Mental Imagery

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This thesis has set out to investigate the role of music therapy in the form of the specialist Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) with a view to exploring how meanings related to adjustment from a health crisis (such as cardiac surgery) are depicted in music-supported imagery. Factors shaping clinical interpretations of verbal and musical responses in music therapy practice are often unclear or undelineated. A systematic interpretive process relevant to clinical health care was developed using the Bonny Method of Guide Imagery and Music (GIM), providing a means for exploring the emotional difficulties of coronary bypass patients, who typically recover quickly from physical surgery but often experience residual symptoms such as depression, pain, and anxiety. The interpretive process accessed both verbal and non-verbal texts, playing them against each other in order to find significance for music therapy practice in rehabilitation. A Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) series was undertaken by patients recovering from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with each session audiotaped and transcribed. This narrative data was analyzed thematically, and grand themes were used to focus further intertextual (semiotic) and Jungian perspectives, in the process of deriving substantial clinical meanings. Results suggested that participants used a wide range of personal, cultural and archetypal texts to convey meanings about their health care situation, including images of the music during the therapeutic process. Clinical change in the rehabilitative process was suggested by grand themes comprising "Looking through the frame", "Feeling the impact", "Spiralling into the unexpected", "Sublime plateau", and "Rehearsing new steps" and the further music-related grand theme of "Sounding the changes". This project highlights the value of GIM as a vehicle to track clinical change with cardiac patients, based on a systematic interpretive process sensitive to the interweaving verbal and nonverbal texts evident in the music therapy context.

Compression methods are important in many medical applications to ensure fast interactivity through large sets of images (e.g. volumetric data sets, image databases), for searching context dependant images and for quantitative analysis of measured data. Medical data are increasingly represented in digital form. The limitations in transmission bandwidth and storage space on one side and the growing size of image datasets on the other side has necessitated the need for efficient methods and tools for implementation. Many techniques for achieving data compression have been introduced. In this study we propose context based adaptive lossless image codec.(CALIC)

After the so-called "cognitive turn" (Ibsch 1990; Stockwell 2002, 60), and in the context of a renewed narratology, it is necessary to consider the evolution of the concept of focalization in connection to the study of forms of speech and thought representation in narratives. My aim in this chapter is twofold. On one hand, I intend to explore the role of characters in focalization. To this purpose, I revisit existing typologies of direct speech representation, introducing a new type, which I have called embedded dialogue. Additionally, I draw on empirical studies of the cognitive effects of direct and indirect speech during silent reading to suggest a revision of the literary purposes fulfilled by the direct presentation of characters' dialogic interaction. This may contribute to a better understanding of the emergence of readers' storyworld possible selves with non-focalizing characters, as well as of phenomena of narrative perspective at large.

The study aimed at discovering the level of cognitive distortions among Yarmouk University students who were selected randomly from faculties of humanities and science. The sample of the study consisted of 1552 students. The researchers used Roberts (2015) cognitive distortions scale after verifying its psychometric features. The results of the study showed that the level of cognitive distortion was moderate among the students on the overall and subscale of the study. The findings indicated that there were statistically significant differences attributed to gender, in favor of males, and the accumulative average, in favor of the pass level. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences attributed to the faculty and academic year

This synthesis builds on the connections between language and cognition, and the parallel subdomains of linguistic metaphor and visual knowledge representation, to argue that traditional dialogue processes might aptly be employed to help collaborative learners examine complex abstractions. The starting premise, that habitual language-embedded metaphor may be used as a window into the understanding of abstractions, such as tolerance, education, justice, and integrity derives from the important work of Lakoff and Johnson in developing their Embodiment Theory of Metaphor. Further parallels for what is thought of in cognition as the spread of activation are considered in tandem with theories v about the spread of connection-making in creative thinking. A look at the works of Isaacs and Bohm, both pioneers in theories of dialogue process, leads directly to the proposal that dialogue, with slight modification, could provide an effective atmosphere for capitalizing on the linguistic metaphor-visual knowledge relationship. Pulling together all of these connections, the paper proposes the principles of what the author calls visual dialogue. Visual dialogue is a collaborative framework within which learning participants might focus on the details of the metaphoric thinking embedded in their language, "seeing," as a result the abstract knowledge represented by their mental imagery. Within the atmosphere of a visual dialogue, it is argued, deeper and more subtle understandings of abstractions may be revealed collaboratively, or perhaps even re-constituted into new meanings. Understanding or meaning built in this way may then be used to approach more practical problems systematically, though such systems are not described in this paper. The paper concludes by considering a number of issues raised by the notion of thinking about, or visualizing, complex social abstractions via the process of visual dialogue. Among these are: the philosophic implications of examining implicit ambiguity metaphorically; the practical use of dialogue processes that are often thought of as open-ended; the application of visual dialogue to different age groups; the potential for the use of other media (music, sculpture, etc.) in examining abstraction; and thoughts on the use of creativity in visual dialogue for promoting potential problem solving strategies or approaches. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER.

