Manhattan Project

The German article is about survival of nuclear war today, by using experiences of Leo Szilard. Arne Molfenter wrote a German  book about  "Léo Szilárd -Der Mann hinter der Bombe". Philipp Sonntag looks at current problems of avoiding nuclear escalation, as Leo Szilard might see them today.

In the summer of 1939, Dietrich, Karl-Friedrich, and Werner Heisenberg visited the USA. The brothers sailed a few weeks apart on the SS Bremen, the same ship that Karl-Friedrich had taken ten years before in 1929 on his triumphal trip to the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society. Heisenberg sailed on June 17 on the maiden voyage of the RMS Mauritania, the largest ship ever built in England and the pride of the Cunard-White Star Line. 1 However, these voyages were not celebratory; they were freighted with unrelenting questions of great magnitude, particularly for the Bonhoeffers. Was war unavoidable, or was there a chance, even if slim, to maintain peace? Could the terror with which Nazism had inundated Germany be stopped before it flooded all Europe? Did the fissioning of the atom mean that a bomb of horrific destructiveness would inevitably be built? What was God's will? Or did God's will have no place in the world of willful men? Although the Bonhoeffers and Heisenberg had different reasons for coming to the USA, they would all leave with one goal: to get back to Germany before war broke out. Only Heisenberg would consider his return as an opportunity for personal glory, giving him the chance to use his undisputed brilliance to help the fatherland be victorious. Dietrich and Karl-Friedrich would give up any hope for personal glory and would return to help the fatherland be defeated. For Dietrich, that meant the time had come "not just to bind up the wounds of the victims beneath the wheel, but to seize the wheel itself." 2 CHAPTER 10

Title of Thesis: The Manhattan Project Legacy: Low Level Radioactive Waste Health Effects: An Epidemiological Study Lisa Fetterman Voyce, Master of Science, 1984 Thesis Directed by: G. Reza Najem, M.D., Ph.D. Dept. of Preventive Medicine UMDNJ, Newark, NJ and Richard Trattner, Ph.D Chemistry and Chemical Engineering NJIT, Newark, NJ An epidemiological survey was performed that included the area surrounding a former Department of Energy thorium processing and disposal facility. This facility processed monazite sands to obtain thorium under Federal Government contracts from 1941-1973. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection radiological surveys had shown elevated radiation levels at the site and in the vicinity of the plant. The area was divided into sections according to distance from the site and from Sheffield Brook, which is also contaminated. Questionnaires were mailed to 400 families, with 112 responses. These represent 362 people. Statistical analysis of the accumulat...

Ernest Cune - key liaison player and the spy business from 1940 into 1950s, is the primary focus. 

This is about Ernest Cuneo-what today might be called a middle man and "fixer" in relations between several US agencies, the British MI6 operation in New York, and eventually, the OSS-during World War II. The book is much more than just about Cuneo, a second-generation Italian, who became a White House liaison between the FDR administration and the British "Passport Control Office"-and later, "British Security Coordination"(BSC) office-in New York City. A MI6 spy operation by any name - and probably illegal at the time-under approval by President Roosevelt's knowledge, that began in mid-1940. Cuneo was a recognize athlete from days before and at Columbia University, and in 1929, joined the fledgling National Football League (NFL). A broken leg incident play football would change his whole outlook on how he should view himself and the role in "team play" he should assume. From here he learned what power meant, from friendship and working with Fiorello LaGuardia, Mayor of New York at the time. Some of these friendships, such as with Adolph Berle, would survive WW II and continue postwar. Cuneo person life was not the most exemplary, having had two marriages (first wife Zilpha) and ultimately Canadian Margaret Watson, an employee at BSC. Contrary to today's world, such love affairs and relationships are frowned upon as security threats, it was encourage by Stephenson at BSC. By these years, Cuneo was an official OSS liaison and travelled between New York and Washington, DC, work that eventually led to concern and revelations about Vice President Wallace.

