Measures of Prevention

There is now widespread agreement amongst theorists and commentators that there has been a sea-change in the culture of crime control since the 1970s. New paradigms and sensibilities about the institutions of criminal justice have arisen, not least amongst those scholars who concern themselves with questions to do with the institution of statutory policing. The interplay between scientific epistemology and political intelligence continues to provide a backdrop to the contemporary public engagements of criminology. The theory of evidence-based policing assumes that there is a correct, objective analysis of risk that is superior to the knowledge police might otherwise use to resolve their information dilemmas. Community-based policing ‘capitalizes on the resources of communities to identify and control crime’ and rests upon the idea that citizens can be enlisted to help ‘co-produce’ community safety. The fallacies of evidence-based policing arise through errors resulting from the kind of reasoning that wants to find the evidence to confirm the conclusions it has already reached.

The promise of targeted humanized monoclonal antibody therapies to amyloid b and tau protein in Alzheimer's disease from clinical trial data has not been realized when put to the test in real-world studies and practice. There have been regulatory approvals for diagnostic blood tests in China, Japan (HISCL Ab42/40), and the United Kingdom (UK) (PrecivityAD2). On May 16, 2025, the US FDA approved the Lumipulse G blood test, which utilizes the plasma pTau217/Ab1-42 ratio, for the diagnosis of cerebral amyloid plaques in symptomatic patients of 55 years or more. Biological biomarkers and targets are currently being evaluated in phase 1 to phase 3 clinical trials, to rapidly implement less invasive blood-based assays to detect tau species and neurofilament light (NfL). However, clinical validation of the diagnostic value of identifying blood biomarkers still requires support from amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans and/or the results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. This editorial aims to identify how real-world outcomes of new disease-modifying therapies highlight the need for diagnostic biomarkers for early Alzheimer's disease and the current status of biomarkers identified by blood plasma, CSF, and imaging.

3510 Résumé L'intelligence artificielle (IA) peut améliorer le contrôle interne en détectant les anomalies et les tendances qui pourraient indiquer des problèmes de fraude ou d'erreur humaine. La maitrise des tâches peut augmenter les risques de fraude, car les individus peuvent développer des stratégies pour contourner les contrôles. En revanche, la non-maitrise des tâches peut augmenter les risques d'erreur et de faute humaine, car les individus peuvent ne pas avoir les compétences nécessaires pour effectuer les tâches correctement, ainsi entraîner des erreurs, des omissions ou des actions non intentionnelles qui peuvent entraîner des conséquences négatives pour l'organisation. Cela souligne l'importance de mettre en place des contrôles internes efficaces pour détecter et prévenir les fraudes, ainsi que pour réduire les risques d'erreur et de faute humaine. L'IA peut jouer un rôle clé dans ce processus en analysant les données et en détectant les anomalies qui pourraient indiquer des problèmes de fraude ou d'erreur humaine. Mots clés : contrôle interne, L'intelligence artificielle, loi de puissance de la performance humaine, erreur humaine, risque, fraude

L’ultima maledetta mezzora è un’etnografia che svela il mondo delle discoteche attraverso gli occhi dei buttafuori.

L’indagine esplora la gestione del rischio in spazi affollati e le diverse concezioni di sicurezza in gioco. Il libro rivela il buttafuori come “produttore di spazio”, figura che filtra la clientela secondo logiche di profitto e controllo. Analizzando le discoteche come nodi di reti relazionali urbane, si evidenziano le tensioni tra regole formali e informali.
Frutto di un’immersione etnografica nelle discoteche della Sicilia, lo studio offre uno sguardo originale su un microcosmo sociale che riflette le dinamiche urbane contemporanee e le frontiere sociali del divertimento notturno.

Lì, sulla soglia del divertimento, si giocano le dinamiche di inclusione ed esclusione che plasmano le nostre città.

This essay examines the opium/heroin nexus linking Afghanistan, Iran, and Tajikistan as both a symptom of state weakness and a vehicle for alternative forms of sovereignty in the global political economy. It argues that while international institutions and “strong” states promote neoliberal integration through trade regimes and transnational governance structures, “weak” states often rely on illicit economies to assert autonomy and sustain domestic legitimacy. By situating the opium economy within historical trajectories — from the Safavid Empire and Soviet-Afghan War to the post-2001 U.S. intervention and Taliban rule — the analysis highlights how opium has served as both a survival strategy for local communities and a strategic resource for insurgent groups and governments. The essay explores Afghanistan’s oscillation between dependence on the drug trade and attempts at international legitimacy through prohibition; Iran’s use of the opium economy as a site of resistance to Western-led globalisation while deepening ties with China; and Tajikistan’s entanglement of state elites, warlords, and criminal networks in sustaining a narco-dependent economy. In doing so, it demonstrates that the opium nexus complicates traditional distinctions between legal and illicit economies, sovereignty and dependency, stability and fragility. Ultimately, the paper contributes to debates on globalisation, state formation, and security in the Middle East and Central Asia by showing how illicit trade is not peripheral but central to the region’s political and economic order.

Esto es un prólogo al número especial de "Neutrosophic Computing and Machine Learning" presenta una selección de trabajos significativos sobre enfoques neutrosóficos y plitogénicos en ciencia de datos y análisis multivariante de la IX Conferencia Iberoamericana de Biometría. La conferencia, celebrada en Quito, Ecuador, del 8 al 9 de julio de 2025, reunió a más de 250 expertos de 13 países. El éxito del evento fue resultado de la colaboración entre la Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI) de Ecuador y la Universidad de Salamanca (USAL) de España. Los artículos de este volumen exploran la relación entre la estadística clásica y la inteligencia artificial, mostrando cómo los principios estadísticos respaldan nuevos algoritmos de IA y cómo la IA mejora el análisis de datos tradicional. El número destaca la aplicación de estos métodos en campos como la biometría, la bioinformática, la salud pública, la educación y la economía. El equipo editorial, que incluye a la Dra. Purificación Galindo Villardón y la Dra. Purificación Vicente Galindo de la Universidad de Salamanca, el Dr. Fabricio Guevara Viejó de UNEMI, el Dr. Marcelo Ruiz Toledo de la Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins y el Dr. Omar Ruiz Barzola de la Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, refleja el espíritu de colaboración transfronteriza de la conferencia. Las contribuciones tienen como objetivo ser una fuente de inspiración y una valiosa referencia para el campo del análisis de datos iberoamericano.