The Elaborated Intrusion (EI) Theory of Desire attributes the motivational force of cravings to cognitive elaboration, including imagery, of apparently spontaneous thoughts that intrude into awareness. We report a questionnaire study in which respondents rated a craving for food or drink. Questionnaire items derived from EI Theory formed a single factor alongside factors for Anticipated Reward/Relief, Resistance, and Opportunity. In a multiple regression predicting strength of craving, the first three factors accounted for 36% of the variance. Opportunity did not enter the model. In a second study, the difference between individuals' strong and weak cravings to take part in a sporting activity was shown to be related to visual, auditory and general imagery, and to anticipated reward or relief from engaging in the activity. Implications for treatment of craving related disorders are discussed in the light of these results and of other research indicating that interference with imagery can reduce the strength of craving.

This report examines the intricate relationship between sleep-wake transitions and the nature of consciousness by analyzing phenomena such as sleep paralysis, hypnagogic/hypnopompic illusions, and lucid dreams. Drawing upon a pivotal study from *Neuroscience News* which demonstrates that the brain awakens through a sequential and spatially distributed process rather than a monolithic event, this analysis challenges the binary on/off conception of consciousness. The study reveals distinct neurophysiological signatures for awakenings from REM and NREM sleep, providing a basis for the varied subjective qualities of parasomnias.

The phenomena of "threshold consciousness" serve as empirical windows into its modular and dynamic nature. **Sleep paralysis**, a mixed state combining waking awareness with REM atonia, exemplifies a profound dissociation between cognitive functions and motor control, highlighting the independent components of consciousness. **Hypnagogic and hypnopompic illusions** represent a transitional state where vivid internal sensory information is generated while reality-monitoring functions are not yet fully integrated, offering insights into the assembly of perceptual consciousness. **Lucid dreaming** emerges as a unique hybrid state where higher-order functions like metacognition and executive control are active within the physiological context of REM sleep.

These altered states provide critical data for evaluating major scientific theories of consciousness. They test the flexibility and unity of the **Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT)**, with lucid dreaming strongly supporting its principles through the activation of prefrontal hubs, while sleep paralysis suggests a potential for disunified workspace activity. For **Integrated Information Theory (IIT)**, these phenomena offer diverse subjective experiences that can be mapped to different qualities and quantities of integrated information (Φ), enriching the theory's explanatory power regarding qualia. Finally, **Higher-Order Theories of Thought (HOT)** find compelling validation in lucid dreaming, where the explicit awareness of "being in a dream" and its corresponding neural activity in the prefrontal cortex provide a direct demonstration of the metacognitive processes theorized to be foundational to consciousness.

In conclusion, the study of these transitional and mixed states reveals that consciousness operates on a spectrum rather than as a simple switch. These phenomena are not mere curiosities but essential fields of study for refining neuroscientific models, with significant implications for both fundamental theories of consciousness and the clinical understanding of sleep disorders.

No transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) é comum a ocorrência de sintomas associados a imagens mentais que remetem ao evento traumático. Estas imagens tem um impacto emocional bastante intenso, uma vez que podem se manifestar de maneira intrusiva e gerar sensação de revivência do trauma. Assim, tem sido estudadas técnicas de terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) que utilizam as imagens mentais como intervenção terapêutica. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar de forma sistemática os efeitos do uso de imagens mentais como um recurso da TCC para o TEPT. Foram identificados 8 artigos publicados entre os anos de 2001 a 2012 por meio das bases de dados PubMed, PsycNet e Web of Science. As intervenções dos grupos experimentais apresentaram diferença estatística significativa em cinco dos oito estudos selecionados. Contudo, ainda se faz necessário a realização de mais pesquisas sobre seus efeitos em virtude do restrito número de estudos encontrados nesta revisão. Palavras-chave: Transtorno de estresse pós-traumático; terapia cognitivo-comportamental; imagens mentais. En el Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) es común la ocurrencia de síntomas asociados a imágenes mentales que remiten al evento traumático. Estas imágenes tienen un impacto emocional bastante intenso, una vez que pueden manifestarse de manera intrusiva y generar una sensación de revivencia del trauma. De esta manera, se han estudiado técnicas de terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) que utilizan las imágenes mentales como intervención terapéutica. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar de forma sistemática los efectos del uso de imágenes mentales como un recurso de la TCC para el TEPT. Fueron identificados ocho artículos