Over the decades of the 1930s and 1940s, Cuneo would become friends with a wide range of powerful people, from FDR, to MI6 spy William Stephenson and author Ian Fleming, to D.C. lawyer and future head of OSS, William Donovan, to the two most influential news reporter and commentators of the era, including Walter Winchell. He had great admiration for William Stephenson ("Intrepid"), who himself recognized talent, in recruiting hundreds of clerical females to staff his New York office. Another key player when the U.S. decides to establish its own spy agency is William Donovan, appointed by FDR, who was responsible for recruiting another key talent: Allen Dulles (of the famous post-war two brothers). In the interim of establishing the new American OSS, the British BSC role was weeding out spies sent from Germany to America, where they got some breaks, and by accounts did well (but, despite all propaganda and disinformation efforts of 1940, and later April 1941s formation of the "Fight for Freedom" (FFF) organization, they could not change American opposition to joining the war in Europe.).
The mid and later chapters in the book become less and less focused on Cuneo and more about events that occurred involving American spy efforts, and technology development (Project Manhattan, Norden bomb sight, etc.).

Friendship would also involve Ian Fleming. The BSC had apparently been involved in some assassination efforts against Germany wartime spies, the author noting: "Cuneo didn't believe in state-sanctioned assassination - despite the fictional violence found in the James Bond Tales, or the real life whispers of a "disposal squad" used by British agents of Rockefeller Center. As Ceneo later wrote: "There was never a Bond nor could there be one. There was killing....but generally speaking this was very low echelon stuff and even at that infrequent."

For readers not familiar with espionage in the 1940s and 1950s - along with all the most important persons involved - the book is a useful read; for those having read the dozens of spy histories of the period, the book would likely be less of interest. Still a good read.

Se presenta aquí una amplia reflexión sobre el caso de Ettore Majorana y Rolando Pelizza: el primero, físico teórico desaparecido en 1938; el segundo, inventor de un aparato capaz de transformaciones prodigiosas de la materia. Este ensayo, dividido en tres partes, no pretende ofrecer una consideración sistemática de la historia de los dos científicos, sino articular ideas y conclusiones sobre la deriva manipuladora de la ciencia contemporánea, así como sobre la concepción de la energía que esta deriva ha fomentado. Al mismo tiempo, la obra se centra en los peligros inherentes a ciertos experimentos desde un punto de vista muy particular, es decir el de los tratados médico-alquímicos de la Baja Edad Media, con especial referencia a la escuela luliana. Esta trilogía no pretende en ningún caso encender entusiasmos fáciles sobre las posibles afinidades entre la ciencia medieval y la moderna. Tales afinidades deben considerarse muy improbables, dado que hasta ahora han sido imaginadas y propagadas por autores solo deseosos de atraer la curiosidad de lectores ingenuos y sugestionables. Por otro lado, como se verá especialmente en la parte final de este ensayo, la mentalidad contemporánea con su arrogancia y la arbitrariedad de sus prejuicios ha llegado a borrar la complejidad y riqueza de la visión científica medieval, hasta el punto de distorsionar su íntima naturaleza.

The NSLS-II is a state-of-the-art 3 GeV synchrotron light source under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Since 2012, the injector system gradually moves to the commissioning stage. To make the commissioning smooth and efficient, an emphasis was put on the sub-system integration test to make sure the injector system components function along with utilities, timing system and control system, to calibrate diagnostics system and to test high level applications with simulated beam signals and required hardware. In this paper, we report our experience with the integrated testing of the NSLS-II injector.

Central in this paper is a puzzling innovation project involving the introduction of a new machine in an assembly plant in the aviation industry. The project drew our attention because it achieved remarkably high performance results despite being launched with a negative business case. The observed performance trend neither corresponds to uncertainty reduction nor results from a pure investment in the unknown: we demonstrate that this case is an anomaly with regards to investment decision-making logics and learning dynamics (Learning by Doing) which traditionally explain performance gains. We find that the dynamics at work were made possible by an original and rigorous managerial approach adopted to address the significant presence of unknown at project launch and during project deployment. Based on this case study, we identify three principles respectively aiming at guiding investment decisions, at (economically) managing projects and at organizing learning in the unknown. The first principle recommends to keep using the classical economic tools (e.g. business cases) which advise against the project, but in a "diverted" way, i.e. as a means to keep the losses under control in case of failure. The second one suggests to clearly set in the team's mission the objective to discover new performance variables. The third one proposes to deploy a learning strategy related to the newly-discovered variables that is based on the very objective to build profitability and turn the project into a profitable one.

