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Fig. 1. A schematic to represent the sol-gel process for synthesis of Nb/Ag codoped TiOz mesoporous nanoparticle.

Figure 1 A schematic to represent the sol-gel process for synthesis of Nb/Ag codoped TiOz mesoporous nanoparticle.

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The 96% Zarrin bioethanol specifications.
The 96% Zarrin bioethanol specifications.
Fig. 2. (a) The scheme of the test bed equipment, (b) the used setup facility.
Fig. 2. (a) The scheme of the test bed equipment, (b) the used setup facility.
Fig. 3. The FE-SEM image of of Nb/Ag codoped TiO2 nanoparticles calcined a 550 °C. Sets of design of experiments during the research.
Fig. 3. The FE-SEM image of of Nb/Ag codoped TiO2 nanoparticles calcined a 550 °C. Sets of design of experiments during the research.
Fig. 4. The adsorbtion-desorbtion isotherms (a) and pore size distribution (b) of the Nb/Ag codoped TiO2 nanoparticles calcined at 550 °C.
Fig. 4. The adsorbtion-desorbtion isotherms (a) and pore size distribution (b) of the Nb/Ag codoped TiO2 nanoparticles calcined at 550 °C.
Fig. 5. Exhaust gas and cooling water temperatures variation with the engine load for different fuel blends.
Fig. 5. Exhaust gas and cooling water temperatures variation with the engine load for different fuel blends.
Fig. 6. BSFC variation with the engine load for different fuel blends. bioethanol are emulsified in the base gasoline fuel. According to Fig. 6, the peak of BSFC occurs at 75% load for all fuel samples and the applied nano of this research enabled considerable fuel consumption. The me- tallic elements of the composite nanoparticle like Ag, Nb, and Ti as catalysts accelerate the oxidation and active radicals in the fuel-burning reaction. The high-power output because of nano presence makes lower fuel consumption at a maintained load of the engine. The results in- dicate that at the best condition, 32.87% of fuel can be saved when using G80B20N100 at full load compared to base G100. As seen, again, at higher load biofuel and nano combination makes more improved fuel One of the influential factors in the automotive and industrial community is the fuel economy and lower fuel consumption in energy devices such as engines. The measurement of this quantity in the engine is implemented and formulated by BSFC. In this sense, the BSFC at different engine loads for different fuel structures is tested and the re- spective data are plotted in Fig. 6. Interestingly, there can be seen a pronounced fuel consumption reduction when composite nano and
Fig. 6. BSFC variation with the engine load for different fuel blends. bioethanol are emulsified in the base gasoline fuel. According to Fig. 6, the peak of BSFC occurs at 75% load for all fuel samples and the applied nano of this research enabled considerable fuel consumption. The me- tallic elements of the composite nanoparticle like Ag, Nb, and Ti as catalysts accelerate the oxidation and active radicals in the fuel-burning reaction. The high-power output because of nano presence makes lower fuel consumption at a maintained load of the engine. The results in- dicate that at the best condition, 32.87% of fuel can be saved when using G80B20N100 at full load compared to base G100. As seen, again, at higher load biofuel and nano combination makes more improved fuel One of the influential factors in the automotive and industrial community is the fuel economy and lower fuel consumption in energy devices such as engines. The measurement of this quantity in the engine is implemented and formulated by BSFC. In this sense, the BSFC at different engine loads for different fuel structures is tested and the re- spective data are plotted in Fig. 6. Interestingly, there can be seen a pronounced fuel consumption reduction when composite nano and
Fig. 7. (a) Power variation with the engine load for different fuel blends, (b) the effect of Lambda and proposed blended fuel on power at 1400 rpr
Fig. 7. (a) Power variation with the engine load for different fuel blends, (b) the effect of Lambda and proposed blended fuel on power at 1400 rpr
Fig. 8. (a) CO variation with the engine load for different fuel blends, (b) the effect of Lambda and proposed blended fuel on CO emission at 1400 rpm.
Fig. 8. (a) CO variation with the engine load for different fuel blends, (b) the effect of Lambda and proposed blended fuel on CO emission at 1400 rpm.
Fig. 9. (a) UHC variation with the engine load for different fuel blends, (b) the effect of Lambda and proposed blended fuel on UHC emission at 1400 rpm
Fig. 9. (a) UHC variation with the engine load for different fuel blends, (b) the effect of Lambda and proposed blended fuel on UHC emission at 1400 rpm
Fig. 10. (a) NOx variation with the engine load for different fuel blends, (b) the effect of Lambda and proposed blended fuel on NOx emission at 1400 rpm.
Fig. 10. (a) NOx variation with the engine load for different fuel blends, (b) the effect of Lambda and proposed blended fuel on NOx emission at 1400 rpm.
The CO, amount at different lambdas and engine speeds for G100 anc G80B20N100. oxidation to CO and this is noticeable at 1400 rpm where 18% and 28% COz increase occurred by using G80B20N100 instead of G100, respectively.
The CO, amount at different lambdas and engine speeds for G100 anc G80B20N100. oxidation to CO and this is noticeable at 1400 rpm where 18% and 28% COz increase occurred by using G80B20N100 instead of G100, respectively.
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Mechanical EngineeringChemical EngineeringMaterials ScienceBrake Specific Fuel ConsumptionPetrol Engine
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