Mental Health in Prison

Prison overcrowding is a long-standing global issue, and Pakistan, notably Punjab, is no exception. Yet, there appears to be a dearth of studies or geographical research gap in this region pertaining to the problem of prison overcrowding. This study strives to heighten understanding of overcrowding in Punjab prisons by investigating its prevalence, consequences, major causes, and potential intervention. Employing a qualitative research method, the study relies on a secondary data framework, containing diverse sources such as news articles, research reports, official records, and academic literature. The assembled data exposes Punjab's penitentiaries as the most overpopulated in the country, grappling with an average overcrowding rate of 147% across 42 facilities. Inmates endure extreme health risks, epidemics of diseases, and fundamental human rights violations. The root causalities determined encompass systemic flaws in pre-trial detention, delays in judicial processes, and deficiencies in the broader criminal justice apparatus, including police investigations and prosecution. Recommendations include reforms in bail practices, reclassification of non-violent offenses, and alternatives to imprisonment, providing a roadmap for alleviating overcrowding. The study's implications extend to policymakers, legal authorities, and civil society, advising collective efforts for meaningful and lasting transformation in Punjab's criminal justice landscape.

Bu məqalə cəza təyin edilməsinin məhkumların sosial vəziyyətinə təsiri ilə bağlı faktorları təqdim edəcək və müvafiq tədqiqat işlərinin nəticələrini göstərəcək. Məqalə boyunca ilkin olaraq, cəzanın mahiyyəti, onun məqsədləri ilə bağlı nəzəri yanaşmalar, bu yanaşmaların tətbiqi ilə bağlı tənqidi mövqe nümayiş ediləcək. Eyni zamanda cəzanın məqsədləri ilə yanaşı, tarixən daim müzakirə predmeti olmuş "sərt cəza və onun effektivliyi" mövzusunda statistik və xarici ölkələrin praktikası təqdim ediləcək. Cəza təyinin məhkumun sosial vəziyyətinə təsiri ilə əlaqədar olaraq, bir sıra aktual problemlər müəyyən ediləcək. Bu problemlərin adekvat həlləri təqdim ediləcək. Həllərin təqdim edilməsi ilə əlaqədar xarici ölkələrin qanunvericiliyi, statistik məlumatlara müraciət edilmişdir. Sonda isə təkliflər öz əksini tapmışdır.

India's prison system is grappling with a serious overcrowding crisis, where more than 75% of inmates are undertrial prisoners, people who are presumed innocent but find themselves stuck in detention for long stretches due to systemic delays, poverty, and a lack of legal support. This paper takes a hard look at the Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023, especially Section 51, which only offers parole to convicted prisoners, completely overlooking the large number of undertrials. It raises a crucial question: if those who have been found guilty can get parole, why are those still waiting for their trial left out? By applying the Golden Rule of Interpretation, the research advocates for a more purposeful understanding of parole laws to avoid ridiculous outcomes that compromise human dignity and the constitutional rights guaranteed under Article 21. The study references significant Indian court rulings like Hussainara Khatoon, Sunil Batra, and Satender Kumar Antil, and contrasts India's legal setup with that of the USA and UK. In those countries, undertrials benefit from bail and swift trials, while India lacks effective bail options and doesn't provide any temporary release provisions when bail isn't possible. The findings reveal that not allowing parole for undertrials exacerbates inequality, undermines the presumption of innocence, and significantly contributes to prison overcrowding. The paper suggests legal reforms, such as revising Section 51 to permit conditional parole in humanitarian cases or when delays are excessive, particularly for undertrials who can't meet bail requirements. It also recommends empowering prison authorities to propose such parole and utilizing technology to keep track of released undertrials. Ultimately, this study highlights that incorporating parole-like options for undertrials would uphold constitutional principles, ease the strain on prisons, and bring India's criminal justice system in line with international human rights standards.

Dünyada milyonlarla insanı qurbanına çevirən və gender kimliyinə görə törədilən gender əsaslı zorakılıq müasir dövrün ən aktual problemlərindən biri kimi fərdlərə, ailələrə, bütövlükdə cəmiyyətə mənfi təsir göstərir. Gender əsaslı zorakılıq insan hüquqlarının pozulması və gender bərabərsizliyinin təzahürüdür və fiziki, emosional və cinsi zorakılıq, psixoloji işgəncə və iqtisadi zorakılıq da daxil olmaqla bir çox formada ola bilər. Gender zorakılığı cinsindən asılı olmayaraq hər kəsə qarşı baş verə bilər, lakin qlobal məlumatlar göstərir ki, bu, ilk növbədə qadınlara təsir edir. Bura həm ictimai, həm də özəl şəraitdə zorakılıq, məcburiyyət və ya özbaşına azadlıqdan məhrum etmə hədələri və s. daxildir. Son vaxtlara qədər gender əsaslı zorakılıq şəxsi və ya ailə məsələsi hesab olunurdu. Zorakılığın qurbanları təkcə zorakılığı törədənlər tərəfindən deyil, həmçinin cəmiyyət tərəfindən susdurulmuşdur. Zorakılıq hallarının qurbanın öz günahı olduqlarını, bu hala səbəb olacaq hərəkət etdiklərini, əgər danışsalar belə onlara heç kimin inanmayacağı fikirləri ilə cəmiyyət növbəti zorakılıq hallarının baş verməsinə zəmin yaratmışdır. Son illərdə isə bu problem həm milli səhiyyə problemi, həm də insan hüquqlarının pozulmasının göstəricisi olmaqla çoxsaylı araşdırmaların mövzusuna və beynəlxalq səviyyədə narahatlıq obyektinə çevrilmişdir. Beynəlxalq araşdırmalar göstərir ki, dünyada hər üçüncü qadın gender zorakılığının qurbanı olur və bu məsələ şəxsi və ailə məsələsindən çıxmaqla cəmiyyəti narahat edən əsas ictimai problemlərdən biri olaraq qaldırılmalı, zorakılıq hallarının aradan qaldırılması istiqamətində mübarizə gücləndirilməlidir [1, s. 16]. Beynəlxalq səviyyədə qadın hüquqlarının qorunması, qadınlara qarşı hər cür zorakılığın aradan qaldırılması və gender zorakılığına qarşı mübarizə istiqamətində çox əhəmiyyətli Konvensiyalar, müxtəlif sənədlər imzalanmışdır. Buna nümunə olaraq, Avropa Şurasının qəbul etdiyi 2011-ci il İstanbul Konvensiyasını qeyd edə bilərik. Konvensiyada qadınlara və qızlara qarşı gender əsaslı zorakılıq hallarının daha çox olduğu nəzərə alınaraq qadınlara qarşı hər cür zorakılığın, məişət zorakılığı hallarının təqib edilməsi, onların aradan qaldırılmasına dəstək, həmçinin qadınların hüquqlarının qorunması, onların səlahiyyətlərinin artırılması, bu istiqamətdə beynəlxalq əməkdaşlığın gücləndirilməsi kimi məsələlər əsas yer tutur [2. s. 2]. Avropa İttifaqının qəbul etdiyi-Qadınlara qarşı ayrı-seçkiliyin bütün formalarının ləğv edilməsi haqqında‖ Konvensiyada qadınlara qarşı zorakılığın aradan qaldırılması, gender zəminində zorakılğın insanlara göstərdiyi mənfi təsirlərin aradan qaldırılması istiqamətində tövsiyələr verilmiş, xüsusi proqramların yaradılması zəruri hesab edilmişdir. Bu istiqamətdə həm ayrı-ayrı ölkələrdə, həm də beynəlxalq çərçivədə mübarizə aparılsa da, gender əsaslı zorakılıq halları ümumbəşəri şəkildə pislənilsə də, yenə də günümüzün ən aktual problemlərindən biri olaraq cəmiyyəti nararahat edir [3, s. 22]. Məqalədə gender əsaslı zorakılığın formaları və onun ailədə yaratdığı sosial-psixoloji təsir təhlil olunur.

