Modern Ireland

According to folk beliefs, people say that the fairies are out on the night of Samhain: "Deireann na daoine go mbíonn sidheogaí amuigh oidhche Shamhna", in the words of an informant for the Schools' Collection (NFCS 249). And so is this special issue of Estudios Irlandeses entitled "New Perspectives on Irish Folklore"! Far less risky than venturing out on the festival night, but equally audacious, this volume explores the rich traditions of Irish folklore and the various ways it is being/has been reused, repurposed and reinvented. The contributions to this issue explore multiple aspects of folklore today: from the tribulations of the folklore collectors to the reimagining of folklore for the stage, and its reuse in literature and musical compositions. Marina Warner asserts that "Every telling of a myth is a part of that myth: there is no Ur-version, no authentic prototype, no true account" (8). The same could be said of folklore, which is intertwined with mythology on many levels, for that matter. There are multiple variants of a tale type, many interpretations of a folk tune, and numerous versions of a rhyme, which all depend on the circumstances of the transmission, the informant, their locations, and so on. Folklore is a living, multi-faceted process that has as many shapes and forms as there are individuals who engage with it. It has therefore proved quite challenging to define. The Irish word for it, béaloideas, which literally means "oral instruction" (see Ó hÓgáin), embodies the orality which appears to be a common feature of the many attempted definitions. Seán Ó Súilleabháin explains it thus: Folklore is a very comprehensive term to connote the complex of oral traditions of all peoples. It embraces not only their popular beliefs and customs, but also their traditional tales, legends, songs, proverbs, prayers, charms and riddlesin fact, any type of oral literature which has a more or less set form. It also includes local social history or seanchas,… (Irish Folk 8) He further stresses that it represents the "continuation and survival of a very ancient way of thinking" (8). From a socio-historical perspective, folklore is a chain of very diverse links from the past into the present. It is a chain of transmission that connects generations, through a set of beliefs known to a particular community, or a shared store of narratives, or a common most recent contributions to the field is a collection of essays edited by Anne Markey and Anne O'Connor in 2014, Folklore & Modern Irish Writing. While the emphasis has been put on the relationship between folklore and literature in the previous scholarship on the subjectunderstandably so, since storytelling is a major aspect of boththis special issue broadens the horizons by including other disciplines, such as music and performance studies. It also endeavours to be representative of Irish folk culture, since it includes examinations of both English-and Irish-language sources. This issue brings together emerging scholars and renowned experts in the field of folklore and Irish studies, who are all researching developing areas of folklore studies. The new perspectives put forward in this collection thus concern both the authors and their subject matter. In the 2014 collection on folklore and Irish writing, Kelly Fitzgerald remarked the dual quality of contemporary folklore studies as such: Folklore is no longer regarded as a finished product, an object in the field waiting to be collected and analysed. Instead, folklorists see the material they study as being intrinsic to all aspects of life. The process of engaging with the study of folklore is two-fold; it entails documenting the material and understanding its function. (30) In accordance with what Kelly Fitzgerald has noted, the present essays focus not only on the aspects of folklore to be found nowadays, but also on the process at work, its function, origins and consequences. While the regular issue of Estudios Irlandeses comes out each year on Saint Patrick's Day, this special issue is being published at another significant time of the year in Ireland, Oíche Shamhna, the night of Samhain, which was the Celtic festival marking the transition between summer and winter and has become our modern-day Halloween. It was believed that on this night the borders between this world and the Otherworld were blurred, allowing fairies and other supernatural beings into the human realm, as well as enabling mortals to cross over to a world of wonders, willingly or not . In an apt parallel, this issue of the journal builds, or consolidates, bridges between the various disciplines in which folklore lives its first and second lives. This volume was inspired by the work presented at the interdisciplinary conference entitled "New Crops, Old Fields -(Re)Imagining Irish Folklore 2" which was held in Belfast in June 2016. This symposium followed an earlier one which took place in 2013, the proceedings of which were edited by Eamon Byers and Conor Caldwell in 2015. We take this opportunity to thank the other members of the organising committees of both events: Eamon

Richard Kearney’s work on embodiment, narrative, the roles of host and guest, and his philosophy of the earth come together in his latest novel, Salvage , the story of a young woman inheriting ancient wisdom and confronting the modern world in 1940s Ireland. The movement of thought between the novel and Kearney’s recently published philosophical dialogues ( Anacarnation , Hosting Earth ) is seamless, but themes of migration, the global, and the local that were part of earlier conversations surface here too. Salvage is a moving reflection on a time and place shaped by global histories of colonization and settlement but remains a time and place like no other.

This chapter looks at the evolution of the office of Taoiseach and argues that it changed in the 1980s to become a centre of great power within the Irish executive, but that it has since declined in power, for various reasons, not least the fragmentation of the Irish party system that led to the idea of a 'Rotating Taoiseach'

Son muchos los que se acercan a la obra de Benito Pérez Galdós a través de
los Episodios Nacionales buscando un relato fiel de la realidad histórica del siglo XIX, y numerosos han sido los estudiosos que han discutido y debatido si realmente el escritor canario fue objetivo a la hora de plasmar estos años de nuestra historia, centrándose para ello en cada una de las cuarenta y seis novelas que configuran esta obra. Sin embargo, y a pesar de que la Primera serie ha sido una de las más tratadas, a la hora de detenerse en el tercer episodio de esta, «El 19 de marzo y el 2 de mayo», los investigadores se han decantado por analizar la parte correspondiente al 2 de mayo. Este artículo aborda justamente el relato del Motín de Aranjuez, ofreciendo un análisis estructural e interpretativo, a la vez que busca resaltar la importancia que tiene esta sección dentro de la novela. ¿Y si Benito Pérez Galdós muestra mucho más de lo que cabría esperar a lo largo de estas páginas?

