Middle Korean

Previously referred to as the “Altaic Languages,” this proposed
language family is now more suitably termed “Trans-Eurasian”
by Martine Robbeets. The term Altaic, or the newer and more
suitable term for it; Trans-Eurasian, encompasses the
hypothesis that Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and
Japonic languages originated from a shared proto-language in
prehistoric times. Despite its renewed prominence in recent
years, particularly through the emergence of new data, the
hypothesis continues to face skepticism and has yet to achieve
widespread acceptance within academic circles. Although the
rebranding and newer findings have lent it a more persuasive
structure, there remains no scholarly consensus regarding the
actual existence of such a language family.

Впервые в российской историографии исследуется военно-политическая история, экономика, культура и военное дело
сяньбийского (древнемонгольского) протогосударства Тогон (Туюйхунь), существовавшего в IV–VII вв. в районе оз. Кукунор в Северо-Восточном Тибете, а также прослеживается дальнейшая (до X в. включительно) история сяньбийцев-туюйхуней после завоевания их земель Тибетом. Книга предназначена в первую очередь для исследователей – кочевниковедов и синологов.

Статья представляет собой комментированный перевод двух корреспондирующих глав классических конфуцианских трактатов «Благопристойность и ритуал» (И ли 儀禮) и «Записи о ритуале» (Ли цзи 禮記): 6-й главы «И ли» — «Ритуал пира янь» (Янь ли 燕禮), 47-й главы «Ли цзи» — «Значение [ритуала] пира янь» (Янь и 燕義). Предложенные главы всесторонне освещают один из древнекитайских пиров по случаю приема гостей — ритуал пира янь.
The article is a commented translation of the two following chapters of the classical Confucian treatises Decency and Ritual (Yi li 儀禮) and Records of Ritual (Li ji 禮記): the 6th chapter of the Yi li — “The ritual of the yan feast” (Yan li 燕禮), the 47th chapter of the Li ji — «The meaning of the [ritual] of the yan feast» (Yan yi 燕義). The proposed chapters comprehensively cover one of the ancient Chinese feasts on the occasion of receiving guests – the ritual of the yan feast.

The principle which underlies modern Mongolian vowel harmony has been a matter of dispute. Many recent studies insist that the harmonic sets of vowels are phonetically distinguished in terms of the tongue root position (i.e., the size of the pharynx), while the distinction has been traditionally described by backness of the tongue. As no crucial articulatory evidence has been provided so far, we investigated this problem using real-time magnetic resonance imaging. In this paper we present robust physiological evidence that the two harmonic sets of vowels can be distinguished in terms of size of the pharynx and degree of tongue height in modern East Mongolian.

This paper explores the synchrony and diachrony of the Mongolic vowel systems within the framework of contrastive hierarchy theory (Dresher 2009). First it establishes contrastive hierarchies for modern Mongolic varieties, based on which it attempts to reconstruct an RTR-based vowel system for Old Mongolian. Then it proposes a vowel shift hypothesis which claims that the basis of vowel harmony has shifted from an RTR contrast in Old Mongolian to a palatal contrast in the modern Kalmyk/ Oirat variety (contra Svantesson 1985). It is shown that this shift not only conforms to all the basic criteria of the comparative methods in historical linguistics, but also corresponds to typological expectations from an Altaic perspective. The result supports the idea that RTR was the original harmonic contrast in Altaic (Vaux 2009).

This paper revisits Oroch vowel harmony previously analyzed in Tolskaya (2008) and propose a new analysis within the framework of modified contrastive specification (Dresher, 2009). In particular, I show that the vowel patterns in Oroch are better explained under a contrastive hierarchy [low] > [coronal] > [Retracted Tongue Root (RTR)] > [labial] than under Tolskaya's Stratal OT approach. The proposed hierarchy not just assigns proper feature specifications to each vowel in Oroch but also provides a simple, unified solution to the transparency and opacity in Oroch vowel harmony: The transparency of /i/ to RTR harmony is due to the lack of contrastive [-RTR] specification while the opacity of /i, ʊ/ is due to its contrastive height feature specification ([-low]). In addition, the putative simple vowel /ae/ receives a better treatment as a diphthong /ia/ and its peculiar behavior resembling /i/ is ascribed to its high front vowel portion /i/.