The Super-bomb issue contained two problems: feasibility of physical engineering and political need to get H-bomb ASAP. And there were two radically different assessments of these problems by outstanding physicists Hans Bethe and Edward Teller, connected by many years of personal friendship and engaged in the US nuclear project from the very beginning, as the head of the Theoretical Division at Los Alamos and the leading figure in thermonuclear research. This puzzle is solved by using the history of the Soviet H-bomb, in particular the declassified documents on the role of Klaus Fuchs.

Criticality experiments with 235 U (metal and hydride) and 239 Pu (metal) were performed during the Manhattan Project. Results from these experiments provided necessary information for the success of the Manhattan Project. These experiments have been previously described in compilations made after the Manhattan Project, 1-3 but those works are either lacking in technical details or are not publicly available. This work aims to provide detailed information while showcasing the enduring impact of these experiments 75 years after they were performed. Furthermore, we use modern computational methods embodied in the MCNP6 code and ENDF data to analyze and interpret these historic measurements. The world's first four criticality accidents are also discussed, as lessons learned from these helped shape the field of criticality experiments.

The mind, life, family life, identity, guilt, I am death, quantum physics, Sanskrit reader and the head of the two atomic bombs in Los Alamos under code Name The Manhattan Project. The complexity about Doctor Robert Oppenneheimr is richer in the movie and the script. So, this is part one on my attempt to reach the man behind the bombs....

Compt. Rend. Comptes-rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (France) CPC ou CPM Combined Policy Committee ou Comité Politique Mixte (USA-GB-Canada) Les acteurs principaux France Chercheurs Haut-fonctionnaires-Diplomates-Hommes politiques Adler Félix Allier Jacques Membre du 2eme Bureau, agent de renseignement

Compt. Rend. Comptes-rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (France) CPC ou CPM Combined Policy Committee ou Comité Politique Mixte (USA-GB-Canada) Les acteurs principaux France Chercheurs Haut-fonctionnaires-Diplomates-Hommes politiques Adler Félix Allier Jacques Membre du 2eme Bureau, agent de renseignement

Inspired by the publication of a book celebrating the role of the women in the Manhattan Project, this paper seeks to demonstrate that such an effort-to the extent it accepts and endorses the historical, political and scientific legitimacy of the Project-is both misguided and dangerous. An alternative feminist critique is presented: one respecting the views of those scientists (men and women) who refused to participate or who have sought to challenge the reductionist Western scientific paradigm from which the Bomb emerged. Illumination of the repressive and hierarchal structures requisite for the "birth" of the nuclear age is undertaken and views excised by the official narrative-the voices of wives, daughters and victims-are recalled. In constructing this "counter-narrative", critical stress is laid on the multiple negative legacies of the Project and the positive requirement for humane, sustainable alternatives to the poisonous technologies often spawned by current forms of scientific inquiry.

The 35-MeV Compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) is a superconducting test accelerator for the future 3-GeV ERL project (PEARL) at KEK. During the past year, we have finished key devices such as a 500-kV DC photocathode electron gun and 1.3-GHz superconducting-cavity (SCC) cryomodules for both an injector and a main linac. We installed these devices into a shielding room of the cERL, and carried out high-voltage or high-power tests successfully. A 5-MeV injector of the cERL has been completed and commissioned.

As an amendment to a CRADA (Cooperative Research and Development Agreement) between Forschungszentrum Dresden (FZD) and JLab we have fabricated and tested after appropriate surface treatment a 1.6 cell, 1300 MHz RRR niobium photo-injector cavity to be used in a demonstration test at HZB. Following a baseline test at JLab, the cavity received a lead spot coating of ~8 mm diameter deposited with a cathode arc at the Soltan Institute on the endplate made from large grain niobium. It had been demonstrated in earlier tests with a DESY built 1.6 cell cavity-the original design-that a lead spot of this size can be a good electron source, when irradiated with a laser light of 213 nm. In the initial test with the lead spot we could measure a peak surface electric field of ~29 MV/m; after a second surface treatment, carried out to improve the cavity performance, but which was not done with sufficient precaution, the lead spot was destroyed and the cavity had to be coated a second time. This contribution reports about the experiences and results obtained with this cavity.

A review of "The Maniac", by Benjamin Labatut, focusing on the religious dimension in the story. The Maniac is an exploration of the convoluted and often unsettling relationship between scientific genius and the darker dimensions of the human psyche It takes the reader on a captivating journey through the minds of some of 20th century’s most enigmatic and influential figures in science and mathematics. The book’s centre piece is the story of John von Neumann, called by many “the smartest man who ever lived,” flanked by a prologue featuring physicist Paul Ehrenfest and an epilogue about the 2016 Go match between Lee Sedol and the computer program AlphaGo.

