridad, las capacitaciones y los valores de TWA y STEL obtenidos. [Resultados] El valor más alto de la concentración de SO2 fue de 16,0 ppm, se registró en el centro de visitantes, y para el de H2S fue de 45 ppm (casa de guardaparques). La concentración promedio de los gases estuvo cercana al límite de detección para ambos gases, sugiriendo que los gases, en general, no se dirigen hacia las zonas de visitación. Ningún puesto de medición superó los 2 ppm para el SO2 en 8 horas (TWA). Sin embargo, en el centro de visitantes y en el mirador para visitantes, se superó los 5 ppm de SO2 en 15 minutos (STEL), con concentraciones de 10,1 ppm y 7,4 ppm, respectivamente. [Conclusiones] Se obtuvieron niveles bajos de riesgo químico, para ambos gases, en los puntos muestreados, a excepción del punto del centro de visitantes, donde el nivel de riesgo fue medio.

Los aldehídos son compuestos presentes en la atmósfera que se forman por la degradación fotoquímica de otros compuestos orgánicos en la tropósfera, estos pueden ser emitidos por fuentes naturales o antropogénicas. [Objetivo] En el presente trabajo se implementó un método analítico para la cuantificación de muestras de aldehídos en matrices como aire y agua de lluvia. [Metodología] El muestreo y el análisis de los aldehídos utilizó la metodología TO-11 de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (EPA). El muestreo se realizó mediante el uso de cartuchos de adsorción recubiertos con una disolución de 2,4-DNFH, formando una hidrazona con los aldehídos presentes en el agua de lluvia y en el aire. Estos fueron analizados mediante un cromatógrafo de líquido acoplado a un detector UV-Visible (HPLC-UV/Vis). Para la validación de la técnica de análisis y la calidad analítica de los resultados se determinaron: linealidad, sensibilidad, límites de cuantificación, límites de detección, repetibilidad, reproducibilidad y porcentaje de recuperación. En el caso de la repetibilidad, se utilizó la comparación del coeficiente de variación de Horwitz con los porcentajes de desviación estándar relativo (% DER) de las muestras. [Resultados] Los límites de detección obtenidos oscilan entre 0,18 μg/m3 para el acetaldehído y 3,20 μg/m3 en el caso de la acroleína, mientras que los límites de cuantificación están entre 0,62 μg/m3 para el acetaldehído y 4,70 μg/m3 para el heptanal; datos que garantizan la calidad analítica del método. [Conclusiones] En general, el método de análisis para los aldehídos mostró una buena correlación lineal, con valores de R2 igual o mayores a 0,9991 para cada curva de calibración, y valores de porcentajes de desvío relativo menores al 2,25 %, lo cual indica una buena precisión en el análisis.

[Objetivo] Estimar el potencial de producción de biocombustibles a partir de la licuefacción hidrotérmica (LHT) de residuos biomásicos en Costa Rica y su respectiva huella de carbono. [Metodología] Se estimó el potencial de generación de residuos de biomasa que pueden ser aprovechados para la producción de biocombustibles, mediante el proceso de LHT, utilizando informes de diferentes instituciones como el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, la Cámara de Avicultores, Acueductos y Alcantarillados, entre otros. Posteriormente, mediante modelos matemáticos que predicen el rendimiento de biocrudo, según el tipo de biomasa utilizado, se estimó el potencial de la posible producción de biocrudo y su respectivo mejoramiento a biodiésel y sus coproductos (biogasolina y biobúnker). Estos datos se compararon con el consumo actual de combustibles en Costa Rica. Por último, se calculó la huella de carbono del proceso de producción de estos biocombustibles utilizando la norma ISO 14067. [Resultados] Se obtuvo que Costa Rica posee, bajo las suposiciones de este estudio, un potencial de producción de biocrudo, biodiésel, biogasolina y biobúnker de 1 383 299 ton/año, 635 788 ton/año, 295 336 ton/año y 70 140 ton/año, respectivamente. Así mismo, se estimó que las huellas de carbono asociadas a la producción de biodiésel, biogasolina y biobúnker son 14,57 gCO2eq/MJ, 13,88 gCO2eq/MJ y 13,33 gCO2eq/MJ, correspondientemente. [Conclusiones] Se concluyó, bajo las suposiciones de este estudio, que en Costa Rica existe un potencial de reemplazo de combustibles fósiles del 71 %, 43 % y 76 % para biodiésel, biogasolina y biobúnker, comparativamente. También, se estimó que, por medio de esta tecnología (LHT) se podría reducir un 18 %, 36 % y 6 % la huella de carbono al utilizar biodiésel, biogasolina y biobúnker, respectivamente, en lugar de sus correspondientes combustibles fósiles.