a society without norms does not exist, just as norms that are not violated do not exist. The reaction of society to violation of basic norms on which it itself is based largely depends on the epoch, that is, on the value core on which the society itself is based. Imprisonment has always existed, but it has changed drastically throughout history— from imprisonment without purpose and meaning, alongside torment and suffering, to modern forms of deprivation of liberty and modern prisons. The ideological revolution has changed the value basis of society, thus changing all the norms that had arisen from such values. The perception and expectations of punishment have changed and, from the 18th and 19th centuries onwards, a new concept of prison as an institution of control, correction, i.e. resocialization has been developing. prison has ceased to be seen as hell on earth and became an instrument of society’s influence on those who dare to violate social norms. This paper follows this ev...

This is a lengthy (40 pages) “philosophical” analysis of the nature of play and games. An earlier version was published as the feature article in a peer reviewed journal on simulation and games, A. Makedon, “Playful Gaming,” Simulation and Games, vol. 15, no. 1, March 1984, pp. 25-64. The author had earlier presented another paper by the same title at the 1980 annual conference of the Midwest Philosophy of Education Society (see it on the Academia.edu platform). The topic of the paper is related to the author's doctoral dissertation on “Theories of Play” (U. Michigan, 1981; also posted on the Academia.edu platform). Are play and game like or unlike? Is one always playing when participating in a game? Does his or her following of the game rules or participation suffice to show that his or her involvement is also playful?  Over 100 bibliographic references.

Aims: To describe the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among women inmates in a prison of north India, and possible association of sociodemographic factors with psychiatric morbidity among women inmates. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional point prevalence study was conducted at a prison in Patiala during August 2007 to July 2008. All 65 women prison inmates were recruited in study. The inmates were interviewed by using a pre-designed pre-tested questionnaire. General Health Questionnaire-12 was used to assess the psychological status of inmates. Chi-square test was used as test of significance. Logistic regression was used to find risk factors of psychiatric morbidity. Results: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was found among 40 (61.5%) women inmates. The significance difference was found between psychiatric morbidity and variables i.e. age group (p=0.03) and receiving any visitor (p=0.04). On regression analyses, being older (OR=13.6, p=0.01) and occurrence of untowar...

Incarceration in the United States is often defined not only by physical confinement, but by a deeper, more insidious form of isolation-emotional, intellectual, and spiritual abandonment. Millions of incarcerated individuals live in a daily reality where access to mental health services, consistent education, or even basic human connection is limited or non-existent. For those in solitary confinement or high-security environments, this isolation is compounded, leading to severe psychological distress, cognitive decline, and an increased risk of suicide. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, over 14% of incarcerated individuals have spent time in restrictive housing, and studies have found that those subjected to solitary confinement are significantly more likely to experience symptoms of PTSD, depression, and psychosis (Haney, 2003; Grassian, 2006). Yet within these same cells lie human beings-many of them young, undereducated, traumatized, and full of untapped potential. This paper proposes a new model for cognitive rehabilitation, emotional support, and educational empowerment through the integration of AI-powered chatbots into carceral spaces. These companions, trained in trauma-informed interaction, cognitive behavioral techniques, and educational content, would serve as 24/7 tutors, journal guides, and emotional supports. Designed ethically and accessibly, such AI systems could be a low-cost, scalable solution to begin addressing some of the deepest wounds created by mass incarceration. AI in prison settings is not a fantasy-it is a frontier. And like all frontiers, it demands moral clarity, rigorous oversight, and bold vision.

L’architettura carceraria non si limita alla definizione di spazi delimitati da muri e sbarre, ma riflette i valori fondamentali di una società. Come osservato da Michel Foucault, «il carcere è una macchina per trasformare gli individui». Tale trasformazione può indirizzarsi verso la punizione o la riabilitazione, in funzione delle scelte progettuali e delle visioni penali sottese.

In un contesto in cui il sovraffollamento interessa oltre il 30% dei sistemi penitenziari europei (Fonte: Consiglio d’Europa, 2022) e i tassi di recidiva superano il 50% in numerosi paesi, la ridefinizione degli spazi detentivi si configura come un’urgenza etica e sociale.

Lo studio propone un’analisi comparata di due modelli architettonici antitetici: il carcere di Bollate (Italia) e il penitenziario di Witzwil (Svizzera), espressione di approcci penali profondamente differenti. Attraverso l’elaborazione di dati quantitativi, il confronto normativo e l’analisi di casi studio, si evidenzia come il bilanciamento tra sicurezza e dignità della persona detenuta non solo sia realizzabile, ma costituisca un investimento strategico in termini di coesione sociale.