Race in Irish Literature and Culture provides an in-depth understanding of intersections between Irish literature, culture, and questions of race, racialization, and racism. Covering a vast historical terrain from the sixteenth century to the present, it spotlights the work of canonical, understudied, and contemporary authors in Ireland, Northern Ireland, and among diasporic Irish communities. By focusing on questions related to Black Irish identities, Irish whiteness, Irish racial sciences, postcolonial solidarities, and decolonial strategies to address racialization, the volume moves beyond the familiar frameworks of British/Irish and Catholic/ Protestant binarisms and demonstrates methods for Irish Studies scholars to engage with the question of race from a contemporary perspective.

This article seeks to challenge dominant narratives surrounding the Great Hunger in Ireland (An Gorta Mór, 1845-1852) by focusing on the often-overlooked aspect of marine resource exploitation. Traditional historiography of the famine typically centres on the failure of the potato crop, British colonial policies and the resulting socioeconomic devastations. However, this narrative largely omits the daily survival strategies and forms of resistance employed by the Irish populace, particularly in their interaction with the marine environment. This study explores how coastal communities turned towards the sea as a resource for sustenance, autonomy and resistance against oppressive conditions imposed by the crop failures and British colonial rule. By critically engaging with the role of colonial control, external aid efforts and local resistance in primary accounts, the authors argue that marine resources played an important role in the everyday survival of Irish communities in the face of systemic failures.

I recently finished teaching a second-year course in International Communication. And when preparing for one of the tutorials, I checked to see how regularly New Zealand’s Minister of Foreign Affairs (and then Deputy Prime Minister), Winston Peters, had referenced Gaza on his X/Twitter account...

Today, technology is progressing rapidly and the new profession appears almost every year, the role of the career counseling is becoming even more important. The suggested concept for developing a cloud-based AI solution for the process of career choice can be considered as the theoretical contribution of this study as it is aimed at creating an extensive platform for cooperation between students and parents, academic and industrial institutions. Basing on quantitative approaches, this model aggregates different types of information and utilizes such high-level AI techniques as machine learning to provide individualized career suggestions matched with the specific preferences, abilities, and gaps in one's professions. Categorically, the paper identifies the factors of the proposed model as well as assesses the effectiveness of applying the model in improving career decision making based on the extant literature and statistical analysis. Consequently, the study stresses on the role of cloud-based, AI-supported solutions in transforming the landscape of career counseling services and collaboration between all the links within the education-employment chain. Majority of the participants gave their satisfaction on the possibility of the model to be used as a collaborative tool for students, parents, higher institutions, and industries so that a right career decision can be made and for education and employment to be anointed. Therefore, the study recommended the following: Here, it is imperative to assess how well the model is performing and what the users of the flow have to say about it from time to time. Engage all the stakeholders such as the students, parents, the institutions of higher learning, and industries in the current process of developing and enhancing the model. It will be necessary to consider the model's ability to be as available to different user groups and demographics as possible. Provide the users with educational and training materials that would enable them to fully understand how to use different aspects of the model. Enhance relationships with industry associations to leverage expertise in expanding the model's data inputs, and education institutions for immersion training opportunities and knowledge of developing trends and skills shortage.

The traditional method of assessment (examination) is most at times marked by examination question leakages, human errors when marking of scripts, result compilation, and recording of scores. The advancement of technology in the field of computer science has necessitated the need for computer usage in majorly all areas not excluding the educational sector. This project aims to bring a solution to these problems faced by examiners (administrators) and students. The system is developed to help examiners set their questions online and students write the examination electronically. When this has been done, the system does the automatic grading, recording of scores, and creation of report cards. This system has been developed using HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Style Sheets, JavaScript (Bootstrap), Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), and MySQL. After the development of this project, it was tested by a group of teachers and students. The data was gathered and it was discovered that this platform handled the different processes much faster, and solved 90% of the problems faced when carrying out the traditional paper-based examination. The time taken to set questions, answer them, and process results were greatly reduced with much more accuracy.

This article explores the application ofmaterialculture theory and methodology to the study of historic small craft. Following a literature review of selected works of watercraft history and the fundamental characteristics of a material culture approach, two examples are given.

The earlier and larger balance of payments crisis of 1950-51 was largely due. to the terms of .trade effect of the 1949 sterling devaluation and the Korean war commodity pnce ~m. Receipt. of Marshall Aid funds helped up to 1951, but a deflationary budget was introduced m 1952 which proved more than enough to correct the situati?n. . . _ 2 These figures differ somewhat from those published m the 1950s. They are based on a revised data base maintained at the ESRI.

Teagasc's forerunner, An Foras Talúntais, was born at a time of economic gloom and crisis. Towards the end of the same year when 'an institute for agricultural research to be known as An Foras Talúntais' was established, a key public policy document noted that 'a sense of anxiety' about Ireland's economic prospects was indeed justified; 'after 35 years of native government people are asking whether we can achieve an acceptable degree of economic progress'. 2 Almost simultaneously, in late 1958 the Irish Banking Review lamented that 'Ireland [had] been suffering from a mood of pessimism in recent years. Expressions of despair about the future…are heard on all sides'. Two years earlier, the cover of the July 1956 issue of Dublin Opinion, capturing the despondency that ruled the Irish Republic in the mid-1950s, had borne a cartoon showing a map of Ireland with the caption, 'Shortly Available: Underdeveloped Country: Unrivalled Opportunities: Magnificent Views, Political and Otherwise: Owners Going Abroad'. The widespread belief in the 1950s that Ireland's economy was underperforming is borne out by Figure , which describes the ratio of Irish to UK Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head between 1938 and 1970. Even before the outbreak of Word War II that ratio was almost certainly less than it had been at independence in 1921/2. The impact of the war, which drove the ratio down 2 Department of Finance 1958: 5.

The book explores one of the central themes in Irish literature, motherhood. This common theme is present in every chapter. Through the analysis of a variety of texts from different genres and periods, the book intends to help readers become familiar with the core of Irish literature. The book aims to help students understand the depth of Irish literature through thematic explorations of novels, short stories, plays, and poems. Due to the introductory nature of the chapters, along with the numerous quotations used, the book aims to help readers learn the fundamentals of Irish literature.