Inhoudsopgave 1. Inleiding 1. Een korte samenvatting van de casus 2. De kenmerken van hoogbegaafdheid 6. De valkuilen voor hoogbegaafden 6. De valkuilen nader bekeken 9. De problemen die typerend zijn voor en gerelateerd zijn aan hoogbegaafdheid 10. Misdiagnoses bij hoogbegaafdheid 12. Hoog-gevoeligheid 15. Therapie suggesties 18. Conclusie 19. Literatuur

Real-world data are routinely collected data associated with patient health status or delivery of health care from sources including patient registries, electronic health records (EHRs), medical claims data, or digital health technologies. Real-world evidence is generated from specified clinical real-world data and includes evidence of the use, benefits, and risks of a medical product. Analysis of real-world data is the basis of real-world evidence to support the use and potential benefits or risks of a medical product. Also, real-world insights are generated when real-world evidence is interpreted or applied by different stakeholders in the healthcare industry to inform the planning of clinical research studies, identifying research questions, relevant patient or disease groups, disease trends over time, and evaluating the commercial viability of a study, which can improve healthcare planning and implementation. The importance of standardizing and regulating the conduct and reporting of real-world studies is highlighted by the increasing number of registered studies. This article aims to review the continued importance and relevance of real-world evidence from real-world studies and data to support and refine interpretations from controlled clinical trials.

The main objective of the article is to show that the temporary symbiosis between centres of political power and organized crime leads to the development of permanent, corrupt and opaque networks. Focusing on the countries of the Western Balkans, the author points to the reasons for the development of organized crime in the region and then to the conditions created in the post-conflict period that resulted in the failure of effective attempts to stop organized crime and the corruption that facilitates it in the these countries. The article also points out that the creation of symbiotic relationships between political elites and organized crime groups leads to a 'state capture.' The unresolved problems of corruption and organized crime, in turn, have a direct impact on these countries' EU-integration processes.

Needle-free injection techniques have advanced significantly and are now commonly used in many different industries. Modern technology has completely changed the way drugs are given, resolving typical problems with conventional hypodermic needles such needle anxiety, needle stick injuries, and the spread of infectious infections. In specialties including dermatology and dentistry, administering immunizations, peptides, proteins, and anesthetics has become common procedure with needle-free injectors. These injectors work on the basis of Lorentz force, air pressure, and spring technology. The specific application of the air-pressure technique to medicine administration is the topic of this study. An air compressor is used to create pressure, and a solenoid valve is used to control the pressure in order to accomplish this. A needle-free injector is then equipped with a tube that transfers the pressure, allowing the drug to be injected into the body via the skin's layers. Injectables are delivered to the intradermal level in an efficient manner using a variety of injection techniques, such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal. Drug delivery technologies may progress as a result of this research, opening up new avenues for the treatment of a variety of diseases.

Locker room and washer samples. Of the four locker room sam- ples, three tested MSA positive (indicating S. aureus) and were recorded as positive results. Two of the three (+) MSA samples were coagulase negative, but all three tested positive with CHROMagar S. aureus. Figure 5 shows that of the three MSA positive samples, none showed a positive CHROMagar MRSA test. Therefore, none of the six randomly chosen locations tested positive for MRSA. Unlike several other teams within the conference, Moravian's football team did not experience an outbreak of MRSA dur- ing the 2006 season. With such a small sample size of possible MRSA, discrepancies with use of Hibiclens® and the high like- lihood that all wounds were not reported, conclusions cannot be drawn as to whether carriage of MRSA or presence of MRSA in wounds was spread or controlled within the team over the course of the season. Even though results of this study suggest that Hibiclens® is not 100% effective, it is important to...

The trillion-dollar invisible catastrophe of silent customer defects is that 42% of disgruntled customers never complain and leave, costing organizations 15% of yearly revenue in unnecessary churn. Traditional reactive complaint handling service recovery strategies typically arrive too late to save these relationships. This pioneering study shows how artificial intelligence can detect pre-complaint dissatisfaction signals-micro-shifts in language tone, escalating frustration markers in emails, or hesitation patterns in chat interactions-before they become formal grievances. We used AI sentiment analysis tools to monitor realtime communications in a rigorous field experiment spanning 10,000 customer interactions in banking, telecommunications, and retail. We randomly assigned participants to AI-monitored intervention or service control groups. The machine detected linguistic biomarkers such as rapid adjective shifts from "fine" to "unworkable," recurrent problem statements, and passive-aggressive phrasing with 78% accuracy, compared to 31% for humans. Preventive recovery activities, such as fast technical support for tech issues or targeted discounts for delivery annoyance, reduced formal complaints by 43% and increased 90-day retention by 19%. More importantly, clients who received unsolicited aid before complaining were 22% happier than those who had flawless transactions, proving the "preemptive recovery paradox." The Preemptive Recovery Framework identifies five high-probability linguistic triggers that predict silent churn with 89% certainty, allowing organizations to target interventions. This research makes AI-driven sentiment analysis a strategic priority, turning latent unhappiness into loyalty-building moments and redefining service excellence in the algorithmic age.

Directie, leerkrachten, zorgprofessionals Naam themaverantwoordelijke professional Datum waarop de kaart zal worden geëvalueerd en bijgesteld in het team In Nederland groeit één op de twaalf kinderen op in armoede: gemiddeld twee leerlingen per klas. Als gevolg van de coronamaatregelen is het aantal gezinnen in financiële onzekerheid of problemen toegenomen. Armoede belemmert kinderen in hun ontwikkeling. Stress belemmert de ontwikkeling van de executieve functies van kinderen (impulsbeheersing, emotieregulatie, besluitvorming en werkgeheugen) waardoor zij minder ruimte in hun hoofd hebben om tot leren te komen. Geldgebrek beperkt hen om aan activiteiten deel te nemen, waardoor hun wereld klein blijft en zij hun talenten minder kunnen ontdekken en ontplooien.

This chapter discusses groundwater contamination in developing countries, attributing it to increased human activity and natural pollutants. It explores the reasons for contamination, categorizing them into point and non-point sources. Point sources, identifiable and manageable, include specific regional destinations like sewer treatment plants, while non-point sources, diffuse and challenging to manage, arise from various activities and land use changes. This chapter also highlights the potential health impacts of groundwater pollution, including neurological disorders and fatal illnesses. Emphasizing prevention over remediation, it outlines techniques for both, such as torrent extraction and bioremediation, and advocates for wellness education to address human-caused contamination.