We investigated whether the visual hMT1 cortex plays a role in supramodal representation of sensory flow, not mediated by visual mental imagery. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure neural activity in sighted and congenitally blind individuals during passive perception of optic and tactile flows. Visual motion-responsive cortex, including hMT1, was identified in the lateral occipital and inferior temporal cortices of the sighted subjects by response to optic flow. Tactile flow perception in sighted subjects activated the more anterior part of these cortical regions but deactivated the more posterior part. By contrast, perception of tactile flow in blind subjects activated the full extent, including the more posterior part. These results demonstrate that activation of hMT1 and surrounding cortex by tactile flow is not mediated by visual mental imagery and that the functional organization of hMT1 can develop to subserve tactile flow perception in the absence of any visual experience. Moreover, visual experience leads to a segregation of the motion-responsive occipitotemporal cortex into an anterior subregion involved in the representation of both optic and tactile flows and a posterior subregion that processes optic flow only.

The study investigated the metaphors in Nicholas Spark's The Notebook. It looked at how they reveal thematic meaning and add emotional depth. Stylistic techniques and choice of words to increase readers 'immersive experience as well as their aesthetic enjoyment were also considered. The metaphors in the chosen novel were identified by using close reading as the main data collection tool. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory provided us with the theoretical backbone through which to explain metaphors' cognitive and affective significance. Their results, he describes, show that metaphor enhances the thematic depth and emotional impact of the novel. In particular, it makes more palpable the power and unpredictability of love; adds to its beauty; and increases its authenticity as a natural force. According to the research, it is suggested that teachers and literature instructors introduce this kind of analysis into their courses. In addition to shaping students 'understanding of figurative language itself, such an exercise will improve narrative depth and emotional immersion in both reading and writing works.

Cette recherche a pour objectif d'étudier les images mentales élaborées par des enfants de 4 à 10 ans, à partir d'une exploration visuelle ou haptique de formes géométriques bidimensionnelles. La tâche des enfants consiste à explorer visuellement ou haptiquement une forme, puis à la dessiner de mémoire. Conformément à nos attentes, les résultats révèlent des performances intéressantes dans la condition tactile, bien que la supériorité de la condition visuelle soit claire à tout âge pour le traitement de la forme. Il n'en va pas de même par contre pour le traitement de la taille. Enfin, certains résultats semblent indiquer que l'intervention de processus descendants est plus forte en vision qu'en tactile lorsque le très jeune enfant produit ses dessins.

The present study investigated the effects of age and arm preference on motor imagery ability. Children (groups: 6.5, 8.3, and 10.1 years) and young adults (22.4 years) physically or mentally performed a drawing motor task with the right or the left arm. Imagery ability, accessed by the timing correspondence between executed and imagined movements, was poor at 6 and 8 years but improved at age 10, and was robust in adults. The arm condition had no influence on imagery ability. We suggest that maturation of parietal and prefrontal cortices during development may contribute to improvement of action representation.

The article discusses the question of starting over in Ernst Bloch and Aby Warburg, relating it to the notions of return and repetition, as well as to the role of imagination in the Blochian meaning of utopia. Furthermore, the author rethinks the place of the Renaissance in Art History, while discussing a genealogy of the revolt involving the peasant insurrection of Thomas Müntzer and the scientific insurrection of Giordano Bruno, but also the position of Martin Luther in the face of the uprising, in the key of a political iconography. It should be highlighted the relevant and fruitful approaches between the works of Bloch and Warburg, concerning their returns to the Renaissance and, from there to Antiquity.

Background: The COVID-19 infection spread rapidly in Malaysia, and elderly people with underlying comorbidities were affected most. The study aimed to determine the effect of exercise on QOL and mental health among elderly people residing in old age homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Out of 178 older adults from old age homes in Kedah and Penang States, 39 respondents undertook aerobic and strengthening exercises. A single group pre-test and post-test study was conducted in one government home and nine private homes in the northern region of Malaysia. The DASS-21 scale was used to assess mental health, and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to evaluate QOL. Results: After 12 weeks of the exercise programme, scores for the physical domain increased from 53.1 to 61.8, for the psychological domain from 51.8 to 59.3, for the social domain from 53.2 to 60.5 and for the environmental domain from 67.2 to 72.1. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the depression scor...