This study aims at investigating Sally Rooney's short story Mr Salary (2019). The complexities around human relationships have always interested Rooney, who asserted that "there is a shared knowledge that relationship forms of the past were not actually suited for everyone" (London Review Bookshop, 2019: 16:11). This is especially true considering the "cultural moment where certainties around relationships have deteriorated slightly" (London Review Bookshop, 2019: 17:17). In this regard, my analysis will develop under two key points. The first is Rooney's depiction, in Mr Salary, of transactional relationships between the two protagonists, Sukie and Nathan, and between Sukie and her father, Frank, in the face of the economic changes brought about by the Celtic Tiger and post-Crash periods in Ireland. To make this point I will resort to the works of Barros del Río (2022), Carregal Romero ( ), among others. The second point will focus on issues related to language, silence and (hindered) communication among the characters in Mr Salary by means of Fredric Jameson's (1983) notion of schizophrenia, not in the clinical sense, but as a tool derived from cultural theory. According to Jameson, Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar el cuento Mr Salary (2019), de Sally Rooney. Las complejidades University of Mato Grosso "'In chronic leukaemia, the cells can mature partly but not completely,' the website said. These cells may look fairly normal, but they are not.

 This reflective travel narrative and historical overview captures the essence of Ireland—its lush landscapes, rich heritage, and enduring spirit. Blending personal insight with historical depth, the piece traces Ireland’s journey from its Neolithic roots and Celtic traditions through the advent of Christianity, Viking incursions, and centuries of foreign rule, to its eventual emergence as a modern nation.

Rather than a conventional travelogue, it invites readers to explore Ireland beyond tourist routes, embracing its layered past through ancient ruins, sacred sites, and cultural resilience. This synthesis offers both inspiration and context for those drawn to Ireland’s unique blend of natural beauty and historical complexity.

2 "Si tu ojo derecho es para ti una ocasión de pecado, arráncalo y arrójalo lejos de ti: es preferible que se pierda uno solo de tus miembros, y no que todo tu cuerpo sea arrojado al Infierno. Y si tu mano derecha es para ti una ocasión de pecado, córtala y arrójala lejos de ti; es preferible que se pierda uno solo de tus miembros, y no que todo tu cuerpo sea arrojado al Infierno". Las traducciones son propias. la corrupción debe ser eliminada. En el contexto del film, esta cita resuena con fuerza. The Devil's Doorway (2018) -en adelante, TDD-explora el castigo hacia las mujeres confinadas a las Magdalene Laundries por supuestos "pecados morales". El fragmento de Mateo funciona en dos sentidos. Por un lado, las mujeres transgresoras o que se encontraban en peligro de "ser parte" de una transgresión, eran confinadas a las laundries, siendo así extirpadas del mundo. Por otro lado, entendemos que la sociedad y la Iglesia -este monstruo patriarcal-religioso-decidían qué debía ser eliminado o castigado en nombre de la moral. A través del género de terror, la película revela al cuerpo femenino como un terreno a controlar y castigar por estas instituciones que, supuestamente, iban tras la extirpación del pecado. Así, estas terminan creando y perpetuando un ciclo de violencia y abuso que ha causado un trauma histórico para Irlanda. TDD es una película norirlandesa de terror dirigida por Aislinn Clarke. Pertenece al subgénero del found footage o "metraje encontrado". Este, inspirado en la herramienta literaria del manuscrito encontrado, opera como una técnica narrativa mediante la cual la totalidad del film o una parte esencial de él es presentada como si fuera material real descubierto. TDD comienza presentándonos a dos sacerdotes católicos irlandeses, el Padre Thomas Riley (Lalor Roddy) y el Padre John Thornton (Ciaran Flynn), que, a mediados de la década de 1960, son enviados a investigar un presunto milagro reportado anónimamente -sólo se sabe que la carta proviene de una monja-: una estatua de la Virgen María ha comenzado a llorar sangre en la capilla de una Magdalene Laundry. Una vez allí, los sacerdotes descubren que algo terrible, siniestro y malvado está teniendo lugar, develando así secretos oscuros que las monjas han tratado, desesperadamente, de encubrir. El footage encontrado habría sido liberado por la Santa Sede décadas después y pertenecería al padre Thornton que, como parte de su trabajo para el Vaticano, se encargó de grabar con su cámara tanto el proceso de investigación como la potencial evidencia encontrada en este lugar. El director de fotografía de TDD, Ryan Kernaghan, decidió que la filmación sea en 16mm, con una relación de aspecto 4:3, para imitar el tipo de cámara que habrían usado para documentar las circunstancias. Al respecto, la directora comenta: "I wanted the texture and feeling of a 1960's arthouse documentary with a priest, Father John, behind the camera" (Clarke, 2023: 66). 3 De esta manera, el film nos presenta una calidad similar a una vieja película casera que induce un sentido de autenticidad significativo, muchas veces ausente en otros films del mismo subgénero . En Irlanda, las Magdalene Laundries datan de 1767, cuando la Iglesia abrió la primera institución en Dublín. Estos espacios fueron esencialmente asilos, donde variedad de mujeres eran enviadas por "their families, doctors, priests, or even teachers, as a way to correct 'loose morals'" (Righetti, 2018). 4 La denominación laundry proviene del hecho de que las jóvenes lavaban sábanas -las suyas, las de hospitales, las de hoteles-como símbolo del lavado penitente de sus propios pecados. Al día de la fecha, aún se siguen encontrando fosas comunes en antiguos sitios de las Magdalene Laundries. En el 2014, una fosa común con alrededor de 800 niños fue descubierta en una cámara subterránea en Tuam, Galway (O'Reilly, 2014). Esto sirvió 3 "Yo quería la textura y la sensación de un documental de autor de 1960, con un sacerdote, el Padre John, detrás de cámara". 4 "sus familias, doctores, sacerdotes, o incluso maestros, como un modo de corregir una 'floja moral'".

