Mother and Child Health

Berbagai masalah terjadi dalam pengelolaan
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Balitbang)
di Indonesia, khususnya Balitbang di
Kementerian/Lembaga (K/L). Masalah yang
terjadi antara lain adalah (i) jumlah dana yang
dianggap besar namun tidak jelas hasil dan
pemanfaatannya, (ii) sumber daya manusia yang
tidak memadai dari sisi jumlah dan kompetensi, (iii)
kelembagaan yang beragam dengan proses
bisnis yang dianggap tidak jelas dan
membingungkan, hingga (iv) indikator kinerja
yang tidak tepat. Kondisi ini menuntut
dilakukannya penataan terhadap Balitbang. Dua
opsi yang ditawarkan adalah penguatan tata
kelola Litbang Nasional dan pembentukan
lembaga baru. Opsi pertama melalui penguatan
Kemristekdikti, yang berperan sebagai lembaga
regulasi nasional dalam rogram Litbang. Opsi
kedua adalah pembentukan Badan Pengelola
Riset dan Kajian Nasional atau nama lainnya, yaitu
badan pengelola nasional dalam Program
Litbang yang memiliki peran dan otoritas untuk
memberikan arahan terkait misi, tujuan, program,
ukuran keberhasilan, serta prioritas riset nasional.
Pembentukan Badan ini harus dipandang sebagai
bagian transformasi dalam perubahan sistem
yang menuntut cara baru dalam memahami,
berpikir, dan berperilaku oleh para pemangku
kepentingan Riset dan Kajian. Badan ini akan
menerapkan strategi, struktur, proses,
penghargaan, sumber daya, budaya dan nilainilai
inti organisasi yang baru dan berbeda.

Kehamilan merupakan proses fisiologis yang membawa berbagai perubahan pada tubuh ibu maupun lingkungannya. Selama kehamilan, sistem tubuh wanita mengalami penyesuaian yang signifikan untuk menunjang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin di dalam rahim. Meskipun kehamilan, persalinan, dan kelahiran pada dasarnya merupakan proses alami, komplikasi dapat muncul kapan saja dan berpotensi menimbulkan risiko serius bagi ibu maupun janin. I

Background: Weaning from the breast is a natural, inevitable stage in a child’s development. It is a complex process involving nutritional, immunological, biochemical and psychological adjustments. The incidence of malnutrition rises sharply during the period from 6 to 18 months of age in most countries, and the deficits acquired at this age are difficult to compensate for later in childhood Poor nutrition leads to ill-health and ill-health contributes to further deterioration in nutritional status. In Ethiopia, complementary foods are not introduced in a timely fashion for many children, in which 14% of infants were on exclusive breast feeding up to 6-8 months of age. Overall, only 7% of children ages 6-23 months are feed appropriately based on the recommended infant and young child feeding. This study result can provide insights for complementary feeding promotion programs for mothers in Filakit Geregera town and base line information to those who are interested for further future study.
Objective: the main objective of this study was to assess level of knowledge, attitude and practices on weaning diet of mothers of children between 6-23 months of age.
Methods and materials: Community based cross-sectional, descriptive study design was conducted on 406 mothers who were selected by using snow ball sampling method from each kebele of Filakit Geregera town from April-May 2018 GC by face to face interview using structured questionnaire that was translated to the local language which is Amharic. Then data was entered in to SPSS and analyzed using SPSS version 20 to present the result by using tables or charts/graphs using frequencies and percentages.
Results: the study identified that levels of knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers who have 6-23 months age infants on weaning diet by computing each variables in the questioners as variables of knowledge, variables of attitude and variables of practice, then computed variables of knowledge, attitude and practice further categorized into good and poor. So level of KAP (as good and poor) is 54.4% and 45.6%, 60.9% and 30.1% respectively. Even if majority of mothers had poor attitude toward weaning diet, most of respondents (76.7%) have good practice on weaning diet.
Conclusion: There was a gap between knowledge and practice on infant and young child feed when compared frequency mothers who have good knowledge and frequency of mothers who have good practice on weaning diet that indicates that there were a mothers with poor knowledge and attitude intentionally practices ideal complementary feeding. Also the practices of mothers on weaning diet is inconsistent with their attitude
Recommendation: The Woreda health bureau should have start regular health information disseminations programs for women, to enhance their awareness on infant and young child feeding which align with recommended infant and young child feed by world health organization and united nations children`s emergency fund to prevent inappropriate weaning which comes as a result of poor knowledge, poor attitude and poor practice.
Key words: attitude, complimentary feed, practice, knowledge, weaning,

Angka Kematian Ibu dan Bayi merupakan indikator untuk melihat derajat kesehatan dan menilai tingkat kemampuan penyelenggaraan pelayanan kesehatan suatu negara yang masih menjadi masalah besar di negara berkembang. Di kota Surabaya, AKI pada tahun 2015 sebesar 87,35/100.000 KH (Dinas Kesehatan, 2015) dan AKB tahun 2015 mencapai 6,48/1.000 KH. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari program kependudukan dan keluarga berencana. (Kemenkes, 2013). Tujuan laporan tugas akhir ini adalah memberikan asuhan kebidanan secara continuity of care pada ibu hamil, bersalin, nifas, neonatus dan KB dengan menggunakan pendekatan manajemen kebidanan. Asuhan continuity of care yang dilakukan penulis dimulai dari masa ibu hamil trimester III, bersalin, nifas dan bayi baru lahir serta keluarga berencana yang berkelanjutan dengan menggunakan standart asuhan kebidanan. Asuhan yang dilakukan di PMB Nurhayati dimulai tanggal 11 Maret 2018 sampai 30 April 2018. Kunjungan asuhan kebidanan dilakukan dengan kunjungan hamil s...