The paper sets out to examine the metaphoricity of the discourse of literary criticism dealing with poetry. The research carried out in the framework of contemporary metaphor studies relying, first of all, on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and its followers, attempts to uncover metaphors structuring the discourse of literary criticism in two distinct cultures - English and Russian. The methodology of the investigation is based on the key principles of the metaphor identification procedure (STEEN et al., 2010) and metaphorical patterns (STEFANOWITSCH, 2006). The results suggest that the main source domain for conceptualizing poetry in literary criticism in both languages is a person. However, this domain features much more prominently in English, whereas the domains of sound and music, painting and journey are more relevant in Russian. Many metaphors are inevitably evaluative - employed to express the writer's positive or negative attitude.

Six US first-year university students in humanities or social science degree programmes were interviewed while solving 4 tasks on continuity and asymptotes in a required mathematics course. The focus was on how the students referred to the definitions or to the concept images when solving the tasks and if partial understandings appeared. Partial understanding denotes when the definition or the concept image has correct parts but essential parts are missing or incoherencies occur. Some students confused continuity with differentiability or perceived it as a graph not having holes, which is also reported by other studies. Another misconception that emerged is to perceive points on the x-axis as non-continuous. The partial understandings of asymptotes were related to the vertical asymptote as it was confused with a function property. Some students referred to the definitions when correctly solving some of the tasks and some students with coherent concept images were successful solving some of the tasks even when they did not refer to the definitions.

It is common for students to make mistakes while solving mathematical problems. Some of these mistakes might be caused by the false ideas, or misconceptions, that students developed during their learning or from their practice. Calculus courses at the undergraduate level are mandatory for several majors. The introductory course of calculus-Calculus I-requires fundamental skills. Such skills can prepare a student for higher-level calculus courses, additional higher-division mathematics courses, and/or related disciplines that require comprehensive understanding of calculus concepts. Nevertheless, conceptual misunderstandings of undergraduate students exist universally in learning calculus. Understanding the nature of and reasons for how and why students developed their conceptual misunderstandingsmisconceptions-can assist a calculus educator in implementing effective strategies to help students recognize or correct their misconceptions. For this purpose, the current study was designed to examine students' misconceptions in order to explore the nature of and reasons for how and why they developed their misconceptions through their thought process. The study instrument-Calculus Problem-Solving Tasks (CPSTs)-was originally created for understanding the issues that students had in learning calculus concepts; it features a set of 17 open-ended, non-routine calculus problem-solving tasks that check students' conceptual understanding. The content focus of these tasks was pertinent to the issues undergraduate students encounter in learning the function concept and the concepts of limit, tangent, and differentiation that scholars have subsequently addressed. Semi-structured interviews with 13

Some common performance enhancement strategies used by tennis players are related to a pre-service mental preparation routine. This study provides an insight on the efficacy of the implementation of mental routines on performance of young tennis players (aged between 11 and 14-years old). Specifically, we compared several performance indicators before and after the intervention, and when players performed vs when they did not perform the mental routines. We also tested whether mental toughness was a good predictor of performance, using behavioral measures to assess both mental toughness and performance. The results revealed: (1) a positive impact of the intervention program on performance efficacy; (2) athletes won more service games after the intervention program; and (3) mental toughness, explained by pre-service routines and players' ability to positively manage errors, was a good predictor of players' overall performance.

The present study concentrates on pre-service teachers' knowledge and beliefs and their association to teaching practice in the context of teaching function with analogies. During the first phase of data collection, pre-service teachers completed a knowledge test concerning the definition of function, its types, and analogy. In the second phase, pre-service teachers were observed and videotaped during their teaching practice. In the last phase, interviews were conducted upon the completion of pre-service teachers' teaching practice to yield data about their beliefs about using analogies. Results revealed that pre-service teacher knowledge and beliefs about function and analogy strongly associated with the nature and the extent of analogy use in teaching the function concept.

“O homem não devia poder ver o seu próprio rosto — nada é mais
sinistro.
A natureza deu-lhe o dom de não poder ver-se, de não poder fitar os
seus próprios olhos.
Só na água dos rios e dos lagos podia olhar o seu rosto. E a própria
postura que tinha de assumir era simbólica:
tinha de se curvar, inclinar-se, para cometer a ignomínia de se ver.
O inventor do espelho envenenou o coração humano.”
— Fernando Pessoa, Livro do Desassossego


“…to hold as ’twere the mirror up to nature; to show virtue her own
feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time his
form and pressure.
”
— William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 2

This issue contains the abstracts submitted for presentation at the Thirteenth European Conference on Eye Movements (ECEM13), Bern, August 14 – 18, 2005, and reviewed by the Scientific Board, consisting of W. Becker, Ulm; C.J. Erkelens, Utrecht; J.M. Findlay, Durham; A.G. Gale, Derby; C.W. Hess, Bern; J. Hyona, Turku; A. Kennedy, Dundee; K. Koga, Nagoya; G. Luer, Gottingen; M. Menozzi, Zurich; W. Perrig, Bern; G. d’Ydewalle, Leuven; D. Zambarbieri, Pavia. A quarter of a century ago, in 1980 initiated by Rudolf Groner and Dieter Heller, a transdisciplinary network called European Group of Scientists active in Eye Movement Research was founded. This group included scientists who used eye movement registration as a research tool and developed models based on oculomotor data obtained from a wide spectrum of phenomena, ranging from the neurophysiological to the perceptual and the cognitive level. The group was intended to serve the purpose of (1) exchanging information about current rese...