Few projects have had such a profound and lasting effect on the world as the Manhattan Project. Today, after it was approved 70 years ago by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, its legacy is felt in nuclear medicine, military defence, terrorist threats, and the production of energy. What was remarkable about this project was that to succeed it had to push through the frontiers of knowledge in ways that are impressive even by today's standards. This paper includes a short history of the project and the challenges that had to be overcome. But the paper is primarily about a very large organisation that was forced to learn quickly, compress each stage in the project in a race against time, and pass knowledge, which was often incomplete, from one phase to the next. As such, it makes a theoretical contribution to the literature on the management of large-scale science projects and provides insight into the problems that these projects face today.

This chapter illustrates the management of uncertainty, of stakeholders, and of contractors, and then draws on history—the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb, and Cold War-era space and defense projects such as Polaris and Apollo—to show that knowledge of how to overcome these issues has long existed and could be used effectively in some megaprojects today. For example, Manhattan Project manager General Groves realized that big unforeseeable uncertainties in designing atomic weapons required discrete project management skills including flexibility, but these techniques have since been pushed aside in a managerial push for control that became the phased-planning or “stage-gate” process philosophy. While some successes in the 1940s and 1950s may not be repeated today with the same managerial methods, because stakeholder complexity was lower at a time when huge projects served “national priorities,” it is argued that some mid-twentieth-century managerial techniques would help...

TWO SIDES OF SCIENTIST GEORGE KISTIAKOWSKY The article is devoted to the analysis of problems related to the responsibility of scientists for the results of their activities. The development of science and using its results in practical life raises a number of questions related to this topic. An example for consideration of this issue can be the work of an outstanding scientist, physical chemist George Kistiakowsky. Despite the prominence of this researcher, his creative activity is explored insufficiently. It especially concerns native biography science. This is due, in particular, to the complicated scientist's biography. The paper deals with the study of the life path and scientific achievements of G. Kistiakowsky. The source base of the research consists of a biographical encyclopedic dictionary, and works of native and foreign authors. We have tried to reproduce as much as possible the way of a scientist's life in all its contradictions and determine his contribution to science. Special attention is paid to his family, which played a significant role in the formation of several talented scientists in various fields of knowledge. Being the author of many works in the field of physical chemistry, G. Kistiakowsky is nevertheless best known as a participant in the project for creating the first atomic bomb. However, the main attention has been paid to such controversial points that took place in scientist's life and work. Thus, as one of the developers of nuclear weapons, G. Kistiakowsky devoted his entire life to the struggle for peace, limiting developments in the field of nuclear weapons and preventing their use. The threat of nuclear war today requires considering the significance of some scientific discoveries for the future of mankind once again. And G. Kistiakowsky's position can be a typical example of a balanced approach in the consideration of scientists' responsibility concerning the results of their developments.

Viene qui esposta un’ampia riflessione sul caso di Majorana e Pelizza: il primo, noto fisico scomparso nel 1938; il secondo, inventore di un congegno capace di trasformazioni della materia prodigiose. Questo breve saggio non intende offrire una sistematica ricostruzione delle vicende dei due, bensì articolate considerazioni sulla deriva manipolatrice della scienza contemporanea nonché della concezione di energia da tale deriva favorita. Al contempo, sulla base delle traversie dei due scienziati, lo scritto si concentra sui pericoli insiti in determinate sperimentazioni da un punto di osservazione  particolare, ovvero quello dei trattati medico-alchemici del Basso Medioevo, con particolare riferimento alla scuola lulliana.
In ogni caso, la presente trilogia non mira ad accendere facili entusiasmi circa presunte affinità tra scienza medievale e moderna. Tali affinità sono infatti non solo improbabili, ma sono state immaginate e propalate dai molti autori desiderosi di attirare la curiosità dei lettori più ingenui. D'altronde, l’arbitrarietà dell’impostazione scientifica contemporanea ha spesso finito per cancellare  la complessità e la ricchezza della visione scientifica medievale: una visione che l'arroganza moderna ha in ogni modo piegato ai suoi scopi divulgativi fino a falsarne l’intima natura.