Vowel harmony in Middle Korean  Stem-internal vowel harmony a. Stems with Yang (RTR) vowels only /sarʌm/ 'person', /kʌrʌm/ 'river', /narah/ 'nation', /tocʌk/ 'thief', /tarʌ-/ 'different', /pʌra-/ 'look at' b. Stems with Yin (non-RTR) vowels only /jǝrɨm/ 'fruit', /njǝrɨm/ 'summer', /kurǝk/ 'mesh bag', /tɨrɨh/ 'field', /nurɨ-/ 'yellow', /pɨrɨ-/ 'call'  Vowel harmony across morpheme boundary Yang (RTR) vowel stem Yin (non-RTR) vowel stem a. Verb/adjective stem + conjunctive suffix "-a/-ǝ" /mak-a/ 'block' /mǝk-ǝ/ 'eat' /kot-a/ 'straight' /kut-ǝ/ 'solid' /sʌl-a/ 'burn' /sɨl-ǝ/ 'disappear' b. Verb/adjective stem + adnominal suffix "-on/-un" /mak-on/ 'block' /mǝk-un/ 'eat' /kot-on/ 'straight' /kut-un/ 'solid' /sʌl-on/ 'burn' /sɨl-un/ 'disappear' c. Noun + particle (accusative particle "-ʌl/-ɨl" or locative particle "-aj/-ǝj") /sarʌm-ʌl/ 'person' /jǝrɨm-ɨl/ 'fruit' /tocʌk-ʌl/ 'thief' /kurǝk-ɨl/ 'mesh bag' /barʌl-aj/ 'sea' /njǝrɨm-ǝj/ 'summer' /narah-aj/ 'nation' /tɨrɨh-ǝj/ 'field'

«Начальное обучение юных отроков» (Тонмон сонсып 童蒙先習) — базовый учебник, который изучался в конфуцианских школах традиционной Кореи и знакомил учащихся с основами конфуцианской этики и с важнейшими событиями истории Китая и Кореи. Его текст написан на литературном китайском языке и размечен корейскими служебными словами и аффиксами, записанными китайскими иероглифами по способу кугёль. В корейской коллекции Института восточных рукописей РАН (Санкт-Петербург) хранится ксилографическое издание этого памятника (шифр С 64), отпечатанное в год кечхук 癸丑 (1793 или 1853 г.) и поступившее в фонды ИВР РАН в составе коллекции акад. М.-Ф. Броссе (1802–1880). Статья содержит первый частичный русский перевод этого учебника, охватывающий очерк истории Кореи с древнейших времен до середины XVI в. Перевод сопровождается комментарием и кратким предисловием.
In traditional Korea, The Primer for Children (Dongmong seonseup 童蒙先習) was a basic textbook studied in Confucian schools. It introduced students to the basics of Confucian ethics and to the main events of the history of China and Korea. The text is composed in literary Chinese and marked with Korean auxiliary verbs and affixes written in Chinese characters using the gugyeol method. The Korean Collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg) includes a xylographic edition of this textbook (C 64), which was printed in the year gyechuk 癸丑 (1793 or 1853) and entered the funds of the IOM, RAS, as part of the collection of Academician M.F. Brosset (1802–1880). The paper contains the first partial Russian translation of this textbook presenting the outline of the history of Korea from ancient times to the mid-16th century. The translation is accompanied with a commentary and a brief preface.

This article presents relevant data on the usage of the sinograph jīng 椋 and revisits its origin and lexical form on the basis of textual examination, using primary sources from China, Korea and Japan. The authors conclude that jīng 椋, and its variants jīng , jīng 稤 and the miscopied form lǜe 掠, originated from its radical character jīng 京, meaning "warehouse, granary", and that jīng 椋 was widely used in Koguryŏ, Paekche, Silla and Japan. Historical documents during the Koryŏ period also attest to the use of jīng 椋. The authors have reconstructed the lexical form of jīng 椋 as the disyllabic pre-Old Korean **ku L .ra H in Paekche and **ko L .ra H in Silla, and the monosyllabic Old Korean *kol R as a Sillaic substratum that underwent the syllabic contraction and liquid change **-r-> *-l, that is **ko L .ra H > *kol R. The Western Old Japanese kun'yomi of jīng 椋, kura, is a loan from pre-Old Korean **ku L /ko L .ra H that took place before the eighth century.

Empress Wu Zhao 武曌 (624–705), better known as Wu Ze-tian 武則天, was the first and only woman in Chinese history to receive the title of emperor (huang-di皇帝) and found a new state — the Great Zhou (Da Zhou 大周, 690–705). One of the important problems in studying her reign is its reflection in the main sources on this period — the Old Book [of] Tang and the New Book [of] Tang. Mention of various omens (mostly unfavorable) deserves special attention, as their presence characterize the activity of the empress as causing deviations from the correct order of things. This article deals with omens mentioned in chapters of the “Basic Annals” (Ben ji本紀) dedicated to Wu Ze-tian, and is intended to compare and analyze data on omens and significant events of this period, identify critical stages of her reign as it was presented by Confucian historiographers.

This article is about the author's observation of what happened in the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident by comparing and filtering the news and footage from media in Australia, Singapore, and Hong Kong. More importantly, it is about the author's opinion of the stage of China's economic development at the time and whether it is suitable for a Western-style democracy without the country falling apart.