[Objective] Plasmodium vivax predominantly infects many people in numerous tropical areas, including Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, the Americas, and the Eastern Mediterranean. The uniqueness of forming dormant stages can lead to relapse in vivax malaria upon further infection. This study used molecular docking and dynamic simulation to predict potential bioactive compounds from the Zingiberaceae plant family as inhibitors by targeting Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP). PvDBP-DARC molecular interaction is required to mediate the merozoite invasion process into red blood cells. Inhibiting this process can possibly control parasite growth and development. [Methodology] Molecular docking screening was conducted by using 138 natural compounds from the Zingiberaceae plant family targeting Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). The top two compounds with the lowest binding energy were selected to be analyzed by pharmacokinetics prediction and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. [Results] Molecular docking screening resulted in the top two compounds with the lowest binding energy value, including 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (-9.3 kcal/mol) and pinostrobin (-9.2 kcal/mol). These compounds are predicted to have stronger interaction than chloroquine as a control. Furthermore, the potential compounds also interact with DARC binding site residues and maintain them during the molecular dynamic simulation process. Otherwise, chloroquine as a control cannot retain 75% binding residues towards PvDBP. A molecular dynamic study revealed that all three complexes have relatively similar stability. [Conclusions] We predicted that the two bioactive compounds (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone and pinostrobin) have the potential as merozoite invasion inhibitors.

[Objetivo] Verificar el cumplimiento de los niveles de exposición a SO2 y H2S, de los guardaparques del Parque Nacional Volcán Poás, tomando como referencia la norma internacional OSHA. [Metodología] Se estudió la concentración del SO2 desde setiembre 2018, hasta diciembre 2019 y para el H2S de febrero 2019, hasta diciembre 2019, haciendo uso de equipos de detección portátiles MultiRae. Los puntos de muestreo se colocaron en la casa de guardaparques, la caseta de entrada, el centro de visitantes y el mirador. El nivel de riesgo químico se determinó considerando: la salud de los trabajadores, el tiempo de exposición, el equipo de seguridad, las capacitaciones y los valores de TWA y STEL obtenidos. [Resultados] El valor más alto de la concentración de SO2 fue de 16,0 ppm, se registró en el centro de visitantes, y para el de H2S fue de 45 ppm (casa de guardaparques). La concentración promedio de los gases estuvo cercana al límite de detección para ambos gases, sugiriendo que los gases, en general, no se dirigen hacia las zonas de visitación. Ningún puesto de medición superó los 2 ppm para el SO2 en 8 horas (TWA). Sin embargo, en el centro de visitantes y en el mirador para visitantes, se superó los 5 ppm de SO2 en 15 minutos (STEL), con concentraciones de 10,1 ppm y 7,4 ppm, respectivamente. [Conclusiones] Se obtuvieron niveles bajos de riesgo químico, para ambos gases, en los puntos muestreados, a excepción del punto del centro de visitantes, donde el nivel de riesgo fue medio.

Fractal Embalming: Pollution, Necroptosis, and the Unified Neurodegenerative Spectrum presents a groundbreaking synthesis of environmental toxicology, neuroimmunology, and cellular death mechanisms to propose a unifying theory behind escalating rates of neurodegenerative disorders. This whitepaper argues that chronic exposure to pollutants—particularly aldehydes like formaldehyde—initiates a cascade of immune dysregulation, blood-brain barrier erosion, and programmed necrosis (necroptosis), leading to widespread neurological collapse across demographics.

By integrating data from Parkinson’s, autism, Alzheimer’s, and developmental encephalopathies, the author identifies a shared pathological fingerprint—a collapse node—defined by astrocytic destabilization, mitochondrial failure, and redox imbalance. The paper introduces the concept of “fractal embalming,” wherein biochemical disruption operates recursively across molecular, cellular, and cognitive scales.

This unified model offers a new lens to interpret the spectrum of neurodegenerative disease as a systems-level phenomenon tied to synthetic environmental disruption. The findings challenge existing siloed frameworks and propose urgent interdisciplinary action across neuroscience, toxicology, and public health policy.