Reciprocal labour arrangements with relatives, neighbours and friends. Faraday: Operation Faraday was led by the British and aimed to support the Mujahedeen in their fight against the Soviet Union. Golden Crescent: Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan form the Golden Crescent, one of the world's most important areas of production of opium and heroin. Golden Triangle: The Golden triangle is formed by Laos, Thailand and Myanmar. The term describes one of the areas of primary production of opium and heroin. Haram: Forbidden. In Islamic countries, all drugs, including alcohol, are haram. Hisb-e Whadat: a party founded in 1989, combining several previously existing groups. The Hisb-e Whadat is know for its pro-Hazara stance. The Jirga is a mode of government used by Pashtuns in Afghanistan, by which tribes, in a meeting, make decisions important to them. The Loya Jirga is the mode by which the ruler of the country was decided in the past. Jerib: Unit of land measurement (roughly 1/5 hectare). Kafirs: Unbelievers of the west. Khans: Landowners who hold power, on a regional, local, or national level. Khans played a large role in traditional Afghanistan. Lancing: The process of lancing refers to the incision of an Opium poppy pod to access the raw Opium within. Northern Alliance: A military front, consisting of former Mujahedeen that formed in 1996 in order to fight the Taliban.

Many sociological studies have been performed on the relationship between Dutch children's SS & their ultimate success in the school system, including the selection process by which some children are encouraged to participate in Coll preparatory or vocational programs. To measure the progress made in advancing equal educational opportunity, results are compared from a 1965 questionnaire survey (N = 11,170 CBS [vocational program] students & 37,065 SMVO [Coll preparatory] students) & a 1977 questionnaire survey (N = 1,948 CBS students & 3,212 SMVO students). Correlation of data on parental occupation, income level, degree of urbanization, family size, & student achievement level shows that some success has been met in helping disadvantaged students advance to the higher level school systems. 5 Tables, 1 Figure, 45 References. M. Meeks.

Burundi has been a consistent participant in United Nations peace operations since the resolution of its domestic crisis in the mid-2000s. However, the conduct of its forces in multinational peace operations has come under significant scrutiny in the last decade, with recurring incidents of severe crimes, such as sexual exploitation and abuse being reported. Since the rule of law norms are precarious, with judicial independence being virtually nonexistent, the question of whether peacekeepers from Burundi should be tried for international crimes before the International Criminal Court arises. This chapter examines the overall legal situation, specifically regarding any jurisdictional difficulties that might arise, and offers a reality check from the decision makers' perspective on the level of states and international organisations to highlight the positive and negative ramifications of trying peacekeepers before an international criminal tribunal.

U pozorištu pravde, prisustvo je više od logističke potrebe, ono je izvođenje legitimiteta. Suđenja u odsustvu, gde se optuženi sudi bez fizičkog pojavljivanja, narušavaju ovo izvođenje i testiraju granice Člana 6 Evropske konvencije o ljudskim pravima (ECHR). Evropski sud za ljudska prava dosledno upozorava da odsustvo nije proceduralna neugodnost koju treba samo ukloniti, već rupa koja zahteva pažljiv pravni i moralni odgovor. Ovaj rad istražuje kako jurisprudencija iz Strazbura usklađuje zahteve država za efikasnošću s pravom okrivljenog na fizičko i simboličko prisustvo.
Kroz Lakanovsku optiku, odsustvo u sudnici ne tumači se samo kao praznina u proceduri, već kao pukotina u simboličkom poretku. „Pogled“ pravde, kako sud gleda na optuženog i kako optuženi uzvraća pogled, postaje nemoguć kada jedna strana nedostaje. U Lakanovim terminima, odsutni okrivljeni pomera suđenje iz domena Simboličkog (strukturiranog zakona i rituala) u susret s Realnim tj. sirovim, uznemirujućim prostorom gde se značenje raspada. Ovaj pomak ima duboke psihološke i političke posledice: kako za okrivljene, tako i za žrtve i javnost.
Kombinujući doktrinarnu analizu ključnih slučajeva kao što su Colozza v. Italy (1985), Sejdovic v. Italy (2006) i Medenica v. Switzerland (2001) s psihoanalitičkom interpretacijom, rad istražuje kako odsustvo destabilizuje sam okvir pravde. Argumentuje se da prisustvo nije samo pravo, već i konstitutivni element same pravne scene. Kada telo optuženog nedostaje, suđenje rizikuje da postane zatvoreni monolog, a ne otvoreni dijalog. Zaključak poziva na pravne zaštitne mere koje su ne samo proceduralno ispravne, već i pažljive na simboličke i psihološke dimenzije prisustva.
Ključne

This article focuses on transnational organised crime as it relates to the health sector in the context of the misuse of precursor chemicals, without which most drugs of abuse under international control cannot be manufacturedArticle by Dr Dayanath Jayasuriya (Visiting Professor of Law, University of the Free State, South Africa; formerly Chief Technical Adviser, United Nations International Drug Control Programme) published in Amicus Curiae - Journal of the Society for Advanced Legal Studies. The Journal is produced by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London.

Il presente elaborato per il corso di Diritto dell'Informazione (Università di Pisa) analizza il caso dello “stupro di Piacenza” del 2022, con particolare attenzione alle implicazioni giuridiche derivanti dalla diffusione mediatica del video dell’accaduto. L’episodio, inizialmente circoscritto alla cronaca locale, ha assunto rilevanza nazionale a causa della pubblicazione – talvolta senza censure – da parte di diverse testate giornalistiche e della sua condivisione sui social media, anche da parte di esponenti politici, in un contesto di campagna elettorale. L’analisi integra strumenti di social media listening per rilevare correlazioni tra l’interesse online e il dibattito politico, evidenziando come il caso si configuri come di “interesse del pubblico” piuttosto che di “interesse pubblico”.
Sono approfondite le conseguenze civili e penali legate alla diffusione di contenuti lesivi della privacy e dell’onore, richiamando le norme del Codice Penale, della legge sulla stampa, del Testo Unico dei doveri del giornalista e del GDPR. Viene inoltre affrontata la responsabilità giuridica di giornalisti, direttori responsabili, editori e utenti dei social network, distinguendo tra pubblicazione e condivisione di contenuti censurati o non censurati. Le conclusioni sottolineano come la sovraesposizione mediatica abbia violato il diritto all’oblio delle persone coinvolte, trasformandole in soggetti di notorietà non desiderata.