Previous accounts of the Canadian Shift, which have interpreted this diachronic process as a purely phonetic consequence of the low back LOT-THOUGHT vowel merger, have not clearly explained the strong connection between phonetic TRAP vowel retraction and the phonological process of the low back merger. This paper addresses this issue in several ways. Relying on the Modified Contrastive Specification theory (Dresher et al. 1994) and the Contrastive Hierarchy approach (Dresher 2009), two phonological frameworks, as well as phonetic insights from Vowel Dispersion theory (Liljencrants and Lindblom 1972) and Dispersion-Focalization theory (Schwartz et al. 1997, Schwartz et al. 2007), we propose that the catalyst of the Canadian Shift is a three-way merger of the PALM, LOT and THOUGHT lexical sets, in combination with a simultaneous change in the underlying feature specifications of the TRAP vowel. This results in a phonology that allows for the TRAP and DRESS vowels, in particular, to undergo the influence of the phonetic principles of dispersion and focalization, which lead to lowering and retraction in the acoustic vowel space. Comparison of data from speakers in Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, lends support to this hypothesis because the Cape Breton data reveals evidence of two concurrent phonological systems, despite no evidence of change over apparent time. Some Cape Breton speakers display the Ontario (i.e., inland Canada) Canadian Shifted vowel system, while others display a system that bears much greater resemblance to the Eastern New England non-shift dialect, where PALM merges with TRAP instead of LOT-THOUGHT. The current analysis thus predicts that the Canadian Shift or a similar change to the TRAP, DRESS, and KIT vowels will occur in any North American dialect where the PALM-LOT-THOUGHT merger occurs, unless an intervening phonological change alters the contrasts within the phonological system.

Vidi Tasya Nabila, 1111026000048, An Analysis Phonetic and Semantic Changes of English Borrowing Words in Korean Language. Thesis: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanity, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2016. This research is focus on analyzing phonetic and semantic changes of English borrowing words in Korean. The reason for choosing the data of English borrowing words in Korean language, because of Korean has different way to pronounce English, every English borrowing words must be transcribe to Korean alphabet, hangeul. This research used descriptive qualitative method because the resulting data are presented in the form of description. The writer employs herself to collect the data, by watching Korean variety show: Running Man, The Return of Superman, 2 Days 1 Night, Get it Beauty, Cookat TV Super Junior, Infinity Challenge, Weekly Idol and Korean drama: Uncontrollably fond and The Tailor of Wolgyesu. To analyzing the phonetic change th...

В фондах Института восточных рукописей РАН хранится более 100 тыс. манускриптов и ксилографов на 60 восточных языках. Корейский фонд является малой частью от всего этого количества, но уникальные памятники корейской культуры, хранящиеся в ИВР РАН, представляют интерес как для исследователей из Республики Корея, так и для отечественных ученых. В данной статье описываются сложности прочтения текста ксилографа D-86 «Самсольги джун» из Рукописного фонда ИВР РАН. Разбираются основные проблемы, с которыми может столкнуться исследователь при работе с подобными средневековыми памятниками корейской культуры, написанными корейским алфавитом (хангылем). Автор статьи анализирует некоторые особенности новокорейского языка, выявленные в данном ксилографе, и описывает его отличия от языка XV в. и от современного корейского языка. В статье приводятся особенности записи графики текста XIX в., которые ранее не освещались (в частности символ повтора предыдущего слога, и знак сокращения срединного предикативного аффикса 고 /ко/).  The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IOM RAS) has more than 100,000 manuscripts and xylographs in 60 Oriental languages. The Korean fund represents a small part of this collection, however the unique works of Korean culture stored in the IOM RAS are of interest to both researchers from the Republic of Korea and local Russian scientists. The article describes the difficulties of reading the text of the D-86 xylograph "Samseolgi jung" from the Manuscript Collection of the IOM RAS. The work highlights the main problems that a researcher may encounter when working with similar medieval sources of Korean culture written in the Korean alphabet (in Hangul). The author of the article analyzes some features of the Modern Korean language revealed in this xylograph and describes its differences from the language of the 15th century and from Contemporary Korean, using the study of texts written in Hangul in different centuries for comparison. Commented examples of the old orthography and different spelling variations of the same word are used to illustrate the peculiarities in the language of the source. This article also describes the features of writing the graphics of the text of the 19th century, which were not previously covered (in particular, the symbol of repetition of the previous syllable, which in its graphic form and function is similar to the repetition sign used in the Chinese language, and the abbreviation sign of the median predicative affix 고 /go/).