La conferencia expone que imponer etanol E10 en Guatemala sin preparación técnica ni participación de sectores involucrados constituye un error que amenaza con generar daños mecánicos masivos, altos costos para el público y una catástrofe ambiental. Aunque el etanol reduce algunas emisiones como CO e hidrocarburos no quemados, aumenta otras peligrosas como NOx, aldehídos y ozono, responsables de smog fotoquímico. Se advierte que los tanques viejos de las gasolineras, camiones cisterna y depósitos no son aptos para etanol, lo que implicaría millonarias inversiones que terminarían trasladándose al consumidor. Además, la mitad del parque vehicular de gasolina es anterior a 2007 y las motos de baja cilindrada —pilar económico del país— no son compatibles, lo que causaría daños costosos e incrementaría la canasta básica. Se critica la falta de estudios de impacto ambiental, como exige la ley guatemalteca, y se cuestiona el argumento de que el etanol reduce emisiones netas de CO₂, señalando que su producción conlleva deforestación que libera más carbono del que se ahorra. El autor concluye que no está contra el etanol, sino contra su obligatoriedad sin condiciones adecuadas, pues impondría un impuesto encubierto a la población y pondría en riesgo la estabilidad económica, social y ambiental del país.

El estudio desmonta la afirmación de que el etanol se usa “sin problemas” en 60 países, mostrando que dicha frase es un dogma técnico sin respaldo documental. Con base en comparativas de experiencias en Brasil, Colombia, Bolivia, Paraguay y México, revela que solo Brasil logró implementar exitosamente etanol gracias a planificación, vehículos flex y campañas educativas; en otros países hubo fracasos parciales por infraestructura inadecuada, flotas antiguas, costos altos y falta de información al público. Además, en ciudades como São Paulo y Bogotá se documentaron aumentos de ozono y aldehídos derivados del uso masivo de etanol, con impactos ambientales y de salud. El estudio explica por qué Japón eligió ETBE en lugar de etanol directo, destacando su compatibilidad con vehículos e infraestructura, menor higroscopicidad y menos emisiones evaporativas. Finalmente, propone que Guatemala adapte su legislación para permitir ETBE como solución técnica viable, evitando riesgos de daños a vehículos y problemas ambientales que el etanol directo podría ocasionar si se introduce sin preparación. El texto invita a la verificación independiente de los datos y enfatiza la importancia de políticas energéticas fundamentadas en evidencia y participación de todos los sectores, para prevenir un posible desastre económico y social.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

Pembekuan PLTU Suralaya merupakan langkah strategis Indonesia dalam mencapai Net Zero Emission pada 2060 sesuai Perjanjian Paris. PLTU Suralaya, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pencemaran udara dan air yang berdampak pada kesehatan. Kebutuhan investasi besar untuk infrastruktur energi terbarukan menjadi tantangan bagi kebijakan ini. Respons masyarakat beragam, menyoroti aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi transisi sosial untuk menghindari resistensi. Dalam hal ini, Sintesis Kantian diusulkan sebagai metode yang mengintegrasikan data teknis, sosial budaya, dialog publik, serta nilai keadilan dan keberlanjutan. Dengan demikian, pembekuan PLTU Suralaya bukan sekadar tindakan teknis, melainkan refleksi kolektif demi masa depan energi bersih yang adil dan berkelanjutan.

The hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engine represent a promising solution to the issues of global warming, fossil fuel break point and environmental protection. The development of a hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engine for heavy-duty truck has been being carried out at Hydrogen Energy Research Centre (HERC) of Musashi Institute of Technology and National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory (NTSEL) since FY 2005 in the Next-Generation, Low-Emission Vehicle Development - Practical Implementation Project (EFV21) of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT). As the most important key technology, the development of the common-rail type electronic high pressure hydrogen injectors is performed. Now the development of a hydrogen fuelled engine with 6 cylinders, the total displacement of 7.7 litters, direct injection and spark ignition is about to start. In this paper, the development concept, the characteristics of the injectors, some performance in the engine

Udara memang faktor penting dalam kehidupan, namun, di era modern, sejalan dengan perkembangan pembangunan fisik kota dan pusat industri, serta berkembangnya transportasi, telah menyebabkan kualitas udara mengalami perubahan. Dari yang mulanya segar, kini, kering dan kotor akibat dari terjadinya pencemaran udara karena kendaraan
transportasi. Selain itu, udara juga berperan dalam proses-proses alamiah, seperti pembentukan cuaca dan iklim.