The investigation of the history of prison infrastructure development is being updated by the ongoing (2024) penitentiary reform in Ukraine. The planning and development of a new network of penitentiary institutions that will meet modern standards and goals of imprisonment requires attention to similar processes of rethinking prison architecture that took place in the first third of the 19th century. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to explore the transformation of the structural and spatial organisation of detention facilities during the active prison construction of the 19th century based on published and archival materials. This led to the use of historical, historical and comparative, compositional, grapho-analytical analysis, which were applied in the context of structural-functional and sociological approaches to the study of architecture. The application of this methodology helped to establish the origins and historical prerequisites for the expansion of new detention facilities during the study period. Based on the analysis of the structural and spatial construction of detention facilities, conclusions are drawn about the main goals that architects and authorities pursued when reforming prisons. By comparing the layout of different prisons, the regional specificity of different prison castles in the Kherson province was investigated. The study of the composition and structural-functional organisation of prison castles allowed tracing how the ideas about disciplinary space were embodied in the empire. Based on the analysis, the conclusions about the palliative nature of prison reform in the first third of the 19th century are clarified. The analysis of the implementation of the system of power relations in the architecture of detention facilities revealed that certain pre-reform elements have been preserved in prison castles. The study of the organisation of prison space allowed creating a periodisation of the development of architecture. It was concluded that typical places of detention of the pre-reform period were designed to solve pressing problems of functioning of detention facilities, and not to consistently implement certain penitentiary ideas in architecture. The prison reform of 1819 brought a neo-Gothic style and more complex composition to prison architecture. The results of the study can be used by researchers of other architectural experiments of the 19th century on the organisation of disciplinary spaces and serve as source material for educational and local history organisations

Considering that there is no Azerbaijani version of this Agreement in Azerbaijani electronic libraries and legislative databases, the text of the Agreement was taken from the Legal Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and unofficially translated.

Azərbaycan elektron kitabxanalarında və qanunvericilik databazasında bu Sazişin Azərbaycan dilli versiyasının olmadığını nəzərə alaraq, Rusiya Federasiyası Xarici İşlər Nazirliyinin Hüquq Departamentindən Saziş mətni götürülmüş və qeyri-rəsmi tərcümə edilmişdir.

Учитывая отсутствие азербайджанской версии настоящего Соглашения в электронных библиотеках и законодательных базах данных Азербайджана, текст Соглашения был взят из Юридического департамента Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации и неофициально переведен.

Despite ongoing efforts at reform, the Indian prison system remains plagued by overcrowding, which not only compromises the basic rights of inmates but also exacerbates the vulnerabilities of those already marginalized in society. This study seeks to provide a comprehensive doctrinal analysis of the legal framework governing prisons in India, including constitutional provisions, statutory laws, and
relevant judicial interpretations, to understand how effectively these laws address the issue of overcrowding. Additionally, the research will examine the challenges faced by vulnerable communities within the prison system. By analyzing key legal texts and landmark judgments, , this study aims to offer informed recommendations for legal and policy reforms that can lead to a more equitable and humane prison system in India.

The refusal of “refusal of treatment.” An anthropological approach.

Topic: clinical judgments on refusal of treatment in prison.
Question: what does “(...) make every effort to convince the patient to accept essential care ” mean?
Position: to persuade patients to act for their own good, “information” alone to convince is insufficient.
Method: describing and comparing “barriers” to care and “rhetorical techniques” from a medical anthropology perspective.
Results: a typology of ways to persuade patients through moral sentiments.
Conclusion: Clinical work involves the “art of negotiation” based on consideration of the norms and values tacit in the world of one's interlocutor.

Following changes in law and court practices in Pakistan, individuals who have been incarcerated and have mental illnesses in Pakistan experience changing forms of bureaucratic violence as they undergo psychiatric screening. This happens in the context of a move by the Supreme Court of Pakistan to treat mental illness as a mitigating factor in crimes such as blasphemy or murder. The article explores the ways in which 'patient-prisoners' are over and under-psychiatrized given the discretionary ways in which psychiatric evidence is used to judge criminality. In some cases, prisoners wait to be labelled 'mentally sound' to stand trial and to defend themselves, experiencing pressure to obey discipline in prison despite their severe mental illnesses, representing a modality of under-psychiatrization. In other cases, bureaucratic violence inflicted on patient-prisoners includes over-psychiatrization when state officials seek psychiatric causes for crimes even when they are absent, resulting in delays in court proceedings.

In legal literature various definitions are given about alimony obligations. However, looking at it-
by leavening, alimony obligations' uniform definiton still does not exist.
In this article, we tried to give a definiton of alimony abligations deriving from legal literature, also a new definition of alimony.

Psychoactive substance disorders among prison inmates are challenges to the prison authority, and this may interfere with the processes of reformation and rehabilitation therein. The study assessed the prevalence, pattern, and correlates of psychoactive substance use in a cross-sectional study involving 552 new inmates in a custodial center in Enugu, Nigeria. Diagnoses were made using the MINI-Plus (version 6) in line with the ICD 10. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of psychoactive substance disorder were 57.4% and 50.7%, respectively. The commonest substance disorders were tobacco (48.2% lifetime and 41.1% 12-month), cannabis (36.8% lifetime, and 32.4% 12-month), and alcohol (7.2% lifetime, and 6.9% 12-month). Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and regression analyses were performed to assess the extent to which socio-demographic characteristics, type of offence, and family dysfunction predicted psychoactive substance use or disorder. Four hundred and seventy eight (86.6%) of participants had used psychoactive substance in their lifetime, while it was 405 (73.4%) in the last 12 months prior to imprisonment. Lifetime and 12-month rates of psychoactive substance disorder were 57.4% (n=317) and 50.7% (n=280), respectively.

In the article the features of development of Islamic science of the Middle Ages are considered. The formation of the foundations of modern science owing to the Arabic-speaking scientists activities in Islamic civilization is substantiated. At the same time the positive points of
the influence of social medium of Europe on advancement of science in the period of Renaissance are being studied.
Keywords: science, Islam, experiment, the Renaissance, Reformation.