Migration of people has been a constant theme in Irish history, the movement of people
into and out of Ireland, historical or contemporary, is a constant source of dialogue. Here,
the close study of a group of people and their movement from one region to another at
the far side of the world was analysed and examined. This paper considers the story of
the people that once inhabited the seven townlands that made up the Cooleen-Cullohill
estate, a former holding of Lord Landaff, in North Tipperary. It closely looks at the time
of the famine and the evictions of July 1850, and how these crises affected the
inhabitants. The study also considers the subsequent chain migration of many local
families and their kindred, to one region in Victoria around Ballarat, but also to the
southwest of New South Wales around Boorawa. The paper has looked at their socioeconomic situation in Ireland and Australia, as well as considering the transnational
aspect of the migration and the importance of family and community. The migrants’
continuing action and influence on the continuation of chain migration from the region,
and the effect and influence of their heritage and culture on the formation of an Australian
ethos is also examined. The study seeks to fill a void locally around their story, to give a
voice to the forgotten stories of their hardships and accomplishments. This investigation
has used primarily archival and primary sources of birth, marriage and death, land,
property, and shipping, assisted migration and remittance records, newspaper reports,
letters and memoirs, contemporary travel accounts and witness testimony to reveal the
story and uncover the evidence. It has revealed an organised and well executed exit from
the crisis of eviction and similarly a good knowledge of systems of immigration,
employment, and land acquisition. All the while, the usefulness of the social networks of
family, community, and kin groups proved indispensable in their survival, safety, and
advancement. The success of the immigration to Australia of numerous family groups
from the Borrisoleigh region is evidenced by the continuation and proliferation of
remittance chain migration throughout the region as well as the socio-economic
successes of the various families. This migration to Australia from Borrisoleigh has
continued into modern times.

Argentina como Plataforma Offshore. Captura Financiera del Estado y Fragilidad Sistémica Este artículo analiza la arquitectura de poder construida en torno al equipo económico argentino liderado por Luis Caputo, desde una perspectiva político-económica de una coyuntura crítica. A través del caso paradigmático de la reacción violenta del ministro

We review, in a unified framework, translations from five different logics—monadic second-order logic of one and two successors (S1S and S2S), linear-time temporal logic (LTL), computation tree logic (CTL), and modal µ-calculus (MC)—into appropriate models of finite-state automata on infinite words or infinite trees. Together with emptiness-testing algorithms for these models of automata, this yields decision procedures for these logics. The translations are presented in a modular fashion and in a way such that optimal ...

This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of Sir Edward Heath’s public and private attitude to Northern Ireland during his period as Conservative Party leader and U.K. prime minister. Due to access to new and previously closed archival files, this book radically challenges the current historiography vis-à-vis Heath’s Northern Ireland policy both in the political and security spheres. It offers readers a fascinating insight into some of the more controversial aspects of the U.K. government’s Northern Ireland policy during the early years of the ‘Troubles’, including Heath’s attitude to the use of the so-called ‘five techniques’ of torture; his pivotal role during the events leading to ‘Bloody Sunday’ and the subsequent introduction of Direct Rule; and, lastly, his role as one of the leading architects of the Sunningdale Agreement.

INTERNATIONAL REPORTING OF THE FALKLANDS WAR: CASE STUDIES FROM IRELAND, CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND SPAIN The present article explores the reporting of the Falklands war in leading daily newspapers of Czechoslovakia, Ireland and Spain. The issues examined include the importance of the war as a news story, the various aspects of the war that were reported, and the perspectives and attitudes adopted by the newspapers. The article reveals that, while each newspaper operated in very different political circumstances, some commonalities may be observed. Not only was the Falklands war a dominant news story in each case, each newspaper, to varying degrees, demonstrated a clear sympathy for one of the two belligerents: the Czech and Spanish newspaper both endorsed the Argentinean perspective, while the Irish newspaper was more sympathetic to Britain.

The LLM in Canon Law was taught in the School of Law and Politics at Cardiff University between 1992 and 2024 under the leadership of Professor Norman Doe. The course comprised four taught modules, followed by a dissertation. In the later years of the course, the modules were taught on a rolling basis over two years (i.e. one per semester) and at the conclusion of
each a summative essay of 5,000 words was submitted to determine the grade for the module concerned. The modules comprised: Conceptual Foundations and Historical Development of Canon Law (CLT121); Government and Ministry in Canon Law (CLT122); Doctrine, Liturgy
and Rites in Canon Law (CLT123); and The Interface of Canon Law and Civil Law (CLT124). For the first module studied, which would be either CLT121 or CLT123, depending on the year of intake, a formative essay of 1,000 words would also be required. This collection comprises the five essays submitted by the author during the period September 2022 until April 2024. Also included is a sixth essay of 3,000 words submitted some years
earlier in connection with the Public History module of the University of Dundee’s MLitt in Family and Local History, which also has a religious theme.

This article reveals how the Cold War impinged upon not just national, but local political considerations and became woven into communal narratives. It contributes to the examination of religion in the conflict, adds to the historiography of Britain and the Cold War, and provides a context by which British Cold War experience and responses can be assessed. With Northern Ireland’s political similarities to Great Britain, its consistency with European norms and its overlaps with popular sentiment in the United States, Northern Ireland offers a gauge to better understand the nature of anti-Communism in the Cold War’s first decade and offers an unexplored perspective on the conflict.

Documentary investigation has particular strengths to offer the study of the historical emergence of sociological research. Here two documents relating to a Muintir na Tire initiative of the late 1950s to secure US scholarship funding for Irish students of sociology are introduced and reproduced. The reasons why the scheme did not get off the ground, even though financial support appeared to be on offer, are discussed. Here a combination of Muintir na Tire's limited support within the Catholic Church and a modest, but significant, expansion of Irish social science educational capacity brought about by the use of Archbishop McQuaid's power within University College Dublin are emphasised.

The 1918 influenza pandemic has fascinated scholars ever since it swept around the world in three waves in the spring and fall of 1918, and the winter of 1919. Although the origins of the epidemic are still debated, it spread in conjunction with troop movements associated with World ...