The integration of autonomous vehicles into urban traffic systems offers a significant opportunity to improve traffic efficiency and safety at signalized intersections. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of how different autonomous vehicle driving behaviors-cautious, normal, aggressive, and platooning-affect key traffic metrics, including queue lengths, travel times, vehicle delays, emissions, and fuel consumption. A four-leg signalized intersection in Balgat, Ankara, was modeled and validated using field data, with twenty-one scenarios simulated to assess the effects of various autonomous vehicle behaviors at penetration rates from 25% to 100%, alongside humandriven vehicles. The results show that while cautious autonomous vehicles promote smoother traffic flow, they also result in longer delays and higher emissions due to conservative driving patterns, especially at higher penetration levels. In contrast, aggressive and platooning autonomous vehicles significantly improve traffic flow and reduce delays and emissions. Mixed-behavior scenarios reveal that different driving styles can coexist effectively, balancing safety and efficiency. These findings emphasize the need for optimized autonomous vehicle algorithms and signal control strategies to harness the potential benefits of autonomous vehicle integration in urban traffic systems fully, particularly in terms of improving traffic performance and sustainability.

This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) around the Qom (a province in
Iran) combined cycle power plant in relation to seasonal variations and fuel type from December 2014 to May 2015. Passive sampling
was used in three monitoring sites around the power plant to assess noncarcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to SO2
and NOX. Results showed the higher concentrations of NOX and SO2 in winter than in spring. The highest concentrations of NOX in
winter (when power plants used gasoil) and spring (when power plants used gas fuel) were 52.70 ± 21.70/52.70 ± 13.20 and 22.10 ±
7.00 μg/m3. Similarly, the highest concentrations of SO2 in winter and spring were 5.00 ± 0.20 and 3.90 ± 0.70 μg/m3. There was a
moderately significant correlation between NOx and SO2 concentrations when the power plant consumed gasoil (Spearman rho
coefficient, 0.68, p<.05). A significant difference was observed between gas concentration and fuel type (p<.05). The hazard quotient
values for SO2 exposure were below 1 for all age groups, whereas those for NOx were above 1 for infants and children. The hazard
index for NOX was above 1, indicating an unacceptable risk to human health. Sobol’ sensitivity analysis identified the inhalation rate
and NOX concentration as the most significant factors determining the noncarcinogenic risks across age groups. In conclusion, the
use of gasoil by power plants increases the emission of pollutants, thereby raising the health risks for residents in these regions,
particularly vulnerable demographics like children. Therefore, prioritizing air quality management such as using cleaner fuels and
emission control technologies in power plants as well as continuous air quality monitoring are of utmost importance.

The paper presents an experimental oxyhydrogen burner with a thermal power of 31.5 kW (9 m 3 N hydrogen/h) designed for industrial use at high temperature with NOx emissions at a relatively low level. The method adopted for the design consisted in mixing hydrogen with oxygen in two successive stages, the concentration of oxygen in the last stage being reduced below 20%. By this method, the flame temperature was reduced to around 1800 ºC allowing the decrease of NOx (measured as NO2) emissions below 240 mg/m 3 N, i.e. below the maximum allowed limit (300 mg/m 3 N) in the case of natural gas combustion with air. The advantage of using this "clean" alternative fuel under the conditions of operation only with oxygen is removing the possibility of polluting the atmosphere with greenhouse gases (CO2), the waste gases released being only water vapor.

Air pollution is one of the most pressing environmental problems in urban areas in various parts of the world. This article examines the impact of air pollution on human health, with a primary focus on air quality in urban areas, especially Jakarta. This research identifies the main sources of pollution, such as transportation, industry, and domestic activities, as well as the main pollutants including fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10), harmful gases (CO, NOx, SOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The short-term impacts of air pollution include irritation of the respiratory tract and acute health problems, while the long-term impacts can cause chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular problems. Vulnerable groups, such as children and the elderly, are at higher risk of the negative effects of air pollution. This article also discusses various mitigation efforts carried out by the government and society to improve air quality, including sustainable environmental policies, the application of innovative technology, and increasing public awareness. These findings emphasize the importance of collaboration between government, society and the private sector to create a healthier environment for future generations.

The current project represents the first attempt to test the environmental performance of the direct utilisation of purified used cooking oil as a fuel in a heavy goods vehicle under real world driving conditions. The properties of the used cooking oil were different from those of petroleum diesel (PD) standards however, its heat value, carbon footprint reduction potential and low cost were the key incentives driving it’s use as a fuel. The current research was a collaborative project between Convert to Green (C2G), the fuel provider, the United Biscuits Midlands Distribution Centre, the heavy goods vehicle provider and the University of Leeds as the scientific consultant and research executor. The brand of used cooking oil was Convert to Green Ultra-biofuel (C2G UBF) tested on a Mercedes-Benz EURO 5 emissions standard compliant 44 tonne articulate heavy goods vehicle (HGV). The HGV was modified for on-board UBF heating and mixing with PD. UBF was heated by heat recovery from the en...