Məqalə beynəlxalq cinayətlərə və onların səbəb olduğu beynəlxalq hüquqi məsuliyyətin
müzakirəsinə həsr edilmişdir. Dövlətin məsuliyyətinin müəyyən edilməsində “jus contra bello”, “jus ad bellum”, “jus in bello”, “jus post bellum” məhfumlarının önəmi vurğulanmış və onların kontekstində dövlətlərin çəkinməli olduğu davranışların hüquqazidd olması səbəbləri araşdırılmış və bu sahədə BMT-nin yanaşması təhlil edilmişdir. Dövlətin təcavüzlə bağlı məsuliyyətinin hədlərini müəyyən etmək üçün müəllif beynəlxalq konvensiyalarla yanaşı, Rusiya-Ukrayna müharibəsi kimi müasir dönəmin münaqişələri fonunda BMT-nin Beynəlxalq Məhkəməsinin qərarında göstərilən yanaşmalara da istinad etmişdir. Bununla yanaşı, məqalədə fiziki şəxslərin beynəlxalq cinayət məsuliyyəti ilə dövlətin siyasi və maddi məsuliyyəti arasında fərqlər və qarşılıqlı əlaqələr haqqında da söhbət açılır. Əlavə olaraq, müharibə cinayətlərinə münasibətdə
müddətin tətbiq edilməməsi və universal yurisdiksiya prinsiplərinin İnsan Hüquqları üzrə Avropa Məhkəməsinin, Beynəlxalq Ədalət Məhkəməsinin, habelə Yerusəlim Dairə Məhkəməsi və Almaniya Federal Məhkəməsi kimi dövlətdaxili məhkəmələrin qərarlarında tətbiqi də nəzərdən keçirilmişdir. Ən sonda yuxarıda qeyd olunan məsələlərin təhlilinin nəticəsi olaraq müəllif Azərbaycan ərazilərində beynəlxalq və müharibə cinayət törətdiklərinə görə təqsirləndirilən şəxslərin məhkəmə araşdırması aparıldığı zaman nəzərə alınması zəruri hesab edilən aspektləri müəyyən etmiş və milli məhkəmələrin qərarlarının beynəlxalq hüquq cəhətdən əsaslandırılmasına dair tövsiyələr təqdim etmişdir.

Epidemiya əleyhinə rejimin, sanitariya-gigiyena və ya karantin
rejimlərinin pozulmasına görə cinayət məsuliyyətinin əsası
Xülasə: Bildiyimiz kimi, insan sağlamlığını təhdid edən koronavirus (COVİD-19) epidemiyası ilə bağlı təhlükə qanunvericilik sisteminə də əlavə və dəyişikliklər etmək zərurətini yaratmışdır.
Beləki, Cinayət Məcəlləsinə cinayət qanunvericiliyində mövcud olmayan yeni bir ictimai
təhlükəli əməl növü – 139-1 maddəsi əlavə edilmişdir. Həmin əməl epidemiya əleyhinə rejimin,
sanitariya-gigiyena və ya karantin rejimlərinin pozulması cinayətidir. Xüsusi olaraq qeyd edək ki,
cinayət məsuliyyətinin vacib və yeganə əsasları törədilmiş əməldə qanunda göstərilmiş cinayət
tərkibinin mövcud olmasıdır. Təqdim edilən məqalədə sözü gedən cinayət tərkibinin obyekti,
obyektiv cəhəti, subyekti, subyektiv cəhəti təhlil edilməklə yanaşı, Cinayət Məcəlləsində təsbiti ilə
bağlı geniş şərh verilmişdir.
Məqalədə həmçinin İnzibati Xətalar Məcəlləsində olan yeni dəyişikliklərdən bəhs olunmuşdur.
Açar sözlər: cinayət hüququ; cinayət məsuliyyəti; Koronavirus (COVİD-19); pandemiya;
epidemiya; rejim; sanitariya-gigiyena; karantin; cinayət tərkibi.

Grounds for criminal liability for violation of the anti-epidemic regime,
sanitary-hygienic or quarantine regime
Abstract: As you know, the threat of the coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19), which threatens
human health, has caused the need for additions and changes in the legislative system. Thus, a new
type of socially dangerous act has been added to the criminal code - article 139-1, which is not included in the criminal legislation. This action is a violation of the anti-epidemic regime, sanitary
and hygienic or quarantine regimes. It should be particularly noted that the most important and only
grounds for criminal liability are the presence of the corpus delicti specified in the current law. In
this article, along with the analysis of the object, objective aspect, subject, and subjective aspect of
the crime in question, the Criminal code provides a detailed interpretation. The article also refers to
new changes in the code of administrative offences.
Keywords: criminal law: criminal liability; Coronavirus (COVID-19); pandemic; epidemic;
mode; sanitary and hygienic; quarantine; crime structure.
Основание уголовной ответственности за нарушение противоэпидемического режима,
санитарно-гигиенического или карантинного режимов
Аннотация: Как известно, угроза эпидемии коронавируса (COVID-19), которая угрожает здоровью человека, вызвала необходимость дополнений и изменений в законодательной системе. Так, в Уголовный кодекс добавлен новый вид общественно опасного деяния -
статья 139-1, которой в уголовном законодательстве нет. Данное действие является нарушением противоэпидемического режима, санитарно-гигиенического или карантинного режимов. Особо следует отметить, что важнейшими и единственными основаниями уголовной
ответственности является наличие состава преступления, указанного в действующем законе.
В представленной статье наряду с анализом объекта, объективного аспекта, субъекта, субъективного аспекта состава преступления, о котором идет речь, в Уголовном кодексе дается
развернутое толкование. В статье также говорится о новых изменениях в Кодексе об административных правонарушениях.
Ключевые слова: уголовное право; уголовная ответственность; Коронавирус (COVID19); пандемия; эпидемия; режим; санитарно-гигиенический; карантин; состав преступления

ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ УГОЛОВНОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА, ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩЕГО
ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ ЗА ТОРГОВЛЮ ЛЮДЬМИ И ВОПРОСЫ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ НАКАЗАНИЯ
РЕЗЮМЕ
В статье анализируются нормы уголовного права, определяющие ответственность за торговлю людьми и
связанные с ними криминальные деяния, а также исследуется формирование истории законодательной системы.
Исследование посвящено истории развития уголовного права, которое определяет ответственность за торговлю
людьми и проблемы определению наказания. Начиная с первого Уголовного Кодекса, принятого Азербайджанской
Республикой, и заканчивая действующим законодательством, нормы торговли людьми, гипотеза и расположение
существующего уголовного кодекса, который по существу близок к криминальным структурам, сопровождающим
торговлю людьми, были интерпретированы, детальный анализ был проведен.