RESUMEN El estudio se centra en una de las figuras menos analizadas de La desheredada, Juan Bou; un personaje que siempre se ha considerado secundario, cuyo único propósito es el de ser el máximo representante de la clase obrera en esta novela de Pérez Galdós. Sin embargo, realizando un análisis detallado del personaje, llevado a cabo también mediante la comparación con Isidora Rufete, la gran protagonista de la novela, se pretende poner en cuestión esta consideración. Y es que, a pesar de aparecer de forma completa únicamente en la Segunda Parte de La desheredada, no solo se aprecia en él una compleja psicología y profundidad moral, sino que se mostrará como llega a ser un eslabón fundamental en la segunda sección de la obra, siendo, incluso, su coprotagonista. ¿De verdad Pérez Galdós acaba condenando a los dos personajes, tal y como aseguran críticos como Sotelo Vázquez?

Deja el trabajo, dimitte laborem, y cierra el puesto, que tiempo hay de mover el paño. Día llegará en que la patria más necesite de bayonetas que de agujas. Si no tuviera que co- piar esos pliegos, también husmearía un poco. Ponte el uniforme, hijo, que en estos sucesos públicos bueno es que cada cual se presente con los arreos de su jerarquía. Los uniformes dan respetabilidad. Procura que la muchedumbre no se desborde; amonéstala, que al verte ella respetará la gloriosa institución á que perteneces. No grites, no vociferes, que eso no es pro- pio de quien representa la autoridad, la fuerza pública y la soberanía armada. Consérvate sereno en medio del tumulto, y si tocan á formar y hay lucha con los guardias y demás cohortes del absolutismo, despliega, querido hijo, todo el valor de tu pecho, todo el brío de tu raza, y sé cual indomable león, que no conoce riesgo y hace estremecer al cobarde lobo sólo con el rugido de su cólera. El joven sastre, mientras esto decía su vene- rable padre, vestíase á toda prisa en el mismo portal que era albergue de la sastrería. En el momento de abandonar la tienda para mezclar- se al popular tumulto, un hombre llegó á la puerta y se detuvo en ella, saludando cariñosa- mente al Sr. Sarmiento. -Hola, hola... Sr. Monsalud-dijo éste. -¿Tan pronto de vuelta? ¿No va usted á Palacio? Dicen que habrá tocata de trágalas, y sinfonía de mueras y vivas. -¿Ha salido mi madre? -preguntó el joven &in hacer caso de las observaciones de su amigo. 14 B. PÉREZ G ALDOS -No he visto salir á la señora Doña Fermina -replicó Sarmiento. -Debe de estar arriba, acompañando á Doña Sólita y al Taciturno. -Subiré á decirle que no salga esta tarde, -Aguarde usted, D. Salvador. Si no va us- ted más que á eso, le mandaré un recado con Lucas. Quédese usted aquí. Vámonos á la es- quina á ver pasar la gente y hablaremos un rato. ¿Qué me dice usted de estas cosas? -¿Pero no tiene usted escuela? -He soltado al infantil rebaño. Si no lo hi- ciera me alborotaría la escuela, y mis lecciones se perderían en la algazara como semilla que se arroja al viento. Es preciso transigir un poco con la inquietud bulliciosa y la precocidad pa- triótica de estos chiquillos que han de ser ciu- dadanos. De esta manera les voy educando sin tiranías, y mansamente les inculco sus deberes, y les preparo para que ejerzan la soberanía en los venideros años venturosos, en los cuales nuestra Nación se ha de empingorotar por en- cima de todas las naciones. El amigo y vecino de nuestro excelente Don Patricio sonrió. -No crea usted-continuó el maestro, -que imitaré la conducta de ese pedante insoporta- ble, émulo y antagonista mío, el maestro Naranjo, de la calle de las Veneras, el cual, cada vez que hay bullanga, revista de milicianos, otra cualquier función vistosa, encierra á los chicos y no les permite ver, ni que regocijen sus tiernas almas con las emociones de Ta cosa pública. Pero bien sabe usted que Naranjo es un poco y uu mucho servilón, hombre forrado EL GRANDE ORIENTE 15 en obscurantismo y encuadernado en intoleran- cia, amigo de los enemigos de la Constitución, indiferente en efigie, pero absolutista en esen- cia, con vislumbres de persa vergonzante y amagos de realista monacal. ¿Qué ha de hacer con los pobres chicos un hombre de estas cualida- des? Tiranizarles, ennegrecer su espíritu, imbuirles ideas despóticas, educarles en el despre- cio de la Constitución y en el amor al servilis- mo. jDesgraciada Nación la nuestra, si preva- lecieran en ella los alumnos de Naranjol Vea usted, Sr. D. Salvador, una cosa de que el Mi- nisterio debiera ocuparse sin levantar mano: extirpar esas infames cátedras, suprimiendo to- dos los maestros de escuela que con su conduc- ta están sembrándola cizaña del servilismo, pa- ra que en lo venidero estorbe y ahogue la frondosa planta de la Constitución. -Sí, es preciso poner mano en eso-respon- dió distraídamente Monsalud.-Me parece que ya no pasa tanta gente. -Si no tuviera que barrer la escuela y co- piar unos pliegos, Sr. D. Salvador, nos iríamos usted y yo á meter nuestro hocico en la plaza de Palacio y oir algo de la rechifla... pero ¡cómo ha de serl... primero es la obligación que la devoción. Diciendo esto, D. Patricio entró en el aula, y tomando la escoba que detrás de la puerta es- taba, empezó su tarea. -Si usted me lo permite-dijo Salvador si- guiéndole también adentro,-escribiré una car- ta aquí, en la mesa de usted. -Gran honor es para mí... Aquí tiene usted 16 B. PÉREZ GALDOS la pluma que he cortado hace poco; aquí la tin- ta; aquí el papel. Me callaré para que usted pueda escribir tranquilo... Pues como iba diciendo, yo me alegro de que á Su Majestad, de quien siempre hablaré con mucho respeto, le den estas lecciones de constitucionalismo. Los Reyes, amigo mío, no aprenden de otra manera. Les dice uno las cosas, y nada; se las repite, se las vuelve á repetir, y ni por esas: es preciso gritar y manotear para que fijen la atención... ¡Ah!... ¡perdone usted! estoy levantando mucho polvo. Regaré un poquito.