According to WHO (2019), the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in the world is 303,000 people. The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in ASEAN (2020) is 235/100,000 live births. Based on data from the Ministry of Health, the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Indonesia in 2020 was 4,627 deaths. Health Department data (2021) MMR 62 cases. Data from Bumiayu Community Health Center (2022) AKI 2 cases. The aim of this research is to reduce maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates in Brebes Regency, especially the Bumiayu Community Health Center area. This research method uses descriptive research with a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of this research show that in the results of Comprehensive Care there was a gap between theory and practice after comprehensive midwifery care was carried out on Mrs. E is 39 years old with risk factors for CED age and anemia in Mrs. BPM. R working area of Bumiayu Health Center from third trimester pregnancy, childbirth, newborns, postpartum and family planning using Varney midwifery and SOAP approaches

Background/Objectives: Maternal dietary behaviors, including meal frequency patterns, may influence fetal growth. This study examined the associations between maternal meal frequency patterns during pregnancy—categorized as structured, moderately irregular, or highly irregular—and neonatal anthropometric outcomes, including weight, length, head, chest, and abdominal circumferences, and Apgar score. A secondary objective was to assess whether maternal education and household income modify these associations. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1025 mother–newborn pairs from a socioeconomically diverse Romanian cohort. Maternal meal frequency patterns were classified based on self-reported weekly consumption. Neonatal anthropometric outcomes were obtained from medical records. Multivariable linear regression models, adjusted for maternal and neonatal characteristics, assessed the associations between meal frequency patterns and birth outcomes. Interaction terms evaluated effect modification by maternal education and income. Results: Structured maternal meal frequency patterns were associated with a slight but significant reduction in neonatal length compared to highly irregular patterns (β = −0.36 cm; 95% CI: −0.68 to −0.04; p = 0.02). A borderline inverse association with birth weight was also observed (β = −63.82 g; 95% CI: −128.87 to 1.23; p = 0.05). No significant differences were found for other anthropometric indicators or Apgar score. Maternal education modified the association between moderately irregular patterns and chest circumference (β = 0.15 cm; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.25; p = 0.003), while household income modified the association with abdominal circumference (β = 0.14 cm; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.26; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Maternal meal frequency patterns were modestly associated with neonatal length, while socioeconomic factors modified specific anthropometric outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of considering social context in prenatal nutritional recommendations.

The study was conducted to estimate poverty and inequality in the distribution of income,analyse the determinants and identify correlates of poverty in sindh province of pakistan.The study evaluated various Government, NGOs and private sector initiatives towards poverty alleviation.A total sample of 320 households were selected from sanghar and badin districts of sindh province of pakistan.The methodoogy and analytical framework followed were as follows: For measuring headcount index,poverty gap and sen index were used.While for measuring inequality lorenz curve and gini coefficient were used.For analysing the determinants and identifying the correlates logistics regression and multiple linear regression models were estimated.The major conclusion drawn from the study revealed that headcount ratio was 52% in snaghar district and in badin it was 56%.While sanghar district has a poverty gap of 373 and in badin it was 356.On the same proportion the two districts have a sen index of 0.31 respectively.The results further revealed that logistics regression satisfy 85% while multiple linear regression accounted for 47% variation.Land ownership is significant because those who own land will be out of poverty.All variables shows significant values except household size which shows positive sign.As the number earners increases the proportion of household poverty decreases.All variables show significant values exept household size which shows a positive sign.In the lorenz curve and gini coefficient if the gap between the perfect distribution line and lorenz curve is high it implies that there is inequality in the distribution of income.If lorenz curve goes down this shows that most of the peolple in the study areas have low income.It was concluded that land,household size,number of earners and qualification of household head has a significant effect on poverty.Based on the above conclusions the following recommendations are made.1.Irrigation water should be provided in the study area so that the poor could utilize their land for crop production.2.Govt should introduce housing schemes so as to support those in ultra poverty.3.The network of institutional credit may be widened to rural areas.4.One measures to alleviate extreme poverty in the study area would be to establish vocational skills training centre through public private partnership to train youth and women for self reliance.Finally Null Hypothesis Ho is rejected and Alternate Hypothesis Ha is accepted.

MomConnect was designed to provide crucial health information to mothers during pregnancy and in the early years of child rearing in South Africa. The design drew on the success of the Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action's programme in South Africa, as well as a growing list of mobile health (mHealth) interventions implemented internationally. Services such as MomConnect are dependent on user acceptability as all engagements are voluntary, meaning that tools have to be easy to use and useful to be successful. This paper describes the evaluation of the tool by pregnant women and new mothers using the tool. A purposive sample of 32 individual semistructured interviews and 7 focus groups were conducted, across five provinces in South Africa. All the sessions were transcribed and then analysed using a contextualised interpretative approach, with the assistance of Atlas.ti. The women were consistently positive about MomConnect, attaching high value to the content of the messages and ...

The deltaic region of District Badin in southern Sindh, Pakistan, presents a complex landscape of environmental fragility, socio-political marginalisation and recurring natural disasters. Located along the tail-end of the Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD), villages in this region have experienced repeated episodes of devastating rain, cyclonic storms and flooding over the last half-century. This qualitative study explores long-term socioeconomic , demographic and ecological changes in six villages situated on both sides of the LBOD. Through in-depth interviews, community observations and archival research, the study examines how land tenure patterns, caste-based inequalities, infrastructural failures and weak institutional response shape vulnerability and coping strategies. The findings show that the 2003 monsoon deluge and subsequent floods not only destroyed crops, livestock and housing but also exposed persistent structural problems: inadequate drainage capacity, poor maintenance of embankments, politicised relief distribution and lack of long-term recovery planning. Communities responded through collective evacuation, informal networks and mutual aid, yet such efforts were limited by poverty and social hierarchies. Sustainable disaster management in the delta requires integrating local knowledge, reforming land tenure and investing in resilient infrastructure.