Tratta e schiavismo moderno. Profili di analisi e misure di intervento a cura di Antonello Scialdone Scialdone Introduzione | Marmo-Bandiera Maintaining coloniality through capitalism: benevolent state-corporate interventions in modern slavery to protract colonial status quo | Pascoal-Maddalena What vulnerability is all about? An empirical-legal analysis of the concept of vulnerability in the definition of Human Trafficking | Baratto Definire la tratta ai tempi della società digitale | De Vido-Frasca La tratta di esseri umani nei conflitti armati: un approccio di genere e di giustizia penale internazionale | Cottone Unveiling the Kafala System: Implications for Trafficking in Persons, Migration and Security in Lebanon | Rizzotti-Giametta Challenging the Criminal-Victim Dichotomy: Rethinking Nigerian Women's Migration Experiences in Europe and Trafficking Narratives | Rossoni Il ruolo della «criminalizzazione della domanda» nei recenti sviluppi anti-tratta a livello europeo | Paraciani Ispettori del lavoro e sfruttamento lavorativo: una questione di vulnerabilità? | Di Iorio-Parente-Ciambezi-Taricco Progetti di emersione per persone vittime di tratta e sfruttamento | Zadra-Bragagnolo-Scarone Prendersi cura delle persone sfruttate, degli operatori sociali e delle fragilità dei sistemi. Contributi teorico-pratici della rete antitratta in Veneto

Tratta e schiavismo moderno. Profili di analisi e misure di intervento a cura di Antonello Scialdone Scialdone Introduzione | Marmo-Bandiera Maintaining coloniality through capitalism: benevolent state-corporate interventions in modern slavery to protract colonial status quo | Pascoal-Maddalena What vulnerability is all about? An empirical-legal analysis of the concept of vulnerability in the definition of Human Trafficking | Baratto Definire la tratta ai tempi della società digitale | De Vido-Frasca La tratta di esseri umani nei conflitti armati: un approccio di genere e di giustizia penale internazionale | Cottone Unveiling the Kafala System: Implications for Trafficking in Persons, Migration and Security in Lebanon | Rizzotti-Giametta Challenging the Criminal-Victim Dichotomy: Rethinking Nigerian Women's Migration Experiences in Europe and Trafficking Narratives | Rossoni Il ruolo della «criminalizzazione della domanda» nei recenti sviluppi anti-tratta a livello europeo | Paraciani Ispettori del lavoro e sfruttamento lavorativo: una questione di vulnerabilità? | Di Iorio-Parente-Ciambezi-Taricco Progetti di emersione per persone vittime di tratta e sfruttamento | Zadra-Bragagnolo-Scarone Prendersi cura delle persone sfruttate, degli operatori sociali e delle fragilità dei sistemi. Contributi teorico-pratici della rete antitratta in Veneto

VERY IMPORTANT
This book is a heartfelt tribute to my great friends, professors, and lifelong mentors: Alex Whiting, Martha Minow, Lawrence Lau, Thomas C. Südhof, Harold E. Varmus, Edvard Moser, Ariel Furstenberg, Carlos Zambrano Encalada, Santos Vera Sandoval, Román Faustino Fernández Adriano, Federico Fernández Adriano, Robert Langer, Enrique Verástegui Peláez, Luis Alberto Pinchi Fasanando, Joachim Frank, Luis Amparo Grimaldo Zapata, Oscar Santamaría Barreto, and Víctor Raúl Yactayo Castillo; as well as Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Sonia Winer, Roger Petersen, Janet Yellen, Ricardo Gelpi, Alberto Barbieri, Dennis Thompson, Sally Kornbluth, Ítala Andrea Preguntegui Garrafa, Magda Portal, Dalia Elizabeth Zurita Espinoza, Jhanela Brigite Aguirre Obando, Josefina Miró Quesada Gayoso, Daniel Chapán, Daniel Elía, Miguel Aguilar, Teresa Zamudio Ojeda, Richard Lovera Herrera, Martin Isla, César Chambergo Rojas, Jesús Rojas, Ángel Atuncar Gutiérrez, Leandro Vergara, Ana Arias, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, José Carlos Mariátegui La Chira, Luis Alberto Félix Sánchez Sánchez, Bernardo Houssay, César Milstein, Luis Federico Leloir, Tomás Várnagy, and Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias.
It also pays homage to the brilliant and inspiring educators of youth, and to the distinguished legal scholars Miguel Ángel Ciuro Caldani and Martha Minow.
Above all, it is dedicated to Jesus Christ and Almighty God, Hashem, to whom I will always give thanks for His blessings and protection in difficult times.
Shalom!
Respectfully,
Luis David Fernández Zambrano
https://hls.harvard.edu/faculty/alex-whiting/
https://www.aba-icc.org/board-of-advisors/alex-whiting/
https://hls.harvard.edu/today/former-prosecutor-criminal-law-expert-alex-whiting-appointed-professor-of-practice/









WORDS OF GRATITUDE.