This essay explores the relationship between an early modern exile and his native environment, as depicted in Philip O'Sullivan Beare's unfinished natural history Zoilomastix. Writing by turns in Latin, Spanish and Gaelic from the safety of the Habsburg court, O'Sullivan Beare marshalled Ciceronian rhetoric and Plinian wonder to argue for the conservation of interwoven natural and cultural environments. One of the earliest examples of national historiographies written from exile by erudite Irish figures, Zoilomastix has most often been read in terms of its political theology. Though understandable, such readings obscure O'Sullivan Beare's idiosyncratic treatments of self, state and nature. Additionally, such readings only partially consider the author's attempts to engage with the debates on ethnicity, natural law and resource capture which directed the actions of the English state. Adopting the dialogic framework of Mikhail Bakhtin's chronotope, this essay therefore explores the extent to which the genre of natural history was utilized to inform and influence contested narratives. It argues that O'Sullivan Beare's autobiographical account, and its relevance to the forthcoming ‘loss’ of his Gaelic world, has much to tell us in a time of ecological crisis.

Ireland's current position within the "global information society" depends upon the previous history of industrialisation by invitation. The paper begins by outlining this experience and then suggesting that it has created two major areas of political choice. Education can remain defined by the immediate needs of "industry", or it can become the key component of a national system of innovation. Social policy issues raise the question whether "the information society" in Ireland will be developed according to European Union or US models. The paper concludes by claiming that the social structure of the "information society" is not a pre-ordained development -the pattern of development can be influenced by conscious political decisions.

especial motivación hacia las experiencias turísticas en el extranjero: de esta época son algunos de los viajes más interesantes de su biografía, relatados detalladamente en diferentes materiales, para satisfacción del lector actual. Solo, o acompañado en algún momento de Emilia Pardo Bazán, o del incondicional amigo y compañero de travesías José Alcalá Galiano, entre otros, Galdós intensifica sus visitas a diferentes lugares de la geografía española y europea; relacionadas con ellas aparecen los relatos sobre viajes recopilados en 1906 en Memoranda, junto a un corpus heterogéneo de textos, y también las particulares -desmemorias‖ sobre viajes de Memorias de un desmemoriado, dictadas diez años después por un Galdós casi ciego; éstas recogerán, en cierta medida -a través de la revista madrileña La Esfera-las crónicas que habían aparecido en forma epistolar en el prestigioso periódico, dirigido por E. Dávila, La Prensa de Buenos Aires, apareciendo desde el 17 de enero de 1884 hasta el 29 de abril de 1894. Diez años de colaboración directa con un medio de comunicación con el que mantuvo frecuentes y fructíferas relaciones en un principio -ya que se habían pactado crónicas quincenales muy bien pagadas-aunque en los últimos años se fueran espaciando cada vez más y la elegancia de sus dirigentes permitiera al escritor, reconociéndose así su prestigio, seguir siendo remunerado por un trabajo hacia el que mostraba un paulatino cansancio o desinterés. Esto es lo que se desprende de los estudios sobre la correspondencia argentina del profesor Shoemaker en su espléndido trabajo Las cartas desconocidas de Galdós en La Prensa de Buenos Aires, así como de investigaciones biográficas como la de Pedro Ortiz-Armengol, Vida de Galdós. Al compás del gran proyecto novelìstico que supuso la -segunda o tercera época‖ inaugurada con La desheredada en 1881, prolongado hasta finales de los noventa con Misericordia, Galdós proyecta grandes viajes a lo largo de Europa, que le obligan a abandonar por unas semanas la redacción de escritos literarios para iniciar las travesías e, inmediatamente, trasladar a sus lectores argentinos las vivencias por países como Italia, Gran Bretaña, Francia, Alemania, Holanda, Dinamarca o Portugal. Las cartas bonaerenses -Al Señor Director‖ fueron posteriormente aprovechadas por el conocido periodista argentino instalado en Madrid Alberto Ghiraldo para completar entre 1923 y 1933 los tomos I, VII y IX de sus supuestas Obras Inéditas, y a día de hoy constituyen un espacio privilegiado para recrear la intensa actividad turística de aquellos años. Estos escritos, diseminados en diferentes obras y reelaborados según los intereses del autor en cada momento, van configurando una imagen más amplia del novelista, mudado en ellas bien de corresponsal, bien de autor de unas propias memorias donde se establecen habituales referencias a lo escrito en años anteriores. Se observa, en definitiva, una intertextualidad recurrente en la obra galdosiana, ahora referida a la crónica de las experiencias como turista moderno, preparado y documentado, además de transmisor didáctico de los encantos de la vieja Europa. En el caso de las cartas al diario porteño, la alusión a las peripecias europeas le obligaba a disculparse con sus lectores cuando abandona la estricta crónica de temas peninsulares y se enreda en

This essay details the economic austerity of the 1970s during the era of stagflation and monetary instability. It describes the role of racism, patriarchy, and other social systems of difference in these policy choices, and thus argues that an intersectional analysis is critical to understanding the fabrication of money. As the US dollar transitioned fully off the gold standard, policymakers tolerated significant unemployment as they sought to manage inflation. The unemployment and economic violence of this era was widespread, but not evenly shared. Instead, policymakers constructed monetary stability and faith in fiat currency on the backs of the most vulnerable. However, grassroots movements, such as Coretta Scott King's Full Employment Action Council and the National Welfare Rights Organization, pushed for alternative solutions to both inflation and wagelessness. By outlining these contests, I suggest that although violence has been intertwined with the history of money, critical analyses of money also reveal shared interdependencies across the world. "I t doesn't simply take away your self-confidence. It destroys you. Utterly." This was how Grace Keaton described her experience of being fired from her job in publishing in the mid-1970s. "I mean, immediately, in one minute, you're a pariah. You are trespassing. . . . I've been divorced. My father died a few months before I got fired. . . . I've never been through anything like getting fired." 1 Even years later, Keaton still felt the blow of having her means of subsistence ripped away. Her description suggests the implicit threat of starvation at the heart of the wage system. Her rendering also specified a gendered violence-capitalist dominance is not inflicted or experienced evenly. "It may be more like rape than death. Being brutalized, violated, and being helpless. There is nothing [that conveys] more clearly the exercise of power than that." 2 And more was to come. This oral history was conducted in the late 1970s, just prior to the onset of the Volcker shock of 1979, a key catalyst for the consolidation of neoliberalism. Named for Federal Reserve chair Paul Volcker's efforts to contain inflation by targeting the money supply directly and thus indirectly hiking interest rates,