Pregnancy in young girls negatively affects their health, their unborn and later-born child, and their social and psychological life. Effective use of Emergency Contraceptives (EC) significantly decreases abortion-related morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess knowledge and practices towards EC among female secondary school students in Geita Town Council in the Geita Region, Tanzania. This was a descriptive cross-section study design that used an interviewer-administered questionnaire to gather information from 384 participants who were advanced secondary school-level female students in Geita. Multistage sampling was used to select study participants. Data was analysed using Stata software version 14.0. Frequency was estimated for categorical variables and mean, and standard deviation were used to summarize continuous variables. The Chi-Square test was used to establish the relationship between knowledge of EC and independent variables such as demographic characteristics and practices on EC. The majority, 336 (87.5%) of study participants had never heard of EC, and 208 (61.9%) had adequate knowledge of EC. Pills were the most reported form of EC 266 (79.2%) while 231 (68.7%) mentioned the correct dose of EC pill. More than half 198 (58.9%) agreed that using EC lowers the risk of getting pregnant and only 99 (29.5%) knew the correct timing of taking EC. The school was reported to be the most source of information 135 (40.2%). Students aged 15-19 years have a higher proportion, 138 (66.3%) of adequate knowledge than those aged 19 years and above. Students in form five classes were more knowledgeable (51.4%) about EC compared to form six classes (48.6%). Students with mothers who have a primary level of education have a higher proportion of 82 (39.4%) of adequate knowledge compared to other categories. Respondents whose fathers have ordinary college/University levels of education have a higher proportion of adequate knowledge than others. Female secondary school students in Geita have adequate knowledge of EC, but very few have ever used it. More education and information on EC are needed for female students and the general population.

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), now known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were initially reported in Wuhan, China and rapidly spread throughout world in December 2019. The present retrospective study was postulated to assess the relationship between the post COVID 19 duration and biomarkers. Methods: About 369 subjects diagnosed as COVID-19 infection confirmed by "Nasopharyngeal Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) positive for SARS-CoV2" of all disease severity and admitted to Viveka Hospitals, Nagpur, Maharashtra, INDIA were included in the study. The laboratory investigations viz., D-Dimer, ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) recorded at the time of admission, after 15 th day and 30 th day of discharged were retrieved from the hospital records. The relationship was computed using Paired t-test and the confidence interval was set at 95%. The study was initiated after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Viveka Hospitals, Nagpur. Results: The mean D Dimer and ferritin values showed significant (p = 0.000) decrease after 15 days of discharge and CRP and LDH showed insignificant (p>0.05) increase and decrease respectively as compared to day of admission. After 30 th days of discharge D Dimer increased significantly (p = 0.000) and ferritin and CRP decreased insignificantly (p>0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that COID19 biomarkers responds differently after 15 th and 30 th days of discharge. The suitable changes in medical protocols after 15 th day and 30 th days of discharge can reduce morbidity amongst the COVID 19 patients.

Introduction The PACS scale is a tool which is widely used in foreign studies to evaluate the tendency towards appearance comparisons in social situations. People inclined to make such comparisons reveal a higher level of dissatisfaction with their body and a higher inclination towards problem eating. Purpose of the study The main purpose of the study was to adapt the PACS scale. A factor structure assessment and reliability analysis of the Polish version was carried out. The correlation between PACS and pubertal development indicators, the body mass index and psycho-social factors and eating behaviours were evaluated as part of the validity analysis. Material and methods The data were derived from the Internet-based study of problem eating behaviours conducted by the Institute of Mother and Child during the 2014/2015 school year. The analyses covered 1285 second grade upper secondary school students (47.2% boys). The mean age was 17.59 years (SD=0.39). An exploratory and confirmato...

The aim to identify the barriers to engaging in physical activity that are perceived by adolescents with overweight and obesity, and to establish whether a correlation exists among the barriers they perceive and the health-oriented motivation for undertaking physical activity. Material and methods The study was conducted on a representative sample of 2,300 students aged 13-16 years. The data was collected through an anonymous survey. Young people were asked about their body weight and height, the barriers to physical activity and the health-related motives to engaging in it. The IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) standard by T. J. Cole was used to categorise overweight and obesity, while the PCA − Principal Component Analysis − to assess the motivation for physical activity. Logistic regression was used in the analyses of the correlations among the body weight, the level of health-oriented motivation and the occurrence of accumulated barriers to physical activity. Results Overw...

Background The wrong subjective assessment of body mass may have consequences for the health, quality of life and proper functioning of adolescents in society. Aim The purpose of the study is to provide a detailed analysis of the discrepancies between the objective and subjective assessment of body mass by 15-year-old boys and girls in Poland against the background of international statistics and to assess the effect of physical activity on the level and directions of these discrepancies. Material and methods The data concerned 72037 schoolchildren from 42 countries, including 1484 in Poland. The measure of objective body mass was the BMI categorized according to Cole’s criteria. Research focused on the relation between the mean BMI and the subjective perception of their body mass by adolescents and the discrepancy in this assessment. In addition, the level of physical activity (MVPA) was taken into account. Results In Poland the percentage of adolescents with overweight was lower t...

When seen in the aggregate of cities, the actual availability of educational infrastructure seen from the quantity and quality in Depok City is adequate, but if seened in a ratio at the education unit level, there is still a gap between the availability of infrastructure and the number of students. The purpose of this study was to analyze the ratio of the availability of Kindergarten indexes in Depok City and then to compile a system for identifying the availability of GIS Web-based Kindergarten in Depok City. The method used by analyzing the Kindergarten Availability Ratio Index. The results obtained were index values which experienced a decrease and increase in one

Stunting is a condition where height growth disorders arise due to malnutrition, so that a child's height does not correspond to his age. The aim of this research is to evaluate the use of vitamins and minerals in stunting cases in several Surabaya Community Health Centers. The results of this research are descriptive with prospective data collection. The number of respondents obtained was 64 stunting child patients who met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of child demographics according to age, the most stunting child patients were 32 patients aged 48 -60 months (50%). Based on gender, the results were balanced between women and men. Based on a history of exclusive breastfeeding, the majority had a history of exclusive breastfeeding, 52 patients (81.25%). Based on birth weight, the highest number of patients with a normal weight (>2500) grams was 53 patients (82.82%). Based on disease history, the majority did not have a history of disease, 53 patients (82.82%). The vitamins and minerals used in stunting cases in several Surabaya Community Health Centers are Optima Zinc Syrup, Vitamin and Mineral Powder, Taburia, and Vitamin A Capsules, with the rules and duration of use according to those given. Based on the results of nutritional status assessments at several Surabaya Community Health Centers, it was found that the majority of children were underweight based on Z-Score BW/U, had short status based on Z-Score BH/U, and had good nutritional status based on Z-Score BW/BH. The results of the nutritional status assessment concluded that the majority of children were underweight based on Z-Score BW/U, had short status based on Z-Score BH/U, and had good nutritional status based on Z-Score BW/BH.

