Matching Analysis

AimsObesity has been found to be protective in heart failure (HF), a finding leading to the concept of an obesity paradox. We hypothesized that a preserved cardiorespiratory fitness in obese HF patients may affect the relationship between survival and body mass index (BMI) and explain the obesity paradox in HF.Methods and resultsA total of 4623 systolic HF patients (LVEF 31.5 ± 9.5%, BMI 26.2 ± 3.6 kg/m2) were recruited and prospectively followed in 24 Italian HF centres belonging to the MECKI Score Research Group. Besides full clinical examination, patients underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test at study enrolment. Median follow‐up was 1113 (553–1803) days. The study population was divided according to BMI (<25, 25–30, >30 to ≤35 kg/m2) and predicted peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2, <50%, 50–80%, >80%). Study endpoints were all‐cause and cardiovascular deaths including urgent cardiac transplant. All‐cause and cardiovascular deaths occurred in 951 (28.6%, 57.4...

Obesity has been found to be protective in heart failure (HF), a finding leading to the concept of an obesity paradox. We hypothesized that a preserved cardiorespiratory fitness in obese HF patients may affect the relationship between survival and body mass index (BMI) and explain the obesity paradox in HF.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in heart failure (HF). It is unclear whether AF has an independent prognostic role in HF. The aim of the present study was to assess the prognostic role of AF in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF). Methods: HF patients were followed in 17 centers for 3.15 years (1.51-5.24). Study endpoints were the composite of cardiovascular (CV) death and heart transplant (HTX) and all-cause death. Data analysis was performed considering the entire population and a 1 to 1 match between sinus rhythm (SR) and AF patients. Match process was done for age ± 5, gender, left ventricle EF ± 5, peakVO 2 ± 3 (ml/min/kg) and recruiting center. Results: A total of 3447 patients (SR = 2882, AF = 565) were included in the study. Considering the entire population, CV death and HTX occurred in 114 (20%) AF vs. 471 (16%) SR (p = 0.026) and all-cause death in 130 (23%) AF vs. 554 (19.2%) SR patients (p = 0.039). At univariable Cox analysis, AF was significantly related to prognosis. Applying a multivariable model based on all variables significant at univariable analysis (EF, peakVO 2 , ventilation/carbon dioxide relationship slope, sodium, kidney function, hemoglobin, beta-blockers and digoxin)

External collaboration breadth is important for firms to acquire the knowledge needed to innovate. In this paper, we combine cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the Spanish Panel of Technological Innovation Survey (PITEC) to examine the indirect impact of R&D subsidies on firm external collaboration breadth. We contribute to understanding of the indirect impacts of R&D subsidies by first providing strong evidence of an economically significant average positive impact of R&D subsidies on firm external collaboration breadth. Second, our results advance understanding of the differential impacts of R&D subsidies by revealing the vast heterogeneity of the impact at the firm level, where approximately only half of treated firms experience a positive collaboration impact from R&D subsidies, while the remainder experience no impact or a negative effect. Finally, we advance understanding of the characteristics explaining the differential impact of R&D subsidies on external collaboration breadth by utilising the organisational learning literature to demonstrate the important role of firm collaboration experience.

We have witnessed an increase in the number of research studies focusing on the behavioural additionality effects of research, development and innovation (RD&I) policy – where this form of additionality measures the impact of public support measures on firms' behaviour thought to promote innovation. This paper considers whether public support increases the propensity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in traditional manufacturing industries to cooperate for innovation. Drawing on a unique dataset of SMEs from six manufacturing industries across seven European Union (EU) regions, we estimated treatment effects by applying a range of matching estimators. The results suggest a positive yet heterogeneous impact of public support on cooperation for innovation in the sample SMEs. Overall, the largest treatment parameters refer to public-private partnerships. Following best practice in matching estimation, the study reports its findings from a novel simulation-based sensitivi...

Obesity has been found to be protective in heart failure (HF), a finding leading to the concept of an obesity paradox. We hypothesized that a preserved cardiorespiratory fitness in obese HF patients may affect the relationship between survival and body mass index (BMI) and explain the obesity paradox in HF.