The multifaceted nature of the yadam JHQUH ³ZKLFK VSDQV D UDQJH RI XQRIÀFLDOO\ FLUFXODWLQJ VWRULHV UHFRUGV RI WKH PDUYHOORXV DQG MRNHV DQG DQHFGRWHV IURP &KRVʼnQ .RUHD³KDV ORQJ been a source of delight to readers, as well as a conundrum to scholars. Since the beginning RI PRGHUQ VFKRODUVKLS RQ .RUHDQ OLWHUDWXUH yadam KDYH UDUHO\ ÀW WKH SUHFRQFHLYHG FDWHJRULHV of the national literary canon, and in spite of their huge popularity among both pre-modern and modern readerships, they have not received the attention they deserve. Si Nae Park's book, The Korean Vernacular Story QRW RQO\ UHFWLÀHV WKLV EXW DOVR RSHQV D FRPSOHWHO\ QHZ DYHQXH IRU IXUWKHU VWXGLHV RI WKH ODQGVFDSH RI &KRVʼnQ ODQJXDJH DQG OLWHUDWXUH 7KH ERRN LV D detailed study of only one example of this genre, Tongp'ae naksong ᶡぇ⍋䃖 (Repeatedly Recited Stories of the East ZULWWHQ E\ 1R 0\ʼnQJKšP ⴗભⅭ (1713-75), but the conclusions drawn by Park are relevant for yadam OLWHUDWXUH DQG SUHPRGHUQ .RUHD WH[WXDO SUDFWLFHV DV D ZKROH The title of the book employs multiple play and allusion, similar to the yadam style itself. Inspired by Patrick Hanan's book The Chinese Vernacular Story, 1 it challenges the dominant WKHRU\ WKDW .RUHDQ YHUQDFXODU OLWHUDWXUH LV GHÀQHG E\ WH[WV ZULWWHQ LQ KDQJšO. The recent An Anthology of Traditional Korean Literature by Peter H. Lee (2017) presents, in the category of "Vernacular Fiction", only works written in this script, under the longstanding assumption WKDW /LWHUDU\ 6LQLWLF FDQQRW E\ GHÀQLWLRQ EH D SDUW RI WKH YHUQDFXODU 2 Park shows that, much

Sang-Oak Lee To discuss vowel harmony in Korean it is worthwhile to review vowel systems at several stages of the Korean language, beginning with the simple vowel system of Late Middle Korean. However, the establishment of this system has been a controversial topic. Three types of vowel harmony, i.e. horizontal, vertical, and diagonal harmony, will be discussed in relation to this vowel system. As most of the Altaic languages to which Korean seems to belong have vertical (palatal) harmony, it is likely that the vertical system is agreeable to Middle Korean. However, because of the supposed vowel shift in Early Middle Korean a 'quasi-diagonal' but virtually 'vertical' harmony should be suggested. This type of harmony is typologically idiosyncratic and worth further study. Other issues in Korean vowel harmony include problems with neutral vowels and vowel harmony rules. Partial neutrality and preliminary formulation of vowel harmony rules are introduced. In addition, the aspect of vowel disharmony is also investigated. As an appendix, a claim that vowel harmony existed in Hyangga (old Korean song) is investigated in detail. It is concluded that it is not a good preconception to, claim that the old stage of Korean phonology had a more complete system of vowel harmony than the later. stage.

This paper uses novel data showing gradient labial harmony in Kazakh to compare Kaun's (1995) feature-based analysis with a dispersion-based analysis in a Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar. The paper demonstrates that the dispersionary analysis better fits the Kazakh data than Kaun's analysis and then extends the dispersionary analysis to account for four languages with harmony patterns different from that in Kazakh. The paper also argues that the dispersionbased account provides a better analysis of the typology of labial harmony than Kaun's featurebased analysis. 2 Kazakh Vowel Harmony 2.1 Background and Vowel Inventory Kazakh, like most Turkic languages, exhibits palatal, or backness harmony, and labial harmony, which is the focus of this paper. Complex words are formed via suffixation. As a result, these two harmonies extend rightward from roots to suffixes. Writers have disagreed on the number of vowel phonemes in the language, ranging from eight to eleven (

This paper presents an articulatory study of vowel production in three Turkic languages (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Turkish) using ultrasound tongue imaging in order to determine what aspects of tongue position correspond to the vowel anteriority contrasts in these languages, especially regarding the tongue body (TB) and tongue root (TR). The results of this study suggest that the Turkish vowel anteriority contrast involves mainly TB position, whereas the Kazakh and Kyrgyz vowel anteriority contrasts involve both TR and TB position. This latter pattern appears to confirm the existence of a type of vowel anteriority contrast whose existence has been hypothesised but not previously verified instrumentally. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/ vol25/iss1/24 An Investigation of the Articulatory Correlates of Vowel Anteriority in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Turkish using Ultrasound Tongue Imaging Jonathan North W...