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW DEFINING LIABILITY FOR TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND SENTENCING ISSUES
SUMMARY
The article analyzes the norms of criminal law that determine responsibility for trafficking in persons and the related
criminal act, and explores the formation of the history of the development of legislative system. The study is devoted to
the history of the development of criminal law, which defines the responsibility for trafficking in persons and the problems of determining punishment. Starting with the first Criminal Code adopted by the Republic of Azerbaijan and ending
with current legislation, the norms of trafficking in persons, the hypothesis and location of the existing criminal code,
which is essentially close to the criminal structures that accompany trafficking in persons, were interpreted, providing
detailed analysis of the subject.

Məqalədə insan alveri cinayətinin anlayışı və qanunvericilikdə təsbiti məsələləri nəzərdən keçirilir.CM-nin 144-1-ci maddəsinin dispozisiyasında və eləcə də “İnsan alverinə qarşı mübarizə haqqında” Qanunda “insan alveri”nə əhatəli anlayış verilmişdir. BMT-nin və digər beynəlxalq qurumların qəbul etdiyi konvensiyalarda da “insan alveri”nə yetərincə anlayış verilmişdir. Bununla belə, beynəlxalq ekspertlər, görkəmli alimlər insan alveri fenomenini təhlil edərkən müxtəlif mövqedən çıxış etmişlər. Təklif olunan bəzi anlayışların üstün cəhəti ondan ibarətdir ki, müəlliflər beynəlxalq qanunvericilik normalarını nəzərə almaqla yanaşı, milli qanunvericilik texnikası qaydalarını da nəzərdən qaçırmamışlar. Son olaraq “insan alveri” anlayışı məqalədə qeyd edilən BMT-nin müvafiq Protokoluna uyğun olaraq hazırlanmışdır.

LEGAL AND SOCIAL ESSENCE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING CRIME
SUMMARY
The article deals with the legal and social nature of the crime of human trafficking. A legal analysis of trafficking cases objectively indicates that it is a crime expressed in the following alternative actions: the sale or closing of other transactions associated with its possession or in the purpose of the exploitation, mobilization, acquisition, storage, concealment,
transportation, issuance or acceptance for crossing the state border, transfer to other persons of the Azerbaijan Republic.
The study, in addition to many questions, also stresses the difference in the understanding of trafficking and prostitution. In the first case, there is a violation of public morality as a social and legal category, in the second - the condemnation
of personal freedom and inviolability, human dignity. Simultaneously, it is emphasized that legal measures to prevent
human trafficking should play a special role in the modern period. So, the implementation of criminological tasks in the
prevention of trafficking in human beings at the level of general social measures is provided by the system of legal means.

CRIMINAL LEGAL ANALYSIS OF SALE-PURCHASE AND COMPULSION TO WITHDRAWAL FOR
TRANSPLANTATION OF BODY ORGANS OF PERSON
SUMMARY
The article is dedicated to the legal-criminal aspects of sale-purchase and compulsion to withdrawal for transplantation of body organs or tissues of person. The author gives analysis of criminal legislation and the practice of several
countries related to sale-purchase and compulsion to withdrawal for transplantation of body organs or tissues of person
using comparative research methods, and identifies positive and negative aspects of the relevant norms. The study was
conducted to improve the sanction of the norms, which provides for liability in national criminal law. The author makes
suggestions and proposals to include new articles in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as to amend
Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan Republic and to evaluate certain acts as criminal offenses.

Prison population consists of an over representation of members of the most marginalized groups in society, people with poor health and chronic untreated conditions. This population is an underserved section of the society. Often their health problems are neglected. They carry a much greater burden of illness than other members of the society; they harbour diseases that are determined both by the environment out of which they come and by the prison in which they live. "Prison" means any jail or place used permanently or temporarily under the general or special orders of the state government for the detention of prisoners and includes all lands and buildings appurtenant thereto, but does not include any place for the confinement of prisoners who are exclusively in the custody of the police or any place declared to be a subsidiary jail. It is not a place where someone would like to live. Whatever are the reasons behind incarceration? Whether it is seen as a punishment or as a mode of rehabilitation? The normal life of the inmate is restricted, freedom of movement is curtailed, and private space is limited. Many of the prisons over the globe are Original Article Background: Health care in prisons is one of the neglected health areas in our country. Looking into the health problems of prisons will show us a way for the approach in providing the heath care for prisoners. Objectives: To assess the health status of convicted inmates of prison and to study their sociodemographic profile. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the inmates of central prison over a period of 1 year. Study population comprised of 300 convicted life-term prisoners. The inmates were interviewed using predesigned and pretested proforma. Sociodemographic data were analyzed by frequencies and percentages along with 95% confidence interval using statistical package SPSS18. Results: In health status, 29 (9.6%) inmates suffered from acute upper respiratory tract infections and 15 (5%) from acute lower respiratory tract infections. A total of 54 (18%) inmates had ascariasis. Diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue contributed to 26 (8.7%) of inmates. A total of 252 (84%) prisoners had anemia. In sociodemographic profile, it was found that rural people, unmarried, illiterates, lower socioeconomic status people were more likely to have committed the crime resulting in the conviction for life. Conclusions: As there is an increase in number of prisoners and morbidities among them, there is an urgent need for prison health care services in developing countries like India and provide training to the health care providers to manage the commonly existing health problems among prisoners in the prisons.