By all accounts, Ireland currently faces an acute housing crisis not seen since the 1960s. While the country has historically struggled with housing inadequacy and eviction, this most recent crisis, unlike those facilitated by colonial dispossession, is a self-inflicted wound – the result of short-sighted economic decision-making and the failures of a free-market approach. Yet, what many analyses have failed to appreciate is the culture animating housing in both its material and symbolic dimensions. Using contemporary Irish photography as a source of inquiry into the cultural origins of the crisis, this article considers how imaginative constructions of home by Martin Parr (b. 1952), Paul Seawright (b. 1965), Anthony Haughey (b. 1963), Aideen Barry, and others have troubled domesticity in post-war Ireland. Bringing ‘domestic documents’ of the present into dialogue with those produced before the 2008 financial crash, the article argues that such images reveal a critical gap between the post-colonial conception of home and the complex reality of its lived experience in modern Ireland, suggesting that housing crisis may follow, at least partly, from a failure to reconcile the present against the past.

s acclaimed novel City of Bohane published in 2011 have concurred to stress the generic hybridity of the book, as evidenced by the wealth of adjectives and categories they employed to describe it: for Martyn Colebrook, the novel is "a genreblending of urban fantasy, post-industrial Gothic and weird retro-fitted future western" (Colebrook 2018: 152). Deirdre Flynn calls it "an eclectic mix of gothic, cyberpunk, steampunk and postmodern" (Flynn 2018, 56). Previously, Meabh Long in one of the first academic papers published on the novel had used the phrase "neonoir", while stating in a paper entitled "Black Bile: Kevin Barry and Melancholia" that "If contemporary Ireland is a melancholic state, in Kevin Barry's City of Bohane we see its repetition and failed mourning violently magnified" (Long 2017: 81). Annie Galvin for her part analyses the novel as "An extremely violent speculative fiction", defining it as an "allegory", "meant to speak 'otherwise' of the politics of austerity which were applied to Ireland in the wake of the recession" (Galvin 2018: 579). Pete Hamill in The New York Times compared it to "the graphic language of certain master comic book artists from Will Eisner and Harvey Kurtzman all the way to Frank Miller, of 'Sin City.'" (Hamill 2012). Barry himself has jokingly reported how he was invited to speak of his novel at some science-fiction conferences. But he also commented that the city of Bohane could be based on his hometown, Limerick. Nicknamed 'stab city' by some, Limerick is also one of the poorest large cities in Ireland, with some impoverished estates marked by unemployment, lone parenthood, poverty, ostracisation from mainstream society, environmental degradation, drugs, and criminality. In the wake of the 2008 economic bust, Dell company left Limerick, leaving 5,000 people unemployed. For many years until recently the murder rate was the highest in Ireland, arising largely from the family feuds that defined the city for some time. A few criminal gangs got to control some of the most deprived areas and did so through brutal violence, intimidation, and the creation of a culture of fear. Limerick thus got to epitomise all the contradictions underpinning the Celtic Tiger economy, which allowed a small fringe of the population to earn a lot of money, and encouraged greed and consumerism in

Après avoir si souvent dénoncé chez les autres la folie des grandeurs, comment, sans ridicule, pourrais-je me croire encore l'homme inefficace par excellence, le premier parmi les inutiles? (Cioran 144) 1 At the end of the 15 th century, in Switzerland, was published a long poem written in German by Sebastian Brant who warned his contemporaries against their vices in order to save them from damnation. According to him, the world was heading straight for its final sinking and the fools were so numerous that one ship could not hold them all, hence the title of his poem, Das Narrenschiff-The Ship of Fools. Inspired by this Renaissance text, the well-known Irish critic, Fintan O'Toole, wrote an essay in 2009 which is also entitled Ship of Fools. If this intellectual chose a title which echoes Brant's poem, it is precisely because he noticed the same transgressions as his predecessor, though in a very different time and context. In his study, O'Toole endeavours to show how Ireland lost its mind in the last two decades and he considers that the authorities missed a historic chance to use the available wealth and lay the basis of a renewed Irish society. Such an achievement would have been possible, according to O'Toole, if only the governments had displayed judgment and moral rectitude, which was not the case, as the complete title of his essay suggests: Ship of Fools: How Stupidity and Corruption Sank the Celtic Tiger. As long as it swept through the country, the wave of madness was lived and viewed as a festival, but a festival in the sense that Roger Caillois gives it in Man and the Sacred, that is an exceptional time of disorderly exuberance, an interlude when all excesses are allowed, when one loses control and gives oneself up to the most irrational impulses (129). Now the party is over. Feast and frenzy have been replaced by austerity and restraint. What's left after the ball? In retrospect, some observers notice today that the rare voices which rose to warn the Irish people of the insanity of the situation were Country of the Grand by Gerard Donovan, or the Chronicle of a Collapse Foretold

This article questions the prevailing historiographical view that the approach of the Irish Free State to the Boundary Commission was lax and passive. It argues that the Free State adopted a strategic and tactical approach, not as a technicality to fulfil their Anglo-Irish Treaty obligations, but out of a genuine desire for national union. The North-Eastern Boundary Bureau distributed publicity demonstrating the wishes of the inhabitants and outlined international comparisons. Officials visited Northern Ireland and Britain to ascertain the views of stake-holders. The suggestions for creating all-Ireland institutions as an alternative to the commission show that the Free State leaders were motivated by a desire for ‘national union’. The dissemination of publicity internationally, the bureau’s role in applying for League of Nations membership, and the registration of the treaty at Geneva challenged potential British claims that the boundary was a domestic matter and demonstrates consideration of a potential appeal to the league.