The resurgence of substance-free phonology (Fudge, 1967; Reiss et al., 2021; Scheer, 2022) has reinvigorated the old debate concerning the nature of the relationship between phonological primes (distinctive features) and their phonetic interpretations (substance). Chabot (2021) provides a state-of-the-art overview of the program, and notes that while proponents generally agree that phonological computations are opaque to substantive information (Chabot, 2021; Reiss et al., 2021), consensus is split down the middle on the nature of primes. For Chabot and colleagues (Chabot, 2021; Dresher, 2014; Scheer, 2022) the primes of phonological computations are arbitrary, substance-free variables that are acquired based on language-specific experience. In this view, features encode language-specific phonological contrasts and as such there is no systematic correspondence between a feature and the phonetic correlates that mark a segment (in a given language) bearing that feature. Indeed, in this radically substance-free view +Anterior is as good as + β, or just β (Chabot, 2021). Dresher (2014) argues that the initial state of phonological UG (P 0) contains no features, just an expectation of categorical encoding of contrasts. Dresher proposes a successive division algorithm (SDA) that allows the child to successively assign arbitrary variables to encode active alternations until the inventory has been exhausted. Thus, for instance, Dresher (2014) argues that in Manchu the high front vowel /i/ is not marked for ATR (fig.1) even though it bears the phonetic readings of an ATR vowel, because the vowel is neutral relative to Manchu ATR harmony processes. The position taken by Reiss and colleagues (2021, 2022), on the other hand, have been less consistent. Reiss et al. (2021) argue that features are innate, universal and substantive, but rules ignore the substantive content and manipulate them as arbitrary symbols. This position is altered in Reiss et al. (2022) to claim that features are innate, universal and substance-free, but with universal deterministic interpretations via a set of syntagmatic (STA) and paradigmatic transduction algorithms (PTA). This theory of the interface, termed Cognitive Phonetics (CP), argues that the PTA and STA assign a fixed reading to every feature, irrespective of languages. Readings of individual features are claimed to "spill over" segmental and syllabic boundaries during externalization leading to the illusion of lack of invariance. Reiss' (2021, 2022) argument for a priori features is built on the information theoretic idea that data can only be processed by an information processing system in terms of a representational language already inherent to it (Hammarberg, 1981). Ergo, it follows, that in the absence of any phonological primes in P0 there cannot be any "phonological" acquisition. For Dresher's (2014) SDA to work there needs to be some notion of features a priori. Indeed, Dresher (2014, p.166) admits this much, but insists individual features are acquired. It is important to note that in Dresher's (2014) system the underlying representation (UR) is only specified for active contrastive features, as determined by alternations. Since the Manchu /i/ is neutral, Dresher (2014) concludes that it must not be specified for ATR irrespective of its substantive qualities. As such acquired readings are language-specific, Dresher (2014) further concludes that primes and their interpretations are completely arbitrary and any correlation is incidental. On the other hand, for Reiss the a priori primes serve as units of stimuli interpretation, and their interpretations must be systematic and deterministic for transduction to be possible. I argue for an alternative approach, based on Halle's (2005) discussion of articulator free and articulator bound features, that retains the notion of UG endowed, innate, universal features, but proposes that interpretation of features at the interface with phonetics is neither deterministic in any real sense, nor completely arbitrary, but rather exhibit partial veridicality. Representations: I support my arguments with converging formal and empirical neurolinguistic evidence. First, I show that in Dresher's (2014, p.172) proposed contrastive hierarchy of Manchu vowel system feature-intepretations are never completely arbitrary (fig. 1). Of the proposed six vowel inventory-/i, u, ʊ, ə, ɔ, a/-all the traditionally high vowels are all marked [non-low], the low ones are [low], while the back vowels are [non-coronal], but not the front vowel /i/. When arbitrariness is invoked, for instance the [non-ATR] /i/ or the allegedly [non-Labial] /u/ and /ʊ/, it is done in order to allow these segments to be exempt from specific harmony processes. I argue that this is a conceptual error stemming from the misplaced assumption that the nature of the phonological change (the what) is directly linked to the environment of said change (the where) (Dabbous et al., 2021). I provide an alternative, search-based, strictly non-local account (Dabbous et al., 2021; Nevins, 2010) of Manchu vowel harmony that does not endow special status to /i, u, ʊ/ and assumes feature specifications reflect phonetic qualities of segments, but allows for underspecification. The proposed search-algorithm accounts for all Manchu harmony processes without ad hoc assumptions about arbitrary primes, appeals to tiers, and is fully compatible with bi-directional and dominant-recessive rules. Given that proposed arbitrary specifications are not necessary to account for (Manchu) harmony, I argue that Manchu cannot be used to support Dresher's (2014) claims for completely arbitrary primes. Indeed, if primes and their interpretations were entirely arbitrary, then there would be little sense in talking about "ATR" harmony in any general sense. Interpretation: Emerging neurobiological evidence (Hickok, 2022) suggest that features are implemented as stable patterns of neuronal activations. I support this position with data from a recent fMRI investigation in our lab. Specialized sub-populations of neurons are argued to be hardwired for specific distributions of frequency over time (STRFs), affording high-resolution encoding of signals. From these neural versions of spectrograms multiple representations on different scales are constructed in parallel via multi-time resolution processing (Poeppel et al.,2008).