Background: Nutrition status is one of the health problems in developing countries. Prisons typically comprise marginalized sections of society and at high nutritional risk due to lack of diet diversity; And there is a lack of clarity on the dimensions of food security this study was identifying malnutrition and associated factors among prisoners to alleviate the problem. Objective: This study aimed to assess the nutritional status and influencing factors among prisoners in North Shoa prison, Ethiopia in 2021. Method: Institution based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from August 01 to September 10; 2021. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to recruit a total of 364 study participants. Data has been collected by using interviewer administered questionnaire. Weight and height measured and BMI was calculated as weight/height (kg/m2). Haemoglobin measurement has been measured by a simple procedure for determining iron level in blood using Hemo-cue methods. Cleaned data was entered to Epi data version 3.1 and transferred to SPSS version 25 for further analysis, Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was fitted to identify factors associated with under nutrition (nutritional status). Significance variable was obtained with adjusted odds ratio at 95% CI of p< 0.05. Result: The overall prevalence of under nutrition among prisoners estimated as 33.8% (95% CI 28.8-39.3); and the prevalence of anaemia among PLHIV and negative serostatus residents was 54.2%, 50.8% respectively. The respondents who had anaemia were 3.26 times more likely to develop malnutrition AOR 3.269[95 % CI 1.908-5.600]) than who had no anaemia. had anaemia (AOR 4.464 [95 % CI 1.556-12.81]), hadn't social support (AOR 6.281 [95 % CI 2.153-18.321]), age group 30 to 39 (AOR 0.180 [95 % CI 0.038-0.844]), use alcohol before jail (AOR 3.048 [95 % CI 1.037-8.965]). Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition among prisoners in north Shoa zone was high and haemoglobin (anaemia) was found as an important risk factor associated with malnutrition.

Background: The increasing prevalence and subsequent mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Indian prisoners are often ignored by policymakers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to analyze the rising burden of Noncommunicable Diseases in Indian prisons and estimate the pooled prevalence of depression among Indian prisoners. Methods: A total 9 studies were chosen in accordance with PRISMA guidelines that investigated the burden of NCDs in Indian prisons and were published between January 2010 and August 2022. Statistical analysis was performed in STATA Version 16 software, and the funnel plot was used to identify publication bias. Results: A total of 167 articles were identified, and 9 were included in this analysis. The pooled prevalence of depression among prisoners was 48.78% (95% CI, 27.24–70.55%). According to the review, prisoners showed a significant prevalence of moderate to severe depression, dental caries, poor periodontal condition, and suicide ...

Background: The prevalence of HIV is 0.1% in Pakistan, with epidemicity in high-risk groups. The infection is on verge of transmission from key populations to the general population through people who inject drugs and sexual transmission. Prisoners are vulnerable to infectious diseases like HIV. This study was conducted in four prisons in Balochistan. Pakistan to determine the prevalence of HIV and associated risk factors. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from March to June 2018, in the prisons of Balochistan. WHO-approved rapid diagnostic kits were used for determining the prevalence of HIV and structured interviews were conducted for the assessment of risk factors. Results: Out of 2084 screened prisoners, 33 (1.6%) were found to be positive. A subset of 104 interviews were analysed for risk factors of HIV. Among HIV-infected prisoners 68.8% (OR 4.48; 95% CI 1.41-14.2) had extramarital sex, 43.8% (OR 2.09 95% CI 0.69-6.28) had homosexual experience, and 50% had his...

Prison healthcare assumes significance as prisons are characterized by disharmony between goals of penal and medical agenda. The present study aimed at understanding the healthcare delivery mechanisms across three prisons in the Indian state of West Bengal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among 90 imprisoned women to analyze their experiences of accessing healthcare and assess their satisfaction with the treatment received. While 42.2 percent of the women perceived healthcare accessibility to be easy, 30 percent expressed satisfaction with the treatment received. A perceived deterioration of health post-imprisonment was found among 67.77 percent. The study revealed how prison environments and practices infiltrate healthcare delivery patterns and have direct implications for the health of women. The paper recommends the delivery of a holistic model of correctional healthcare that is sensitive to the gender-specific needs of women.

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of substance use among treatment naïve patients with first episode psychosis presenting to a psychiatry outpatient clinic in India. Methods: The study sample consisted of 139 first episode treatment naïve patients with psychosis from in and around Bangalore, a city in South India. Self as well as informant-reported data on type, use and duration of substance use as well as the severity of psychotic symptoms were collected using structured instruments. Urine toxicology screen was also conducted for six common drugs of abuse. Breath alcohol analysis was performed in all patients. Results: Acute and transient psychosis was the most common diagnosis (42.4%). Overall, 20% of the population reported current substance use disorder (excluding nicotine). Current alcohol dependence was diagnosed among 17.3%, whereas cannabis dependence in 3.6%. Life time as well as current use of cannabis was less than 6%. While one patient reported inhalant abuse none reported use of amphetamine or opioids. There was very high concordance between reported drug use and urine toxicology screen. Conclusion: The use of illicit drugs is substantially less among first episode drug naïve patients with psychosis in an Indian urban clinical setting compared to rates reported from developed countries like North America, Canada and UK.

ObjectiveTo examine the forms, scale and role of community and voluntary support for community hospitals in England.DesignA multimethods study. Quantitative analysis of Charity Commission data on levels of volunteering and voluntary income for charities supporting community hospitals. Nine qualitative case studies of community hospitals and their surrounding communities, including interviews and focus groups.SettingCommunity hospitals in England and their surrounding communities.ParticipantsCharity Commission data for 245 community hospital Leagues of Friends. Interviews with staff (89), patients (60), carers (28), volunteers (35), community representatives (20), managers and commissioners (9). Focus groups with multidisciplinary teams (8 groups across nine sites, involving 43 respondents), volunteers (6 groups, 33 respondents) and community stakeholders (8 groups, 54 respondents).ResultsCommunities support community hospitals through: human resources (average=24 volunteers a year p...

It has become a burning problem in India. Survey revealed that among the persons seeking treatment for substance abuse in India majority was alcoholic (44.9%) followed by cannabis (11.6%), heroin (11.1%), opium (8.3%), and other opiates (6.6%). [2] Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is defined not as a disease but "a behavior which is performed by a person to harm himself/ herself without an apparent suicidal intent". [3] DSH is an important challenge to public health nowadays. It is reported across several specific psychiatric illnesses like personality disorders, alcohol and substance abuse, and affective disorders. [4] Psychiatric illness was seen Background: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is a challenge to public health now-a-days. It is reported across several specific psychiatric illnesses like personality disorders, alcohol and substance abuse, and affective disorders. Objectives: The objectives of the study were (i) to study the socio-demographic characteristics of the patients attending the Drug De-addiction Center of a Medical College in West Bengal and (ii) to determine the proportion of DSH committed by them and to find out the factors responsible for DSH among them. Material and Methods: A descriptive study with cross-sectional design was conducted in the Drug De-addiction Center of Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal. Informed consent was obtained from the participants before data collection. In total, 585 new patients were included in the study by complete enumeration. Data analysis was done using statistical software SPSS 20.0. Results: All patients were male having majority in productive age group. Majority was employed and from nuclear families. Alcohol use was majority among the types of addiction. DSH was reported by 14.7% of cases. Employment status and alcohol addiction were statistically significant as factor for DSH. Conclusion: The presence of risk for DSH should be assessed in drug addicts routinely along with motivation of family members to support the patients to prevent DSH.