Stunting or cases of failure to thrive in toddlers is one of the most serious health problems faced by the people of Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of Health and the Central Statistics Agency, East Java Province has a stunting prevalence value of 26.8% which is categorized as a high prevalence value according to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). Random forest is one of the machine learning algorithms in the field of artificial intelligence that can learn patterns from labeled data so that it can be used as a method for predicting or forecasting data. This approach is considered very suitable to be used in predicting the value of stunting prevalence because stunting prevalence data is usually accompanied by other data in the health sector according to survey results. Previous studies on the prediction of stunting prevalence used secondary data sourced from one survey only. Therefore, this study is one of the efforts to contribute in providing solutions...

Background: Childhood development is highly influenced by feeding practices at the infancy and young age of children. Unfortunately, according to the National Nutrition Survey (2011), the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Pakistan was 21% at four months, and 13% at six months of age with 51.3% of mothers initiating semisolid foods to their children at the recommended 6-8 months of age. The latest Pakistan Demographic & Health Survey (PDHS 2018) however; indicates that only 48% of infants are exclusively breastfed which has been improved from 38% as reported in the past five years but still more improvement is anticipated. Methods: A quasi-experimental study design was employed for this post-intervention survey assessing effectiveness of mobile health (mhealth) regarding infant & young child feeding (IYCF) among pregnant and lactating mothers in Tarlai, Islamabad from May to June 2018. A total of 135 mothers who were earlier included in the intervention phase were recruited af...

The majority of women prefer the deliveries at home because this option is affordable and accessible. Midwifery care results in lower costs due to fewer unnecessary, invasive, and expensive interventions. This research highlights the motivation, efficiency and proficiency of community midwives working at the grassroots level. This study shows the existing retention status of CMWs in their geographical area. This paper provides an overview of research and statistics that describe the practice of midwives in Punjab.Some key reasons including financial constraints, lack of trust and a fear of being mishandled by newly trained young CMWs resulted in low acceptance of CMWs for maternal healthcare. The awareness regarding availability of trained CMWs in the community along with backup support by the district health system is extremely important to address the concerns of the community, thus leading to enhanced acceptance of the CMWs by the community and gaining optimum confidence. This st...

Background: Anthropometric indicators are difficult to interpret in very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants, including both appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) infants. Therefore, the purpose was to describe the anthropometric indicators of growth and nutritional status in VLBW premature infants AGA and SGA, hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Study design: The descriptive and prospective study design included 114 preterm infants, adequate for gestational age/small for gestational age hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Head, thigh, mid upper arm circumference, skin-fold measurements and weight/age, length/ age, and weight/length indices were obtained. Correlations were made among the anthropometric indices, and a multivariate regression analysis with weight/age as dependent variable was performed. Results: Weight/age in AGA premature infants had high number of significant anthropometric correlations. The SGA premature infants had few and weak correlations. The regression analysis showed that anthropometric indices better explain changes in the weight/age index in adequate for gestational age premature infants. Conclusion: Weight/age in the VLBW/AGA premature infants could reflect growth, nutritional status and energy stored as fat, but in the VLBW/SGA premature infants, thigh circumference and mid arm circumference would be better indicators just of nutritional status.

The main strategy for decreasing maternal morbidity and mortality has been antenatal care (ANC). ANC aims to monitor and maintain the health and safety of the mother and the fetus, detect all complications of pregnancy and take the necessary actions, respond to complaints, prepare for birth, and promote a healthy lifestyle. This study aims to analyze interregional disparities in �4 ANC visits during pregnancy in Indonesia. Data was acquired from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The unit of analysis was women aged 15-49 years old, and a sample of 15,351 women was obtained. In addition to ANC as the dependent variable, the other variables analyzed in this study were a place of residence, age, husband/partner, education, parity, wealth status, and health insurance. For the final analysis, binary logistic regression was used to determine disparity. With the Papua region as a reference, all regions showed a gap except for the Maluku region, which was not significantly different in the use of ANC compared to the Papua region. Women in the Nusa Tenggara have 4.365 times the chance of making �4 ANC visits compared to those in the Papua region (95% CI 3.229-5.899). Women in Java-Bali have 3.607 times the chance of making �4 ANC visits compared to women in the Papua region (95% CI 2.741-4.746). Women in Sumatra have 1.370 times the chance of making �4 ANC visits compared to women in the Papua region (95% CI 1.066-1.761). Women in Kalimantan have 2.232 times the chance of making �4 ANC visits compared to women in the Papua region (1.664-2.994). Women in Sulawesi have 1.980 times more chance of making �4 ANC visits compared to women in the Papua region (1.523-2.574). In addition to the region category, other variables that contributed to the predictor were age, husband/partner, education, parity, wealth and insurance.

Digitalization of health information can assist patient information management and improve health services even in low middle-income countries. We have implemented a mother and child health registration system in the study areas of Kenya and Lao PDR to evaluate barriers to digitalization. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 healthcare workers (HCWs) who used the system and analyzed it qualitatively with thematic framework analysis. Quantitatively, we analyzed the quality of recorded data according to missing information by the logistic regression analysis. The qualitative analysis identified six themes related to digitalization: satisfaction with the system, mothers’ resistance, need for training, double work, working environment, and other resources. The quantitative analysis showed that data entry errors improved around 10% to 80% based on odds ratios in subsequent quarters compared to first quarter periods. The number of registration numbers was not significantly related to ...

AIM The aim of the study was to describe the quality of life of Polish adolescents living in a big city and to investigate whether there are differences in this respect between girls and boys. Moreover, we would like to compare the results concerning the quality of life of the screened adolescents from Krakow with those of their European peers. MATERIAL AND METHODS The survey was carried out in 2013-2015 in 17 middle schools in Krakow based on anonymous auditorium questionnaires. The analysis included the responses of 1387 pupils - 686 girls and 701 boys. In order to assess the quality of life, the Polish version of the international KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire was used. Five dimensions of the quality of life (Qol) were analyzed. The specific dimensions of Qol were analyzed using 0-100 point scales, as well as T-scores standardized for the European population. RESULTS The mean values for five dimensions of quality of life assessed by the KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire ranged from 54 pts....