Throughout history, Altaic-speaking herders and hunters in Inner Asia have lived a traditional subsistence life in dealing with animals. They have accumulated rich experience in protecting themselves, both physically and spiritually, from being attacked by animals. According to the Inner Asian shamanism of which animism is an important part, certain animals can be endowed with ongğon-an indigenous Mongolian concept meaning 'the spirit inhabiting a material object'. The onggon is capable of taking the human soul away from the human body, leading to sickness. As a result, the Altaic-speaking people adopted a cultural habit of taboonaming with regard to powerful animals. When a tabooed name, accompanied by honorifics, occurs in several adjacent languages, it reveals the same underlying animistic and totemistic praxis. In this article, three facets of taboo-naming will be discussed: how large animals come to enjoy a status as ancestral symbols; how taboo is an intermittent phenomenon; and how language about taboos becomes diffused from one language to another. Before examining these features, we will review the ancient Chinese literature relating to the use of animal names.

In Turkic, there are four nouns, (h)ïrō, hïrk, (h)ïrïm, and (h)ïrïz, all of which roughly denote
‘omen’ and ‘divination’. The present study traces them back to the Proto-Turkic verbal base
*pïrŭ- and regards the latter as the source of Kitan *pur- ‘to bless’, Jurchenic *piru- ‘to
pray’, ‘to curse’, Proto-Korean *piru- > Middle Korean :pil- ‘to pray’, and Proto-Mongolic
*hiröɣe- ‘to wish well’, ‘to bless’. These borrowings are taken as a confirmation of the
cultural impact of the Turkic-speaking peoples on the other Altaic peoples and their lan-
guages in the prehistoric era.

Vidi Tasya Nabila, 1111026000048, An Analysis Phonetic and Semantic Changes of English Borrowing Words in Korean Language. Thesis: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanity, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2016. This research is focus on analyzing phonetic and semantic changes of English borrowing words in Korean. The reason for choosing the data of English borrowing words in Korean language, because of Korean has different way to pronounce English, every English borrowing words must be transcribe to Korean alphabet, hangeul. This research used descriptive qualitative method because the resulting data are presented in the form of description. The writer employs herself to collect the data, by watching Korean variety show: Running Man, The Return of Superman, 2 Days 1 Night, Get it Beauty, Cookat TV Super Junior, Infinity Challenge, Weekly Idol and Korean drama: Uncontrollably fond and The Tailor of Wolgyesu. To analyzing the phonetic change th...

It is fashionable these days to decry the assumption that the primes of phonological computation could be innate (Mielke, 2004), or that their interpretation at the interface with phonetics could be universal and deterministic (Dresher, 2009). The arguments against universality and determinism, both, ultimately reduce to a few related observations stemming from the nature of the relationship between the primes over which phonology computes, and the way said primes relate to actual attested speech forms (Mielke, 2004; B. D. Samuels, 2011). It is argued, for instance, that different segments bearing identical specifications for a feature, say {-Round} in /i/ vs. /e/, externalize it differently, with no invariant substantive correlates. This lack of invariance is alleged to be a concern for universal/innate features. Likewise, in languages like Malayalam, where velar consonants are palatalized in the context of the vowels /i, e, a/, it is often assumed that the low back vowel /a/ bears a {-Back} specification even though phonetically it is, in fact, a back vowel (Mohanan & Mohanan, 1984; Warrier, 1976). Samuels (2011) and Mielke (2004), therefore, argue that since some features (e.g. the {-Back} of Malayalam /a/) are to be determined based purely on phonological activity, it makes little sense to have any pre-specified features at all. In this now predominant view of primes (

I have compared the Lexical Data of Niger-Saharan, Western Nigritic,
Benue-Congo;  Bantu, Cilubà;  Borean, Eurasiatic, Indo-European; Nostratic, Afro-Asiatic to arrive at Sound Rules and Naburian Reconstructions.

Also I have maked an inventory of the Bantu-(P)IE Cognate Relations.

Roughly speaking, the above ten languages can be divided into two groups: the socalled "Paleosiberian" and "Altaic" language groups. Ainuic, Amuric, Kamchukotic, Yeniseic, and Yukaghiric belong to the first group (Comrie, 1981; Vajda, 2009) and Japonic, Koreanic, Mongolic, Tungusic, and Turkic belong to the second group. This thesis focuses on the second group, especially Koreanic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages, which have (or once had) a vowel harmony based on tongue root contrast. Turkic languages, another major member of the "Altaic" language group, are widely understood to have a different type of vowel harmony, namely, palatal harmony. They will not be extensively investigated per se, but their vowel systems and harmony patterns will be introduced where a comparison is necessary. Japonic (Japanese-Ryukyuan) languages, on the contrary, will be ignored simply because there is no clear evidence of the existence of vowel harmony in the history of the Japanese language. Note that, although I use the term "Altaic" thoughout the thesis, it is not to be understood as suggesting a genetic relationship among them. 1 Rather, I will use it as a bik-i 'beakie' biʧ-i 'beachie' hus-i 'housie' bin-i 'beanie' ʍil-i 'wheelie' snut-i 'snooty' b. non-high vowel stems gem-e 'gamie' hɜl-e 'hilly' got-e 'goatie' here 'hairy' hʌrt-e 'hurtie' post-e 'postie' nel-e 'nailie' bʌk-e 'Buckie' mom-e 'mommy' hel-e 'hailie' baʧ-e 'batchie' tost-e 'toasty' nɛs-e 'Nessie' mane 'mannie' sɔs-e 'saucy' mɛs-e 'messy' las-e 'lassie' rɔk-e 'rocky' 1.3.1.4. Tongue root harmony Tongue root harmony, also rather inadequately called tenseness harmony, horizontal harmony, relative height harmony, and cross-height harmony in the literature, is based on the opposition between the advanced vs. retracted position of the tongue root. A well-known, or arguably the first known example of a canonical tongue root harmony system (cf. Cenggeltei, 1959) is Igbo, a Niger-Congo language spoken in Nigeria (Ladefoged, 1964). As shown in (7), the eight simple vowels in Igbo fall into 65