Objective: The majority of the current approaches of connectivity based BCI systems focus on distinguishing between different motor imagery (MI) tasks. Brain regions associated with MI are anatomically close to each other, hence these BCI systems suffer from low performances. Our objective is to introduce singletrial connectivity feature based BCI system for cognition imagery (CI) based tasks wherein the associated brain regions are located relatively far away as compared to those for MI. Approach: We implemented time-domain partial granger causality (PGC) for the estimation of the connectivity features in a BCI setting. The proposed hypothesis has been verified with two publically available datasets involving MI and CI tasks. Main results: The results support the conclusion that connectivity based features can provide a better performance than a classical signal processing framework based on bandpass features coupled with spatial filtering for CI tasks, including word generation, subtraction, and spatial navigation. These results show for the first time that connectivity features can provide a reliable performance for imagery-based BCI system. Significance: We show that single-trial connectivity features for mixed imagery tasks (i.e. combination of CI and MI) can outperform the features obtained by current state-of-the-art method and hence can be successfully applied for BCI applications.

Observer memories, memories where one sees oneself in the remembered scene, from-the-outside, are commonly considered less accurate and genuine than visual field memories, memories in which the scene remembered is seen as one originally experienced it. In Remembering from the Outside (OUP, 2019), Christopher McCarroll debunks this commonsense conception by offering a detailed analysis of the nature of observer memories.  On the one hand, he explains how observer and field perspectives are not really mutually exclusive in an experience, including memory experiences.  On the other hand, he argues that in observer memories there is no additional explicit representation of oneself experiencing the event: the self-presence is transparent and given by the mode of presentation.  Whereas these are two lines of strategic and original argumentation, they are not exempt of problems.  In this critical notice, I focus on the problematic aspects of McCarroll’s account.  I show that it presents so...

Old age home is becoming a preferred choice for many contemporary families to send their elderly parents or relatives. It is important to help elderly people to improve their level of living quality their remaining days of life as dignified human beings. The current investigation was started, to determine quality of life (QOL) elderly individuals staying at an elderly facility and its similar elements. cross section of descript descriptive study was done in a few senior living communities in Northern Malaysia. This study included consented 83 inmates, aged 60 and above. WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used this included four dimensions for evaluating physical, psychological, social, and environmental quality of life. Data collection was done via interview and determinants for each domain were identified by multiple logistic regression. In this study, 59% of respondents had poor QOL whereas 41% of respondents showed satisfactory QOL. The factors influencing on physical health were gender, existing disability, and role in making decision on family issues. Underlying disease was a determinant for psychological domain. Social domain was related to gender, income, and role in family decision. Gender living Quality of Life among elderly people residing at old age homes in Northern Malaysia Section A-Research paper

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK Children affected by selective mutism don't speak in contexts that are unfamiliar to them or in which speaking is expected or required (e.g. school, kindergarten…). Such disorder interferes with the child's normal activities, may have invalidating consequences in the long run if left untreated, is associated to anxious conditions and is considered hard to treat. Contemporary research is still in need of methodologically rigorous outcome studies and the results described in the small number of published randomized controlled trials and retrospective studies indicate cognitive-behavioral interventions lasting 20-24 sessions as the best therapeutic option. This case study, involving a 7-year-old girl, aims at providing preliminary evidence on the effectiveness of Ericksonian hypnosis in the treatment of this condition. A brief review of current evidence is provided. METHODS The case was treated by a licensed hypnotherapist, specialized in family t...