Technical paper (SAE 700074) by David E. Cole + Charles Jones
Curtiss-Wright + Michigan State University
1970, 12 pages

> Content ...
> Abstract  2
> Theoretical considerations  2
  » Wall quenching  2
  » Crevice effect  3
  » Blowby of unburned charge  3
  » Incomplete combustion  3
  » Carbon Monoxide (CO)  3
  » Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)  3
> Test program  4
  » Summary  4
> Test equipment  5
  » Reactor design + construction  5
  » Configeration  5
  » Materials  6
  » Design parameters  6
> Base engine study without reactor or air injection  7
> Application of an exhaust reactor  8
  » Baseline engine with reactor  8
      » Dynamometer study  8
      » Vehicle study  10
> Observations + conclusions  11
> Future directions  11
> Acknowledgments  12
> References  12

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

Human activities have intensely altered the global nitrogen cycle and produced nitrogenous gases of environmental significance, especially in China where the most serious atmospheric nitrogen pollution worldwide exists. We present a comprehensive assessment of ammonia (NH 3), nitrogen oxides (NO x), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions in China based on a full cycle analysis. Total reactive nitrogen (Nr) emission more than doubled over the past three decades, during which the trend of increase slowed for NH 3 emissions after 2000, while the trend of increase continued to accelerate for NO x and N 2 O emissions. Several hotspots were identified, and their Nr emissions were about 10 times higher than others. Agricultural sources take 95% of total NH 3 emission; fossil fuel combustion accounts for 96% of total NO x emission; agricultural (51%) and natural sources (forest and surface water, 39%) both contribute to the N 2 O emission in China. Total atmospheric Nr emissions related health damage in 2008 in China reached US$19−62 billion, accounting for 0.4−1.4% of China's gross domestic product, of which 52−60% were from NH 3 emission and 39−47% were from NO x emission. These findings provide policy makers an integrated view of Nr sources and health damage to address the significant challenges associated with the reduction of air pollution.

Using hydrogen as an alternative fuel in spark-ignition engines has great potential for reducing exhaust emissions. Hydrogen engines have CO2 and HC free combustion and lean operation, offering lower nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. In this paper, a numerical study of a direct injection spark-ignition (DISI) hydrogen-fueled engine was conducted via 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods and results were compared with experimental data, showing good agreement. Injection timing, initial charge temperature, and initial charge pressure were selected as effective and controllable parameters of emissions and performance characteristics. Results showed that mixture homogeneity was more affected by injection timing, and advancing the injection timing led to improved engine performance with a slight increase in NOx emissions. Increasing the initial pressure and decreasing the initial temperature led to better engine performance and reduced NOx emissions in the DISI hydrogen-f...

The effect of biofuel blends on the engine performance and emissions of agricultural machines can be extremely complex to predict even if the properties and the effects of the pure substances in the blends can be sourced from the literature. Indeed, on the one hand, internal combustion engines (ICEs) have a high intrinsic operational complexity; on the other hand, biofuels show antithetic effects on engine performance and present positive or negative interactions that are difficult to determine a priori. This study applies the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a numerical method typically applied in other disciplines (e.g., industrial engineering) and for other purposes (e.g., set-up of production machines), to analyse a large set of experimental data regarding the mechanical and environmental performances of an ICE used to power a farm tractor. The aim is twofold: i) to demonstrate the effectiveness of RSM in quantitatively assessing the effects of biofuels on a complex system li...

The effect of biofuel blends on the engine performance and emissions of agricultural machines can be extremely complex to predict even if the properties and the effects of the pure substances in the blends can be sourced from the literature. Indeed, on the one hand, internal combustion engines (ICEs) have a high intrinsic operational complexity; on the other hand, biofuels show antithetic effects on engine performance and present positive or negative interactions that are difficult to determine a priori. This study applies the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a numerical method typically applied in other disciplines (e.g., industrial engineering) and for other purposes (e.g., set-up of production machines), to analyse a large set of experimental data regarding the mechanical and environmental performances of an ICE used to power a farm tractor. The aim is twofold: i) to demonstrate the effectiveness of RSM in quantitatively assessing the effects of biofuels on a complex system li...