Конспект лекции из цикла «Средневековые летописи Кореи: новое прочтение в эпоху глобализации», прочитанного доцентом РГГУ Т.М. Симбирцевой в Новосибирском государственном университете в ноябре 2009 г. В основу цикла легла рукопись книги автора «Владыки старой Кореи», опубликованной в 2012 г. в издательстве РГГУ (серия Orientalia et Classica. Труды Института восточных культур и античности. Вып. XXXV).

Alexander Vovin's new English translation of Man'yōshū (MYS) Book 16 is the tenth book of the MYS he has translated since 2009. Vovin considers his translation and analysis of Book 16's 104 poems (MYS 3786-3889) to be "academic" rather than "literary" (pg. ix), and I would agree with that assessment. He gives equal weight to detailed linguistic and philological discussions on the one hand, and clear descriptions of the important cultural and historical backgrounds of the words, poems, and poets on the other. This helps make the book accessible to researchers from a wide range of fields and is a welcome improvement upon the previous English translations of Book 16

* This paper would not be possible without Dr. Liliya Gorelova, who encouraged me to participate in the PIAC conference and took part in long discussions of developing the proper research topic for the conference. I am grateful to her for her meticulous draft reading and encouraging comments. Additionally, I am indebted to Dr Wayne Lawrence for patiently reading through the drafts and revisions of the paper and for contributing his constructive suggestions. I am also grateful for the detailed comments made by the referee which helped improve the paper. Any remaining mistakes are, of course, my own. 1 The separate branch of Oirats who received the name of Kalmyks after their migration from Dzungaria in 1607, reside now in the Republic of Kalmykia located between the rivers Don and Volga in Russian federation (western shore of the Caspian Sea) numbering about 155, 938. During their history they used different scripts to write down their original language, viz. (a) Todo-script (the Clear Letter) created by the prominent enlightener, Buddhist monk Zaya Pandita (1599-1662), a national hero of Kalmyks; (b) the Cyrillic alphabet (1924); and (c) the Latin script (1930). Nowadays the Kalmyks use the Cyrillic alphabet.

The present paper provides a contemporary viewpoint of phonological representations. Specifically, I present contrastive hierarchies of distinctive features adopting the Modified Contrastive Specification (MCS, Dresher, Piggott and Rice 1994, Dresher 2008, 2009) and the dimension hypothesis (Avery and Idsardi 2001, Purnell, Raimy and Salmons 2018). Under these frameworks, I reanalyze and revise Ko's (2009) proposals on the contrastive hierarchies of Korean vowels. The two-step merger of a low back vowel from Late Middle Korean to Early Modern Korean exemplifies how the modified hierarchies can provide a more efficient and systematic account. As for synchronic examples, I illustrate a merger of a low high front and a mid high front vowel and a feature unpacking phenomenon of high front rounded vowels under the proposed hierarchies. Furthermore, Oxford's (2015) model for sound change is applied to evaluate the revised representations. The diachronic and synchronic sound change...

This article gives a comprehensive analysis of laryngealized and pharyngealized vowels in the Udihe language. Their realization in different Udihe varieties is considered, and their etymology is traced. The classification of Udihe dialects is also discussed. The presence of pharyngalized vowels is one of the most important features that distinguishes the northern dialect cluster from the southern one. The loss of pharyngealized vowels has led to changes in the morphology and syntax of the dialects of the southern cluster. The analysis provides a basis for a complete picture of a dialectal continuum, which includes dialects of Udihe and the closely related Oroch language. The internal mechanisms of the dialectal continuum are presented, taking into account types of pronunciation in neighbouring varieties.