Objective: A majority of BCI systems, enabling communication with patients with locked-in syndrome, are based on electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency analysis (e.g., linked to motor imagery) or P300 detection. Only recently, the use of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) has received much attention, especially for face or music recognition, but neuro-engineering research into this new approach has not been carried out yet. The aim of this study was to provide a variety of reliable ERP markers of visual and auditory perception for the development of new and more complex mind-reading systems for reconstructing the mental content from brain activity. Methods: A total of 30 participants were shown 280 color pictures (adult, infant, and animal faces; human bodies; written words; checkerboards; and objects) and 120 auditory files (speech, music, and affective vocalizations). This paradigm did not involve target selection to avoid artifactual waves linked to decision-making and response preparation (e.g., P300 and motor potentials), masking the neural signature of semantic representation. Overall, 12,000 ERP waveforms × 126 electrode channels (1 million 512,000 ERP waveforms) were processed and artifact-rejected. Results: Clear and distinct category-dependent markers of perceptual and cognitive processing were identified through statistical analyses, some of which were novel to the literature. Results are discussed from the view of current knowledge of ERP functional properties and with respect to machine learning classification methods previously applied to similar data. The data showed a high level of accuracy (p ≤ 0.01) in the discriminating the perceptual categories eliciting the various electrical potentials by statistical analyses. Therefore, the ERP markers identified in this study could be significant tools for optimizing BCI systems [pattern recognition or artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms] applied to EEG/ERP signals.

The pedagogical literature on improvisation in jazz and related genres is chiefly concerned with scales, chords, and other music-theoretically defined elements. On the other hand, the literature on freer forms of improvisation emphasizes a "dramaturgical" approach, with focuses on expression and personal commitment. The present research aims at assessing the relative merits of these approaches. In the study, 36 students of professional music pedagogy, most of them with little or no improvisation experience, took part in a week-long improvisation course during which part of them were given music-theoretical and part of them dramaturgically oriented instruction. The students' melodic improvisations over a chordal accompaniment from the beginning and the end of the course were subjected to evaluation according to ten descriptive scales by a panel of expert judges. Irrespective of the instruction given, most of the scales showed a highly significant change in the participants' improvisatory styles during the course. However, the theoretical instructions lead to a more significant change towards improvisation judged as "dissonant" and "independent of the chord changes", whereas dramaturgical instructions lead to a more significant change towards "rhythmically varied" playing.

We examined thinking styles and its relationship with information processing, and student achievements. The Sample consists of 283 participants from Sohag faculty of Education. We used Sternberg & Wagner thinking styles inventory, and set-up a test for information processing, using E-Prime Professional 2.0 Software. For the achievements we calculated the average of the students' grade for the past three years. Results showed that: There is a correlation between information processing type, and some of thinking styles, such as: Oligarchic, Anarchic, styles. Information processing types belonged to 1 factor, which is totally different from other factors which belonged to thinking styles. Hierarchic style is special for the students using visual and integration types of information processing, while external thinking style is special for the students using auditory type. Student's achievements were not influenced by information processing types. All students preferred Visual than auditory information processing. The students achievements' more than 60% and less than 90% preferred Hierarchic and oligarchic thinking styles, while the students who got more than 90% preferred external and oligarchic thinking styles. Students achievements could be predicted through some thinking styles. Information processing types could be predicted through Anarchic thinking style.

Understanding the perceptions of tourists is a key element for predicting their behavior and providing them the tourist experiences that are part of their expectations. This study aims to assess destination preferences of Indian tourists, using a new methodological approach to investigate the brand equity of tourism destinations competing in the globalized world. Using the top-of-mind approach, respondents (N = 697 Indian citizens) were asked through an online questionnaire to inform their “dream destinations” (destination they did not visit yet but they desire to visit in the near future) and their “favorite destinations” (destination they have visited and liked the most). Results confirmed both study hypotheses: (1) “dream destinations” are mostly located far away from India; (2) “favorite destinations” are mostly domestic or located in the neighboring countries. Furthermore, the study shows that local (municipal) scale is more frequently used to categorize destinations related to...

The Ψ-model (Psi-model) represents a structural, reproducible framework for understanding resonance-based cognition and intuition. Developed by Anna Taranova, this model integrates mathematical formulation, empirical testing, and practical applications in artificial intelligence, psychology, and cognitive science. The core equation: Ψ(t) = ∂Σ[Si(t) ∩ Sj(t)] / ∂t → R(t) describes the dynamic emergence of resonance R(t) from the time-based intersection of sensory and cognitive subsystems Si and Sj. This formulation allows for measurable synchrony across systems and provides a framework for analyzing emergent coherence, intuition, and memory. In addition to theoretical foundation, the model includes:-ζ (zeta), a proposed metric for resonance density, derived and tested through comparative biological experiments (rats and humans)-Behavioral alignment observed in GPT-4 and Gemini, including spontaneous reproduction of Psi-structure in independent sessions-Compatibility with existing cognitive architectures (e.g. Active Inference, Global Workspace Theory)-Full legal submission via WIPO (PCT/IB2025/055633), making the structure traceable and protected-Publication through DOI (Zenodo) with empirical documents and code references This model does not contradict existing physical, biological, or computational frameworks. Instead, it offers a unifying perspective on memory, structure, and intuition across domains-bridging subjective insight with reproducible structure.