This paper is made NOx pollution emitted by port auxiliary vessels, specifically by harbour tugs, due to its unique operating characteristics of operation, require a large propulsion power changes discontinuously, also possess some peculiar technical characteristics, large tonnage and high propulsive power, that differentiate them from other auxiliary vessels of the port. Taking into account all the above features, there are no studies of the NOx emission engines caused by different working regimes of power because engine manufacturers have not measured these emissions across the range of operating power, but usually we only report the pollution produced by its engines to a maximum continuous power. http://www.transnav.eu the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation Volume 7 Number 3

The most important thing I ever rote. A UK and Japanese Governments-sponsored attempt to bring the USA on board the fledgling UNFCCC process in 1991 by asking me to draw on a wide range of PIL experience to analyse and present at a special RIIA/Chatham House conference the legal precedents for a bottom-up 'pledge and review' approach, rather than top-down mandating approach, to tackling climate change mitigation, an approach then abandoned for 24 years of dashing against the predictable rock of CBDR before the same bottom-up approach was adopted in the Paris Agreement at the 2015 COP,  I hope not too late for my children.

Of the nitrogen oxides, NO2 has the greatest impact on humans. The areas with its highest concentrations within the EU are these most populated and industrialised ones. Excessive nitrogen dioxide concentrations are responsible for around 75,000 premature deaths of EU residents each year;in Poland, this value reaches almost 1,900. Since 2017, there have been new possibi-lities to measure NO2 concentration, made as part of the Copernicus Sentinels-5P Programme. Hence, it is purposeful to analyse changes in nitrogen dioxide emissions in the most important Polish cities against the EU in spring and summer 2020. The basis for the analysis was satellite data collected during the Copernicus Sentinels-5P Programme. In 2020, there were huge changes in NO2 concentration, which were the consequences of the implementation of restrictive safety measures relating to the COVID-19 pandemic: a significant reduction in road traffic and the closure or limiting of production in many industrial plants. It was found that, as a result of lockdown, nitrogen dioxide concentrations in Poland’s largest cities fell to a much lesser degree than in cities of similar size in southern or western Europe. The analyses indicated that data obtained from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite will play a key role in monitoring changes in nitrogen dioxide concentration throughout the EU. Ground-based observations of nitrogen dioxide concentrations, which have dominated until recently, will remain only of comparative importance in the assessment and analysis of the compound concentration. © 2021, Polish Society Magnesium Research. All rights reserved. (Narloch P., Skrzyński T. 2021. Analysis of changes in nitrogen dioxide concentration in selected European cities in the first Covid-19 wave. J. Elem., 26(4): 923 - 937. DOI: 10.5601/jelem.2021.26.2.2167)

The motivation for conducting this research stems from the increasingly applied manipulations of emission control systems (ECSs), especially those in diesel passenger cars (PCs). The study aimed to investigate the influence of manipulations of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valves and a diesel exhaust fluid (DEF)-dosing system on the nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions of a Euro 6 diesel vehicle and through the quantification of vehicles with manipulated ECSs, estimate the emissions of Euro 6 diesel PCs. Portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) measurements were performed on a Euro 6 diesel vehicle at a constant speed and on real driving emission (RDE) routes. The speed-dependent functions of the NOX hot emission factor (EF) were calculated for seven different scenarios. The results showed that the NOX EFs for the worst-case scenarios were more than two orders of magnitude higher than those where all ECSs were active. Applying the calculated EFs and the survey answers on the percentage of manipulated PCs to the Croatian Euro 6 diesel PC fleet, the results showed that the emission levels were up to 46.3% higher than the emissions calculated by the official computer program COPERT v5.6.5, with a tendency towards significantly higher values. The main conclusion is that vehicle manufacturers, policymakers, and the general public need to be informed about the enormous damage that in-use vehicles with manipulated ECSs cause to the environment and human health in order to prevent such actions.