To my mentors—Martha Minow, Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias, Santos Vera Sandoval, Federico Fernández Adriano, Román Faustino Fernández Adriano, Rosa María Zambrano Encalada, Carlos Zambrano Encalada, Luis Amparo Grimaldo Zapata, Tomás Várnagy, Sonia Winer, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1980), Daniel Elía, Josefina Miró Quesada Gayoso, Jhanela Brigite Aguirre Obando, Wilfredo Rueda Zegarra, Laura Mercedes Grimaldo Hidalgo, Ángel Atuncar Gutiérrez, Jesús Chuchón Vilca, Ítala Andrea Preguntegui Garrafa, Manuel Raymundo Centeno Caffo, Orlando Vera Sandoval, Miguel Ángel Ciuro Caldani, Jesús Ruiz, Enrique Fidel Verástegui Peláez, Midori, Paula Olivia Rapetti, Rabbi Daniel Chapán, Olga Sandoval Julián, and Luis Alberto Sánchez Sánchez—thank you for your wisdom, compassion, and enduring inspiration.
To my parents—both earthly and spiritual—and to my beloved friends and family, including José Luis Pérez Chumpitaz and Guillermo Martín Morales Zambrano, whose unwavering support has sustained me through life’s most difficult trials: may God bless you abundantly along your paths.
I wish to express special gratitude to Luis Amparo Grimaldo Zapata, Ángel Atuncar Gutiérrez, Federico Fernández Adriano, and my spiritual guide, Santos Vera Sandoval, the King of Lambayeque.
My deepest recognition extends to my distinguished friend and esteemed colleague Alex Whiting, a Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches, writes, and consults on domestic and international criminal prosecution issues. He has worked extensively both as an international and U.S. federal prosecutor. Most recently, he served in the Special Counsel’s Office at the U.S. Department of Justice as an Assistant Special Counsel. Previously, he was at the Kosovo Specialist Prosecutor’s Office in The Hague, serving successively as Head of Investigations, Deputy Specialist Prosecutor, and Acting Specialist Prosecutor. Before assuming this role, he was a Professor of Practice at Harvard Law School.
From 2010 until 2013, he was in the Office of the Prosecutor at the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague, where he served first as Investigations Coordinator and then as Prosecutions Coordinator, overseeing all of the office’s ongoing investigations and prosecutions. Before going to the ICC, Whiting taught for more than three years as an Assistant Clinical Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, again with a focus on prosecution subjects.
From 2002 to 2007, he was a Trial Attorney and later a Senior Trial Attorney with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. He was lead prosecution counsel in Prosecutor v. Fatmir Limaj, Isak Musliu, and Haradin Bala; Prosecutor v. Milan Martić; and Prosecutor v. Dragomir Milošević.
Before joining the ICTY, he was a U.S. federal prosecutor for ten years, first with the Criminal Section of the Civil Rights Division in Washington, D.C., and then with the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Boston, where he focused on organized crime and corruption cases.
Whiting attended Yale College and Yale Law School and clerked for Judge Eugene H. Nickerson of the Eastern District of New York.
His publications include: Prosecute Little Fish at the ICC (with Ward Ferdinandusse), J. Int’l Crim. J., Vol. 19, Issue 4, Sept. 2021, pp. 759–781; Dynamic Investigative Practice at the International Criminal Court, 76 Law and Contemporary Problems 163 (2013); International Criminal Law: Cases and Commentary (2011), co-authored with Antonio Cassese and two other authors; and In International Criminal Prosecutions, Justice Delayed Can Be Justice Delivered, 50 Harv. Int’l L. J. 323 (2009).
This book is dedicated to all people of goodwill around the world who, with integrity and perseverance, devote their studies, work, and projects to the service of justice, human dignity, and intellectual excellence.
I especially honor my teachers in Peru: Haroli Alessandra Hernández Varilla, Federico Fernández Adriano, Víctor Raúl Yactayo Castillo, Luis Amparo Grimaldo Zapata, Enrique Verástegui Peláez, César Chambergo Rojas, Alessandra Martínez Tito, Ítala Preguntegui Garrafa, Carlos Vera Scamarone, Diego Alberto Silberg, Richard Lovera Herrera, José Antonio Ñique de la Puente—"The Child of Prague"—Santos Vera Sandoval, affectionately known as the "King of Lambayeque," Orlando Vera de la Cruz, Maritza Romero, Jesús Ruiz, Brigite Aguirre Obando, Rubí Pariona Claux, Sol de los Ángeles Gómez, Milagros del Rosario Ravello Fernández, Fabián Fernández de la Cruz (and his sister), their nephews and kindhearted family members, and Jesús Rojas—a universal promise in the humanities.
I also pay tribute to my legendary mentors from across the world, including Martha Minow, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Glenn Cohen, Daniel Chapán, Miguel Ángel Ciuro Caldani, Luis Alberto Félix Sánchez Sánchez—"The Heartthrob of the Americas"—Luis Jaime Cisneros Vizquerra, César Miró, and Daniel Elía.
I honor my parents, spiritual mentors, and beloved relatives who, though no longer with us in body, live on in the deepest chambers of my memory—without resentment, without regret—for the errors I have made along the way.
My deepest gratitude also extends to all the faculties and universities—both national and international—that helped shape my academic journey. These institutions provided a rich and diverse landscape of knowledge, where I met scholars, professors, and mentors whose empathy, brilliance, and unwavering support strengthened my commitment to truth, learning, and justice in the face of adversity.
Above all, I offer infinite thanks to Almighty God—Hashem—whose divine justice reigns eternally and whose mercy and grace have guided every step of this path. It is through His benevolence that these accomplishments have become possible.
With this publication, I humbly celebrate the power of friendship, intellectual partnerships, and scholarly complicity that have shaped my career in the realm of universal knowledge—a testament to the enduring power of faith, wisdom, and perseverance.
This work is a tribute to my legendary father, Don Santos Vera Sandoval (of the Valley of Túcume), to all people of goodwill and hope across the globe, and ultimately, an indelible tribute to Almighty God. To Him, I dedicate my unwavering and recent Jewish Tikkun—a sacred commitment to the repair of the world through justice, wisdom, and the tireless pursuit of truth—and above all, as an offering to Santos Vera Sandoval, to God the Father Almighty, and to the Virgin Mary.
Shalom.
Sincerely,
Luis David Fernández Zambrano
Director, Chair for Culture of Peace and Human Rights
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (UBA – Argentina)
August 4, 2025

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a historic milestone in international criminal law that gives the world a permanent court with universal jurisdiction over the most heinous crimes of international concern: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. Although the Statute presents a sound legal framework for prosecuting these atrocities, its enforcement is confronted with numerous problems. This paper examines war crimes and crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute and the complexities of prosecuting them, including the practical, legal, and political challenges that hinder effective justice. By looking at some famous cases and analyzing pertinent International Humanitarian Law (IHL) principles, we underscore the ongoing challenges of gathering evidence, the protection of witnesses, cooperation among states, and political will on which successful prosecutions depend. It ends by recommending paths to bolstering the ICC's capability and encouraging more compliance with international justice.

Cet article explore l’impact de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) sur l’architecture et le design d’intérieur, en examinant à la fois ses apports et ses conséquences. Les outils d’IA automatisent les tâches répétitives, personnalisent les conceptions, optimisent la performance des espaces et stimulent l’innovation créative. Cependant, l’intégration de l’IA soulève des enjeux éthiques, professionnels et économiques, notamment les pertes d’emplois, les questions de propriété intellectuelle et les biais algorithmiques. L’étude souligne la nécessité d’une approche équilibrée qui tire parti du potentiel de l’IA tout en préservant la créativité humaine et en prenant en compte ses implications sociétales. À travers une revue de la littérature et des études de cas, cet article propose des pistes pour comprendre comment l’IA transforme ces domaines et pour en favoriser une adoption responsable et inclusive.

India shares its borders in the North-Eastern India with two countries i.e. Bangladesh and Myanmar. The crimes relating to cross border are frequently debated and highlighted as it pos es serious threat to the economy and internal security of the country but little has been done to curb the menace. Si nce independence, India has faced a variety of insurgencies and political challenges in its North- Eastern States. It’s the main reason for the higher crime rate in the North-Eastern states as compare to other states of India. As the region shared i nternational borders with other countries cross-border crime are very common in this region. The present study tried to examine the cross-border crimes which are happening in Northea ster state Manipur. Further it tries to find out the impact of these crimes in the state.