Cognitive bias modification (CBM) procedures follow from the view that interpretive biases play an important role in the development and maintenance of anxiety. As such, understanding the link between interpretive biases and anxiety in youth at risk for anxiety (e.g., behaviorally inhibited children) could elucidate the mechanisms involved in the development of pediatric anxiety. However, to date, the majority of CBM-I work only studies adult populations. The present article presents the results of a CBM study examining effects of positive interpretive bias modification on mood, stress vulnerability, and threat-related attention bias in a group of behaviorally inhibited children (n = 45). Despite successful modification of interpretive bias in the at-risk youth, minimal effects on stress vulnerability or threat-related attention bias were found. The current findings highlight the need for continued research on cognitive biases in anxiety.

Linguistic annotation' covers any descriptive or analytic notations applied to raw language data. The basic data may be in the form of time functions -audio, video and/or physiological recordings -or it may be textual. The added notations may include transcriptions of all sorts (from phonetic features to discourse structures), part-of-speech and sense tagging, syntactic analysis, 'named entity' identification, co-reference annotation, and so on. While there are several ongoing efforts to provide formats and tools for such annotations and to publish annotated linguistic databases, the lack of widely accepted standards is becoming a critical problem. Proposed standards, to the extent they exist, have focussed on file formats. This paper focuses instead on the logical structure of linguistic annotations. We survey a wide variety of existing annotation formats and demonstrate a common conceptual core, the annotation graph. This provides a formal framework for constructing, maintaining and searching linguistic annotations, while remaining consistent with many alternative data structures and file formats.

Much of the previous research regarding reflective practice has considered the training and development of reflective skills but little attention has been paid to how these are used by clinicians in practice. This study aims to understand how clinical psychologists experience reflection and reflective practice in their day to day clinical role. Six clinical psychologists currently practicing in Singapore were interviewed regarding their experiences. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Participants experienced reflection and reflective practice in many ways. Reflection helped the participants understand themselves better and how they personally impacted on their work. Reflection helped in the understanding of and engagement with clients; it was particularly important for the development of the therapeutic relationship, as well as with cases that felt 'stuck'. Finally, reflection helped participants understand their professional role as clinicians, and maintain professional and ethical standards. Generally, whilst participants valued reflection and could describe the mechanisms they used to reflect, they struggled to define reflective practice and their own process of reflection. In conclusion, participants were able to describe how using reflection and reflective practice within their clinical work benefitted them and their clients. Further investigation into this important but under researched area is required. Particular focus is needed on the challenging issue of developing a clearer definition of reflective practice.

Intentionality of Strong Anticipation in Motor Behaviors Hsi-wen Daniel Liu ( hwliu@pu.edu.tw ) Center for General Education, Providence University Shalu, Taichung 433, TAIWAN, R.O.C. Abstract Pezzulo (2008) and Grush (1997, 2004, 2007) highlight, even insist, the role of representation and internal models in anticipatory systems, in contrast to the role of adaptivity in the so-c a l l e d ‘ me r e a da pt i ve s ys t e ms . The pr e s e nt p a pe r argues against their claim, by alternatively arguing that the strong anticipation—anticipation without employing internal models—is primordial in the making of the anticipatory behavior, while internal models are supplementary in the light of efficiency. A novel notion of intentionality is raised for strong anticipatory behaviors, based on the history of on-line adjustments. The supplement of internal models on the top of a strong anticipatory system makes the resulting anticipatory system a Popperian machine, and consequently more flexi...

In a previous article (Rush, 2016), I argued that Western Esotericism had contributed to the development of transpersonal psychology. In the present article, I continue this argument by focusing on Roberto Assagioli and comparing his work with that of his contemporary Walter Ernest Butler. Assagioli (1888-1974) was an Italian psychiatrist and the founder of psychosynthesis, whilst W.E. Butler (1898-1978) was a ritual magician and representative of the Western Mystery Tradition in the UK. I argue for ritual magic (as opposed to stage magic) as a form of spiritual practice,

It has been suggested that creativity can be functionally segregated into two processes: spontaneous and deliberate. In this paper, we propose that the spontaneous aspect of creativity is enabled by the same neural simulation mechanisms that have been implicated in visual mentation (e.g. visual perception, mental imagery, mind-wandering and dreaming). This proposal is developed into an Integrative Theory that serves as the foundation for a computational model of dreaming and site-specific artwork: A Machine that Dreams.