Introduction: Apart from COVID-19, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among infectious diseases globally and in Sri Lanka. It is known that the high-risk groups for developing TB are from lower socioeconomic groups. Further, there is a close link between TB and nutrition. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among TB patients in Sri Lanka Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using secondary data of a 2020 cohort of TB patients. Results: Out of 4566, the majority were males (65.2%). According to age groups, 55-64-year age group reported the highest proportion of patients (n=1018; 22.3%). According to the classification of body mass index (BMI), 46.3% were underweight. In bivariate analysis, gender (p=0.07), presence of comorbidities (p<0.001), site of TB (p<0.001), use of alcohol (p=0.01), site of TB (p<0.001), treatment category (p<0.001), smoking (p<0.001), alcohol use (p=0.04) and illicit drug use (p<0.001) were associated with patients being underweight. In multivariate analysis, only presence of comorbidities (p<0.001), site of TB (p<0.001), treatment category (p<0.001), smoking (p=0.04) and illicit drug use (p=0.02) were associated with patients being underweight. Conclusions & Recommendations: Creating awareness among clinicians and public health staff is important for them to be vigilant about TB patients with above associated factors. Proper nutritional counselling must be carried out for TB patients. Further, in implementing available nutritional interventions and patient awareness programmes, patients with lower BMI should be given priority although all TB patients are considered in need of nutritious diet.

This study aims to analyze the history of substances use, clinical diagnoses, contacts with healthcare, and health complaints. Also, it aims to compare the health status of substance users versus non-users. Health records of 93 detained women from a prison in northern Portugal, with a mean age of 38.02 years old, were reviewed and coded using both International Classification of Primary Care-2 and International Classification of Diseases-10th. Data revealed high percentages of detainees with a history of substance use and pre-existing clinical diagnosis. During the first month of imprisonment, on average, participants had complained to a health professional 14.63 times. Substance users were younger and presented more mental health problems and health complaints. Health policies and professional practices in prison must include immediate assessment of a woman's health concerns and foster the development of efficient protocols to address those problems, especially substance use disorder treatment.

Objective-We performed an institution-based comparative cross-sectional study from August 1 to September 10, 2021, to compare the nutritional status and in uencing factors among prisoners living with HIV/AIDS. A simple procedure for determining iron levels in blood using Hemo-cue methods was used to measure hemoglobin.

Objective - We performed an institution-based comparative cross-sectional study from August 1 to September 10, 2021, to compare the nutritional status and influencing factors among prisoners living with HIV/AIDS. A simple procedure for determining iron levels in blood using Hemo-cue methods was used to measure hemoglobin. Result - The overall prevalence of under nutrition among prisoners estimated as 33.8% (95% CI 28.8–39.3); and the prevalence of anaemia among PLHIV and negative sero-status residents was 54.2%, 50.8% respectively. The respondents who had anaemia were 3.26 times more likely to develop malnutrition AOR 3.269[95% CI 1.908-5.600]) than who had no anaemia.

Xüsusi olaraq qeyd edək ki, insan sağlamlığını təhdid edən koronavirus (COVİD-19) epidemiyası ilə bağlı təhlükə qanunvericilik sisteminə də əlavə və dəyişikliklər etmək zərurətini yaratmışdır. Belə ki, Cinayət Məcəlləsinə cinayət qanunvericiliyində mövcud olmayan yeni bir ictimai təhlükəli əməl növü – 139-1 maddəsi əlavə edilmişdir. Həmin əməl epidemiya əleyhinə rejimin, sanitariya-gigiyena və ya karantin rejimlərinin pozulması cinayətidir. Xüsusi olaraq qeyd edək ki, cinayət məsuliyyətinin vacib və yeganə əsasları törədilmiş əməldə qanunda göstərilmiş cinayət tərkibinin mövcud olmasıdır. Təqdim edilən məqalədə sözü gedən cinayət tərkibinin obyekti, obyektiv cəhəti, subyekti, subyektiv cəhəti təhlil edilməklə yanaşı, Cinayət Məcəlləsində təsbiti ilə bağlı geniş şərh verilmişdir. Məqalədə həmçinin İnzibati Xətalar Məcəlləsində olan yeni dəyişikliklərdən bəhs olunmuşdur.
Açar sözlər: cinayət hüququ; cinayət məsuliyyəti; Koronavirus (COVİD-19); pandemiya; epidemiya; rejim; sanitariya-gigiyena; karantin; cinayət tərkibi.

Grounds for criminal liability for violation of the anti-epidemic regime, sanitary-hygienic or quarantine regime 
As you know, the threat of the coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19), which threatens human health, has caused the need for additions and changes in the legislative system. Thus, a new type of socially dangerous act has been added to the criminal code - article 139-1, which is not included in the criminal legislation. This action is a violation of the anti-epidemic regime, sanitary and hygienic or quarantine regimes. It should be particularly noted that the most important and only grounds for criminal liability are the presence of the corpus delicti specified in the current law. In this article, along with the analysis of the object, objective aspect, subject, and subjective aspect of the crime in question, the Criminal code provides a detailed interpretation. The article also refers to new changes in the code of administrative offences. Keywords: criminal law: criminal liability; Coronavirus (COVID-19); pandemic; epidemic; mode; sanitary and hygienic; quarantine; crime structure.