The Republic of Ireland is the most recent destination for Polish migration flows among the four countries considered in this book, with significant numbers of Poles arriving there only after Poland's European Union (EU) accession in 2004. Like the UK, it was especially attractive to young graduates, with about one-quarter of Polish migrants there holding tertiary degrees. As the research material for this book – 18 qualitative interviews with Poles residing in Ireland – has demonstrated, non-graduates chose the destination mainly because of the help offered by their social networks, while graduates took into consideration a broad range of economic and cultural factors. While some of the respondents perceived Ireland to be an extension of the British economic and cultural core to which they aspired, others chose it because they perceived it as a more peaceful periphery, which offered economic stability despite being less dynamic and ‘worldly’ than the UK or even Poland.

Grassi, S., Hewitt, S., & Bergantino, A. (2024). Of Hollies and Other Little Wonders: In Conversation with Seán Hewitt // Five Poems by Seán Hewitt. Studi Irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies, 14, 193–208. https://doi.org/10.36253/SIJIS-2239-3978-15535

By investigating two scientific enterprises, this article compares Catholic and Protestant
quests in seventeenth-century Europe to measure time: the meridian line in the Roman
Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri and the Bishop Ussher chronology. I seek
to show that both Catholic and Protestant projects brought science to the service of the
priorities of religious life. Rival religious sensibilities led to different outcomes. In the Catholic
initiative, the motion of the stars needed to match perfectly the liturgical calendar in order
to determine the correct date of one of its major festivities—Easter; in the Protestant, history
should conform to and confirm the Holy Scriptures. The Catholic scheme was designed to
facilitate the consistency of the liturgical cycle and its festivities, the backbone of Catholic
worship and devotional practice. By contrast, the Protestant biblical chronologist James
Ussher used a temporal system that exhibited a linear rather than a cyclical structure, an
approach that was committed to affirming the inerrancy of the biblical text. Both enterprises
reflect the rich scientific environment of the seventeenth century, which saw the emergence
of a range of different cultural practices and projects aimed at understanding, rationalizing,
and controlling the natural world.

Cuid a ceathair de shraith d'ailt a scríobh mé ar an gceangal nó an nasc idir tírdhreach na hÉireann agus ár n-aitheantas mar phobal agus ár n-aithne mar dhaoine.  Léirigh an fealsamh agus an scríbhneoir cruthaitheach oilte John O'Donohue cumhacht an cheangail sin ina gcuid scríbhneoireachta.

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la interpretación en clave feminista que Elvira Lindo realiza sobre Tristana. Nos detendremos, por tanto, en el discurso de Lindo sobre la construcción narrativa que realiza Galdós del deseo femenino. A continuación, estudiaremos la búsqueda que realiza de los rastros biográficos del autor en el texto narrativo, especialmente la huella de la mujer que inspiró el retrato psicológico, o etopeya, de Tristana. Tras ello, confrontaremos la lectura feminista de Lindo con la de Emilia Pardo Bazán y concluiremos con la reflexión de aquella sobre el presunto feminismo que se le atribuye a Galdós. Con todo, nuestro propósito último reside en incorporar a las investigaciones sobre la producción crítica de Lindo una muestra de su contribución al análisis de las imágenes de mujeres que habitan la literatura canónica.

The work of Edward Said has been influential on a global scale, in a manner that very few scholars can ever hope to match. It can safely be asserted that no anti-imperialist writer since Frantz Fanon has successfully addressed so many audiences. This essay traces the response to Said's work, including but not only his most famous work, Orientalism, in Irish criticism and debates over the last three decades. We will see, in the work of Said's allies and emulators, and that of his detractors, a number of variations, turns, adaptations, and inflections on Said's own books and essays. Surveying the archive of responses to Said is valuable in itself, but it also provides a barometer of Irish intellectual engagement with wider international geo-political issues and historical shifts. Beginnings: WRITING IRELAND Said published Orientalism in , but it is difficult to judge his influence in Irish debates for nearly a decade after. As Joe Cleary points out, the problematic of language, power, territory, and knowledge brooded over by the various initiatives of the Field Day Theatre Company-from Brian Friel's Translations to Seamus Deane's and Declan Kiberd's Field Day pamphlets-is one that has been important for later more explicit postcolonial studies, but one can also recognize the similarities between this work and the matters 311 Edward Said and Irish Criticism explored in Orientalism. 1 Nevertheless, it was not until after Said himself had spoken at the Yeats Summer School in , at Kiberd's invitation, that the issue began to be pressed with clarity and force. Accordingly,  was an important year in the genealogy of Said's work in Ireland. This year witnessed not only the publication of David Cairns and Shaun Richards's Writing Ireland: Colonialism, Nationalism and Culture, but also Said's own Field Day pamphlet, Yeats and Decolonization. Cairns and Richards's book is notable in a number of respects. Of all the work influenced by Said in the context of Irish cultural and literary studies, it is the most explicit and the most striking in its emulation. It is also the most ambitious: in a tightly written  pages, Cairns and Richards examine literature representing Ireland and Irish Anglophone literature from Shakespeare and Spenser right up to the Northern crisis and writers such as Seamus Heaney and Brian Friel. Writing Ireland appeared in a series edited by Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield, entitled "Cultural Politics," and can be seen as representative of the post-Williamsite "Cultural Materialism" that emerged in Britain in parallel and collaboration with the American "New Historicism." Merely this attachment of Irish materials and of Irish criticism to wider international currents of scholarship and criticism makes Writing Ireland a landmark work. Cairns and Richards begin their book with a straight acknowledgment of the problematic with which they are working: ".. . the reality of the historic relationship of Ireland with England: a relationship of the colonized and the colonizer." They move on immediately to declare that "[I]n this study, our foremost concern is with the ways in which the making and re-making of the identities of colonized and colonizer have been inflected by this relationship; a process that has taken place through discourse." 2 Already, then, Cairns and Richards have set up a framework and indicated a theoretical allegiance. That fidelity is to Foucault and the concept of discourse, but shortly afterward, they invoke Antonio Éire-Ireland 42: 1 & 2 Spr/Sum 07 Edward Said and Irish Criticism 312 .