Vidi Tasya Nabila, 1111026000048, An Analysis Phonetic and Semantic Changes of English Borrowing Words in Korean Language. Thesis: English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanity, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2016. This research is focus on analyzing phonetic and semantic changes of English borrowing words in Korean. The reason for choosing the data of English borrowing words in Korean language, because of Korean has different way to pronounce English, every English borrowing words must be transcribe to Korean alphabet, hangeul. This research used descriptive qualitative method because the resulting data are presented in the form of description. The writer employs herself to collect the data, by watching Korean variety show: Running Man, The Return of Superman, 2 Days 1 Night, Get it Beauty, Cookat TV Super Junior, Infinity Challenge, Weekly Idol and Korean drama: Uncontrollably fond and The Tailor of Wolgyesu. To analyzing the phonetic change th...

The present paper provides a contemporary viewpoint of phonological representations. Specifically, I present contrastive hierarchies of distinctive features adopting the Modified Contrastive Specification (MCS, Dresher, Piggott and Rice 1994, Dresher 2008, 2009) and the dimension hypothesis (Avery and Idsardi 2001, Purnell, Raimy and Salmons 2018). Under these frameworks, I reanalyze and revise Ko's (2009) proposals on the contrastive hierarchies of Korean vowels. The two-step merger of a low back vowel from Late Middle Korean to Early Modern Korean exemplifies how the modified hierarchies can provide a more efficient and systematic account. As for synchronic examples, I illustrate a merger of a low high front and a mid high front vowel and a feature unpacking phenomenon of high front rounded vowels under the proposed hierarchies. Furthermore, Oxford's (2015) model for sound change is applied to evaluate the revised representations. The diachronic and synchronic sound change...

This paper concerns the odd absence of Japanese-like words in areas of ancient Korea where pre-Japanese peoples lived, the so-called problem of geographical inversion. I discuss some of the models proposed for the linguistic prehistory of Korea, and show why Unger's (2009) "para-Japanese" theory is the better model of pre-Japanese linguistic origins on the peninsula. Building on this, I propose a "Pre-Yayoi" model of para-Japanese that explains the geographical inversion of Japanese-like place names that draws on the linguistic dynamics of cultural conflict between pre-Korean and pre-Japanese populations. This resolves one of the most significant problems in understanding the origins of Japanese language on the peninsula.

Издание подготовлено в рамках программы мероприятий, проводимых к 65-летию ИСАА Рецензент Е.М. Астафьева, кандидат исторических наук ИВ РАН Главный редактор Доктор исторических наук А.А. Маслов Отвественный редатор Доктор исторических наук Д.В. Мосяков Рекомендовано к печати Ученым советом ИСАА МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова

Рассматривается один из символов власти монарха (вана) в Корее периода правления династии Чосон (1392-1897)-ширма «Солнце, Луна и пять пиков» (Ирволь обон пён). Ширма, элемент государственного ритуала, согласно исследованию автора статьи, подчеркивала особенное, «центральное» положение вана, его связь с мирозданием. По мнению современных южнокорейских историков, впервые ширма появляется на прижизненном портрете основателя династии Чосон Ли Сонге (Тхэджо, 1335-1408, правление 1392-1398), написанном в 1393 г. Автору, однако, данное утверждение кажется необоснованным в связи с тем, что прижизненный портрет Ли Сонге не сохранился, и в наши дни известна лишь его копия, созданная в XVIII в. Именно в этот период в Корее происходит укрепление этнического самосознания, выраженное через повышенное внимание к исконно корейским ценностям и противопоставлению «своего»-корейского и «чужого»-маньчжурского (т. е. относящегося к Цинскому Китаю). Опираясь на ряд изученных иллюстрированных летописей ыйгве, автор склоняется к выводу о том, что изначально ширма была лишь одним из символов монаршей власти и вышла на первый план лишь в XVIII-XIX вв. Традиционно ширма помещалась позади трона так, чтобы ван оказывался по центру, между двумя абсолютно симметричными изображениями, различавшимися лишь тем, что на одном сияло Солнце, а на другом-Луна. Согласно авторским выводам, в таком положении ван символически оказывался властителем пространства и времени. Ключевые слова: Корея, Ирволь обон пён, Ирволь обон до, Солнце, Луна и пять горных пиков, сакрализация власти, легитимность правления. * Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (проект № 18-39-00158 «"Освоение" и "присвоение" пространства: формирование корейской этнической самоидентичности в XVII-XVIII вв. через реорганизацию культурного пространства региона»). 1 Здесь и далее корейские слова затранскрибированы по системе Л. Р. Концевича-основной системе записи корейских слов на русском, украинском и белорусском языках. Система разработана Л. Р. Концевичем на основе более ранней транскрипции А. А. Холодовича. 2 В отечественном и мировом корееведении существуют два способа обозначения этой династии-«династия Ли» (по фамилии правящего клана) и «династия Чосон» (по названию государства). Согласно историографической традиции, заложенной известными корееведами В. М. Тихоновым, Т. М. Симбирцевой, мы используем понятие «династия Чосон» и прилагательное «королевский».

Harmony systems are often described in the linguistic literature in a highly schematic and somewhat idealized fashion. Further, instances of disharmony within harmony languages typically have been treated as exceptional or anomalous, rather than as a natural and expected part of ...