This research studies the effects of a R&D tax credit and a R&D subsidy in Mexico. The Mexican tax credit removed the usual market oriented traits that define most tax credits. It essentially acted as a "deferred" subsidy, as firms got a discount on their corporate tax at the end of the fiscal year. Whereas the subsidy granted the funds at the start of the R&D project. My estimates show that both policies had a positive impact on innovation personnel, but the subsidy's impact was larger. As for patents, the impacts are less clear but favor the subsidy over the tax credit. The subsidy appears to have allowed less profitable firms to take on their R&D projects. This might have driven the larger subsidy effects. The awarding procedure in both programs is similar. Firms submitted their R&D projects to a non tax collecting institution. The projects were evaluated according to detailed guidelines. The awarded projects were selected based on the evaluations. The guidelines allow to construct a set of conditioning variables in a matching estimation approach. In addition, I use the difference-indifference matching method to purge time-invariant unobservables.

This research studies the effects of a R&D tax credit and a R&D subsidy in Mexico The Mexican tax credit removed the usual market oriented traits that define most tax credits. It essentially acted as a « deferred" subsidy, as firms got a discount on their corporate tax at the end of the fiscal year. Whereas the subsidy granted the funds at the start of the R&D project. My estimates show that both policies had a positive impact on innovation personnel, but the subsidy's impact was larger. As for patents, the impacts are less clear but favor the subsidy over the tax credit. The subsidy appears to have allowed less profitable firms to take on their R&D projects. This might have driven the larger subsidy e_ects. The awarding procedure in both programs is similar. Firms submitted their R&D projects to a non tax collecting institution. The projects were evaluated according to detailed guidelines. The awarded projects were selected based on the evaluations. The guidelines allow to...

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in heart failure (HF). It is unclear whether AF has an independent prognostic role in HF. The aim of the present study was to assess the prognostic role of AF in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF). Methods: HF patients were followed in 17 centers for 3.15 years (1.51-5.24). Study endpoints were the composite of cardiovascular (CV) death and heart transplant (HTX) and all-cause death. Data analysis was performed considering the entire population and a 1 to 1 match between sinus rhythm (SR) and AF patients. Match process was done for age ± 5, gender, left ventricle EF ± 5, peakVO 2 ± 3 (ml/min/kg) and recruiting center. Results: A total of 3447 patients (SR = 2882, AF = 565) were included in the study. Considering the entire population, CV death and HTX occurred in 114 (20%) AF vs. 471 (16%) SR (p = 0.026) and all-cause death in 130 (23%) AF vs. 554 (19.2%) SR patients (p = 0.039). At univariable Cox analysis, AF was significantly related to prognosis. Applying a multivariable model based on all variables significant at univariable analysis (EF, peakVO 2 , ventilation/carbon dioxide relationship slope, sodium, kidney function, hemoglobin, beta-blockers and digoxin)

Whether an anaphor inside the head of relative clauses can take the embedded subject as its antecedent is commonly used to test the head derivation in relative clauses (e.g., Bhatt 2002; Schachter 1973). This paper uses a truth value judgment experiment to investigate whether the anaphor tuaeng ‘self’ within the head noun phrase of Thai relative clauses can be bound by the embedded subject. The results suggest that such binding is prohibited, which further indicates that the head noun phrase of Thai relative clauses must be base-generated external to the modifying clause.

Nowadays, a rising number of evaluations investigates a multifaceted concept of the policy mix. Our study specifically focuses on the mix of two most frequently used supply-side instruments–R&D subsidies and R&D tax credits. Drawing on the longitudinal sample of Spanish manufacturing firms, we investigate whether there is a complementary interaction between these policy instruments with respect to product and process innovations. Moreover, by employing a dynamic random-effects probit estimator, we account for the persistence of innovation and endogeneity of public support. The results, that are separately estimated for SMEs and large firms, uniformly show evidence of no interplay between two policy instruments either in SMEs or large firms. However, among factors that influence the propensity to product and process innovations, by far, the largest effect is generated by true state dependence. These findings provide some policy implications for fostering product and process innovatio...

This paper examines the effect of R&D subsidies on labour productivity. We use firm-level data on Finnish SMEs from 2000 to 2012 and apply a combined matching and difference-indifferences method to control for selection bias. We find no significant positive effect on labour productivity over the five-year period after a subsidy is granted. However, the results vary over time and indicate a 2-4 % negative effect on SMEs' annual productivity growth one to two years after the subsidy year. Nevertheless, subsidies generate a positive employment effect and enhance firm survival. Additional scrutiny reveals that subsidies positively affect the human capital level of low-skill firms.