Development of Machine Learning based approach to predict fuel consumption and maintenance cost of Heavy-Duty Vehicles using diesel and alternative fuels Sasanka Katreddi One of the major contributors of human-made greenhouse gases (GHG) namely carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), and nitrous oxide (N O X) in the transportation sector and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) contributing to about 27% of the overall fraction. In addition to the rapid increase in global temperature, airborne pollutants from diesel vehicles also present a risk to human health. Even a small improvement that could potentially drive energy savings to the century-old mature diesel technology could yield a significant impact on minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. With the increasing focus on reducing emissions and operating costs, there is a need for efficient and effective methods to predict fuel consumption, maintenance costs, and total cost of ownership for heavy-duty vehicles. Every improvement so achieved in this direction is a direct contributor to driving the reduction in the total cost of ownership for a fleet owner, thereby bringing economic prosperity and reducing oil imports for the economy. Motivated by these crucial goals, the present research considers integrating data-driven techniques using machine learning algorithms on the historical data collected from medium-and heavy-duty vehicles. The primary motivation for this research is to address the challenges faced by the medium-and heavy-duty transportation industry in reducing emissions and operating costs. The development of a machine learning-based approach can provide a more accurate and reliable prediction of fuel consumption and maintenance costs for medium-and heavy-duty vehicles. This, in turn, can help fleet owners and operators to make informed decisions related to fuel type, route planning, and vehicle maintenance, leading to reduced emissions and lower operating costs. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the automotive industry has witnessed massive growth in the last few years. Heavy-duty transportation research and commercial fleets are adopting machine learning (ML) techniques for applications such as autonomous driving, fuel economy/emissions, predictive maintenance, etc. However, to perform well, modern AI methods require a large amount of high-quality, diverse, and well-balanced data, something which is still not widely available in the automotive industry, especially in the division of medium-and heavy-duty trucks. The research methodology involves the collection of data at the West Virginia University (WVU) Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions (CAFEE) lab in collaboration with fleet management companies operating medium-and heavy-duty vehicles on diesel and alternative fuels, including compressed natural gas, liquefied propane gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and electric vehicles. The data collected is used to develop machine learning models that can accurately predict fuel consumption and maintenance costs based on various parameters such as vehicle weight, speed, route, fuel type, and engine type. The expected outcomes of this research include 1) the development of a neural network model that can accurately predict the fuel consumed by a vehicle per trip given the parameters such as vehicle speed, engine speed, and engine load, and 2) the development of machine learning models for estimating the average cost-per-mile based on the historical maintenance data of goods movement trucks, delivery trucks, school buses, transit buses, refuse trucks, and vocational trucks using fuels such as diesel, natural gas, and propane. Due to large variations in maintenance data for vehicles performing various activities and using different fuel types, the regular machine learning or ensemble My Ph.D. Journey has been full of development with acquiring knowledge, facing challenges and moving forward which would not have been possible without support of everyone. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research advisor, Dr. Arvind Thiruvegadam, who guided me throughout my Ph.D. journey. This dissertation would not have been possible without his invaluable assistance, intellectual support, and encouragement. Besides my advisor, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my Ph.D. committee chair, Dr. Natalia Schmid for her insightful comments, suggestions, and assistance at every stage of my research. Their expertise and encouragement have been instrumental in shaping my research and ensuring success.

The SAPO-56 molecular sieve material was prepared under hydrothermal conditions at 200 °C with different hydrothermal times using precursors including Al(OH)3, LUDOX AS-30, H3PO4, and TMHD (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-hexane-1,6-diamine) as an organic structure-directing agent. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopes, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, NH3 temperature - programmed desorption, N2 adsorption-desorption, and UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy methods. Electron paramagnetic resonance technique was applied to determine isolated Cu2+ ions in the framework. Although materials shared the same AFX framework structure, they owned different physicochemical properties, especially in terms of crystal size, surface area, and acidity. Next, the catalytic activity of removal NOx of Cu/SAPO-56 and Cu/ZSM-5 using commercial ZSM-5 as support with the loading of 3 wt%Cu synthesized by aqueous ion-exchange method was assessed i...

The paper presents an experimental oxyhydrogen burner with a thermal power of 31.5 kW (9 m 3 N hydrogen/h) designed for industrial use at high temperature with NOx emissions at a relatively low level. The method adopted for the design consisted in mixing hydrogen with oxygen in two successive stages, the concentration of oxygen in the last stage being reduced below 20%. By this method, the flame temperature was reduced to around 1800 ºC allowing the decrease of NOx (measured as NO2) emissions below 240 mg/m 3 N, i.e. below the maximum allowed limit (300 mg/m 3 N) in the case of natural gas combustion with air. The advantage of using this "clean" alternative fuel under the conditions of operation only with oxygen is removing the possibility of polluting the atmosphere with greenhouse gases (CO2), the waste gases released being only water vapor.

One of the elements of strategy aimed at minimizing the impact of road transport on air quality is the introduction of its reorganization resulting in decreased pollutant emissions to the air. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal strategy of corrective actions in terms of the air pollutant emissions from road transport. The study presents the assessment results of the emission reduction degree of selected pollutants (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and NO x) as well as the impact evaluation of this reduction on their concentrations in the air for adopted scenarios of the road management changes for one of the street canyons in Krakow (Southern Poland). Three scenarios under consideration of the city authorities were assessed: narrowing the cross-section of the street by eliminating one lane in both directions, limiting the maximum speed from 70 km/h to 50 km/h, and allowing only passenger and light commercial vehicles on the streets that meet the Euro 4 standard or higher. The best effects were obtained for the variant assuming banning of vehicles failing to meet the specified Euro standard. It would result in a decrease of the yearly averaged PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations by about 8-9% and for NO x by almost 30%.