Buku Asuhan Kebidanan pada Kehamilan (Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Janin) hadir sebagai panduan komprehensif dan aplikatif bagi mahasiswa kebidanan, bidan praktik, serta tenaga kesehatan yang ingin memahami secara mendalam perjalanan luar biasa seorang ibu selama masa kehamilan. Disusun secara sistematis, buku ini membahas mulai dari konsep dasar asuhan kehamilan, adaptasi fisiologis dan psikologis ibu hamil di setiap trimester, hingga perubahan anatomis yang terjadi selama kehamilan. Tidak hanya itu, buku ini juga membedah bagaimana pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin berlangsung dari minggu ke minggu, serta bagaimana tenaga kesehatan dapat memberikan dukungan optimal kepada ibu hamil dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dasar fisik dan emosionalnya.

Selain itu, buku ini juga mengupas tuntas berbagai faktor yang memengaruhi kehamilan, ketidaknyamanan umum yang dialami ibu, serta pentingnya komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi (KIE) yang sesuai dengan tahap perkembangan kehamilan. Pembaca juga akan dipandu dalam melakukan deteksi dini terhadap risiko tinggi yang mungkin muncul, sehingga dapat dilakukan penanganan secara cepat dan tepat. Dengan bahasa yang lugas namun tetap ilmiah, buku ajar ini tidak hanya memperkaya pengetahuan, tetapi juga membentuk kepekaan dan empati dalam memberikan pelayanan kebidanan yang berkualitas dan humanis.

The main goal of this study was to explore the contributions of early father-child and mother-child attachment relationships to children's later social competence with their preschool peers; possible unique and shared contributions were tested. Using a multimethod design and focusing on direct observation, attachment was assessed at home at age 3 with the Attachment Behavior Q-sort (AQS) and two years later social competence was assessed at classrooms of 5-year-olds using a set of seven measurement indicators that are part of the Hierarchical Model of Social Competence. Results show that attachment to each parent made unique and significant contributions to children's social competence and suggested the possibility that each caregiver may have somewhat different patterns of influence on the different indicators of children's social competence. Findings also suggest the possibility that a secure attachment with one parent may buffer the impact of having an insecure relationship with the other. Due to sample size, these results should be seen as a starting point to generate new and larger studies.

un fait incontesté. À travers le prisme de la Coafrwologie-la nouvelle science panafricaine fondée sur la mémoire ancestrale, l'éthique d'Ubuntu-Kama, et la conscience vibratoire-cette vérité prend une dimension ontologique, spirituelle et thérapeutique. Cet essai explore la portée de l'affirmation selon laquelle « l'enfant est le produit de la mère avant celui du père », et ses implications dans la reconstruction de l'identité africaine, la restauration des familles et la renaissance du monde africain contemporain.

A total of five hundred and ninety-one (591) school children of 6+ and 7+ years of age living in Mysore city were recruited as subjects using purposive sampling technique. Both schools and households visit were carried out to recruit the subjects. A self-developed questionnaire was administered to the parents to collect the data on socio-demographic conditions and birth history of children. The anthropometric measurements of children were recorded by using standard methods and techniques. The anthropometric data were further used to calculate indices such as BMI-for-age, Height-for-age and Weight-for-age according to child growth reference of World Health Organization. The findings of the study indicates that the prevalence of malnutrition was distinctively higher among school children born with Low birthweight (LBW)(Stunting=81.3%, underweight= 82.6% and Undernutrition=54.0 %) than school children born with Normal Birthweight (Stunting= 37.6%, underweight=32.6% and Undernutrition=25.12 %). Within Low birthweight groups significant association of gender, age and education with level of stunting (Ht/Age), Age and education with level of underweight (Wt/age) were noticed. Within normal birthweight group, significant association of gender with level of underweight (wt/age) and undernutrition (BMI/age), age and education with level of stunting (Ht/age), education with level of undernutrition (Wt/age) were noticed. Overall, the present study concluded that birth weight determines the physical growth and nutritional status of children in late childhood years i.e. at school age period. The study suggests the implementation of intervention programs and stimulating programs to reduce the long-term consequences of infants born with low birthweight.

Statewide (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, 2010) presents breastfeeding rate data as it pertains to the total number of infant records for babies born in the 2007-2008 financial year. ** Percentage of 'any' breastfeeding is the percentage of reported (therefore known) breastfeeding infants amongst the total number of infant records. Indicates area breastfeeding rate (%) is below the state average at discharge. Indicates area breastfeeding rate (%) is below the state average at three months. * Relevance to Victoria coding scale use: High = study conducted in Australia, Europe, NZ, Canada, Medium = study conducted in other high income country, Low = study conducted in low-middle income country.

The world-renowned agronomist and architect of the “Green Revolution” Norman Borlaug once said that, “Civilization, as it is known today, could not have evolved, nor can it survive, without an adequate food supply.” Yet the biggest problem facing civilization today is not one of an inadequate supply of food, but rather an inadequate supply of nutritious food combined with the inability to supply food to the world's population centers. Though the distinction between these two seems small, it holds the key to a sustainable food future.

Stress is a frustrating condition where it contains an excess of work and an overload which reduces the concentration, mentality and the normal working condition of any students. This study examines the impact of stress on students' and stress management among students. The main objectives were to ascertain or identify the extent to which stress affects students' academic success, health and general lifestyle, as well as to inquire about the effects of existing stress in students. A quantitative method was used in gathering and analyzing the data. For this purpose, questionnaires were distributed to students, who consisted of Post Graduate qualification. The result obtained shows that nearly 40% of students feel stress in getting support from the faculty members, fear of examination, lack of understanding the subject and feeling more stressed in academic performance. The result has also identified that they is no difference among the genders in experiencing the stress, were by both genders equally face impact of stress in their performance. Stress can however be managed using various stress revealing techniques and also introducing stress management course as part of the students' extracurricular activities.