This paper provides a novel argument for the Matching Analysis of relative clauses. The argument is based on antipronominal contexts in German. Antipronominal contexts are syntactic environments that require lexical DPs and therefore bar pronouns. It is argued that the behavior of relative clauses in antipronominal contexts in German points to two conclusions. First, relative pronouns contain a phonologically invisible NP that is identical to the NP contained in the head noun. Second, the two NPs are not connected via movement. Since only the Matching Analysis takes the two NPs to be base-generated, it is concluded that the Matching Analysis represents the correct structure for relative clauses. The Matching Analysis of relative clauses: an argument from antipronominal contexts Abstract This paper provides a novel argument for the Matching Analysis of relative clauses. The argument is based on antipronominal contexts in German. Antipronominal contexts are syntactic environments that require lexical DPs and therefore bar pronouns. It is argued that the behavior of relative clauses in antipronominal contexts in German points to two conclusions. First, relative pronouns contain a phonologically invisible NP that is identical to the NP contained in the head noun. Second, the two NPs are not connected via movement. Since only the Matching Analysis takes the two NPs to be base-generated, it is concluded that the Matching Analysis represents the correct structure for relative clauses.

This study analyzes the effect of public R&D subsidies on private R&D expenditure in a sample of French firms during the period 1993-2009. We evaluate whether there is any input additionality of public R&D subsidies by distinguishing between R&D tax credit recipient and non-recipient firms. In addition, combining difference-indifferences with propensity score and exact (both simple and categorical) matching methods, we assess the effect of R&D subsidies between treated (subsidy recipients) and controls (subsidy non-recipients) as well as between differently treated (small, medium and large subsidy recipient) firms. Furthermore, we implement a dose-response matching approach to determine the optimality of public R&D subsidy provisions. We find evidence of either no additionality or substitution effects between public and private R&D expenditure. Crowding-out effects appear to be more pronounced for medium-high levels of public subsidies, and generally under the R&D tax credit regime. A number of robustness checks corroborate our main findings.

This paper offers an argument for the superiority of a view on sentence structure based on grammatical relations compared to one based on phrase structure (PS) representation. The argument is based on the phenomenon of wh-copying in German. Wh-copying in German poses a problem for approaches based on PS representations because the construction is governed by two generalizations which a PS approach fails to capture. As soon as a relational perspective on syntactic structures is adopted, however, the generalizations can be captured. I will present an analysis for wh-copying in German within the Arc Pair Grammar framework, which does adopt such a relational view. It will be shown that the operation Replace in interaction with other principles of that framework successfully captures the two generalizations of wh-copying in German, and that it eventually even allows one to reduce the two generalizations to a single one.

Any economic criteria for an efficient allocation of resources is based on marginal "thinking". Such criteria can equally be applied to the evaluation of the public allocation of R&D funds. Differently from the usual evaluation schemes -mainly dichotomous -this study implements the continuous treatment matching approach to investigate the optimality of the modulation of public grants. With this method, the marginal treatment effects can be identified and sub-optimal amounts of public funding determined. Although we can distinguish cases of input additionality, the substitutability outcome seems to prevail also when unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for.

This paper discusses intra-linguistic and cross-linguistic variation in the distribution of resumptive pronouns in relative clauses. Three types of resumptive pronouns are distinguished: optional, obligatory, and intrusive. It is argued that in all these cases, the resumptive pronoun is not an independent lexical item merged in the argument position, but it is the spell-out of the referential index on the tail of the chain. Furthermore, it is shown that in the case of optional resumptive pronouns this spell-out is sensitive to the nature of the chain link at LF (non-specific, specific or definite): this leads to the hypothesis that Spell-out applies to the LF representation. A syntactic implementation of specificity is explored in terms of split Comp system. The empirical evidence supports a three-way classification of A' extractions, independently proposed by , and by Grosu & Landman (1998) for relative clauses.

We compare the properties of VP anaphora with the properties of VP ellipsis. We focus on facts showing that VP ellipsis admits a kind of analysis that VP anaphora does not. We argue that a "semantic copying" analysis is the right one for the cases of VP anaphora we consider, while a "PF deletion" approach is correct for (most cases of) VP ellipsis. * Earlier versions of this paper were presented at seminars at the Universities of Milan-Bicocca and Siena and at the XXXI Incontro di Grammatica Generativa at the University of Roma Tre. We thank the audiences there for their comments. For very helpful suggestions we are grateful to Chris Kennedy, an anonymous reviewer and an audience member in Rome. 1 In this paper, we will sometimes strike through a VP to indicate that the sentence is interpreted as though it had a VP with the relevant meaning, but is pronounced as though it had no VP at all. This is a notational device and has no theoretical significance.