Основание уголовной ответственности за нарушение противоэпидемического режима, санитарно-гигиенического или карантинного режимов
Как известно, угроза эпидемии коронавируса (COVID-19), которая угрожает здоровью человека, вызвала необходимость дополнений и изменений в законодательной системе. Так, в Уголовный кодекс добавлен новый вид общественно опасного деяния - статья 139-1, которой в уголовном законодательстве нет. Данное действие является нарушением противоэпидемического режима, санитарно-гигиенического или карантинного режимов. Особо следует отметить, что важнейшими и единственными основаниями уголовной ответственности является наличие состава преступления, указанного в действующем законе. В представленной статье наряду с анализом объекта, объективного аспекта, субъекта, субъективного аспекта состава преступления, о котором идет речь, в Уголовном кодексе дается развернутое толкование. В статье также говорится о новых изменениях в Кодексе об административных правонарушениях.
Ключевые слова: уголовное право; уголовная ответственность; Коронавирус (COVID-19); пандемия; эпидемия; режим; санитарно-гигиенический; карантин; состав преступления

The article deals with the legal and social nature of the crime of human trafficking. A legal analysis of trafficking cases objectively indicates that it is a crime expressed in the following alternative actions: the sale or closing of other transactions associated with its possession or in the purpose of the exploitation, mobilization, acquisition, storage, concealment,
transportation, issuance or acceptance for crossing the state border, transfer to other persons of the Azerbaijan Republic.
The study, in addition to many questions, also stresses the difference in the understanding of trafficking and prostitution. In the first case, there is a violation of public morality as a social and legal category, in the second - the condemnation
of personal freedom and inviolability, human dignity. Simultaneously, it is emphasized that legal measures to prevent
human trafficking should play a special role in the modern period. So, the implementation of criminological tasks in the
prevention of trafficking in human beings at the level of general social measures is provided by the system of legal means

Cəmiyyətin müasir inkişaf mərhələsində hüquqi dövlət quruculuğunun, qanunçuluğun və hüquq qaydalarının daha da möhkəmləndirilməsi mühüm vəzifə kimi qarşıda durur. Bu vəzifələrin uğurlu həlli həmçinin cinayətkarlığa qarşı mübarizə aparan hüquq-mühafizə orqanlarının təşkilati və elmi-texniki səviyyəsinin yüksəldilməsindən asılıdır.

Women in general are considered as the marginalized group in India and when we talk about the women who are imprisoned or in custody they are of course the real marginalized ones. The status of women in India has improved a lot compared to the earlier days. This is only because of her hard work that the position of women has been improved. The urbanization, globalization and industrialization are the main reasons where the women got opportunity to come out of the four walls and make her recognized to the outside world. But as there are always two faces of the coin it was not easy for the women to have a creamy life at this stage. There was a dark life opened on the other side which was the result of the free life of women and this stage has made some women to be behind the bars or under the custody. Criminality of women has long been neglected because of traditional belief that women are law abiding and are less crime prone. Like women criminality women prisonization and rights of t...

Background: The increasing prevalence and subsequent mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Indian prisoners are often ignored by policymakers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to analyze the rising burden of Noncommunicable Diseases in Indian prisons and estimate the pooled prevalence of depression among Indian prisoners. Methods: A total 9 studies were chosen in accordance with PRISMA guidelines that investigated the burden of NCDs in Indian prisons and were published between January 2010 and August 2022. Statistical analysis was performed in STATA Version 16 software, and the funnel plot was used to identify publication bias. Results: A total of 167 articles were identified, and 9 were included in this analysis. The pooled prevalence of depression among prisoners was 48.78% (95% CI, 27.24–70.55%). According to the review, prisoners showed a significant prevalence of moderate to severe depression, dental caries, poor periodontal condition, and suicide ...

There is concern that time spent in prison may have a detrimental impact on mental health, particularly among individuals with a pre-existing mental illness. Several large surveys in western countries have established increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders among prisoners when compared with community populations; 1-4 however, there is less evidence concerning change in psychiatric symptoms during imprisonment. A study in The Netherlands 5 examined a sample of 61 prisoners with psychosis during the first 12 weeks of custody and concluded that psychotic symptoms were not exacerbated by imprisonment. Although limited in size and scope, these findings question whether prison has a universally detrimental impact on the mental health of people with pre-existing mental illness. Given that the number of prisoners in the UK with mental illness is higher than ever and rising, 6 this issue is of growing importance to health professionals who work with offenders in prisons and post-release. The aims of this study were to: (a) estimate the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms during the first 2 months of custody; and (b) identify predictors of deterioration or continued poor mental health among prisoners with and without a pre-existing mental illness.

Mental health is a common concern for people seeking well-being in their lives. Healthcare providers and policymakers worldwide have focused on analyzing and working on issues related to mental health among varied age groups. However, people who are in detention or the inmate population, like prisoners, are one of the least studied populations in terms of understanding the prevalence of mental illnesses among the cohort. The detrimental impact of confinement within the prisons can be threatening and mentally exhausting for the inmates, as most of them are unaware of their rights and the justice system. The present paper examines mental health issues among prison inmates in India and reviews the related literature. The paper also discusses the fact file of available services, laws, and healthcare policies for prisoners in India. Further, the issues are discussed with a focus on highlighting the models and interventions that can be utilized and applied to enhance the mental healthcare...

Məqalədə tibbin müxtəlif sferalarında Əşyaların İnterneti texnologiyalarının tətbiq olunduğu praktiki məsələlərə baxılmışdır. E-tibdə istifadə olunan IoT xidmətləri və IoT tətbiqləri analiz olunmuş və təsnifləndirilmiş, onların dəniz neft platformasında işçilərin sağlamlığının qorunması üçün istifadəsi imkanları göstərilmişdir. Tibbi IoT-un tətbiqi zamanı pasiyentlərin fiziki təhlükəsizliyi və fərdi məlumatlarının konfidensiallığına qarşı yaranan risklər və çağırışlar şərh edilmişdir.

Well being is state of physical, psychological, emotional and social happiness as a whole. Present study intends to assess the effect of imprisonment on the general well being of prisoners. Two groups of prisoners: convicted and under trials were selected by purposive sampling technique from Birsa Munda Central Jail, Hotwar, Ranchi, India. Among eighty six prisoners thirty six were convicted and fifty were under trials. Both the groups of criminals were matched on various socio-demographic parameters such as: gender, age, education, religion, marital status, residence and occupation. All participants were assessed on PGI General Well Being Measure (Verma & Verma, 1989). Obtained responses were scored by using standard scoring procedures and subsequently statistically analyzed by using Chi-square and t- test. In current study both group have shown poor general well being. Though, the prisoners of under trial group were more impaired on well being measure in comparison to convicted cr...