Background HIV testing is an important component of HIV prevention and serves as a gateway to other HIV-related services. However, the uptake remains suboptimal among young people, particularly in highly prevalent settings such as Papua New Guinea (PNG). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determine the predictors of HIV testing uptake among young men aged 15-24 years in PNG. Methods The 2016-2018 PNG Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data was used. A total of 1,275 young men aged 15-24 years were included in the final analysis. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of HIV testing. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. All analyses were adjusted using survey weights to account for unequal sampling probabilities. Results The overall prevalence of HIV testing among young men was 17.1% (95% CI: 15-19). Of those who were tested for HIV, about one-third (32.9%) had experienced a sexual debut at age <15 years, and 33.9% inconsistently used condoms during sex. In multivariable analysis, men aged 20-24 years (AOR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.00-2.31), who owned mobile phones (AOR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.00-2.55), who were aware that consistent condom use during sex can reduce HIV risk (AOR 2.18, 95% CI: 1.18-4.04), who had paid for sex (AOR 1.75, 95% CI: 1.01-5.83), and who had two or more sexual partners (AOR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.01-3.14) had increased odds of HIV testing. However, decreased odds of HIV testing were found among men who were never married (AOR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29-0.88), lived in rural areas (AOR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32-0.92), and consistently used condoms during sex (AOR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.34-1.01).

For centuries, rape and other forms of sexual violence have always been an integral aspect of warfare. Even so, it is rather recently that these practices have been recognized as crimes and prosecutions undertaken by international criminal tribunals. Whilst the ad hoc international tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda did not take an integrative approach to victims in the criminal justice process, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) took a victim-centred approach by setting out some provisions allowing victims to actively participate in proceedings beyond their traditional role of witnesses. This chapter sets out to critically examine the effectiveness of the ICC victims&#39; rights framework in achieving this objective in sexual violence cases. Drawing on the complex nature of experiences of victims of such crimes, this chapter engages with the various aspects of the relatively recent approach of victims&#39; participation in international criminal ...

Il contributo si propone di analizzare in maniera critica il recente inserimento, da parte dell'ISTAT, della prostituzione e delle attività a essa collegate tra le attività economiche identificate mediante il c.d. codice ATECO. Dopo una breve ricostruzione della rilevante normativa, nonché della giurisprudenza, sul tema, si analizzeranno le implicazioni di tale inserimento sul piano costituzionalistico.

This quantitative study is entitled "An Exploration of The Effectiveness Of Police Visibility In Nightlife Areas In Butuan City: A Quantitative Study" examines how police visibility works in Butuan City's nightlife, a fast-growing urban center in the Caraga region. As nightlife places, including Newtown Bistro, Woodstock Resto Bar, Centro Resto Bar (Soundbox), Boy's Bar, and Wines Room (BRB), have grown in popularity, so have worries about safety, crime, and alcohol addiction. The rise in nightlife among teens and young adults from partying by an increase in the risks that go along with it, including alcohol misuse, accidents, and criminal activity. Police presence is a significant deterrent to crime and a factor in creating a feeling of security. The study evaluates how police presence affects community-police relations, public safety, and crime prevention in various domains. Fifty nightlife participants, including partygoers, employees, and company owners, were polled using convenience sampling. Results show that although respondents acknowledge the value of visible police, they believe it to be only somewhat effective in practice. Also, the study also emphasized the importance of strengthening community-police relations. It is suggested that better communication and meaningful interactions with law enforcement were necessary. Improved community relations foster greater trust and cooperation, enhancing the overall Effectiveness of police presence. Age, gender, and frequency of nightlife attendance did not significantly alter perceptions. The study concludes that police visibility is adequate and suggests incorporating further measures. A safer, more secure nighttime environment that promotes enjoyment, and public safety can be achieved through these combined efforts.

The contention being made is that governmental officials are downplaying a threat to the US homeland-that compromised of a small, yet virulent, component of domestic radical Islamic insurgency derived from the actions of one and two man cells. While a well intended policy, such actions may be in actuality setting up our nation for some sort of disaster down the road. With this said, no overarching conspiracy is implied to be taking place with the suppression of this threat, but rather that incremental policies and decisions appear to be promoting this public policy. The motivations behind such policies surely vary but appear to be centered on not unnecessarily alarming the American public or causing them further fear and consternation. With the burden of economic hardships, high levels of unemployment, bankruptcies, and foreclosures, health concerns over the H1N1 virus, and the other trials and tribulations of today's world, the American public is, in a sense, being protected for its own good. Further, due to both considerations of 'political correctness' on one hand and appropriate concerns over 'witch hunts' and Islam-bashing on the other, any discussion of domestic Islamic self-radicalization quickly becomes a highly politicized topic. As a result, it is officially better to attribute any form of violence undertaken due to self-radicalization as a manifestation of mental health issues or heightened emotional states instead of being symptomatic of radical Islamic yearnings derived from one's own internalized metric of rationality.

This article evaluates the ways water is made and unmade on Sumba Island when subjected to tensions between Indigenous and off-island political ecologies. Located in the eastern Indian Ocean, Sumba has a semi-arid, monsoonal climate with an uplifted coral reef geological structure where a spatially and temporally dynamic hydrological system shapes people's access to freshwater. Customary adat societies on the island have histories of struggling to maintain the integrity of their own political ecologies, further increasing the precarity of their access to freshwater. The topic of the research reported on in this paper was determined through collaboration with members of the Kodi community in western Sumba who urged the author to study the problem of water. This article highlights ongoing threats to the further degradation of local societies' rights to control their customary territories and freshwater within them by summarizing the phenomena of water grabbing in Indonesia. Zooming in on three projects that manifest as water grabs, this article finds, respectively, that water grabbing occurs under the guise of forest protection and production, behind the veil of philanthropy, and for economic development with military backing. In all three cases, water grabs take place in the context of a decentralizing nation-state where the ways adat is understood and the ways laws regarding it have been interpreted and enacted have changed through time and have varied between communities, partly in relation to the societies' proximity to centers of colonial and postcolonial power as well as the development of activities in their territories. On Sumba the content of adat and relationships among distinct adat societies evolves on a bioculturally diverse island that is home to numerous Indigenous ethnolinguistic communities. Consequently, people's responses to interventions into their political ecologies vary. More broadly, the context for this study is the intersections of water grabbing and social change during the Reformasi, the post-Suharto era of decentralization in Indonesia.