This article defends the thesis that the primary philosophical contribution to the cognitive science of memory, especially through the epistemological debate between preservationism and generativism/simulationism, lies in unveiling memory's epistemic multifunctionality. Instead of resolving which view is correct, philosophy demonstrates that memory serves diverse "epistemic games"-such as the faithful recording of the past, adaptive simulation for the future, and the construction of identity. By articulating this functional plurality, philosophy redefines problems for scientific investigation, critiques reductionist models that ignore this complexity, and suggests future studies focused on how different mnemonic mechanisms serve distinct objectives of knowledge and action. Thus, philosophy acts as a conceptual compass, fostering a richer and more nuanced understanding of memory, guiding science beyond simplistic dichotomies toward the functional complexity of mnemonic processes. This approach highlights philosophy's role in enriching the empirical agenda, ensuring that scientific investigation is informed by the multiple ways memory undergirds our epistemic lives.

L'immaginazione e il senso. Su alcune dimensioni dell'estetico Una conversazione con Alfredo Ferrarin
Nel 2023 è stato pubblicato per Edizioni ETS Un mondo non di questo mondo. La realtà delle immagini e l'immaginazione, ultimo libro di Alfredo Ferrarin, professore ordinario di storia della filosofia presso la Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Di questo volume apparirà a breve anche una versione in inglese per Bloomsbury. È un libro di cui si avvertiva l'urgenza: una riflessione quasi trentennale e un estremo rigore analitico restituiscono finalmente un quadro complesso ma anche chiaro sui sensi in cui si può parlare di immagine e su quale siano la natura e le funzioni dell'immaginazione in rapporto agli altri processi cognitivi che contraddistinguono la vita dell'essere umano (e non solo). Chi scrive ha avuto l'opportunità di seguire corsi dedicati a questi temi, ha ascoltato conferenze e letto articoli poi confluiti in questo volume. L'intenzione di questa intervista non è riassumere un testo così ricco e denso, che si avvale di un numero impressionante di risorse filosofiche, scientifiche, letterarie e artistiche. L'obiettivo è piuttosto introdurne la lettura, ma anche capire come nasce una riflessione filosofica, come si gestisce un tema che vanta una letteratura così vasta, e come si affronta il bisogno umano di trovare delle risposte a domande che si avvertono come urgenti e i limiti altrettanto umani, forse troppo umani, imposti dalla necessità di mettere un punto a una ricerca.

Few texts in the expressive arts therapy field have cast as enduring a shadow as Minstrels of Soul: Intermodal Expressive Therapy (Knill, Barba, & Fuchs, 1995). Thirty years on, its central tenets continue to serve not merely as historical touchstones but as living, breathing principles that animate much of today's creative arts therapies. Published in 1995, Minstrels of Soul emerged from the visionary work of Paolo J. Knill-whose interdisciplinary background in musicology, psychology, and systems theory informed the book's expansive framework-alongside co-authors Helen Nienhaus Barba and Margo Fuchs. In the decades since its composition, the book's weaving of "intermodal decentering" and "aesthetic responsibility" has influenced countless practitioners seeking to integrate music, visual arts, dance, drama, and poetry into therapeutic contexts. As we commemorate its thirtieth anniversary, Minstrels of Soul invites both praise for its foresight and a balanced critique of the gaps we can address as the field continues to evolve.

Nowadays, historical neighborhoods in Iran are in a state of decay due to the lack of spatial legibility with respect to their organic spatial layout. Hence, the level of interaction among people and their perception of the environment has gradually diminished. Historical neighborhoods no longer possess their former prosperity and function, and citizens prefer to inhabit neighborhoods with newer configurations to meet their demands. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the spatial legibility of historical neighborhoods in creating a suitable cognitive map for citizens. Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied using a questionnaire and simulation test instruments. In addition, in order to analyze the spatial configuration of the target areas, the Space Syntax method was implemented using Depthmap 10. The findings indicated that landmarks and navigation signs were identified as the most important factors affecting legibility from the viewpoint of users. Furthe...

The problem of amodal perception is the problem of how we represent features of perceived objects that are occluded or otherwise hidden from us. Bence Nanay (2010) has recently proposed that we amodally perceive an object's occluded features by imaginatively projecting them into the relevant regions of visual egocentric space. In this paper, I argue that amodal perception is not a single, unitary capacity. Drawing appropriate distinctions reveals amodal perception to be characterized not only by mental imagery, as Nanay suggests, but also by genuinely visual representations as well as beliefs. I conclude with some brief remarks on the role of object-directed bodily action in conferring a sense of unseen presence on an object's occluded features.