* Il saggio è ora disponibile su academia.edu anche in spagnolo con il titolo "Majorana, Pelizza y el basilisco". Non si tratta di una traduzione parallela, ma di un ampliamento della versione italiana che contiene più estese citazioni dall'opera pseudolulliana di riferimento. Invito i lettori che hanno la possibilità di leggere in spagnolo a leggere tale traduzione perché più completa in termini di citazioni. Porterò sullo stesso piano l'originale in italiano non appena mi sarà possibile.
In ultimo, invito i lettori a diffidare di qualsiasi podcast generato automaticamente (per quanto sta a me, non ne sto autorizzando la pubblicazione), perché con il loro tono sensazionalista non fanno altro che falsare gli articoli e il raccoglimento necessario alla loro comprensione.

The Berlin Energy Recovery Linac Project bERLinPro [1] is to be constructed at the Helmholtz Zentrum in Berlin. The aim of the project is to expand the required accelerator physics and technology knowledge mandatory for the generation of a high current (100 mA), high brilliance (norm. emittance below 1 mm mrad) cw electron beam. Since the decision for full funding in October 2010 the project has entered a phase of detailed planning. Hardware specifications have been defined, various components have already been ordered, the building has been defined and construction will start in autumn 2014. First extensive tests of principal super conducting (sc) accelerator components have been successfully performed. A summary of the most recent activities together with the details of the project time line for the coming years are given in this paper.

When future generations look back on the 20 th century, few events will rival the harnessing of nuclear energy as a turning point in world history, science and society. Yet, the Department of Energy has not always embraced its Manhattan Project origins. The presentation will focus on the progress made over the last 20 years to preserve the properties and first-hand accounts that for decades have been threatened with demolition and indifference. Since the mid-1950s, most remaining Manhattan Project properties at the Los Alamos National Laboratory had been abandoned. Among them was a cluster of wooden buildings called the "V Site." This is where scientists assembled the "Gadget," the world's first atomic device tested on July 16, 1945. Regardless of its significance, the "V Site" buildings like all the rest were slated for demolition. The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) toured the properties in November 1998. Most could not believe that the world's first atomic bomb was designed in such humble structures. The properties were declared to be "monumental in their lack of monumentality." A Save America's Treasures grant for $700,000 was awarded to restore the properties. To raise the required matching funds, I left the Federal government and soon founded the Atomic Heritage Foundation. The presentation will trace the progress made over the last decade to generate interest and support nationwide to preserve the Manhattan Project heritage. Saving both the physical properties and first-hand accounts of the men and women have been a priority. Perhaps our most significant achievement may be legislation now under consideration by Congress to create a Manhattan Project National Historical Park. Seventy years later, the Manhattan Project is finally getting the recognition it deserves.

All’inizio degli anni Novanta dello scorso secolo, mentre frugava in una vecchia scatola piena di foto di famiglia, la giovane fotografa Rachel Fermi ne trovò una che la fece trasalire. Si trattava di una piccola immagine sbiadita – l’unica esistente a colori – della prima esplosione nucleare della storia. «Da bambina» – racconterà tempo dopo l’artista – «non sapevo molto del nonno. Soltanto da adulta ho cominciato a capire il significato del suo lavoro e come avesse radicalmente cambiato il mondo in cui era nato, e contribuito a plasmare quello in cui io vivo ora». Il ritrovamento di quell’immagine dall’album di famiglia di Enrico Fermi innescò in Rachel una serie infinita di quesiti: «che ci faceva quell’icona di distruzione di massa nel nostro romanzo familiare?

As Allied scientists established the feasibility of an atomic bomb, Germany's leading theorist came to a mistaken conclusion Jonothan Logan Not far into the 200-odd pages of the recently declassified Farm Hall transcripts comes the extraordinary mo? ment when Werner Heisenberg and the nine other German nuclear scientists being held at a country house in Eng? land hear that an Allied Atomic bomb has devastated the city of Hiroshima. The Allies' atomic weapon, according to the BBC Home Service announcer, has delivered "as much explosive power as 2,000 of our great ten-tonners." Hidden microphones conveyed the voices of the German "guests" to a nearby Hstening room at Farm Hall, and so we have in the reports a record of their astonished reaction to this news. Heisenberg re? sponds by flatly rejecting the possibility that the bomb could have been a fission weapon. "Some dilettante in America who knows very little about it has bluffed them," he says. "I don't believe that it has anything to do with uranium." Even more informative, from a scien? tist's point of view, are the intense tech? nical discussions that consumed the subsequent hours and days as the cap? tive scientists tried to puzzle out how their Allied counterparts could have managed to do what they had conclud? ed was beyond reach. Of particular in? terest, and the main subject of this arti? cle, is Heisenberg's informal estimate of the amount of uranium required for a bomb?the critical mass. Throughout the war Heisenberg seems to have be? lieved that many tons of the rare isotope Jonathan Logan was trained as a theoretical physi? cist a t the University of Chicago and Rockefeller University, then turned to molecular genetics as a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard. Before that he was a member of the editorial staff of the Physical Review, where an association with the journal's