In this research a dual system capture method is applied in the development of a biometric fingerprint scanner with enhanced sensitivity and resolution. The device utilizes a combination of the optical imaging and capacitive imaging to capture the biometric features of the fingerprint. The system therefore shuffles between the optical mode and capacitive mode while scanning. Designed software compares and matches the fingerprint using Fourier series. By capturing and matching the minutia features and fingerprint patterns, this scanner can be used for cryptography to authenticate a user.

Background
Illicit kidney trade networks, operating globally, involve intricate interactions among various players, most notably buyers, sellers, brokers, and surgeons. A comprehensive understanding of these trade networks is, however, hindered by the lack of systematically amassed data for analysis. Further, extracting the geographic locations of buyers, sellers, brokers, transplant surgeons, and medical facilities in all relevant publications often involves extensive, time-consuming, manual labelling that is very costly. Although current techniques, such as Named Entity Recognition (NER) tools, can potentially automate the process, they are limited to identifying country names and often fail to associate the roles (i.e., offering buyer, seller, broker, and/or surgery) that each country played.

Methods
This study employed state-of-the-art technologies, including Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and Generative Pre-Trained Transformers (GPT) model Llama3.3 from Meta, in developing a kidney trade country database. We first extracted news articles reporting illicit kidney trade from the LexisNexis database (2000-2022). BERT and Llama3.3 with chain-of-thought prompt tuning strategies were then applied to the materials to determine the relevance of articles to the illegal kidney trade and to identify the roles those different countries played in kidney trade cases over the past 23 years. The specific country classes recorded in the final kidney trade database included: a) countries of origin for kidney sellers; b) countries of origin of kidney buyers; c) countries performing illegal transplant surgeries; and d) countries of origin of organ trafficking brokers.

Results
The BERT classification model achieved an accuracy of 88.75%, ensuring that only relevant articles were analyzed. Additionally, the Llama3.3-70B model with chain-of-thought prompt tuning strategies extracted location-based roles with an accuracy of 86.30% for sellers, 88.89% for buyers, 93.33% for brokers, and 95.93% for surgeries, supporting these observed patterns. We observed in the final database that the kidney trade networks change and evolve dynamically, where the primary role played by each country (as a host of either sellers, buyers, or surgeries) changes over time. About half of the top 10 countries playing each role get replaced by other countries within a decade. The final database also demonstrated that developing countries were more likely to be the hosts of kidney sellers, while developed countries were more likely to be the hosts of kidney buyers.

Arhiv Međunarodnog krivičnog tribunala za bivšu Jugoslavi- ju bogat je izvorima koje istoričari mogu koristiti za istraživanje decenije preplavljene istorijom kakva je bila poslednja decenija XX veka na pro- storima nekadašnje Jugoslavije. Analizom dveju prvostepenih presuda Haškog tribunala (Momčilu Perišiću i Anti Gotovini), ovaj rad prikazuje na koje načine se istoričari mogu pozivati na dokumenta koja nisu prav- nosnažna, s namerom rekonstrukcije različitih događaja iz devedesetih godina i ukazivanja na to da, iako su pojedine prvostepene presude uki- nute od strane žalbenih veća MKTJ, činjenice utvrđene njima nisu ništa manje verodostojne.

scopo, a differenza del Protocollo contro lo smuggling che, come visto, contempla solamente l'azione e lo scopo. Per quanto riguarda l'azione, essa può concretizzarsi nel reclutamento, trasporto, trasferimento, nell'ospitare o ricevere persone. Il mezzo è rappresentato da: minaccia o uso della forza o altre forme di coercizione, rapimento, frode, inganno, abuso di potere o abuso di una posizione di vulnerabilità, o il dare o ricevere pagamenti o altri beni per ottenere il consenso di una persona che eserciti il controllo su un'altra (caso frequente di genitori o parenti che "vendono" i propri familiari, soprattutto se minorenni, ai trafficanti 42 ). Lo scopo è invece lo sfruttamento delle vittime di tratta 43 : questo concetto è definito in maniera tale da includere, come minimo, lo sfruttamento della prostituzione, altre forme di sfruttamento sessuale, lavoro o servizi forzati, schiavitù o pratiche assimilabili alla stessa, servitù o traffico di organi. Tale definizione include inoltre una previsione che intende specificare l'irrilevanza del consenso della vittima allo sfruttamento, qualora esso sia ottenuto con uno dei mezzi elencati sopra 44 . È bene specificare, inoltre, che, nel caso in cui il crimine sia commesso a danno di minori, anche il mezzo con il quale è ottenuto lo sfruttamento diventa irrilevante, e gli elementi della condotta criminosa si riducono ad azione e scopo 45 . Mettendo ora a confronto gli obiettivi che i due Protocolli si prefiggono, ricordiamo che il Protocollo contro il traffico di migranti, nell'ordine, intende prevenire e combattere il traffico di migranti, promuovere la cooperazione tra gli Stati parte, nonché "tutelare, al contempo, i diritti dei migranti oggetto di traffico clandestino". Anche il Protocollo tratta pone come fini principali la prevenzione, il contrasto alla tratta e la cooperazione tra gli Stati parte per il raggiungimento di tale scopo, ma inserisce anche la specifica disposizione (art. 2(b)) di "tutelare e assistere le vittime di 42 Sul tema si veda SAVE THE CHILDREN, Piccoli Schiavi Invisibili, dossier di luglio 2017, reperibile su www.savethechildren.it. 43 Art. 3(a) del Protocollo tratta: "«Trafficking in persons» shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs (...)"; 44 Art. 3(b) del Protocollo tratta. Si legge inoltre nella a pag. 270 della Guida legislativa che "once it is established that deception, force or other prohibited means were used, consent is irrelevant and cannot be used as a defence". 45 Art. 3(c) del Protocollo tratta.

Noroviruses are recognized as the leading cause of human acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The rate of outbreaks on cruise ships has grown significantly in recent years. Given the potentially harmful consequences of outbreaks for passengers and crewmembers and the subsequently high costs for cruise companies, disease outbreaks on cruise ships represent a serious public health issue. The aim of our study was to systematically review published studies related to Norovirus outbreaks on commercial cruise ships. We searched the PubMed and Scopus scientific databases. We included eligible studies published from January 1990 to July 2013 that were written in English and described infectious episodes involving at least two passengers and/or crewmembers on a commercial cruise ship. As a result, 15 studies and seven reviews met the inclusion criteria, describing a total of 127 outbreaks. The majority of the cases were reported in Europe and the USA, affecting <1 to 74 % of the embarked passengers. In the majority of the studies, stool samples and/or serum specimens from ill passengers were collected and tested for laboratory confirmation. Twelve studies reported that an ad-hoc questionnaire was administered. Fifteen studies investigated the possible source of infection which was contaminated food in the majority of cases. Our findings suggest a strong need for the monitoring and implementation of preventive measures in semi-closed communities, such as cruise ships. It would be advisable to strengthen all relevant initiatives in order to improve the detection of, response to and control of Norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships.