Objectives to estimate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in apparently healthy infants and prepubertal children and compare results among different nutritional statuses. Methods Our cross-sectional work is a sub-study of a screening project for anemia and nutritional status. We included 252 apparently healthy infants and children with a mean age of 3.7 ± 1.3 years (1.1-6.6), with equal gender distribution. Data retrieved included breastfeeding and anthropometric measures. We tested the stored blood samples for IGF-1 levels. The sample size was reached when all kits were consumed. Results abnormal anthropometric measures were detected in 32.9%, either a single or multiple, and 86.5% were breastfed. Girls had significantly higher serum IGF-1 levels than boys (P: <0.001), which was noticeable in girls with abnormal nutritional status detected with anthropometry. Breastfeeding showed no significant association with IGF-1 levels. No significant difference was observed between IGF-1 levels between children with normal versus those with abnormal growth measures. Children with overweight or obesity had significantly lower IGF-1 than children with other body mass index (BMI) categories. Serum IGF-1 levels correlated positively with arm muscle area Z scores in infants and toddlers and weight and BMI Z scores in children between three and four. Also, IGF-1 correlated positively with the triceps skinfold Z score and arm muscle area Z score between four and five. Conclusions Among studied infants and prepubertal children, serum IGF-1 was significantly higher in girls than boys and was considerably lower in children with overweight or obesity. Breastfeeding showed no association with IGF-1 levels.

To explore the experiences of mothers incarcerated with their infants in correctional facilities within a feminist framework, it is vital to begin the study with an understanding of the key concepts as orientation. A discussion of the historical perspective, current legislation and policies regarding incarcerated mothers residing with infants serves as the contextual basis for the presentation of the problem formulation. This foundation forms the rationale for the research, and in it, the primary objectives of the study are highlighted.

In women life, pregnancy needs special health care facilities and at the time of birth, pregnant women face many complications regarding childbirth. Giving birth to a child is the most difficult. Main cause of mother’s death in rural areas is unskilled traditional birth attendants. They have no proper training regarding childbirth process and use their indigenous knowledge, which is not fulfilling the needs of pregnant women. In rural areas, births are occurred in unhygienic environment. To investigate the educated community midwife role in maternal health in rural areas. Because in rural areas, community midwife has great importance because she is equipped with modern techniques and practical knowledge. Community midwife regularly visits pregnant women of their community and provide fruitful information regarding pregnancy issues. Present study was conducted in rural areas of district Faisalabad, Pakistan. A sample of 150 respondents was selected through purposive sampling techniqu...

The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of gastric acid-suppressive agents increases the risk of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) in the Critical care unit population. The methodology adopted for experimenting with the effectiveness of the use of proton pump inhibitors in two study groups and evaluated the result with the help of APACHE II and CPIS calculator.The researcher performed an experimental study with a non-probability purposive sampling technique in a multi-critical care unit that included 60 critically ill patients fromJanuary 2021 to October 2021 at Krishna Hospital, Karad. The researcher divided patients into two groups after initiation of enteral feeding on a random basis, one group of patients with PPI and another group without PPI. Both of the groups were evaluated the risk of suspected HAI with the guidance of medical classification tools,APACHE-II, GCS, and CPIS at the time of admission and followed by consequent times irrespective of their diagnosis and treatment. There was no significant difference between the two groups for any of the scores (P>0.05) indicates very few cases of nosocomial pneumonia in Krishna hospital, Karad. In short, prior use of a proton-pump inhibitor did not correlate with a significant increase in the risk of developing Nosocomial Pneumonia (NP).Apart from Proton Pump Inhibitors, there are a plethora of treatments, nursing care received by critical care patients with various physical illnesses & symptoms. It is also important to treat different pre-disposing and existing clinical conditions because those factors affect the functional outcome of the patient. Further studies are required for more clarification related to correlating the effect of PPIs and early detection of HAI. For this, a standard group selection is suggested on matching diagnoses with similar hemodynamic status.

Di era digital, internet telah menjadi elemen kunci dalam pertukaran informasi dan pembelajaran organisasi. Artikel ini membahas peran internet dalam mendukung Organizational Learning, dengan menyoroti bagaimana pengetahuan eksplisit dapat dengan mudah dibagikan melalui platform daring. Namun, berbagi tacit knowledge tetap menjadi tantangan karena sifatnya yang sulit terdokumentasikan. Rumah Matahari Pagi menjadi studi kasus bagaimana teknologi internet dimanfaatkan untuk menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang interaktif dan kolaboratif. Dengan menyediakan forum diskusi, dokumentasi pengetahuan eksplisit, serta komunitas pembelajaran, platform ini memungkinkan organisasi untuk meningkatkan kapasitas belajarnya. Meskipun masih terdapat tantangan dalam partisipasi aktif dan efektivitas metode pembelajaran daring, kombinasi antara teknologi dan pendekatan sosial dapat menjadi solusi efektif dalam membangun sistem pembelajaran organisasi yang lebih dinamis dan inklusif.

Bu araştırmada, Sınıf Öğretmenliği öğrencilerinin empatik becerilerinin aile içi değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evreııini, 2004-2005 ö<~refim yılmda Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi İlköğretim Bölümü Sın~f Ö<~retme,ıliği Aııabilim Dalı'nda (her sınıf seviyesinde 6 olmak üzere toplam 24 ş/fbede) öğrenim göre'ı 1253 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, belirtilen anabilim dalında her sımf sC'lJiyesinden seçkisiz (random) olarak belirlenen birer şube birinci öğretim ve birer şube ikinci öğretim olmak üzere toplam 8 şubede öğrenim gören 271 i\~renciden oluşmaktadır.

BackgroundIndia’s 1.4 million community health and nutrition workers (CHNWs) serve 158 million beneficiaries under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme. We assessed the impact of a data capture, decision support, and job-aid mobile app for the CHNWs on two primary outcomes—(1) timeliness of home visits and (2) appropriate counselling specific to the needs of pregnant women and mothers of children &lt;12 months.MethodsWe used a quasi-experimental pair-matched controlled trial using repeated cross-sectional surveys to evaluate the intervention in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh (MP) separately using an intention-to-treat analysis. The study was powered to detect difference of 5–9 percentage points (pp) with type I error of 0.05 and type II error of 0.20 with endline sample of 6635 mothers of children &lt;12 months and 2398 pregnant women from a panel of 841 villages.ResultsAmong pregnant women and mothers of children &lt;12 months, recall of counselling specific to the ...