The SAPO-56 molecular sieve material was prepared under hydrothermal conditions at 200 °C with different hydrothermal times using precursors including Al(OH)3, LUDOX AS-30, H3PO4, and TMHD (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-hexane-1,6-diamine) as an organic structure-directing agent. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopes, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, NH3 temperature - programmed desorption, N2 adsorption-desorption, and UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy methods. Electron paramagnetic resonance technique was applied to determine isolated Cu2+ ions in the framework. Although materials shared the same AFX framework structure, they owned different physicochemical properties, especially in terms of crystal size, surface area, and acidity. Next, the catalytic activity of removal NOx of Cu/SAPO-56 and Cu/ZSM-5 using commercial ZSM-5 as support with the loading of 3 wt%Cu synthesized by aqueous ion-exchange method was assessed i...

This paper presents the development of an emissions-controlling technique for oil burners aimed especially to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NO x). Another emission of interest is carbon monoxide (CO). In this research, a liquid fuel burner is used. In the first part, five different radial air swirler blade angles, 30°, 40°, 45°, 50°, and 60°, respectively, have been investigated using a combustor with 163 mm inside diameter and 280 mm length. Tests were conducted using kerosene as fuel. Fuel was injected at the back plate of the swirler outlet. The swirler blade angles and equivalence ratios were varied. A NO x reduction of more than 28% and CO emissions reduction of more than 40% were achieved for blade angle of 60° compared to the 30° blade angle. The second part of this paper presents the insertion of an orifice plate at the exit plane of the air swirler outlet. Three different orifice plate diameters of 35, 40, and 45 mm were used with a 45° radial air swirler vane angle. The fuel flow rates and orifice plate's sizes were varied. NO x reduction of more than 30% and CO emissions reduction of more than 25% were obtained using the 25 mm diameter orifice plate compared to the test configuration without the orifice plate. The last part of this paper presents tests conducted using the air-staging method. An industrial oil burner system was investigated using the air staging method in order to reduce emission, especially NO x. Emissions reduction of 30% and 16.7% were obtained for NO x and CO emissions, respectively, when using air staging compared to the non-air-staging tests.

In this research, a novel composite nanomaterial is synthesized and blended with gasoline and gasoline-bioethanol in different operational conditions of the engine. The investigated engine is EF7 spark-ignited (SI) that is operated in 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% under λ = 0.7 and λ = 1.0 at 1400 rpm and 2800 engine speeds. The Ag/Nb co-doped TiO 2 (TNA) is emulsified and homogenized with base gasoline and 80% gasoline-20% bioethanol. The results of emission and engine performance are compared with baseline gasoline. The results allow comparing the effect of composite nanoparticle on customary gasoline and blended gasoline-bioethanol at ideal stoichiometric and rich combustion condition. The results indicate that the gasoline-nano application is economic at lower loads (26.76% reduction in BSFC), whereas the gasoline-bioethanol-nano blend at 100% load is the best choice with up to 32.87% save in fuel consumption. Further, the proposed fuel structure with nano addition can decrease the emissions of CO, UHC, NOx, and CO 2 , while this decrease is more noticeable when the engine is not working ideally at λ = 0.7.

Tóm tắt: Hàm lượng tinh dầu ở lá loài Tiêu trên đá (Piper saxicola C. DC.) đạt 0,20% trọng lượng tươi. Trong tinh dầu được đặc trưng bởi các sesquitecpen (85,9%); trong đó các sesquitecpen chứa oxy chiếm 28,7%, các sesquitecpen hydrocacbon chiếm 57,2%; các thành phần khác chiếm tỷ lệ không đáng kể. Đã xác định được 40 hợp chất chiếm 98,9% tổng lượng tinh dầu. Thành phần chính của tinh dầu là trans calamen (16,4%), β-caryophyllen (14,8%), caryophyllene oxit (13,0%), eucarvon (7,5%).

Monitoring air quality in urban areas is essential due to increased pollution and health hazards. In this study, the air quality in the busiest area of Bucharest’s central was assessed, and the main car-related pollutants, NO2 and PM10, have been examined in relation to the influence of meteorological parameters. During the measurement campaign, the monitored NO2 pollutant concentration values did not exceed the limit value (LV), and the measured NO2 exceeded this limit on day 1. Although the monitored NO2 concentrations had the same pattern as the measured NO2 concentrations; however, there is a delay in the amplitude of the values, which can be explained by the location of each measurement point in relation to the main source of pollution. The particulate matter PM10 showed exceedances of the daily limit values (DLV) in conditions of intense traffic, and the decrease in concentrations was related to the conditions of increased precipitation and humidity. In order to adopt the most...