This article analyses and critically reflects on the position of problem-oriented policing within England and Wales. Problem-oriented policing is a framework for improving police effectiveness. Its adoption has consistently been shown to be associated with sizable reductions in a wide range of crimes and public safety issues. However, many studies also find that problem-oriented policing is difficult to embed and sustain within police organisations. This article draws on the experiences and perspectives of 86 informed stakeholders to critically examine the position and practice of problem-oriented policing 40 years after its original formulation by Herman Goldstein in 1979. We argue that despite evidence of renewed interest in problem-oriented policing, the approach is not habitually conducted within police organisations in England and Wales. Where it is conducted, the practice of problem-oriented policing is found to lack discipline, the processes tend not to be faithfully followed...

Leerlingen werken steeds meer op de computer, zowel in het basisonderwijs als in het voortgezet onderwijs. Huiswerk en werkstukken moeten digitaal ingeleverd worden en steeds meer toetsen worden digitaal afgenomen. Dit betekent dat kinderen steeds meer gaan typen en minder gaan schrijven. Henny van der Meijden en Mariette Tesselhof onderzochten de relatie tussen typevaardigheid en de spellingvaardigheid en stelvaardigheid van kinderen uit de bovenbouw van het basisonderwijs, en of het vergroten van de typevaardigheid effect heeft op hun spellen en stellen. De kinderen uit de experimentele groep die een typecursus volgden, konden in de nameting veel sneller typen, maakten minder spelfouten en produceerden langere verhaaltjes van betere kwaliteit dan de leerlingen uit de controlegroep die geen cursus gevolgd hadden. Aandacht voor typevaardigheid in het basisonderwijs lijkt op grond hiervan gerechtvaardigd.

Colic remains one of the most devastating conditions in equine practice, representing the leading cause of mortality after trauma and old age. Among its varied causes, sand impaction presents a particularly preventable yet frequently fatal complication in areas with loose, sandy soils. This report details Nigeria's first documented fatal case of sand colic in a 5-year-old polo mare, highlighting the urgent need for awareness in non-endemic regions. The mare exhibited classic signs of colic, including fever, rapid heart rate, and collapse, with diagnostic findings revealing intestinal blockage and internal bleeding consistent with severe sand accumulation. Despite emergency treatment and planned surgery, the case ended fatally, mirroring outcomes observed in high-risk areas where sand colic is common. The condition develops when ingested sand accumulates in the digestive tract, causing irritation, inflammation, and potentially lethal blockages. While straightforward preventive measures exist, this case underscores critical gaps in regional awareness and management. Diagnostic challenges in resource-limited settings highlight the importance of clinical vigilance and the availability of tools like ultrasound. Practical solutions such as elevated feeding stations, dietary supplements, and improved pasture management may prevent future cases. This report serves as a crucial warning: sand colic poses an emerging threat in sandy environments worldwide, necessitating immediate attention through education and proactive prevention strategies to safeguard equine health.

The scientific progress and the evolution in techniques in the bioscience rise up questions in ethics, law and society. The bill that governs the Albanian pharmaceutical trade, including specific regulations on transplant of the cells, tissues and organs passed by the house on August 2011. The religious community in Albania did not have any impact concerning moral and ethical implications of this law, who protect the human fundamental rights, and is based on the European legal framework. This law had no revision and encompass all the challenges connected with the procurement of transplants. The aim of this article is to discuss the organ transplant procurement in Albania in comparison to WB countries, as well as the law where the procurement of transplant is based. At the closure of this paper, the potential positive impacts on patient health and wellbeing, as well as potential challenges related to resource allocation, access, and ethical considerations of the organ transplantation national program will be discussed.

This study explored internet addiction and peer influence as predictors of academic
procrastination among undergraduate Education students in a federal university in Anambra
State. The research adopted a quantitative research (descriptive-correlational) design. The
population comprised all the students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka for the 2023/2024
Academic Session. The sample size of 640 was drawn using convenient sampling. The Internet Addiction Questionnaire (IAQ), Peer Influence Questionnaire (PIQ) and Academic Procrastination Questionnaire (APQ) were used for data collection. Experts in the Department of Educational Foundations, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka validated the instruments. The reliability coefficient was obtained using Cronbach Alpha which yielded a reliability index of 0.76, 0.79 and 0.90 for IAQ, PIQ and APQ, respectively. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to answer research questions one to three while inferential statistics, that is, the simple correlation analysis was used to answer research questions four to six while Simple Regression Analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The findings indicated that internet addiction and peer influence positively predicted academic procrastination separately and jointly, among university students. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others, that students should invest their time wisely and concentrate on their academics, rather than spend much time on internet platforms for other purposes.

Se analizan los datos de los libros en los que se registraban los ingresos de los cimarrones al “Hospital” (enfermería) después de haber sido capturados. Este local, destinado a curar los cimarrones heridos o enfermos  existió dentro del Depósito de Cimarrones de La Habana, y prestó sus servicios desde 1804 hasta 1854. Solo fueron localizados los libros correspondientes a los años 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1851 y 1852. Pero los mismos permiten conocer detalles acerca de las denominaciones étnicas de los que ingresaban a la enfermería, el género, enfermedades, tratamiento y condiciones del lugar. Todo lo cual arroja luz acerca del sistema creado por el Real Consulado y Junta de Fomento para restituir a los esclavos prófugos.

Knjiga „Gubljenje ljudskosti – Srebrenica kao istorijska činjenica“ je istoriografska studija o genocidu u Srebrenici u julu 1995. U knjizi se obrađuje sam tok zločina, uključujući njegovo planiranje, izvršenje i prikrivanje, ali i periodi pre i nakon jula 1995, kako bi se dobila kompletna slika o ovom važnom i traumatičnom događaju iz jugoslovenskih ratova. Među temama kojima se delo bavi su i odnosi Srbije i sveta prema zločinu u Srebrenici, uticaj Srebrenice na međunarodno pravo, međunarodne odnose i razvoj nauke, kao i narativi poricanja zločina. Knjiga je pisana na osnovu bogate arhivske građe Haškog tribunala, domaćih sudova i organizacija za ljudska prava, kao i već postojeće literature.