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The Manhattan Project, an ambitious and secretive scientific project of the twentieth century, has a prominent place in the history of science and warfare. This paper provides a detailed historical perspective on the Manhattan Project's origins, important developments, and consequences. The study illustrates the joint efforts of scientists, engineers, and government institutions that contributed to the successful development of the atomic bomb, tracing its origins back to the early phases of nuclear physics. This study reveals the motivations, obstacles, and ethical quandaries encountered by those involved through an examination of the social, political, and scientific background.
Also, it dives into the project's tremendous impact on the path of World War II, the advent of the nuclear age, and its long-term impact on scientific research and international affairs. The paper tries to illuminate the intricate interplay of science, power, and morality and its relevance to the present world by revisiting this key time in history.

Was Oppenheimer a war criminal? In a moment of contrition, Oppenheimer bemoaned the blood on his hands to Truman. For his part, Truman later noted, “he hasn’t half as much blood on his hands as I have.” Of course, Truman was the true war criminal. Were the members of the Scientific Panel mere yes-men? The “just following orders” defense did not work so well for the Nuremburg defendants.

The archival record makes clear that killing large numbers of civilians was the primary purpose of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima; destruction of military targets and war industry was a secondary goal and one that "legitimized" the intentional destruction of a city in the minds of some participants. The atomic bomb was detonated over the center of Hiroshima. More than 70,000 men, women, and children were killed immediately; the munitions factories on the periphery of the city were left largely unscathed. Such a nuclear attack would be illegal today. It would violate three major requirements of the law of armed conflict codified in Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions: the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution. There could be great pressure to use nuclear weapons in future scenarios in which many American soldiers' lives are at risk and there is no guarantee that a future US president would follow the law of armed conflict. That is why the United States needs senior military officers who fully understand the law and demand compliance and presidents who care about law and justice in war.

The photographs of Ed Westcott, a civilian hired to document the Manhattan Project at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, are a valuable educational resource for school children as well as scholars. During the war years, Westcott was the official government documentarian of the construction and operation of Oak Ridge as well as photojournalist for the local newspaper. His photographs, which are a cultural and historical record of that unique time and place, have been published in numerous books on the history of the Manhattan Project. This study is based on historical documentation as well as a lecture by and interviews with Westcott.

book on the Cambodian relief operation is a record of events since 1979. The authors quote from the Ramayana, "When I don't know who I am, I serve you. When I know who I am, I am you." Only 4% of the refugees were under 12 years of age and very few were older than 35, ie, those persons between these ages were best able to survive the years of starvation, brutal oppression, expo¬ sure, and disease.

The first major government-sponsored science in America was very early in the new country's history-the Lewis & Clark expedition, the Corps of Discovery, up the Missouri River and out to the West Coast. It was the brain child of Thomas Jefferson and was, for its time-1804-1806-the scientific equivalent of a moon shot. There is no greater example of government-sponsored science before nor after it until the Manhattan Project in WWII. Presidents did have advisors, but there were few formal organizations until 1951 with the creation of the Science Advisory Committee by Harry Truman. Few things encourage science-government cooperation like war. WWI was a chemist war. Men like Germany's Fritz Haber-a Nobel laureate who not only invented nitrogen fertilizer, but poison gas-altered the way wars were fought-how people got killed. WWII-on the other hand-was the physicists' war. The story is often told. A letter signed by Albert Einstein in July 1939 was delivered to President Roosevelt with the help of Alexander Sachs, warning of the dangers of atomic weapons and the fear that Germany would get one first. There was no formal way to advise the president. While the cream of European physics had fled to the US and Britain-many of them were Jewish-some physicists remained, including Werner Heisenberg, creator of the Uncertainty Principle of quantum physics. Heisenberg had a first-class mind, perfectly capable off figuring out eventually how to build a fission device. If he had one, Adolf Hitler was perfectly capable of using it. During the war, there still was no formal way of getting scientists face-to-face with top government officials like the President. But there was one man who was the exception, an MIT engineer named Vannevar Bush. Bush became the main conduit scientists used to get the government to do anything important. Three years after Sachs delivered the Einstein letter, the recommendation finally found its way through the bureaucracy and got to Bush. Bush immediately knew what buttons to push. He turned the project over to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Manhattan district-yes, the New York Manhattan-who put a colonel, later general Leslie Groves in charge. When I visited Los Alamos last summer, Groves was described as a "fat buffoon" by a scientist there. He wasn't. He was one of the most competent military officers in American history. He decided to give the project to Robert Oppenheimer, one of the stars of American physics, made sure Oppie had everything and everyone he needed-and was smart enough and humble enough to turn him loose. He stayed in Manhattan, out of Oppenheimer's way.