There are about 41.8% of the pregnant women are anemic in the world. It is an important public health issue among pregnant women especially in the developing countries such as Pakistan. The main objective of the present study was, therefore, to determine the frequency of anemia in pregnant women (aged between 15-47 years) who were attending for their antenatal visits at the Shaikh Khalifa bin Zaid Al-Nehyan Combined Military Hospital (SKBZ) of Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from May to December 2023, on 100 pregnant women who were attending for their antenatal visits at the Combined Military Hospital of Muzaffarabad. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. Information about socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, clinical or obstetric characteristics, consumption of the iron and iron containing sources of food were collected by using pretested, validated, structured and self-administered questionnaire and a checklist. Descriptive analysis by using means, standard deviation, range, frequency and percentages was computed. The Chi-square test (P-value<0.05) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% of the confidence interval (CI) was used to find the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The findings from this study revealed that the overall prevalence of anemia among in pregnant women was 42.0%. Of these, 16.7% of the participants were severely anemic, 45.2% of them were moderately anemic and the remaining 45.2% were mildly anemic. Reproductive health education and advice should be given to all the women to create awareness regarding risk factors that develop anemia in late pregnancy.

Background: Death among repro ductive age women about 25-50% is caused by pregnancy related condition. Family Planning program is known as one pillar to control pregnancy. Counseling plays important roles to increase contraceptive prevalent rate. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of family planning counseling during latent phase of labor in increasing postpartum contraception. Method: The study was an experimental design which involved all primary health centre, Maternity Hospital and General hospital in Kolaka district in the period of 1 January 2016 to March 2016. Sampling included 108 subjects divided into intervention and control group. Selection of health facility into two groups was done through simple coin toss. Intervention was family planning counseling conducted during latent phase of labor using flipchart standardised by BKKBN in 2014. Result and Discussion: From all subjects, 70 (64.8%) decided to participate in post partum contraception. Participation for contracep...

The National Health Insurance Program (JKN) had passed the two-year implementation since January 1, 2014 implemented by the Government as the mandate of Law No. 40 of 2004 on National Social Security System (Navigation) and Law No. 24 of 2011 on Social Security Agency (BPJS). The national health system had been changeddue to the implementation of JKN, especially in the sub-system financing and health efforts. Before the implementation of JKN, there are some health insurance programs available for the community that can be accessed by all people without exception, yet now can only be enjoyed by the participants of JKN only. One program that terminated since the enactment of JKN is universal labor insurance program (Jampersal). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the implementation of JKN for the quality of delivery service based on geography and socioeconomic conditions. This research has been conducted in the city of Bogor (urban) to represent different geographical character...

Background: Maternal malnutrition and infant feeding mode impact short and long term infant and child morbidity and mortality. The period of lactation may provide an opportunity to modulate the risk of disease later in life. Our aim was to estimate the effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant feeding mode, particularly breastfeeding practices, on the anthropometric status of children under two years in Colombia.

Background:Maternal malnutrition and infant feeding mode impact short and long term infant and child morbidity and mortality. The period of lactation may provide an opportunity to modulate the risk of disease later in life. Our aim was to estimate the effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant feeding mode, particularly breastfeeding practices, on the anthropometric status of children under two years in Colombia. Methods:A secondary analysis was performed using the data from ENSIN 2010. Term infants under 2y, singleton, with a mother older than 18y were included in the analysis. Outcomes were wasting (WLZ&lt;-2SD), overweight (WLZ&gt;+2SD) and stunting (LAZ&lt;-2SD). Predictors were infant feeding (exclusive and predominant BF constructed from 24 hour recall, age at introduction of liquids, semisolids and solids) and maternal BMI. Socioeconomic variables, maternal education and age, conditions during pregnancy and birth weight were analyzed as covariates. Results:Mothers of...

Salah satu usaha untuk meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan ibu dan bayi menurut WHO (World Health Organization) adalah memberikan pelayanan menyeluruh dan berkelanjutan pada ibu dan bayi atau di sebut Continuity of Care (COC) yang salah satunya adalah Midwifery-led Continuity of Care (MLCC) (Ricchi, 2019).
Dalam buku ini dilengkapi contoh langsung pelayanan MLCC yang dilakukan pada beberapa pasien mulai dari masa kehamilan hingga masa antar kehamilan.

aim of the study is to: assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on prevention of selected postoperative complications among 300 patients undergoing abdominal surgeries in selected hospitals. A pre-experimental research design and convenient sampling technique was adopted study. Data were collected by using structured interview schedule and structured questionnaire was used to assess the existing knowledge regarding prevention of selected post operative complications. Shows that majority (42.70%) subjects had inadequate knowledge and (18.30%) had moderate knowledge in pre test. In post test majority 44 (73.3%) had adequate knowledge and 16 (26.7) had moderate knowledge. The pre test mean score was 16.15 with the standard deviation of 4.65, whereas in post test the mean score was 30.7 with the standard deviation of 5.387 which indicates that structured teaching programme is statistically significant at P<0.01 level. There was significant difference between the pre test and post test knowledge scores t=20.56, P<0.01 level. There was a significant association between pre test knowledge scores with their education and no association between age, gender, religion, occupation, marital status, type of family, place of domicile, dietary pattern, personal habits and source of health information at P<0.01 level. Author concluded that that post test knowledge scores was improved after structured teaching programme. So structured teaching programme was effective in increasing the knowledge level regarding prevention on selected post operative complications among patients undergoing abdominal surgeries.