Office (Field Office) proposes to assess, stabilize, and eventually restore a Manhattan Project-era guard shack to its original wartime condition. TA-8-172, a portable building, is a Manhattan Project National Historical Park property located in Technical Area (TA) 8 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). In compliance with Section 106 and Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, LANL's cultural resources staff completed the evaluation of Building TA-8-172 for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (Register). A LANL historic building inventory form for the guard shack is included in Appendix A. The Field Office has determined that Building TA-8-172 is Register-eligible under Criteria A, B and C based on the findings in this assessment report. The Field Office is requesting concurrence from the State Historic Preservation Officer for TA-8-172. The guard station will undergo a full condition assessment, and rehabilitation and repairs. These undertakings will receive future documentation and consultation.

Inspired by the publication of a book celebrating the role of the women in the Manhattan Project, this paper seeks to demonstrate that such an effort-to the extent it accepts and endorses the historical, political and scientific legitimacy of the Project-is both misguided and dangerous. An alternative feminist critique is presented: one respecting the views of those scientists (men and women) who refused to participate or who have sought to challenge the reductionist Western scientific paradigm from which the Bomb emerged. Illumination of the repressive and hierarchal structures requisite for the "birth" of the nuclear age is undertaken and views excised by the official narrative-the voices of wives, daughters and victims-are recalled. In constructing this "counter-narrative", critical stress is laid on the multiple negative legacies of the Project and the positive requirement for humane, sustainable alternatives to the poisonous technologies often spawned by current forms of scientific inquiry.

Debendra Mohan Bose was one of the leading experimental physicists of India in the 20th century. He did notable work with Wilson cloud chambers, successfully photographing the recoil tracks of radioactive nuclei during the process of alpha-emission. He earned international eminence for his contributions in the field of simple and complex compounds containing paramagnetic and rare-earth ions and for the determination of the mass of μ-mesons using the photographic emulsion method. He was also responsible for initiation of research in India in the areas of cosmic rays, artificial radioactivity and neutron physics. He was a member of the committee which recommended the formation of the Atomic Energy Commission in India. He was also a member of the CSIR committee which planned the setting up of the National Physical Laboratory and the National Chemical Laboratory.

The fifth Issue of the Close Encounters in War Journal addresses the topic “Science, Technology, and Close Encounters in War”. The interconnection among these three fields of human experience has always been strong and controversially fruitful. Warfare involves science and technology not only with regard to increasing the destructivity of weapons and defensive devices. Science and technology enter the scenarios of war also on the levels of strategic planning, medical and logistic support, and intelligence. The intertwining of science, technology, and war is, therefore, a complex and fascinating aspect of the history of war that tells much about how our perception of warfare has evolved through time.

Mikroçip, Megabit, Beşer—Nöromatik kuşatma altında bilginin soykütüğü ve içkin eleştirinin imkânı.

Translator's Preface to the Turkish edition of "Neuromatic, or A Particular History of Religion and the Brain," by John Lardas Modern (Chicago UP, 2021). Forthcoming from Say Press, Jan. 2023.

Current physics textbooks tend to exclude military applications, but it is explained here how a study of the Manhattan project-the devastatingly successful attempt to develop an atomic bomb-can show students how the lives and work of physicists are shaped by events in society. Much of the original source material is available in books and on the internet (and referenced here), which allows students to discover the views of the scientists for themselves.