Keywords: Assessment, Knowledge, structured teaching programme, postoperative complications abdominal surgeries

MomConnect was designed to provide crucial health information to mothers during pregnancy and in the early years of child rearing in South Africa. The design drew on the success of the Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action&#39;s programme in South Africa, as well as a growing list of mobile health (mHealth) interventions implemented internationally. Services such as MomConnect are dependent on user acceptability as all engagements are voluntary, meaning that tools have to be easy to use and useful to be successful. This paper describes the evaluation of the tool by pregnant women and new mothers using the tool. A purposive sample of 32 individual semistructured interviews and 7 focus groups were conducted, across five provinces in South Africa. All the sessions were transcribed and then analysed using a contextualised interpretative approach, with the assistance of Atlas.ti. The women were consistently positive about MomConnect, attaching high value to the content of the messages and ...

Modern dünyada gelişen teknoloji ve genişleyen iş alanıyla beraber artık akademik başarı insanlar arasındaki farkı belirlemek için yetmemekte, işverenler ve kurumlar kriter olarak sosyal ve duygusal becerilere önem vermektedir. Sosyal olarak uyumlu, iş birliğine yatkın, kriz anını yönetme becerisi olan, özgüveni ve empati becerisi yüksek, problem çözme becerisi kuvvetli, iletişim beceresi iyi olan ve kendini iyi ifade edebilen insanlar hem iş başvurularında hem de sosyal gruplarda öncelikli olarak tercih edilmektedirler. Yetişkinlik dönemi sosyal becerilerin temeli çocukluktan atılmaktadır. Okul öncesi dönem diğer bütün gelişim alanları gibi sosyal ve duygusal gelişim için de kritik bir dönemdir. Çocukların oyun gruplarına girebilme, alay etme ile baş edebilme, hayır diyebilme, öfkesini kontrol edebilme, empati kurma, konuşmayı başlatma, sürdürme ve bitirebilme gibi akran kabulünü etkileyen sosyal beceriler sosyal yeterliliğin göstergeleridir. Bu dönemde kazanılan sosyal beceriler okul, iş, eş ve kariyer seçimi de dahil bir çok hayati tercihi etkilemektedir. Sosyal beceriler annenin bebeğini emzirirken bebeğiyle kurduğu ilk göz kontağı ve ten temasıyla başlayıp, babanın bebeği kucağında gezdirip, çıkardığı sesleri taklit etmesine kadar birçok etkileşimle kazanılmaya başlar. Bu araştırma, sosyal ve duygusal becerilerin önemi doğrultusunda okul öncesine devam eden 5-6 yaş çocuklarının sosyal becerilerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubuna Kahramanmaraş ilinin Elbistan ilçesinde anaokulu ve anasınıflarında okul öncesi eğitimi alan 5-6 yaş arasındaki 354 çocuk alınmıştır. Çocukların sosyal becerilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla "Anaokulu ve Anasınıfı Davranış Ölçeği-Sosyal Beceri Alt Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda sosyal beceri toplam, sosyal bağımsızlık ve sosyal kabul becerileri alt ölçeği ile sosyal etkileşim becerileri alt ölçeğinden alınan puanlarda kızların puanı erkeklere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Sosyal beceri toplam ve sosyal işbirliği becerileri alt ölçeğinden alınan puanların anaokullarının lehine olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anne ve babanın öğrenim düzeyinin yüksek olmasının çocukların sosyal beceri, sosyal bağımsızlık ve sosyal kabul becerileri ile sosyal etkileşim becerilerinde anlamlı fark oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular doğrultusunda çocukların sosyal becerilerinin gelişimini desteklemek, ebeveynlerin eğitim ve sosyal beceri ile ilgili farkındalıklarını arttırmak için bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler: sosyal beceri, okul öncesi, çocuk, *Bu araştırma birinci yazarın yüksek lisans tezinin bir kısmı kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır.

Background This study aimed to examine the cardiometabolic index during early pregnancy in individuals with hypertension-complicating pregnancy, especially preeclampsia. Additionally, this study sought to determine the relationship between cardiometabolic index and the incidence of varying degrees of preeclampsia. Methodology This study included 289 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia who were registered and delivered at our hospital. These women were assigned to the preeclampsia group. Additionally, a group of 289 healthy pregnant women of identical gestational ages within the same time frame was included for comparison. Clinical data on pregnancy, including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, waistline, triglyceride levels, and cardiometabolic index, were compared between the two groups. An analysis was conducted to examine the association between early pregnancy cardiometabolic index and the occurrence of preeclampsia. Results There was a significant association between the quartile of cardiometabolic index and the proportion of preeclampsia patients (p < 0.001). Furthermore, after controlling for age and BMI, the risk of preeclampsia remained significantly elevated and was associated with the cardiometabolic index. Conclusions A positive correlation was observed between cardiometabolic index during early pregnancy and the occurrence of preeclampsia.

MCA focuses on central categories in talk-in-interaction. It involves enumerating the activities, attributes, and inferences (category-bound predicates) associated with a category, and, based on the category and its category-bound predicates, makes a connection with a social action. In this short paper, I will focus on the categories of ‘mother’ and ‘sister’ and the standardized relational pairs (SRPs) ‘mother-child’ (in this case, a young adult child) and ‘older sister-younger sister.’ I will now turn to a two-part excerpt which exemplifies what Stokoe (2012) calls “going categorical,” a term used when interlocutors explicitly name a category and, in some cases, its attributes. In the excerpt below, two categories are named: 1) ‘mother’ (also called ‘mom’); and 2) ‘older sister,’ a sub-category of ‘sister.’ Also, two attributes (obligations/rights) of ‘mother’ are named: 1) ‘caregiver,’ the person who does/takes care of everything for others; and 2) ‘order giver,’ the person who or...

Background: Maternal education has a strong correlation with maternal and child health. Higher number of years of education is linked with lower incidence of disease and better immunization status of children. Objective: To determine the effect of illiteracy on the health of women and their children. Study Design: Comparative Cross-sectional study. Setting: PMC Colony F Block Faisalabad. Duration of study: One month duration from 20th July, 2016 to 20th August, 2016. Methodology: Cross-sectional study was done on 30 illiterate and 30 literate females. Every woman was interviewed with a printed questionnaire after taking informed consent. Their age, educational status and number of children were recorded. The parameters used to ascertain children’s health included: vaccination status, nutrition, place of birth and hygiene. Maternal health was assessed by the number of children a woman had, antenatal visits, immunization against Tetanus and Hepatitis B, use of contraception and prefer...